276:, although the law also included a public denunciation clause regarding the act of drug consumption. Under this law cannabis was classified alongside other illicit drugs and it remained prohibited to possess any amount of the substance. The concept of aggravating circumstances was introduced, allowing for prosecutors to distinguish in their convictions between drug-related crimes that were considered victimless (such as personal use in private property) and those that were seen as endangering of others (such as drug use in an environment with children). Vranckx questioned the purpose and effectiveness of punishing drug use, even investigating an alternative form of legal action by making drug treatment compulsory for convicted offenders. This was eventually rejected in favour of an extension of the Law of 29 June 1964 which gave prosecutors an increased ability to release minor offenders without charge by putting them on probation.
68:. Following global trends, cannabis consumption rates in Belgium have been steadily increasing across the country since the 20th century, and cannabis cultivation continues to expand rapidly on a national scale. Despite significant legal rework of cannabis-related laws since 2010, certain elements of the consumption and cultivation of cannabis are considered to exist within a “legal grey area” of Belgian law. Cannabis is technically illegal in Belgium, but personal possession has been decriminalised since 2003; adults over the age of 18 are allowed to possess up to 3 grams. The legal effort to restrict cultivation and growth has gradually subsided, resulting in an increase of the growth and consumption of cannabis and cannabis-related products.
132:
19:
219:
circumstances present, making it legally distinguished from other illicit substances. From 2005 full prosecution is enacted for cases of possession wherein the carried amount exceeds 3 grams, or aggravating circumstances are identified including ‘blatant’ possession in a public place or an environment where children might be present. For instances where larger amounts are in possession, the details of the prosecution are dealt with on a case-by-case basis, leaving the boundaries of cultivation limits unclear.
48:
104:
scale has led to an increase in the number of cannabis cultivation facilities dismantled by
Belgian law enforcement, increasing from 35 in 2003, to 1212 in 2013. The suppression of cannabis cultivation was categorised as high-priority in the National Security Plan of 2012-2015 and 2016-2019; concerns related to the marked increase in plantation-style growing, as well as a marked rise in violent activities and other forms of organised crime were cited as key reasons behind this decision.
360:
259:, who led a widely successful campaign to prohibit alcohol use across the country in 1919, also advocated for a strong response to the use of other drugs than alcohol and directly instigated the drafting of the new Belgian Law of 24 February 1921. The doctrines of Adolphe Prins formed the basis of the first Belgian drug law of 1921, with the design of the law reflecting his push for restorative approaches towards criminal punishments.
346:
100:’. The number of cannabis plants grown within Belgium increased by 440% in seven years, from 73,344 in 2006 to 396,758 in 2013. Although Belgian legal bodies continue to target cannabis cultivation facilities, the activity has been assessed as of medium-low harm, and the majority of the harms that were identified are largely the product of criminalising policies and attempts to oppress cultivation.
308:, announced his party's plan to resubmit legislation which would legalise cannabis nationwide. The rationale cited for this decision focused on the idea that legalisation would prevent young people from having to engage with a criminal network dominated by ‘mafia-like’ elements in order to acquire the substance. This announcement was met with criticism an opposition party, the
168:, which was established in Antwerp in 2006 and is currently the most popular club. The structure and function of Belgian cannabis social clubs has been primarily modelled off of the highly successful Spanish cannabis social clubs. The operation of such clubs within Belgium relies upon the existence of loopholes within the legislation pertaining to cannabis consumption, and
242:
The majority of laws in
Belgium relating to controlled substances and other narcotics date back to 24 February 1921. The movement to criminalise drugs within the country was primarily influenced by policy changes internationally, and the global shift towards stricter control of drug substances. From
95:
within
Belgium and the majority of cannabis consumed in the country had been imported from foreign growers. In 2003, the cultivation of cannabis for personal use (one female plant) was made legal within Belgium. Since then, an agricultural shift has occurred within which there has been a marked rise
291:
The
Belgian government ceased all prosecution for personal consumption and growth of cannabis in 2001, with the understanding that it was not an inherently problematic activity. The laws of 4 April 2003 and 3 May 2003, as we as the Royal Decree of 16 May 2003, implemented specific guidelines which
218:
Unlike possession or distribution (selling), the personal use of controlled substances, including cannabis, is not illegal under
Belgian law. The possession First offence possession of cannabis for personal use is punishable only by a fine of up to 200 EUR, assuming there are no other aggravating
103:
While the small scale cultivation of cannabis for personal use is tolerated within
Belgium, large-scale production, especially that which could be intended for distribution, is prohibited and can result in intervention by law enforcement authorities. The rise in cannabis cultivation on a national
324:
In
Belgium, the use of cannabis for medicinal purposes is legal under specific circumstances, and is increasing in prevalence. Since 2015, pharmacists and general practitioners in Belgium have been legally allowed to distribute “prepackaged” cannabis-based medicines, such as Sativex®, as well as
262:
The first major revision of
Belgian drug policy occurred in 1975, with the Law of 9 July 1975 that sought to address the growing concerns of judicial authorities that the punishment for drug use did not properly address the nature of the crime. The law was submitted by then Minister of Justice
251:. Although this was widely believed to be a direct consequence of the prohibition of the sale and public consumption of alcohol after the Law of 29 August 1919 (commonly referred to as the Vandervelde Law), experts now understand the rise in drug use to be a consequence of the devastation of
96:
in the local growth of cannabis-related plants and a subsequent rapid decline in the importation of foreign cannabis plants. Cultivation continues to increase in popularity within the country, reaching such high levels that one study in 2015 found cannabis growth within
Belgium to be ‘
234:(EC), Belgian drug policy is affected by international treaties which prohibit the large-scale production, distribution, and trade of cannabis. In the previous and ongoing developments of its drug policy, Belgium has remained within the frameworks of international and European law.
333:
of 11 June 2015. While the cultivation of cannabis remains a legal grey-area under
Belgian law, individuals requiring medicinal cannabis are technically able to cultivate their own personal growth as long as they follow the restrictions outlined by the legislation of July 1, 2019.
139:
The consumption rates of cannabis in Belgium have gradually trended upwards since 2000, with the overall percentage of Belgians who consumed cannabis at least once per month increasing from 2.7% in 2001 to 4.3% in 2018. The region of Belgium with the highest recorded use is
148:(EMCDDA). The marked increase has been attributed to the higher concentration of cannabis-selling shops and the rise of online based delivery services which have greatly increased the accessibility to cannabis in Belgium, particularly in the Brussels CBD region.
279:
The second major revision of Belgian drug policy occurred in 1994, with the Law of 14 July 1994 that sought to distinguish the legal treatment of antiseptics and other toxic substances when compared to
449:
288:
substances, which were deemed likely to cause addiction. Cannabis remained under the general category of "controlled substance" and was not distinguished from other illicit drugs.
176:
cultivated and harvested cannabis formally as a club for the first time in 2010, and has continued to do so ever since without any interference from law-enforcement authorities.
1392:
655:
1407:
1364:
1369:
2472:
145:
1402:
1349:
1387:
996:
1412:
316:, stating that the cdH will do "everything possible to not include the legalization of cannabis (except therapeutic) in the federal government agreement."
300:
Since 2001, the legal status cannabis within Belgium has been a growing area of political interest and debate. In 2019, the leader of the French-speaking
2439:
1535:
272:
alongside then Minister of Public Health Louis Nam che, with the primary purpose of the law being the allowance of stronger enforcement to prevent
264:
195:
to host workshops and information sessions designed to inform Belgian cannabis activists how to join, or create their own, cannabis social slub.
135:
Percentage of cannabis use amongst adults within European countries. The dates of the information for each country varies between 2015 and 2022.
2517:
2462:
2457:
1450:
2411:
453:
183:
based primarily in the northeast province of Limburg became an independent cannabis social club in April 2013. The club named itself the
728:
1025:
856:
663:
2477:
1660:
1520:
2665:
1068:
2467:
1540:
898:
702:
594:
1964:
2434:
1194:
2356:
2030:
1124:
198:
Three more cannabis social clubs were founded in November 2013, primarily in the French-speaking community of Belgium.
2401:
1443:
967:
2512:
2549:
2416:
2321:
309:
2660:
2293:
2283:
2050:
1331:
1144:
2449:
2109:
1555:
1169:
325:
cannaboidal (“CBD”) powder. It remains prohibited to dispense products or medication containing one or more
2701:
2696:
2539:
2527:
2144:
1436:
565:
2201:
2196:
1909:
1359:
1256:
1251:
172:
has been involved in two court cases, although neither of them lead to formal conviction. The members of
413:
2670:
1061:
301:
2706:
2161:
2097:
2087:
1216:
918:
Guillain, Christine (2003). "La politique pénale du gouvernement arc-en-ciel en matière de drogues".
800:"Cannabis social clubs in Belgium: Organizational strengths and weaknesses, and threats to the model"
799:
2675:
1959:
1919:
1879:
1685:
1675:
1500:
632:
112:
2522:
2406:
2361:
2326:
2268:
1849:
1844:
1752:
1590:
1316:
75:
signed a royal decree legalising certain uses of medical cannabis, which as of 2015 only include
2341:
2303:
2238:
2191:
2171:
2092:
2082:
2015:
1969:
1944:
1859:
1839:
1799:
1762:
1736:
1670:
1640:
1630:
1620:
1580:
1515:
1286:
1246:
1226:
1206:
1109:
2102:
2635:
2580:
2497:
2371:
2298:
2166:
2060:
1929:
1924:
1809:
1787:
1625:
1397:
1221:
1054:
584:
330:
144:, reporting a rate of monthly use of 8.2% in 2018. This data aligns with the findings of the
2655:
2625:
2615:
2600:
2507:
2381:
2351:
2331:
2253:
2248:
2223:
2211:
2035:
1949:
1904:
1884:
1874:
1777:
1720:
1695:
1570:
1565:
1545:
1510:
1495:
1417:
1301:
1296:
1271:
1129:
760:
326:
292:
distinguished the legal status and treatment of cannabis from other controlled substances.
161:
92:
61:
8:
2630:
2605:
2585:
2564:
2386:
2366:
2288:
2278:
2228:
2181:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2114:
2072:
2067:
2055:
2040:
2020:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1974:
1889:
1869:
1757:
1705:
1680:
1665:
1650:
1645:
1635:
1605:
1600:
1560:
1530:
1505:
1480:
1459:
1326:
1276:
1236:
1189:
1184:
1174:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1134:
1114:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
131:
2610:
2590:
2559:
2426:
2396:
2391:
2336:
2273:
2263:
2243:
2233:
2218:
2206:
2186:
2156:
2151:
2119:
2077:
2045:
1954:
1939:
1854:
1834:
1824:
1772:
1767:
1715:
1710:
1655:
1610:
1485:
1354:
1321:
1311:
1291:
1281:
1266:
1261:
1241:
1211:
1179:
1164:
1139:
708:
539:
273:
80:
2595:
2554:
2544:
2534:
2376:
2258:
2176:
2139:
1979:
1934:
1914:
1894:
1829:
1804:
1792:
1782:
1690:
1595:
1585:
1575:
1550:
1490:
1306:
1231:
1201:
973:
963:
935:
894:
827:
819:
712:
698:
685:
Decorte, Tom (15 January 2019), "Characteristics of the cannabis market in Belgium",
590:
531:
523:
285:
268:
256:
2620:
2502:
2346:
1899:
1864:
1819:
1814:
1700:
1615:
1525:
927:
886:
811:
690:
543:
513:
505:
231:
815:
509:
351:
313:
72:
18:
656:"Medical cannabis plantation offers patients new perspectives - Flanders Today"
365:
227:
223:
116:
890:
493:
2690:
939:
823:
527:
977:
694:
47:
931:
831:
535:
518:
305:
252:
243:
1919 there was an observed rise of drug use within Belgium, specifically
120:
108:
107:
Currently, most of the cannabis cultivated in Belgium is exported to the
857:"Drug laws and drug law offences in Belgium 2019 | www.emcdda.europa.eu"
164:
are rising in popularity in Belgium. The first cannabis social club was
1428:
115:, or exported further onwards to third destinations, particularly the
1046:
1026:"Belgium – Cannabis for Medical Use – Update | Van Bael & Bellis"
881:
Fijnaut, Fijnaut; De Ruyver, Brice (1 January 2015), "Bibliography",
281:
248:
141:
97:
56:
244:
76:
65:
345:
729:"Belgium: regional evolution of monthly cannabis use 2001-2018"
611:
157:
492:
Paoli, Letizia; Decorte, Tom; Kersten, Loes (March 2015).
111:, and once there it can be sold commercially, consumed in
960:
Multidisciplinary drug policies and the UN drug treaties
609:
494:"Assessing the harms of cannabis cultivation in Belgium"
187:, and is located officially in the city of Hasselt. The
51:
The cannabis plant can be consumed in a variety of ways.
414:"Cannabis Regulation in Europe: Country Report Belgium"
146:
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
761:"National report 2009: Belgium | www.emcdda.europa.eu"
64:
for cultivation and consumption within the country of
997:"Belgian socialist party wants to legalise marijuana"
957:
341:
564:Jennings, Katie; Deutsch, Jillian (26 March 2019).
491:
91:Prior to the 1990s there was very little cannabis
2688:
880:
563:
1444:
1062:
582:
206:was established in the city of Andenne, and
1451:
1437:
1069:
1055:
576:
586:Emerging Perspectives on Substance Misuse
517:
450:"EMCDDA | Country Profile - Belgium"
917:
151:
130:
46:
17:
1458:
797:
684:
589:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 21–.
411:
295:
2689:
2666:Adult lifetime cannabis use by country
1076:
991:
989:
987:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
210:was established in the city of Namur.
202:was established in the city of Liège,
1432:
1050:
1020:
1018:
953:
951:
949:
913:
911:
909:
885:, Brill | Nijhoff, pp. 211–227,
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
755:
753:
751:
749:
723:
721:
634:Cannabis legal status vault – Belgium
407:
405:
403:
401:
399:
397:
319:
804:International Journal of Drug Policy
559:
557:
555:
553:
498:International Journal of Drug Policy
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
477:
475:
473:
471:
444:
442:
440:
438:
436:
434:
432:
430:
395:
393:
391:
389:
387:
385:
383:
381:
379:
377:
984:
778:
566:"Brussels' weed wave hits new high"
13:
1015:
946:
906:
838:
746:
718:
612:"Federale politie - Police fdrale"
452:. Emcdda.europa.eu. Archived from
14:
2718:
550:
468:
427:
374:
2412:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1536:Democratic Republic of the Congo
798:Decorte, Tom (1 February 2015).
358:
344:
312:(cdH), with the party's leader,
237:
30: Legal for recreational use
874:
2661:Annual cannabis use by country
958:Ruyver, B. de (Brice) (2002).
920:Courrier Hebdomadaire du CRISP
678:
648:
625:
610:Police fdrale - CGPR Webteam.
603:
583:Willm Mistral (27 June 2013).
412:Decorte, Tom (February 2019).
126:
23:Legality of cannabis in Europe
1:
689:, CRC Press, pp. 28–38,
337:
816:10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.07.016
510:10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.12.003
7:
213:
60:is one of the most popular
36: Legal for medical use
10:
2723:
2671:Cannabis political parties
329:(“THC”), according to the
255:. The Minister of Justice
191:has worked in tandem with
2648:
2573:
2490:
2448:
2425:
2314:
1988:
1745:
1729:
1473:
1466:
1378:
1340:
1082:
891:10.1163/9789004293199_008
156:Along with several other
86:
2676:Timeline of cannabis law
2478:Legality by jurisdiction
2440:Legality by jurisdiction
1521:Central African Republic
695:10.4324/9781315382869-3
421:Transnational Institute
2031:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1125:Bosnia and Herzegovina
932:10.3917/cris.1796.0005
136:
52:
44:
2402:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1661:São Tomé and Principe
1541:Republic of the Congo
327:tetrahydrocannabinols
162:cannabis social clubs
152:Cannabis Social Clubs
134:
62:controlled substances
50:
21:
2656:Legality of cannabis
1965:United Arab Emirates
1566:Eswatini (Swaziland)
861:www.emcdda.europa.eu
765:www.emcdda.europa.eu
660:www.flanderstoday.eu
456:on 30 September 2018
296:Legalisation efforts
2702:Cannabis by country
2697:Cannabis in Belgium
2417:Trinidad and Tobago
2322:Antigua and Barbuda
1460:Cannabis by country
1341:States with limited
310:Christian democrats
222:As a member of the
2357:Dominican Republic
1077:Cannabis in Europe
1001:The Brussels Times
320:Medicinal cannabis
137:
81:multiple sclerosis
53:
45:
2684:
2683:
2644:
2643:
2486:
2485:
1556:Equatorial Guinea
1426:
1425:
900:978-90-04-29319-9
704:978-1-315-38286-9
596:978-1-118-30662-8
271:
257:Emile Vandervelde
189:Mambo Social Club
185:Mambo Social Club
179:A subdivision of
2714:
2707:Drugs in Belgium
2540:Papua New Guinea
2513:Marshall Islands
2423:
2422:
1471:
1470:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1379:Dependencies and
1083:Sovereign states
1071:
1064:
1057:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1022:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
993:
982:
981:
955:
944:
943:
915:
904:
903:
878:
872:
871:
869:
867:
853:
836:
835:
795:
776:
775:
773:
771:
757:
744:
743:
741:
739:
725:
716:
715:
687:Drugs in Society
682:
676:
675:
673:
671:
666:on 25 March 2019
662:. Archived from
652:
646:
645:
644:
642:
629:
623:
622:
620:
618:
607:
601:
600:
580:
574:
573:
561:
548:
547:
521:
489:
466:
465:
463:
461:
446:
425:
424:
418:
409:
368:
363:
362:
361:
354:
349:
348:
274:drug trafficking
267:
232:European Council
142:Brussels-Capital
41:
35:
29:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2640:
2569:
2550:Solomon Islands
2482:
2444:
2421:
2310:
2202:North Macedonia
1984:
1741:
1725:
1462:
1457:
1427:
1422:
1380:
1374:
1360:Northern Cyprus
1342:
1336:
1257:North Macedonia
1078:
1075:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1006:
1004:
995:
994:
985:
970:
956:
947:
916:
907:
901:
879:
875:
865:
863:
855:
854:
839:
796:
779:
769:
767:
759:
758:
747:
737:
735:
727:
726:
719:
705:
683:
679:
669:
667:
654:
653:
649:
640:
638:
631:
630:
626:
616:
614:
608:
604:
597:
581:
577:
562:
551:
519:1854/LU-3229068
490:
469:
459:
457:
448:
447:
428:
416:
410:
375:
364:
359:
357:
352:Cannabis portal
350:
343:
340:
322:
314:Catherine Fonck
302:Socialist Party
298:
240:
216:
154:
129:
89:
79:oral spray for
73:Maggie De Block
43:
39:
37:
33:
31:
27:
25:
12:
11:
5:
2720:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2294:Cayman Islands
2291:
2284:United Kingdom
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2053:
2051:Czech Republic
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1475:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1381:other entities
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1332:United Kingdom
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1145:Czech Republic
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1051:
1043:
1042:
1014:
983:
968:
945:
905:
899:
873:
837:
810:(2): 122–130.
777:
745:
717:
703:
677:
647:
624:
602:
595:
575:
549:
504:(3): 277–289.
467:
426:
372:
371:
370:
369:
366:Belgium portal
355:
339:
336:
321:
318:
297:
294:
265:Alfons Vranckx
239:
236:
230:(EU), and the
228:European Union
224:United Nations
215:
212:
193:Trekt Uw Plant
181:Trekt Uw Plant
174:Trekt Uw Plant
170:Trekt Uw Plant
166:Trekt Uw Plant
153:
150:
128:
125:
117:United Kingdom
88:
85:
71:In June 2015,
38:
32:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2719:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:South America
2572:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2458:Legal history
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2450:United States
2447:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:Legal history
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:North America
2313:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2162:Liechtenstein
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2098:New Caledonia
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2088:French Guiana
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1393:Faroe Islands
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:South Ossetia
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1217:Liechtenstein
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1003:. 14 May 2019
1002:
998:
992:
990:
988:
979:
975:
971:
969:90-6215-769-6
965:
961:
954:
952:
950:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
914:
912:
910:
902:
896:
892:
888:
884:
883:The Third Way
877:
862:
858:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
766:
762:
756:
754:
752:
750:
734:
730:
724:
722:
714:
710:
706:
700:
696:
692:
688:
681:
665:
661:
657:
651:
636:
635:
628:
613:
606:
598:
592:
588:
587:
579:
571:
567:
560:
558:
556:
554:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
488:
486:
484:
482:
480:
478:
476:
474:
472:
455:
451:
445:
443:
441:
439:
437:
435:
433:
431:
422:
415:
408:
406:
404:
402:
400:
398:
396:
394:
392:
390:
388:
386:
384:
382:
380:
378:
373:
367:
356:
353:
347:
342:
335:
332:
328:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
293:
289:
287:
283:
277:
275:
270:
266:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
238:Legal history
235:
233:
229:
225:
220:
211:
209:
205:
201:
200:Ma Weed Perso
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
149:
147:
143:
133:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
105:
101:
99:
94:
84:
82:
78:
74:
69:
67:
63:
59:
58:
49:
42: Illegal
24:
20:
16:
2528:Cook Islands
2025:
1960:Turkmenistan
1920:Saudi Arabia
1686:South Africa
1676:Sierra Leone
1501:Burkina Faso
1370:Transnistria
1119:
1033:. Retrieved
1029:
1005:. Retrieved
1000:
959:
923:
919:
882:
876:
864:. Retrieved
860:
807:
803:
768:. Retrieved
764:
736:. Retrieved
732:
686:
680:
668:. Retrieved
664:the original
659:
650:
639:, retrieved
637:, Erowid.org
633:
627:
615:. Retrieved
605:
585:
578:
569:
501:
497:
458:. Retrieved
454:the original
420:
331:Royal Decree
323:
306:Elio Di Rupo
299:
290:
286:psychotropic
278:
261:
241:
221:
217:
207:
203:
199:
197:
192:
188:
184:
180:
178:
173:
169:
165:
155:
138:
113:coffee shops
106:
102:
90:
70:
55:
54:
22:
15:
2523:New Zealand
2473:Non-medical
2407:Saint Lucia
2362:El Salvador
2269:Switzerland
2197:Netherlands
1910:Philippines
1850:South Korea
1845:North Korea
1753:Afghanistan
1591:Ivory Coast
1408:Isle of Man
1343:recognition
1317:Switzerland
1252:Netherlands
1030:www.vbb.com
641:17 February
253:World War I
160:countries,
127:Consumption
121:Scandinavia
109:Netherlands
93:cultivation
2691:Categories
2518:Micronesia
2342:Costa Rica
2304:Montserrat
2239:San Marino
2192:Montenegro
2172:Luxembourg
2093:Martinique
2083:Guadeloupe
2016:Azerbaijan
1970:Uzbekistan
1945:Tajikistan
1860:Kyrgyzstan
1840:Kazakhstan
1800:East Timor
1763:Bangladesh
1737:Antarctica
1730:Antarctica
1671:Seychelles
1641:Mozambique
1631:Madagascar
1621:Mauritania
1516:Cape Verde
1467:By country
1287:San Marino
1247:Montenegro
1227:Luxembourg
1207:Kazakhstan
1110:Azerbaijan
617:14 January
460:6 December
338:References
226:(UN), the
2636:Venezuela
2581:Argentina
2498:Australia
2372:Guatemala
2299:Gibraltar
2167:Lithuania
2061:Greenland
1930:Sri Lanka
1925:Singapore
1810:Indonesia
1788:Hong Kong
1626:Mauritius
1398:Gibraltar
1222:Lithuania
962:. Maklu.
940:0008-9664
926:(11): 5.
824:0955-3959
713:168697611
528:0955-3959
282:narcotics
2649:See also
2626:Suriname
2616:Paraguay
2601:Colombia
2508:Kiribati
2463:Timeline
2382:Honduras
2352:Dominica
2332:Barbados
2254:Slovenia
2249:Slovakia
2224:Portugal
2212:Svalbard
2036:Bulgaria
1950:Thailand
1905:Pakistan
1885:Mongolia
1880:Maldives
1875:Malaysia
1778:Cambodia
1721:Zimbabwe
1696:Tanzania
1571:Ethiopia
1546:Djibouti
1511:Cameroon
1496:Botswana
1418:Svalbard
1403:Guernsey
1350:Abkhazia
1302:Slovenia
1297:Slovakia
1272:Portugal
1130:Bulgaria
978:54806462
832:25179934
733:Statista
670:15 April
570:POLITICO
536:25599596
249:morphine
214:Legality
158:European
57:Cannabis
2631:Uruguay
2606:Ecuador
2586:Bolivia
2565:Vanuatu
2491:Oceania
2468:Medical
2387:Jamaica
2367:Grenada
2327:Bahamas
2289:Bermuda
2279:Ukraine
2229:Romania
2182:Moldova
2145:History
2135:Ireland
2130:Iceland
2125:Hungary
2115:Germany
2110:Georgia
2103:Réunion
2073:Finland
2068:Estonia
2056:Denmark
2041:Croatia
2026:Belgium
2021:Belarus
2011:Armenia
2006:Austria
2001:Andorra
1996:Albania
1975:Vietnam
1890:Myanmar
1870:Lebanon
1758:Bahrain
1706:Tunisia
1681:Somalia
1666:Senegal
1651:Nigeria
1646:Namibia
1636:Morocco
1606:Liberia
1601:Lesotho
1561:Eritrea
1531:Comoros
1506:Burundi
1481:Algeria
1327:Ukraine
1277:Romania
1237:Moldova
1195:Ireland
1190:Iceland
1185:Hungary
1175:Germany
1170:Georgia
1160:Finland
1155:Estonia
1150:Denmark
1135:Croatia
1120:Belgium
1115:Belarus
1105:Austria
1100:Armenia
1095:Andorra
1090:Albania
544:7767876
245:cocaine
204:WeedOut
98:endemic
77:Sativex
66:Belgium
2611:Guyana
2591:Brazil
2560:Tuvalu
2427:Canada
2397:Panama
2392:Mexico
2337:Belize
2274:Turkey
2264:Sweden
2244:Serbia
2234:Russia
2219:Poland
2207:Norway
2187:Monaco
2157:Latvia
2152:Kosovo
2120:Greece
2078:France
2046:Cyprus
1989:Europe
1955:Turkey
1940:Taiwan
1855:Kuwait
1835:Jordan
1825:Israel
1773:Brunei
1768:Bhutan
1716:Zambia
1711:Uganda
1656:Rwanda
1611:Malawi
1581:Gambia
1486:Angola
1474:Africa
1413:Jersey
1355:Kosovo
1322:Turkey
1312:Sweden
1292:Serbia
1282:Russia
1267:Poland
1262:Norway
1242:Monaco
1212:Latvia
1180:Greece
1165:France
1140:Cyprus
1035:25 May
1007:22 May
976:
966:
938:
897:
866:25 May
830:
822:
770:24 May
738:24 May
711:
701:
593:
542:
534:
526:
208:Sativa
87:Growth
40:
34:
28:
2596:Chile
2555:Tonga
2545:Samoa
2535:Palau
2377:Haiti
2259:Spain
2177:Malta
2140:Italy
1980:Yemen
1935:Syria
1915:Qatar
1895:Nepal
1830:Japan
1805:India
1793:Macau
1783:China
1691:Sudan
1596:Kenya
1586:Ghana
1576:Gabon
1551:Egypt
1491:Benin
1388:Åland
1307:Spain
1232:Malta
1202:Italy
709:S2CID
540:S2CID
417:(PDF)
2621:Peru
2503:Fiji
2347:Cuba
1900:Oman
1865:Laos
1820:Iraq
1815:Iran
1746:Asia
1701:Togo
1616:Mali
1526:Chad
1037:2020
1009:2020
974:OCLC
964:ISBN
936:ISSN
924:1796
895:ISBN
868:2020
828:PMID
820:ISSN
772:2020
740:2020
699:ISBN
672:2018
643:2011
619:2015
591:ISBN
532:PMID
524:ISSN
462:2016
284:and
269:(nl)
247:and
119:and
928:doi
887:doi
812:doi
691:doi
514:hdl
506:doi
2693::
1028:.
1017:^
999:.
986:^
972:.
948:^
934:.
922:.
908:^
893:,
859:.
840:^
826:.
818:.
808:26
806:.
802:.
780:^
763:.
748:^
731:.
720:^
707:,
697:,
658:.
568:.
552:^
538:.
530:.
522:.
512:.
502:26
500:.
496:.
470:^
429:^
419:.
376:^
304:,
123:.
83:.
1452:e
1445:t
1438:v
1070:e
1063:t
1056:v
1039:.
1011:.
980:.
942:.
930::
889::
870:.
834:.
814::
774:.
742:.
693::
674:.
621:.
599:.
572:.
546:.
516::
508::
464:.
423:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.JPG)
.svg)