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already capable of processing it into film. As recorded in an overview on the history of the development of calenders, "There was development in both
Germany and the United States and probably the first successful calendering of PVC was in 1935 in Germany, where in the previous year the Hermann Berstorff Company of Hannover designed the first calender specifically to process this plastic".
54:
420:
131:
with the intention to "produce a sheet of rubber laminated to a fabric base". Calenders were also used for paper and fabrics long before later applications for thermoplastics. With the expansion of the rubber industry the design of calenders grew as well, so when PVC was introduced the machinery was
143:
sheets in a press. With the continuously operating paper machine it became part of the process of rolling the paper (in this case also called web paper). The pressure between the rollers, the "nip pressure", can be reduced by heating the rolls or moistening the paper surface. This helps to keep the
360:
Calendering can also be used for polishing, or making uniform, coatings applied to substrates- an older use was in polishing magnetic tapes, for which the contact roller rotates much faster than the web speed. More recently, it is used in the production of certain types of secondary battery cells
292:
are usually cast iron and highly compressed cotton. The finish produced varies according to the raw material used to make the paper and the pressure exerted on it, and ranges from the highest
English finish to a highly glazed surface. Supercalendered papers are sometimes used for books containing
439:
206:
web is run between in order to further smooth it out, which also gives it a more uniform thickness. The pressure applied to the web by the rollers determines the finish of the paper, and there are three types of finish that the paper can have.
236:
The third type of finish is called a plater finish, and whereas the first two types of finish are accomplished by the calender stack itself, a plater finish is obtained by placing cut sheets of paper between
284:, smoothness and gloss. It is similar to a calender except that alternate chilled cast-iron and softer rolls are used. The rolls used to supercalender uncoated paper usually consist of
334:
Calenders can also be applied to materials other than paper when a smooth, flat surface is desirable, such as cotton, linens, silks, and various man-made fabrics and polymers such as
159:
composites. The soft roller is slightly non-cylindrical, tapered in diameter toward both ends, to widen the working nip and distribute the specific pressure on the paper more evenly.
61:
357:
The calender is also an important processing machine in the rubber industries, especially in the manufacture of tires, where it is used for the inner layer and fabric layer.
418:, Wilfried W. Baumgarten, "Apparatus comprising an extruder and a calender for producing sheets and/or foils from plastic or rubber mixtures", published 1992
222:
561:
245:
plates that are stacked together, then put under pressure and heating. A special finish such as a linen finish would be achieved by placing a piece of
211:
361:(such as spirally-wound or prismatic lithium-ion cells) to achieve uniform thickness of electrode material coatings on current collector foils.
124:
In eighteenth century China, workers called "calenderers" in the silk- and cotton-cloth trades used heavy rollers to press and finish cloth.
1339:
127:
In 1836, Edwin M. Chaffee, of the
Roxbury India Rubber Company, patented a four-roll calender to make rubber sheet. Chaffee worked with
226:
215:
311:
Calendering is a finishing process used on cloth and fabrics. A calender is employed, usually to smooth, coat, or thin a material.
121:
Calender mills for pressing serge were apparently introduced to the
Netherlands by Flemish refugees from the Eighty Years' War.
611:
252:
After calendering, the web has a moisture content of about 6% (depending on the finish). It is wound onto a roll called a
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With textiles, fabric is passed under rollers at high temperatures and pressures. Calendering is used on fabrics such as
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because they print well from type and halftones, although for the latter they are not as good as coated paper.
97:
and to apply coatings. Some calender rolls are heated or cooled as needed. Calenders are sometimes misspelled
1468:
1253:
437:, Pav, Lauscher, "Electromagnetic heating system for calender rolls or the like", published 1984
904:
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603:
Jenkins, W. A., and Osborn, K. R. Plastic Films: Technology and
Packaging Applications, CRC Press 1992
732:
867:
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1248:
1205:
42:
1442:
1228:
390:
306:
471:
Van Uytven, R. (1971). "The
Fulling Mill: Dynamic of the Revolution in Industrial Attitudes".
171:
process (on-line). Those that are used separately from the process (off-line) are also called
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872:
757:
529:
491:
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1016:
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and it can range from a rough, matte (non glossy) look, to a smooth, high-quality finish.
81:
is a series of hard pressure rollers used to finish or smooth a sheet of material such as
8:
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631:
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between the plate and the sheet of paper, or else an embossed steel roll might be used.
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229:(Machine Glazed) which is glossy/glazed and suitable for high-degree, fine-screened
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Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of
Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009,
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Hawkins, William E, The
Plastic Film and Foil Web Handling Guide CRC Press 2003
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bulk and the stiffness of the web paper which is beneficial for its later use.
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Calender machine for electrode pressing in
Lithium-ion battery manufacturing
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In a principal paper application, the calender is located at the end of a
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28:
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Westerlund Leslie. C. " How to Make Smooth
Papermaking Technology"
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34:
24:
20:
93:, or plastics. Calender rolls are also used to form some types of
1162:
707:
701:
319:
281:
184:
113:, the Greek word that is also the source of the word "cylinder".
109:
The word "calender" itself is a derivation of the word κύλινδρος
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In the past, for paper, sheets were worked on with a polished
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Modern calenders have hard heated rollers made from chilled
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53:
616:
597:;Westerlund Eco Services; Rockingham; W.Australia. 2008.
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and highly compressed paper, while the rolls used for
268:is a stack of calenders consisting of alternating
1455:
202:consists of a calender and other equipment. The
632:
433:
256:, and stored for final cutting and shipping.
65:Threading paper through calender rolls, 1941
187:, as well as of a consistent thickness for
175:. The purpose of a calender is to make the
694:
639:
625:
534:. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 52.
523:
521:
519:
493:Principles of Polymer Engineering Rheology
470:
318:to produce its watered effect and also on
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60:
52:
41:
33:
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342:polymer sheets, and to a lesser extent
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490:White, James Lindsay (July 20, 1990).
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583:
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528:Simpson, W. G. (December 31, 1995).
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13:
496:. Wiley-Interscience. p. 49.
329:
14:
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562:"International Paper - Web Paper"
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1427:
259:
155:, and soft rollers coated with
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464:
427:
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1:
1254:Environmental impact of paper
401:
276:-covered rolls through which
531:Plastics: Surface and Finish
139:or pressed between polished
104:
7:
364:
10:
1490:
1201:Surface chemistry of paper
704:(Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso Tzǔ-yi)
473:Acta Historiae Neerlandica
304:
280:is passed to increase its
198:The calender section of a
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18:
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1362:
1307:
1219:
1176:
1135:
780:
750:
720:
671:
654:
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733:Friedrich Gottlob Keller
454:"Definition of CALENDER"
191:that use paper as their
19:Not to be confused with
1249:Elemental chlorine free
1206:Units of paper quantity
458:www.merriam-webster.com
221:The second is called a
1229:Bleaching of wood pulp
391:Rolling (metalworking)
307:Calendering (textiles)
223:supercalendered finish
179:smooth and glossy for
74:
66:
58:
50:
39:
1148:Corrugated fiberboard
905:Electrical insulation
758:Thomas Francis Carter
72:
64:
56:
45:
37:
1469:Industrial equipment
396:Two roll rubber mill
301:Calendering textiles
293:fine line blocks or
57:Old calender machine
16:Manufacturing device
46:Calender at end of
584:General references
322:and some types of
75:
67:
59:
51:
40:
1451:
1450:
776:
775:
768:Tsien Tsuen-hsuin
746:
745:
716:
715:
659:Paper engineering
612:978-0-470-08704-6
371:Contact mechanics
163:Calendering paper
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1441:
1440:
1431:
1430:
1415:Beverage cartons
1405:Watercolor paper
1264:Hollander beater
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747:
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564:. Archived from
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129:Charles Goodyear
38:Calender process
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1299:Sulfite process
1284:Paper recycling
1239:Conical refiner
1221:
1215:
1172:
1158:Paper chemicals
1131:
772:
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738:Charles Fenerty
712:
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686:Missal of Silos
681:Battle of Talas
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330:Other materials
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1178:Specifications
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728:Matthias Koops
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305:Main article:
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212:machine finish
173:supercalenders
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1279:Paper machine
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1269:Kraft process
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595:1-876141-55-7
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568:on 2009-04-10
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541:9780854045167
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503:9780471853626
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348:polypropylene
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279:
275:
271:
267:
266:supercalender
260:Supercalender
257:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
234:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
210:The first is
208:
205:
201:
200:paper machine
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
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160:
158:
154:
150:
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138:
133:
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112:
102:
100:
96:
95:plastic films
92:
88:
84:
80:
71:
63:
55:
49:
48:paper machine
44:
36:
30:
26:
22:
1380:Papier-mâché
1375:Paper towels
1294:Soda pulping
1233:
1211:Wet strength
1012:Photographic
885:Cotton (rag)
858:Construction
570:. Retrieved
566:the original
556:
545:. Retrieved
530:
507:. Retrieved
492:
485:
476:
472:
466:
457:
448:
429:
410:
359:
356:
333:
313:
310:
290:coated paper
265:
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220:
209:
197:
172:
166:
146:
134:
126:
123:
120:
110:
108:
98:
78:
76:
1464:Papermaking
1410:Paper money
1370:Lined paper
1289:Papermaking
1222:and process
1220:Manufacture
1196:Paper sizes
925:Greaseproof
910:Genkō yōshi
763:Dard Hunter
695:Originators
663:Papermaking
386:Roller mill
352:polystyrene
169:papermaking
1458:Categories
1347:Paper mill
1274:Organosolv
1153:Fiber crop
1143:China clay
1102:Waterproof
1002:Paperboard
880:Correction
873:Carbonless
721:Developers
572:2018-11-17
547:2014-12-25
509:2014-12-25
435:US4425489A
416:US5167894A
402:References
381:Paper mill
233:printing.
195:membrane.
193:dielectric
189:capacitors
1400:Notebooks
1385:Cardboard
1168:Wood pulp
1136:Materials
1112:Wood-free
1087:Wallpaper
1082:Tree-free
1022:Red rosin
1007:Parchment
992:Onionskin
987:Newsprint
848:Cartridge
843:Cardstock
838:Cardboard
788:Acid-free
295:halftones
286:cast iron
157:polymeric
149:cast iron
111:kylindros
105:Etymology
99:calendars
29:Callander
1474:Plastics
1433:Category
1390:Clothing
1308:Industry
1244:Deinking
1234:Calender
1191:Grammage
1077:Transfer
1042:Security
915:Glassine
818:Blotting
793:Air-laid
751:Scholars
376:Glassine
365:See also
231:halftone
227:MG Paper
216:MF Paper
181:printing
87:textiles
79:calender
25:colander
21:calendar
1443:Commons
1395:Tissues
1186:Density
1163:Papyrus
1122:Writing
1072:Tracing
1062:Thermal
1037:Scritta
1032:Rolling
997:Origami
960:Butcher
895:Display
863:Contact
828:Bristol
803:Asphalt
708:Damjing
702:Cai Lun
673:History
324:sateens
320:cambric
282:density
254:tambour
185:writing
117:History
1325:Europe
1320:Canada
1067:Tissue
977:Manila
950:Korean
945:Ingres
940:Inkjet
853:Coated
833:Carbon
808:Banana
610:
593:
538:
500:
441:
422:
272:- and
243:copper
137:hammer
91:rubber
1335:Japan
1330:India
1097:Wasli
1092:Washi
1052:Stone
982:Mummy
972:Lokta
955:Kraft
935:India
920:Graph
890:Crêpe
813:Bible
798:Amate
781:Types
648:Paper
479:: 12.
336:vinyl
316:moire
278:paper
274:fiber
270:steel
247:linen
225:, or
214:, or
204:paper
177:paper
153:steel
141:metal
83:paper
27:, or
1363:Uses
1352:List
1127:Xuan
1117:Wove
1047:Seed
1027:Rice
967:Laid
930:Hemp
868:Copy
823:Bond
608:ISBN
591:ISBN
536:ISBN
498:ISBN
350:and
344:HDPE
338:and
239:zinc
183:and
1107:Wax
1057:Tar
340:ABS
241:or
151:or
1460::
900:Dó
661:/
518:^
475:.
456:.
354:.
346:,
326:.
264:A
101:.
89:,
85:,
77:A
23:,
640:e
633:t
626:v
575:.
550:.
512:.
477:V
460:.
31:.
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