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The wood is heavy and hard, and is used for tools and building constructions. It also burns hot and slowly, making it very suitable for firewood. This was the reason for lopping and hence indirectly the saving of Epping Forest, where the hornbeam was a favoured pollarding tree. The wood has a very
361:
in the past in
England. It is still infrequently managed using these traditional methods, but mainly for non-commercial conservation purposes. As a woodland tree traditionally managed in this way, it is particularly frequent in the
262:
to
Western Asia and central, eastern, and southern Europe, including southern England. It requires a warm climate for good growth, and occurs only at elevations up to 1,000 metres (3,281 ft). It grows in mixed stands with
799:
783:
514:, which grow around the trunk after hornbeams mature. When ingested, death-cap mushrooms can cause extreme medical conditions and death. Death-cap mushrooms can be mistaken for other edible mushrooms (
457:
In
England, trees appear to prefer soils with a pH from 3.6 to 4.6 but tolerate up to 7.6. They are found on soils with moderate clay content and avoid soils with particularly high or low clay content.
310:. The bark is smooth and greenish-grey, even in old trees. The buds, unlike those of the beech, are 10 mm (0.39 in) long at the most, and pressed close to the twig. The
1144:"ARBOR DAY FINDS OLD TREES LUSTY; Washington's Elm, Lincoln's Hornbeam, and the Oak From the Tomb of Confucius Still Flourish In Capital -- Other Famous Trees (Published 1926)"
346:
from
Western Asia and throughout Europe. The species prefers a warm climate, and only naturally occurs below 1,000 metres (3,281 ft) in elevation. It is a common tree in
839:
906:Łańcucka-Środoniowa M.: Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sącz Basin (West Carpathians, Poland) . Acta Palaeobotanica 1979 20 (1): 3-117.
632:) in Central Europe were largely planted from hornbeams. The bushes were chopped down with axes and broken down. The trees would then grow together with blackberries,
641:
566:, for planting in gardens and parks throughout north west Europe. Because it stands up well to cutting back and has dense foliage, it has been much used in
473:
often do not germinate until the spring of the second year after sowing. The hornbeam is a prolific seeder and is marked by vigorous natural regeneration.
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1373:
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are alternate, 4–9 cm (1.6–3.5 in) long, with prominent veins giving a distinctive corrugated texture, and a serrated margin. It is
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and moisture. It has a shallow, wide-spreading root system and is marked by the production of stump sprouts when cut back.
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reaching heights of 15–25 metres (49–82 ft), rarely 30 m (98 ft), and often has a fluted and crooked
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in the United
Kingdom and other countries. 'Frans Fontaine' is a similar fastigiate cultivar. Both the species
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661:. The heated hornbeam chips were pressed onto the affected skin areas. Hornbeam is used in
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636:, and other thorny bushes into impenetrable hedges. In the 11th century, for example, the
8:
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840:"Native flora recorded from postal district NR6 (Norwich) | Natural History Museum"
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1052:(17. Auflage ed.). Kissleg-Immenried: Christiana-Verlag im FE-Medienverlag.
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651:. Many place names with the endings -hagen and -hain refer to such landwehrs.
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1027:(6., durchges. Aufl ed.). München Wien Zürich: blv. pp. 129–131.
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wrote of hornbeam being used as a plant in traditional medicine to treat
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where it typically occupies more than half of most ancient woods and
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1186:- information, genetic conservation units and related resources.
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1119:"The South Africa (Delville Wood) National Memorial, Longueval"
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Old hornbeam coppice stools left uncut for at least 100 years.
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Ancient
Woodland; its history, vegetation and uses in England
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This tree has been associated with the poisonous mushroom
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3–4 cm (1.2–1.6 in) long; it matures in autumn.
482:
264:
946:"DEATH-CAP MUSHROOMS ARE SPREADING ACROSS NORTH AMERICA"
489:. The leaves provide food for some animals, including
685:- The only tree that survived the devastation of the
1093:"Brennholz aus der Hainbuche: Vorteile und Lagerung"
1025:
Mythos Baum: Geschichte, Brauchtum, 40 Baumporträts
605:tree when young, which has become a popular urban
1618:
389:is a dominant tree species, among which include
330:, partially surrounded by a three-pointed leafy
326:is a small 7–8 mm (0.28–0.31 in) long
1047:
789:Newly planted Carpinus betulus 'Fastigiata' in
1048:Hertzka, Gottfried; Strehlow, Wighard (2017).
613:and the cultivar 'Fastigiata' have gained the
691:Delville Wood South African National Memorial
624:As early as Roman times, but also during the
322:appear in early summer after the leaves. The
857:
855:
853:
385:There are a number of notable forests where
1188:European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
640:set up a large defensive forest called the
601:, notably 'Fastigiata' or 'Pyramidalis', a
1090:
539:, Ireland where it is a common street tree
462:likes full sun or partial shade, moderate
318:, and the wind-pollinated male and female
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55:
31:
877:
875:
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689:in 1916. It is preserved as part of the
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711:in the Capitol grounds, Washington D.C.
590:, and in their English equivalent, the
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302:It is a deciduous small to medium-size
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1467:7ce64cac-67cd-4920-8621-bd971eca0928
481:Hornbeam grows in mixed stands with
1627:IUCN Red List least concern species
1013:
886:(New ed.). Castlepoint Press.
676:
578:. It was the classic tree used in
13:
944:Childs, Craig (February 1, 2019).
909:
829:
14:
1698:
1166:
1073:Hornbeam Tree - Gardening Central
1565:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:295248-1
1091:Matthieson, Ben (17 July 2022).
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665:as a treatment for exhaustion.
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1:
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868:. Vol. 23. p. 364.
709:United States Botanic Garden
7:
1672:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1150:. 25 April 1926. p. 13
615:Royal Horticultural Society
562:is widely cultivated as an
393:in the United Kingdom, and
10:
1703:
715:
440:
1206:
417:have been extracted from
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77:Scientific classification
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53:
44:
39:
30:
23:
1667:Plants described in 1753
1050:Große Hildegard-Apotheke
882:Rackham, Oliver (2003).
865:Encyclopaedia Perthensis
793:, Dorset, United Kingdom
673:of around 2,300 kWh/RM.
500:Coleophora anatipennella
425:fresh water deposits in
353:Hornbeam was frequently
1682:Garden plants of Europe
1023:Laudert, Doris (2004).
687:Battle of Delville Wood
342:Hornbeam is considered
1173:Den virtuella floran:
996:"RHS Plant Selector -
971:"RHS Plant Selector -
920:"RHS Plant Selector -
556:
540:
510:, better known as the
454:
299:
291:
1677:Garden plants of Asia
1642:Flora of Western Asia
805:Common hornbeam in a
753:Hornbeam-covered walk
619:Award of Garden Merit
588:Gardens of Versailles
580:French formal gardens
546:
531:
448:
298:Bark of a mature tree
297:
286:
254:of tree in the birch
862:Brown, John (1816).
807:tree protection tube
663:Bach flower remedies
628:, defensive hedges (
524:Cultivation and uses
485:, and in some areas
267:, and in some areas
655:Hildegard of Bingen
638:Electorate of Mainz
568:landscape gardening
47:Conservation status
1148:The New York Times
1123:www.greatwar.co.uk
1078:2018-08-07 at the
701:Lincoln's Hornbeam
597:There are several
557:
541:
512:death-cap mushroom
508:Amanita phalloides
477:Associated species
455:
300:
292:
1614:
1613:
1488:Open Tree of Life
1200:Taxon identifiers
1097:Gartenjournal.net
1059:978-3-7171-1119-1
975:'Frans Fontaine'"
705:President Lincoln
642:Rheingauer Gebück
626:Thirty Years' War
592:garden wilderness
570:, mainly as tall
364:ancient woodlands
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231:Distribution map
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1687:Ornamental trees
1647:Flora of England
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922:Carpinus betulus
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842:. Archived from
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677:Notable examples
650:
560:Carpinus betulus
551:'Fastigiata' in
549:Carpinus betulus
535:'Fastigiata' in
533:Carpinus betulus
517:Amanita princeps
460:Carpinus betulus
431:West Carpathians
415:Carpinus betulus
239:Carpinus betulus
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210:
208:Carpinus betulus
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25:Carpinus betulus
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1662:Trees of Europe
1637:Flora of Europe
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671:calorific value
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564:ornamental tree
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248:common hornbeam
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40:Tree in summer
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1652:Flora of Italy
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1167:External links
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1146:. Section XX.
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405:Fossil record
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1177:distribution
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1024:
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950:The Atlantic
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844:the original
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338:Distribution
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1426:NatureServe
1348:iNaturalist
1232:Wikispecies
1154:12 February
1128:12 February
1103:27 November
1099:(in German)
980:5 September
813:years and 3
645: [
607:street tree
495:case-bearer
491:Lepidoptera
413:fruits of
279:Description
120:Angiosperms
1621:Categories
1534:Plant List
1190:(EUFORGEN)
955:13 October
823:References
611:C. betulus
603:fastigiate
387:C. betulus
374:and north
316:monoecious
166:Betulaceae
1539:kew-34291
809:planted 3
791:Poundbury
695:Longueval
634:dog roses
599:cultivars
553:Eindhoven
427:Nowy Sacz
366:of south
359:pollarded
332:involucre
287:Hornbeam
184:Species:
90:Kingdom:
1632:Carpinus
1586:Tropicos
1500:PalDat:
1431:2.153241
1379:11284237
1366:295248-1
1246:BioLib:
1217:Wikidata
1076:Archived
1005:15 April
929:15 April
777:Leaf bud
741:Old tree
659:vitiligo
630:Landwehr
584:bosquets
574:and for
453:, London
419:borehole
355:coppiced
273:yoke elm
244:European
177:Carpinus
162:Family:
133:Eudicots
67:IUCN 3.1
1591:3600034
1413:MoBotPF
1327:2875818
1288:1148643
1270:Ecocrop
1223:Q158776
716:Gallery
707:at the
576:topiary
547:Mature
441:Ecology
429:Basin,
320:catkins
289:catkins
252:species
250:, is a
172:Genus:
156:Fagales
152:Order:
94:Plantae
65: (
1547:PLANTS
1493:466468
1464:NZOR:
1418:277824
1405:194274
1392:184204
1314:167990
1056:
1031:
890:
815:
811:
572:hedges
537:Dublin
435:Poland
411:fossil
409:Three
344:native
312:leaves
260:native
256:family
242:, the
146:Rosids
1552:CABE8
1523:PFI:
1457:12990
1374:IRMNG
1353:55801
1309:EUNIS
1301:CIPBE
693:near
669:high
649:]
497:moth
487:beech
471:seeds
368:Essex
324:fruit
308:trunk
269:beech
140:Clade
127:Clade
114:Clade
101:Clade
1578:3136
1560:POWO
1511:PfaF
1480:6562
1452:NCBI
1400:IUCN
1387:ITIS
1361:IPNI
1340:9196
1335:GRIN
1322:GBIF
1296:EPPO
1275:4238
1262:RG23
1249:3429
1156:2021
1130:2021
1105:2023
1054:ISBN
1029:ISBN
1007:2020
982:2018
957:2023
931:2020
888:ISBN
469:The
376:Kent
357:and
304:tree
1599:WFO
1573:RHS
1526:253
1439:NBN
1283:EoL
1257:CoL
617:'s
520:).
483:oak
397:in
328:nut
265:oak
246:or
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