362:, the sermons affirmed the Jewish origins of the Christian religion, the continuity of the Old and New Testaments of the Bible, and the importance of the Christian tradition to Germany. The pre-Christian "people of Israel were the bearers of the revelation" and their books were "building stones for God's kingdom". Unlike the Nazis, Faulhaber believed Judaism was a religious not a racial concept. In his private correspondence, his sympathy for the Jews of his own time is clear, but Faulhaber feared that going public with these thoughts would make the struggle against the Jews also a "struggle against the Catholics". Faulhaber's sermons appeared to undermine the central racist tenet of Nazism, but were, in essence, a defence of the church. Similarly, when in 1933, the Nazi school superintendent of Munster issued a decree: religious instruction be combined with discussion of the "demoralising power" of the "people of Israel", Bishop von Galen refused, writing such interference in curriculum was a breach of the Concordat. He feared children would be confused as to their "obligation to act with charity to all men" and the historical mission of the people of Israel. The language of Galen's later 1941 sermons on the "right to life, and inviolability" of all people, did not mention the Jews by name, but had far reaching resonance. He declared himself speaking to protect the "rights of the human personality", not the narrow denominational interests of the Catholic Church.
1522:. The Vatican ordered Stepinac to save as many Jews as possible during the upcoming roundup. In July and October 1943, Stepinac condemned race murders in the most explicit terms. And, his condemnation was read from pulpits across Croatia. The Germans took this to be a denunciation of the murder of both Serbs and Jews, and arrested 31 priests. Phayer wrote that despite knowing he would be a target of Communists if the Croat regime fell, "no leader of a national church ever spoke as pointedly about genocide as did Stepinac". Though Stepinac personally saved many potential victims, his protests had little effect on Pavelic. The Apostolic delegate to Turkey, Angelo Roncalli, saved a number of Croatian Jewsâas well as Bulgarian and Hungarian Jewsâ assisting their migration to Palestine. Roncalli succeeded Pius XII as Pope, always said he was acting on the orders of Pius XII in his actions to rescue Jews. In 1943 after the German military became active once again in Croatia, six to seven thousand Jews were deported to
1595:. In November, the office of the Bishop of Roermond and the Hague headquarters of the Jesuits were raided. On 26 January 1941, the Dutch Bishops issued a critical Pastoral Letter. The Nazi-run press responded with threats, and also reported that Archbishop de Jong was fined for refusing to preach the German invasion of the Soviet Union was a "religious crusade" against Bolshevism. When Seyss-Inquart installed a Dutch Nazi at the head of the Catholic Workers' Union, De Jong told Catholics to quit the Union. The occupation of the Netherlands also saw a particularly efficient cruelty towards the Jews, and harsh punishment for their protectors. When Jewish deportations began, many were hidden in Catholic areas. Parish priests created networks hiding Jews. Close knit country parishes were able to hide Jews without being informed upon by neighbours, as occurred in the cities. On July 11, 1942, the Dutch bishops, joined all Christian denominations in sending a letter to the German General
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of itself "as a hierarchical institution intent on preserving itself so God's grace would be immediately available to its members" prevailed over other models, such as the model of mystical communion, or moral advocate. According to Phayer, "had the German bishops confronted the
Holocaust publicly and nationally, the possibilities of undermining Hitler's death apparatus might have existed. Admittedly, it is speculative to assert this, but it is certain that many more German Catholics would have sought to save Jews by hiding them if their church leaders had spoken out". In this regard, Phayer places the responsibility with the Vatican, asserting that "a strong papal assertion would have enabled the bishops to overcome their disinclinations" and that "Bishop Preysing's only hope to spur his colleagues into action lay in Pius XII". Yet, Some German bishops are praised for their wartime actions; according to Phayer, "several bishops did speak out".
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from the Ustase. Hebblethwaite wrote, "The
Vatican's policy was to strengthen the hand of in his rejection of forcible conversions and brutalities". Pavelic told Nazi Foreign Minister Ribbentrop while the lower clergy supported the Ustase, the bishops, and particularly Stepinac, were opposed to the movement because of "Vatican international policy". In July, Stepniac wrote to Pavelic objecting to the condition of deportation of Jews and Serbs. Then, realizing that conversion could save Serbs, he instructed clergy to baptise people upon demand without the usual waiting and instruction. Summer and autumn of 1941 Ustasha murders increased, but Stepinac was not yet prepared to break with the Ustase regime entirely. Some bishops and priests collaborated openly with Pavelic; even served in Pavelic's body guard. Ivan Guberina, the leader of
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Jews, as with the priest who wrote in a periodical in 1934 that it was a sacred task of the church to oppose "sinful racial pride and blind hatred of the Jews". The leadership of the
Catholic Church in Germany, however, was generally hesitant to speak out specifically on behalf of the Jews. While racists were rare among the Catholic hierarchy in Germany, the bishops feared protests against the anti-Jewish policies of the regime would invite retaliation against Catholics. The considerable energies expended by the German church in opposing government interference in the churches was not matched in public by protests against the anti-Jewish policies of regime. Such protests as were made tended to be private letters to government ministers.
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1033:, which, wrote Davies, "became the lawless laboratory of Nazi racial ideology" and in due course the base for the main Nazi concentration camps. Yet here, Nazi policy toward the Church was less severe than in the annexed regions. The annexed areas were all to be "Germanized", and the Polish Church within them was to be thoroughly eradicatedâthough German Catholics could remain or settle there. In the annexed regions, the Nazis set about systematically dismantling the Churchâarresting its leaders, exiling its clergymen, closing its churches, monasteries and convents. Many clergymen were murdered. Eighty per cent of the Catholic clergy and five bishops of Warthegau were sent to concentration camps in 1939;
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939:) and Burzio helped galvanize the Holy See into intervening in vigorous terms. On April 7, 1943, Burzio challenged Tuka, over the extermination of Slovak Jews. The Vatican condemned the renewal of the deportations on 5 May and the Slovakian episcopate issued a pastoral letter condemning totalitarianism and antisemitism on 8 May 1943. "Tuka", wrote Evans, was "forced to backtrack by public protests, especially from the Church, which by this time had been convinced of the fate that awaited the deportees. Pressure from the Germans, including a direct confrontation between Hitler and Tiso on 22 April 1943, remained without effect." In August 1944, the
1518:(Jew friendly) to the German and Croat regimes. And, suspended a number of priest collaboratos in his diocese. In the spring of 1942, Stepinac, following a meeting with Pius XII in Rome, declared publicly it was "forbidden to exterminate Gypsies and Jews because they are said to belong to an inferior race". When Himmler visited Zagreb a year later, indicating the impending roundup of remaining Jews, Stepinac wrote to Pavelic that if this occurred, he would protest for "the Catholic Church is not afraid of any secular power, whatever it may be, when it has to protect basic human values". When deportatation began, Stepinac and Marcone protested to
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affection". Pius thanked De Gaulle for his recognition of the charity works of the papacy for the victims of the war, and offered an
Apostolic blessing upon De Gaulle and his nation. De Gaulle came to meet the Pope on 30 June; following which, the French leader wrote of great admiration for Pius, and assessed him to be a pious, compassionate and thoughtful figure. Upon whom, the problems of world situation weighed heavily. De Gaulle's visit was reported by the Vatican Press in the manner of a head of state, though the Vichy Regime had not yet been toppled. Following the fall of the Vichy government, De Gaulle told the Vatican the Papal Nuncio
1397:, the papal nuncio to Bucharest has been honoured as Righteous among the Nations by Yad Vashem. In 1944, the Chief Rabbi of Bucharest praised the work of Cassulo on behalf of Romania's Jews: "the generous assistance of the Holy See ... was decisive and salutary. It is not easy for us to find the right words to express the warmth and consolation we experienced because of the concern of the supreme Pontiff, who offered a large sum to relieve the sufferings of deported Jewsâsufferings which had been pointed out to him by you after your visit to Transnistria. The Jews of Romania will never forget these facts of historic importance."
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condemned the atrocities "even against non-combatants, refugees, old persons, women and children, and the disregard of human dignity, liberty and human life" that had taken place in the Polish war as "acts that cry for the vengeance of God". According to Phayer, from 1939 to 1941 there was a determined appeal for papal intercession in Poland, but the Holy See argued that intervention would only worsen the situation, though this was not a popular position. When the French urged Pius to condemn
Germany's aggression he declined "out of consideration for repercussions on Roman Catholics of the Reich."
836:, the Prime Minister of the Slovakian region, for advocating independence. Hitler invited Tiso to Berlin, and offered assistance for Slovak nationhood. Tiso declared independence, and with German warships pointing their guns at the Slovakian Government offices, the Assembly agreed to ask Germany for "protection". The small and predominantly Catholic and agricultural region became the Fascist Slovak Republic, a nominally independent Nazi puppet state, with Tiso as president and Tuka as Minister-President. Tiso's role was largely ceremonial, while Tuka was the instrument of Nazi policy in the state.
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Following war's end, Frings succeeded
Bertram as chairman of the Fulda Bishops' Conference in July 1945. In 1946, he was appointed a cardinal by Pius XII. In 1943, the German bishops debated whether to directly confront Hitler collectively over what they knew of the murdering of Jews. Frings wrote a pastoral letter cautioning his diocese not to violate the inherent rights of others to life, even those "not of our blood"; during the war, he preached in a sermon, "no one may take the property or life of an innocent person just because he is a member of a foreign race".
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1438:, where Pavelic's Ustase were installed in power. Unlike Hitler, Pavelic was pro-Catholic, but their ideologies overlapped sufficiently for easy co-operation. Phayer wrote, Pavelic wanted Vatican recognition for his fascist state and Croatian church leaders favoured an alliance with the Ustase because it seemed to hold out the promise of an anti-Communist, Catholic state. According to Hebblethwaite, Pavelic was anxious to get diplomatic relations and a Vatican blessing for the new 'Catholic state' but "Neither was forthcoming": Giovanni Montini (future
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1115:. Poland had a large Jewish population, and according to Davies, more Jews were both killed and rescued in Poland, than in any other nation: the rescue figure put at between 100,000 and 150,000âthe work of the Catholic affiliated Council to Aid Jews was instrumental in much rescue work. Thousands of Poles have been honoured as Righteous Among the Gentilesâconstituting the largest national contingentâand hundreds of clergymen and nuns were involved in aiding Jews during the war, though precise numbers are difficult to confirm.
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and, in sum, more
Christian". On September 9, the Bishop of Quimper was arrested for opposing Nazi plans for Brittany. The Bishop of Strasbourg was prevented from returning from Vichy France to his dioceses and his Cathedral was closed to the public. The Bishop of Metz was expelled from his dioceseâwhich was itself later dissolved for "political reasons". In October, the Archbishop of Besançon and Vicar General Galen were jailedâthe Archbishop for gathering food for French PoWs, and "turning people against Germans".
637:. Neururer was tortured and hanged at Buchenwald and Gapp was guillotined in Berlin; both were beatified in 1996. Anger at the treatment of the Church in Austria grew quickly and October 1938, wrote Mazower, saw the "very first act of overt mass resistance to the new regime", when a rally of thousands left Mass in Vienna chanting "Christ is our Fuehrer", before being dispersed by police. A Nazi mob ransacked Cardinal Innitzer's residence, after he had denounced Nazi persecution of the Church.
922:, emphatically denounced the deportations. Knowledge of the conditions at Auschwitz began to spread. Mazower wrote: "When the Vatican protested, the government responded with defiance: 'There is no foreign intervention which would stop us on the road to the liberation of Slovakia from Jewry', insisted President Tiso". Distressing scenes at railway yards of deportees being beaten by Hlinka guards had spurred community protest, including from leading churchmen such as Bishop Pavol Jantausch.
169:, where (95%) of its 2,720 inmates were Catholic (mostly Poles, and 411 Germans), 1,034 were murdered there. Mary Fulbrook wrote that when politics encroached on the church, German Catholics were prepared to resist, but the record was otherwise patchy and uneven with notable exceptions, "it seems that, for many Germans, adherence to the Christian faith proved compatible with at least passive acquiescence in, if not active support for, the Nazi dictatorship". Influential members of the
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showed devotion and respect. They were conscious of their debt to the Jews. Jesus and all the disciples and all the authors of the gospels were of the Jewish race. Christians viewed the Old
Testament, the holy book of the synagogues, as equally a holy book for them". Others too have come under scrutiny, wrote Blainey: "even Jews living in the United States, might have indirectly and directly given more help, or publicity, to the Jews during their plight in Hitler's Europe".
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Bishop von
Preysing. While working for the Welfare Office, Sommer coordinated Catholic aid for victims of racial persecutionâgiving spiritual comfort, food, clothing, and money. She gathered intelligence on the deportations of the Jews, and living conditions in concentration camps, as well as on SS firing squads, writing several reports on these topics from 1942; including an August 1942 report which reached Rome under the title "Report on the Exodus of the Jews".
445:) which secretly assisted those who were being persecuted by the regime. From 1938, Lichtenberg conducted prayers for the Jews and other inmates of the concentration camps, including "my fellow priests there". For preaching against Nazi propaganda and writing a letter of protest concerning Nazi euthanasia, he was arrested in 1941, sentenced to two years' penal servitude, and died en route to Dachau concentration camp in 1943. He was subsequently honoured by
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protested. Burzio advised Rome of deportations to Poland "equivalent to condemning a great part of them to death" and the
Vatican protested to the Slovakian legate. According to Phayer, the protests, not made in public, were ineffectual and 'resettlements' continued in the summer and autumn of 1942â57,752 by the end of 1942. Burzio reported to Rome that some of the Slovakian bishops were indifferent to the plight of the Jews. Others, such as Bishop
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of the new dispositions which impose upon innocent Jewish men, women and children the deportation into foreign lands. ... The incredible suffering which these measures cause to more than 10,000 people is in absolute opposition to the divine precepts of justice and charity. ... Let us pray to God and for the intercession of Mary ... that he may lend his strength to the people of Israel, so severely tried in anguish and persecution
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proclaimed its Catholic tradition. Whose leaders depicted themselves as loyal to the Church and the Pope. Diplomatic pressure was preferred to public challenges on the immorality of genocide. Pavelic's diplomatic emissaries to the Holy See were merely scolded by Tardini and Montini. At the war's end, leaders of the Ustasha, including its clericals supporters such as, Saric, fled taking gold looted from massacred Jews and Serbs with them.
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1368:, now that the diplomatic avenues were exhausted. A direct public appeal it was felt, especially in American circles, might have some effect. This Pius XII would not do however, arguing that a public radio appeal and condemnation of Nazi actions, would necessitate a papal criticism of Soviet behaviour as well. And there was apparently some skepticism still in Vatican circles about the seriousness of the situation. In September 1944
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that the situation an official report sent to the Vatican following the invasion "may be briefly described as hell for Catholics and Catholicism in Slovenia, a 98% Catholic country, a hell deliberately planned by Adolf Hitler out of his diabolical hatred of Christ and His Church". As in other occupied territories, the German army confiscated church property, dissolved religious houses and arrested and exiled priests.
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deportation of the Roman Jews but he did not denounce: a denunciation, the Pope believed, would do nothing to help the Jews. It would only extend Nazi persecution to yet more Catholics. It was the Church as well as the Jews in Germany, Poland and the rest of occupied Europe who would pay the price for any papal gesture. Another Dutch victim was Catholic dissident Carmelite priest and philosopher,
1442:) advised Pavelic the Holy See could not recognise frontiers changed by force. The Yugoslav royal legation remained at the Vatican. When the Italian King advised that Duke of Spoleto was to be "King of Croatia", Montini advised the Pope could not hold a private audience with the Duke once any such coronation occurred. Pius subsequently relented, allowing a half hour audience with Pavelic. The
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biological antisemitism, and there was no shortage of antisemitic rhetoric from the clergy: Bishop Buchberger of Regensburg called Nazi racism directed at Jews "justified self-defense" in the face of "overly powerful Jewish capital"; Bishop Hilfrich of Limburg said the true Christian religion "made its way not from the Jews but in spite of them." Still, while clergymen like Cardinal
1000:. Germany instigated a policy of genocide against Poland's Jewish minority and murdering or suppressing the ethnic Polish elites. Historically, the church was a leading force in Polish nationalism against foreign domination, thus the Nazis targeted clergy, monks and nuns in their terror campaignsâboth for their resistance activity and their cultural importance. According to the
748:. On 13 August 1939, StaĆĄek had given a patriotic address to a 100,000 strong crowd of Czechoslovaks, criticising the Nazis: "I believed that truth would triumph over falsehood, law over lawlessness, love and compassion over violence". For his resistance efforts, Bohumil spent the remainder of the war in prison and the concentration camps. Msgr. Tenora, Dean of the
386:, the Nazi Minister of Labour declared the following day in Vienna: "No compassion will be tolerated for the Jews. We deny the Pope's statement there is but one human race. The Jews are parasites." Catholic leaders including Cardinal Schuster of Milan, Cardinal van Roey in Belgium and Cardinal Verdier in Paris backed the Pope's strong condemnation of Kristallnacht.
1454:). Stepinac arranged the audience with Pius XII for Pavelic. Montini's minutes of the meeting noted no recognition of the new state could come before a peace treaty. "The Holy See must be impartial; it must think of all; there are Catholics on all sides to whom the must be respectful." Phayer wrote that Montini kept Pius informed of matters in Croatia and
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impotent. In the part incorporated into the Reich, and especially in Posnania, the representatives of the Catholic priests and orders have been shut up in concentration camps. In other dioceses the priests have been put in prison. Entire areas of the country have been deprived of all spiritual ministrations and the church seminaries have been dispersed.
852:) by which the legal rights of Jews were ended. The Holy See reacted with a letter of protest. The Slovakian bishops told Tiso that, through persecution of people on the basis of their race, he acted against the principles of religion and the Vatican demoted Tiso. According to Phayer, the Vatican's main concern was for the rights of Jewish converts.
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Ghetto" was established, including more than 40 safe houses marked by the Vatican and other national emblems. 25,000 Jews found refuge in these safe houses. Elsewhere in the city, Catholic institutions hid several thousand more Jewish people. Other leading church figures involved in the 1944 rescue of Hungarian Jews included Bishops
1628:. A journalist and a founder of the Netherlands' Catholic University in Nijmegen, Brandsma publicly campaigned against Nazism from the mid-1930s. Chosen by the Dutch Bishops as spokesmen in the defence of freedom of the press, he was arrested by the authorities in January 1942. He was later transferred to
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who was killed at Auschwitz. According to John Vidmar writes, "The brutality of the retaliation made an enormous impression on Pius XII." Henceforth, he avoided open, confrontational denunciations of the Nazis. "It is clear from Maglione's intervention Papa Pacelli cared about and sought to avert the
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that, "the situation in Hungary is much less acute, since the persons responsible for the previous persecution have been removed from power". "Contradictory information", it was claimed, was arriving about the Hungarian situation. Ultimately, when called upon to condemn publicly Nazi policies against
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rose against the People's Party regime. German troops were sent to quell the rebellion and with them came security police charged with rounding up Slovakia's remaining Jews. Burzio begged Tiso directly to at least spare Catholic Jews from transportation and delivered an admonition from the Pope: "the
760:, the Archbishop of Prague and Primate of Bohemia was arrested soon after the occupation of his city, after he refused to obey an order to direct priests to discontinue pilgrimages. Kaspar was repeatedly arrested by the Nazi authorities and died in 1941. In announcing the Archbishop's death on radio,
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a response to a letter from Taylor regarding the mistreatment of Jews on 10 October. The note thanked Washington for passing on the intelligence, and confirmed that reports of severe measures against the Jews had reached the Vatican from other sources, though it had not been possible to "verify their
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by seeking to find places of refuge for Jews. Pius XII instructed local bishops to help all those in need at the outbreak of the war. According to Kershaw, the "detestation of Nazism was overwhelming within the Catholic Church", yet traditional Christian anti-Judaism offered "no bulwark" against Nazi
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and the Jews". Verdier had described World War II as "a crusade ... We are struggling to preserve the freedom of people throughout the world, whether they be great or small peoples, and to preserve their possessions and their very lives. No other war has had aims that are more spiritual, moral,
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and Bishop Gyula Glattfelder who served in Hungary's Upper Chamber of Parliament, voted in favour of antisemitic legislation first passed in 1938. Serédi later spoke out against the Nazi persecution of Hungary's Jews. The antisemitic laws placed economic and social restrictions on Jews; during World
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Slovakia, under Tiso and Tuka (who described himself as a daily communicant), had power over 90,000 Jews. Like the Nazis other main allies, Petain, Mussolini, and HorthyâTiso did not share the racist hardline on Jews held by Hitler and radicals within his own government, but held a more traditional,
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to speak out on issues not directly related to the church. Bishops von Preysing and Frings were the most public in their statements against genocide. Phayer asserts the German episcopate, as opposed to other bishops, could have done more to save Jews. Professor Robert Krieg argues the Church's model
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wrote a refutation of Nazi racial doctrines and of the incompatibility of Catholicism and Nazism. In a dialogue, Van Roey wrote that Catholics could never adapt to governments which "oppress the rights of conscience and persecute the Catholic Church"; asserted the right to freedom of the press; and
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Ours is a time of great tribulations of which two are foremost: the sad destiny of the Jews and the plight of those deported for forced labor. ... All of us must be aware of the terrible sufferings which both of them have to undergo, due to no guilt of their own. We have learned with deep pain
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In AprilâMay 1941, hundred of thousands of Serbs were murdered and Nazi copycat laws eliminated Jewish citizenship and compelled the wearing of the Star of David. The German army pulled out of Croatia in June 1941. As the terror continued Archbishop Stepinac had begun, May 1941, to distance himself
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issued instructions on how front-line troops could continue to continue religious observance. Clergy were involved on many levelsâas chaplains to military units, or tending to the ever-increasing wounded and dying. "Nuns of various orders", wrote Davies, "acted as universal sisters of mercy and won
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requested explicitly that Pius speak out against Nazi atrocities. According to Lucas, the pope's "silence" led some Polish Catholics to conclude that the Vatican was unconcerned and there was even talk of cutting off allegiance to Rome. Pius alluded vaguely to atrocities at Easter 1941 and Cardinal
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The Catholic Associations in the General Government also have been dissolved, the Catholic educational institutions have been closed down, and Catholic professors and teachers have been reduced to a state of extreme need or have been sent to concentration camps. The Catholic press has been rendered
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saw the annexation of mainly Catholic Austria by Nazi Germany in early 1938. Hitler initially attempted to appeal to Christians in a speech on April 9 in Vienna, when he told the Austrian public that it was "God's will" he led his homeland into the Reich and the Lord had "smitten" his opponents. At
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took up a position at the Episcopal Diocesan Authority in Berlin, counseling victims of racial persecution for Caritas Emergency Relief. In 1941 she became director of the Welfare Office of the Berlin Diocesan Authority, under Bernhard Lichtenberg. Following Lichtenberg's arrest, Sommer reported to
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in 1942. In his sermons, he repeatedly spoke in support of persecuted peoples and against state repression. In March 1944, Frings attacked arbitrary arrests, racial persecution and forced divorces. That autumn, he protested to the Gestapo against the deportations of Jews from Cologne and surrounds.
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wrote of an "hour of darkness" and the deaths of "countless human beings, even noncombatants". "Dear Poland", he said, deserved "the generous and brotherly sympathy of the whole world, while it awaits ... the hour of a resurrection in harmony with the principles of justice and true peace". In
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Phayer wrote that antisemitism existed well before the Nazi time and during the interwar period "antisemitism characterised the Catholicism of the Slovak people". The People's Party, founded and dominated by clergymen, used antisemitism as part of its political presentation. Antisemitic terror was
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in April 1941, Slovenia was partitioned, between Italy, Hungary and Germany, which annexed the north. In the Carinthian and Styrian regions, the mainly Austrian rulers commenced a brutal campaign to destroy the Slovene nation. The Jesuit John Le Farge reported in the Catholic press in the America
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to stop their deportation. Rotta became a leader of diplomatic actions to protect Hungarian Jews. With the help of the Hungarian Holy Cross Association, he issued protective passports for Jews and 15,000 safe conduct passesâthe nunciature sheltered some 3000 Jews in safe houses. An "International
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who had been dispossessed and driven into the General Government region. A further broadcast in November lacked the detail of January communications and "Thereafter", wrote Phayer, "Vatican radio fell silent regarding Poland and the decimation of its populace." On 16 and 17 November 1940, Vatican
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has written that the Vatican was aware of the creation of the Nazi extermination camps. She believed an "open condemnation of racism and the persecutions (of Jews)" by the Church, "other results could have been achieved." With regard to work done by the Vatican, "much more was requested by many".
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Hamerow writes that sympathy for the Jews was common among Catholic churchmen in the Resistance, who saw both Catholics and Jews as religious minorities exposed to bigotry on the part of the majority. This sympathy led some lay and clergy resistors to speak publicly against the persecution of the
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wrote, "Christianity could not escape some indirect blame for Holocaust. The Jews and Christians were rivals, sometimes enemies, for a long period of history. Furthermore, it was traditional for Christians to blame Jewish leaders for the crucifixion of Christ ... At the same time, Christians
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Following the 4 June 1944 Liberation of Rome by the Allies, Cardinal Tisserant delivered a letter from De Gaulle to Pius XII, assuring the Pontiff of the filial respect and attachment of the French people; noting, their long wartime suffering was attenuated by the Pope's "testimonies of paternal
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Former Catholic teachers must now give instruction in accordance with National Socialist programs; that membership in Hitler Youth organizations is obligatory for boys and girls over 10; that religious seminaries are being closed, all Catholic organizations are being dissolved, and that Catholic
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recognised the new state. Gilbert wrote, "In the Croatian capital of Zagreb, as a result of intervention by on behalf of Jewish partners in mixed marriages, a thousand Croat Jews survived the war". While "Stepinac, who in 1941 welcomed Croat independence, subsequently condemned Croat atrocities
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was captured in 1943 the Germans promised to free him if he would seek to inspire the Polish people against the common enemy, Bolshevist Russia. Hlond refused to negotiate with his captors. He was the only member of the Sacred College of Cardinals to be arrested by the Nazis, and was held by the
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for this approach. Soon after Pacelli became pope, Vichy France put forward antisemitic decrees. Vichy's ambassador to the Vatican, LĂ©on BĂ©rard, reported to his government that having spoken to competent authorities the Holy See had no insurmountable difficulties with this and did not intend to
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and Catholic democrat activists, the organisation saved thousands. Emphasis was placed on protecting children, as it was near impossible to intervene directly against the heavily guarded transports. False papers were prepared, and children were distributed among safe houses and church networks.
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agreed upon a "cleanup once and for all of Jews, intelligentsia, clergy, nobility". Of the brief period of military control from 1 September 1939 to 25 October 1939, Davies wrote: "according to one source, 714 mass executions were carried out, and 6,376 people, mainly Catholics, were shot.
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in Croatia. Rather than jeopardize the Ustase government by diplomatic wrangling, the Vatican chose to help Jews privately. But, the chaos of the country meant this was little. Historian John Morley called the Vatican record particularly shameful in Croatia because it was a state which proudly
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explained to the Polish ambassador to the Holy See that Pius spoke in veiled words, but had Poland in mind. The policy was intended to spare Poles from greater atrocities. Word came later from Poland objecting to this, but it would be used again, during the Holocaust itself. Catholic religious
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met with Pius on September 30, 1940 and left disappointed when he did not condemn Russia and Germany for destroying Poland. The Vatican used its press and radio to tell the world in January 1940 of terrorization of the Polish people, a reference to the Warthegau area Poles and the Poles of the
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The Vatican called in the Slovak ambassador twice to enquire what was happening. These interventions, wrote Evans, "caused Tiso, who after all was still a priest in holy orders, to have second thoughts about the programme". Burzio and others reported to Tiso that the Germans were murdering the
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reported on 15 October that Hitler Youth and the SA had gathered at Innitzer's Cathedral during a service for Catholic Youth and started "counter-shouts and whistlings: 'Down with Innitzer! Our faith is Germany'". The following day, a mob stoned the Cardinal's residence, broke in and ransacked
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By 1941, most Christians in Europe were living under Nazi rule. Generally, the life of their churches could continue, provided they did not attempt to participate in politics. When the Nazi regime undertook the industrialized mass-extermination of the Jews, the Nazis found a great many willing
1004:, 1811 Polish priests were murdered in Nazi concentration camps. Special death squads of SS and police accompanied the invasion and arrested or executed those considered capable of resisting the occupation: including professionals, clergymen and government officials. The following summer, the
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The Vatican began to receive reports from Slovak army chaplains in October 1941 of mass shootings of Jews on the Eastern Front, but did not take action. When, in early 1942, papal diplomats in Bratislava, Hungary and Switzerland predicted impending deportations and exterminations, the Vatican
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of July 1942 discussing his problems with the Church, Hitler singles out Innitzer's early gestures of cordiality as evidence of the extreme caution with which Church diplomats must be treated: "there appeared a man who addressed me with such self-assurance and beaming countenance, just as if,
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declared before 5,000 protesters: "Every utterance the Pope makes in Rome is an incitement of the Jews throughout the world to agitate against Germany". Cardinal Faulhaber supplied a truck to the rabbi of the Ohel Yaakov synagogue, to rescue sacred objects before the building was torn down on
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and reported that Pius addressed Polish clergy on 30 September 1939 and spoke of "a vision of mad horror and gloomy despair" and said that he hoped that despite the work of the enemies of God, Catholic life would survive in Poland. In a Christmas Eve address to the College of Cardinals, Pius
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gained an early reputation as an opponent of the regime denouncing the Nazi extremists who were calling for the Bible to be purged of the "Jewish" Old Testament, because, wrote Hamerow, in seeking to adhere to the central anti-Semitic tenets of Nazism, these "anti-Semitic zealots" were also
1159:. Under the Papacy of the Polish-born Pope John Paul II, the Polish Church asked for forgiveness for failings during the war, saying that, while noble efforts had been made to save Jews during World War II, there had also been indifference or enmity among Polish Catholics. According to
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April 1940, the Holy See advised the US government that all its efforts to deliver humanitarian aid had been blocked by the Germans, and that it was therefore seeking to channel assistance through indirect routes like the American "Commission for Polish Relief". In 1942, the American
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interviewed Pavelic's representative to Pius; he let the Croat know the Vatican would be indulgentâ"Croatia is a young stateâYoungsters often err because of their age. It is, therefore, not surprising Croatia has also erred." The Vatican refused formal recognition but Pius sent a
926:
deported Jews. Tiso hesitated and then refused to deport Slovakia's 24,000 remaining Jews. According to Mazower "Church pressure and public anger resulted in perhaps 20,000 Jews being granted exemptions, effectively bringing the deportations there to an end". According to Phayer,
944:
injustice wrought by his government is harmful to the prestige of his country and enemies will exploit it to discredit clergy and the Church the world over." Tiso ordered the deportation of the nation's remaining Jews, who were sent to the concentration campsâmost to Auschwitz.
121:, the Nazis set about systematically dismantling the Churchâarresting its leaders, exiling its clergymen, closing its churches, monasteries and convents. Many clergymen were murdered. Over 1800 Catholic Polish clergy were murdered in concentration camps; most notably, Saint
848:, the Apostolic Delegate to Bratislava, protested the antisemitism and totalitarianism of the regime. Pius XII extended an apostolic blessing to Tiso. The Vatican was pleased to see a new Catholic state, but disapproved of the Codex Judaicum of September 1941 (based on the
1252:
widespread praise. Mortality among them higher than among most categories of civilians. When captured by the SS, they aroused a special fury, which frequently ended in rape or butchery". According to Davies, the Catholic religion was an integral component of the struggle.
1587:, firmly opposed Nazi movement, which Dutch Catholics were forbidden to join. As in other parts of the Third Reich, the Catholic press was suppressed. Clergy were arrested and forced out of educational positions. On 2 September 1940, the Nazi Governor of the Netherlands,
1774:
criticized Petain for his anti-semitic laws, and the paper was suppressed. The French bishops encouraged obedience to the Vichy regime and refrained from making public statements against the regime's mistreatment of Jews until 1942. In 1997, the French church issued a
1511:'. For three months, FilipoviÄ-Majstorovic headed the notorious Jasenovac concentration camp. He was suspended as an army chaplain in 1942, expelled from the Franciscan Order in 1943, and executed as a war criminal after the war. He was not, evidently, excommunicated.
1994:, p. 10, ABC-CLIO, 2006: "There is no doubt that in the long run Nazi leaders such as Hitler and Himmler intended to eradicate Christianity just as ruthlessly as any other rival ideology, even if in the short term they had to be content to make compromises with it."
1827:âdenounced the roundups from the pulpit and parish distributions, in defiance of the Vichy regime. Thousands of priests, nuns and lay people acted to assist French Jews, protecting large numbers in convents, boarding schools, presbyteries and families. According to
1287:
After Germany's 1935 Nuremberg Laws were promulgated, copycat legislation had followed in much of Europe. Catholic priests and bishops in western Europe were not active in parliaments that established antisemitic legislation, but in eastern Europe they were. The
558:
were being systematically "butchered". Taylor asked if the Vatican might have any information which might tend to "confirm the reports", and if so, what the Pope might be able to do to influence public opinion against the "barbarities". Cardinal Maglione handed
1176:
Gestapo, first at their headquarters in Paris and then confined at a convent at Bar-le-Duc, until the Allied advance forced the Germans to shift him to Wiedenbrtick, in Westphalia, where he remained for seven months, until released by American troops in 1945.
482:
and racism, pursued a policy of ethnic equality for his German, Polish and Lithuanian flock, and protected his Polish clergy and laypeople. Threatened by the Nazis, he applied for a transfer to be chaplain to a concentration camp. His request was denied by
619:, the churches of Vienna pealed their bells and flew swastikas for Hitler's arrival in the city on 14 March. However, wrote Mark Mazower, such gestures of accommodation were "not enough to assuage the Austrian Nazi radicals, foremost among them the young
564:
accuracy". Nevertheless, "every opportunity is being taken by the Holy See, however, to mitigate the suffering of these unfortunate people". The Pope raised race murders in his 1942 Christmas Radio Address. However, after the war, some bishops, including
776:, he believed that Catholicism was a threat to the state. He was assassinated by Czech commandos in Prague in 1942. Hitler was angered by the co-operation between the church and the assassins who killed Heydrich. Following the assassination of Heydrich,
332:
offered public prayer and sermonised against the deportations of Jews to the East. He was denounced, and later died en route to Dachau. Nazi ideology saw Jewishness as a "racial question". Among the deported "Jews" of Germany were practicing Catholics.
876:
practised by the Hlinka Guard. Tiso promulgated the first antisemitic legislation in 1939 and 1940. In February 1942, Tiso agreed to begin deportations of Jews and Slovakia became the first Nazi ally to agree to deportations under the framework of the
2030:, p. 365, University of Michigan Press, 1970: "It seems no exaggeration to insist that the greatest challenge the Nazis had to face was their effort to eradicate Christianity in Germany or at least to subjugate it to their general world outlook."
149:
of monasteries, convents and church properties surged from 1941. Clergy were persecuted and sent to concentration camps, religious Orders had their properties seized, some youth were sterilized. The first priest to die was Aloysius Zuzek. Bishop
978:
wrote that Hitler's scheme for the Germanization of Eastern Europe, "There would, he made clear, be no place in this utopia for the Christian Churches". The invasion of predominantly Catholic Poland by Nazi Germany in 1939 ignited the
2014:, p. 240, Simon and Schuster, 1990: "the Nazi regime intended eventually to destroy Christianity in Germany, if it could, and substitute the old paganism of the early tribal Germanic gods and the new paganism of the Nazi extremists."
2004:, p. 240, University of Wisconsin Press, 2003: "Had the Nazis won the war their ecclesiastical policies would have gone beyond those of the German Christians, to the utter destruction of both the Protestant and the Catholic Church."
341:
for "Jews", held Christian services, with the Catholic service conducted by Sister Maria Regina Fuhrmann, a theologian from Vienna. Two newly arrived Catholic priests of "Jewish origin" were among the deportees in attendance. Saint
843:
was dispatched to act as an adviser on Jewish issues. According to Phayer, "Hitler demanded a price for Slovak independence, its 90,000 Jews. Pius XII wanted to save them, or at least the 20,000 who had converted to Christianity".
382:
Kristallacht. A Nazi mob attacked his palace, and smashed its windows. On 21 November, in an address to the world's Catholics, the Pope rejected the Nazi claim of racial superiority. He insisted there was only a single human race.
263:
participants. Scholars have undertaken critical examinations of the origins of Nazi antisemitism and while the feelings of European Catholics toward Jews varied considerably, antisemitism was "prevalent throughout Europe". As
1833:, "The defiant attitude of those churchmen after 1942 contributed to the fact that that three quarters of France's Jewish population survived, many of them protected by French Catholics". French Catholic religious among the
780:
was among the thousands arrested, for his patriotic stance. Beran was sent to Dachau, where he remained until Liberation, whereafter he was appointed Archbishop of Pragueâwhich had remained vacant since the death of KaĆĄpar.
95:
surrounding his apparent reluctance to speak frequently and in even more explicit terms about Nazi crimes continues. He used diplomacy to aid war victims, lobbied for peace, shared intelligence with the Allies, and employed
736:
saw ethnic Czech priests expelled, or deprived of income and forced to do labour, while their properties were seized. Religious orders were suppressed, private schools closed and religious instruction forbidden in schools.
503:. She organized aid circles for Jews, assisted many to escape. She personally investigated the fate of the Jews being transported to the East and managed to obtain information on prisoners in concentration camps. In 1935,
884:. Later in 1942, amid Vatican protests as news of the fate of the deportees filtered back, and the German advance into Russia was halted, Slovakia became the first of Hitler's puppet states to shut down the deportations.
402:. The issue of whether the bishops should speak out against the persecution of the Jews was debated at a 1942 meeting. The consensus was to "give up heroic action in favor of small successes". A draft letter proposed by
934:
required one hourâto please Hitler, while holding back its 20,000 Christian Jews to please the Holy See". When in 1943 rumours of further deportations emerged, the Papal Nuncio in Istanbul, Msgr. Angelo Roncalli (later
60:
of sowing 'fundamental hostility to Christ and his Church'. The concordat has been described by some as giving moral legitimacy to the Nazi regime soon after Hitler had acquired quasi-dictatorial powers through the
1393:) advised Pope Pius XII of the plight of Jews being kept in concentration camps in Romanian-occupied Transnistria. The Pope interceded with the Romanian government, and authorized for money to be sent to the camps.
1426:. Germany, Italy, Bulgaria and Hungary dismembered Yugoslavia in April 1941. In regions controlled by Italy, the Italian authorities protected Jews from Nazi roundups, as occurred throughout Italian territory.
1020:
Poland was divided into two parts by the German occupiers: the Reich directly annexed Polish territories along Germany's eastern border, while and second part came under the administration of the so-called
1183:
Polish prisoners toast their liberation from Dachau concentration camp. Among the estimated 3,000 members (18%) of the Polish clergy who were killed by the Germans; of these, 1,992 died in concentration
1599:
in protest against the treatment of Jews. The letter was read in all Catholic churches against German opposition. It brought attention to mistreatment of Jews and asked all Christians to pray for them:
1083:) resisted the German occupation. The Home Army was conscious of the link between morale and religious practice and the Catholic religion was integral to much Polish resistance, particularly during the
808:
was a rump state formed by Hitler when Germany annexed the western half of Czechoslovakia. Hitler was able to exploit Czechoslovakia's ethnic rivalriesâparticularly presence of the German-speaking
744:
processions curtailed. As elsewhere, the Catholic press was muzzled. Following the outbreak of war, 487 priests were rounded up from occupied Czechoslovakiaâamong them the Canon of Vysehrad, Msgr.
1619:
made a special effort to round up every monk, nun and priest who had a drop of Jewish blood. Some 300 victims were deported to Auschwitz and immediately sent to the gas chambers, among them Saint
110:(1943) he denounced the murder of the handicapped. A denunciation from German bishops of the murder of the "innocent and defenceless", including "people of a foreign race or descent", followed.
1551:
remained free. Clergy were persecuted and sent to concentration camps, religious Orders had their properties seized, some youth were sterilized. The first priest to die was Aloysius Zuzek.
1280:
in March 1944, soon after Horthy, under significant pressure from the church and diplomatic community, had halted the deportations of Hungarian Jews. In October, they installed a pro-Nazi
1199:
reported that "as Cardinal Hlond's reports poured into the Vatican, Pope Pius XII protested against the enormities they recounted with unrelenting vigor". The Conference noted the Pope's
1111:, having offered his own life to save a fellow prisoner who had been condemned to death. During the War he provided shelter to refugees, including 2,000 Jews whom he hid in his friary in
725:
with the Church of their rulers. Despite this, According to Schnitker, "the Church managed to gain a deep-seated appreciation for the role it played in resisting the common Nazi enemy."
1812:
1788:
of Jews of July 15, 1942, the Northern assembly of cardinals and archbishops sent a protest letter to Petain, and following round ups of Jews in Vichy France in 1942, several Bishopsâ
880:. The Nazis had asked for 20,000 young able-bodied Jews. Tiso hoped that compliance would aid in the return of 120,000 Slovak workers from Germany. Burzio protested to Prime Minister
3922:
3264:
3238:
1952:
740:
When the Germans advanced on Prague in March 1939, churches came under gestapo surveillance and hundreds of priests were denounced. Monasteries and convents were requisitioned and
1218:
Radio said that religious life for Catholics in Poland continued to be brutally restricted and that at least 400 clergy had been deported to Germany in the preceding four months:
983:. The Nazi plan for Poland entailed the destruction of the Polish nation, which necessarily required attacking the Polish Church, particularly, in those areas annexed to Germany.
1820:
2049:, p. 147, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007: "Consequently, it was Hitler's long range goal to eliminate the churches once he had consolidated control over his European empire."
1760:
newspapers are being suppressed in Alsace-Lorraine; and that to the end of December of the preceding year, 20,000 persons had been expelled from Alsace, including 60 priests.
1041:
wrote that "Hitlerism aims at the systematic and total destruction of the Catholic Church in the ... territories of Poland which have been incorporated into the Reich".
554:
passed a US Government memorandum to Pius XII on 26 September 1942, outlining intelligence received from the Jewish Agency for Palestine which said that Jews from across the
377:, Pius XI joined Western leaders in condemning the pogrom. In response, the Nazis organised mass demonstrations against Catholics and Jews, in Munich. The Bavarian Gauleiter
547:. Most German Church historians believe that the church leaders knew of the Holocaust by the end of 1942, knowing more than any other church leaders outside the Vatican.
437:
German resistance movement. Von Preysing was a noted critic of Nazism, but was protected from Nazi retaliation by his position. His cathedral administrator and confidant
158:
and defence of human rights roused rare popular dissent. The German bishops denounced Nazi policy towards the church in pastoral letters, calling it "unjust oppression".
572:
claimed that they had not been aware of the extent and details of the Holocaust, and were unsure of the veracity of the information that was brought to their attention.
522:
liquidation of the Jews did not primarily take place on German soil, but rather in Polish territory. Awareness of the murderous campaign was therefore less widespread.
113:
Hitler's invasion of Catholic Poland sparked the War. Nazi policy towards the Church was at its most severe in the areas it annexed to the Reich, such as the Czech and
2425:
792:, where over a thousand clergy died. 122 Czechoslovak priests were imprisoned there, but Poles constituted the largest proportion of those imprisoned in the dedicated
1336:
Margit Slachta sheltered the persecuted, protested forced labour and antisemitism and went to Rome in 1943 to encourage papal action against the Jewish persecutions.
1797:
1672:
said Catholics ought not resign themselves to defeat and collaboration with the Nazis, because "we are certain that our country will be restored and rise again".
4249:
1434:, to report some of Mussolini's subordinates "apparently been influenced" by opposition in the Vatican to German anti-Semitism. Most of Croatia fell to the new
2464:
3602:
1580:
was particularly protracted. While the Dutch civil service collaborated extensively with the occupying administration, the Dutch Church, and leaders like the
629:
Globocnik launched a crusade against the Church, and the Nazis confiscated property, closed Catholic organisations and sent many priests to Dachau, including
2024:, p. 123, Scarecrow Press, 2010: "The objective was to either destroy Christianity and restore the German gods of antiquity or to turn Jesus into an Aryan."
539:, "a number of bishops did want to know, and they succeeded very early on in discovering what their government was doing to the Jews in occupied Poland".
908:
4174:
4277:
1882:
1163:, the Nazi terror was "much fiercer and more protracted in Poland than anywhere in Europe." Phayer wrote of two phases of Nazi policy in Polandâbefore
897:
49:
4528:
4203:
1297:
1153:, a German Catholic businessman came to Poland, initially to profit from the German invasion. He went on to save many Jews, as dramatised in the film
1640:
968:
958:
499:
was among the first to sense the genocidal inclinations of the Hitler regime and to take national action. From 1938 she worked at the head office of
441:, was not. Lichtenberg was under the watch of the Gestapo by 1933, for his courageous support of prisoners and Jews. He ran Preysing's aid unit (the
1309:, a nun and Hungary's first woman Member of Parliament, spoke against the antisemitic laws. Following the October 1944 Arrow Cross takeover, Bishop
3635:
648:
wrote that Pope Pius, "again protested against the violence of the Nazis, in language recalling Nero and Judas the Betrayer, comparing Hitler with
560:
286:
Nazi persecution of the Jews grew steadily worse throughout era of the Third Reich. Hamerow wrote that during the prelude to the Holocaust between
281:
1268:. As a member of Hungary's Parliament he voted in favour of antisemitic legislation in 1938. Later he spoke against Nazi mistreatment of the Jews.
1141:, the Bishop of Pinsk, co-operated with the Underground maintaining ties with the Jewish ghetto and sheltered Jews in the Archbishop's residence.
1340:, Papal Nuncio from 1930, actively protested Hungary's mistreatment of the Jews, and helped persuade Pope Pius XII to lobby the Hungarian leader
292:
in November 1938 and the 1941 invasion of Soviet Russia, the position of the Jews "deteriorated steadily from disenfranchisement to segregation,
4036:
State Commission investigation of crimes of the occupiers and their collaborators in Croatia (1946). Crimes in the Jasenovac Camp. Zagreb; p. 62
1350:
1493:
1149:, hid many children in her Pludy convent and took in many orphans and dispersed them among Family of Mary homes, rescuing more than 750 Jews.
606:, he launched a crusade against the Church, and the Nazis confiscated property, closed Catholic organisations and sent many priests to Dachau.
220:
4420:
2163:
Ian Kershaw; The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation; 4th Ed; Oxford University Press; New York; 2000"; pp. 210â11
1430:
wrote that when negotiations began for the deportation of Jews from the Italian zone, General Roatta flatly refused, leading Hitler's envoy,
701:. Shortly before World War II, Czechoslovakia ceased to exist, swallowed by Nazi expansion. Its territory was divided into the mainly Czech
44:(1939â1945), and ordinary Catholics fought on both sides of the conflict. Despite efforts to protect its rights within Germany under a 1933
3898:
2706:
2091:
793:
645:
644:
itâbashing a secretary unconscious, and storming another house of the cathedral curia and throwing its curate out the window. The American
433:, sought to have the German Bishops conference speak out against the Nazi death camps. Preysing even infrequently attended meetings of the
162:
1324:
3873:
3833:
3424:
4738:
1699:
Following the capitulation of France, the nation was divided between a military occupation of the north and the nominally independent "
1096:
1008:
round up of several thousand Polish intelligentsia by the SS saw many priests shot in the General Government sector. In September 1939
2545:
Peter Hoffmann; The History of the German Resistance 1933â1945; 3rd Edn (First English Edn); McDonald & Jane's; London; 1977; p.24
1414:, the desire of Croatian nationalists for independence was not realised. The region found itself in a Serb dominated dictatorship of
101:
88:
1711:, the leader of the Vichy government had no religious convictions, but courted Catholic support. His great rival, and leader of the
4733:
1927:(2004). "The Catholic Church in Poland and the Holocaust, 1939-1945". In Carol Rittner; Stephen D. Smith; Irena Steinfeldt (eds.).
1146:
1095:
became the de facto head of the Polish church following the invasion and openly criticised Nazi terror. A principal figure of the
305:
favoured a policy of concessions to the Nazi regime, other, like Bishop Preysing of Berlin, called for more concerted opposition.
4728:
2484:
2389:
1548:
308:
1730:
As elsewhere under Nazi Germany's occupation, French clergy faced intimidation and interference. In July 1940, the residence of
967:
Public execution of Polish priests and civilians in Bydgoszcz's Old Market Square, 9 September 1939. The Polish Church suffered
930:
wrote that "Catholic Slovakia, wanting to serve its two masters, Berlin and Rome, gave up its Mosaic Jewsâa journey by train to
2648:
1652:
1281:
1099:, Sapieha opened a clandestine seminary in an act of cultural resistance. Among the seminarians was Karol Wojtyla, the future
4723:
4480:
3154:
3116:
3099:
3056:
3039:
2751:
2728:
2687:
2635:
1936:
1581:
1544:
749:
728:
Some 487 Czechoslovak priests were arrested and jailed during the occupation. 122 Czechoslovak Catholic priests were sent to
2429:
764:, the director of the Prague diocese main seminary, called on Czechs to remain true to their religion and to their country.
3310:
2831:
1755:. In March 1941, it announced in Alsace, Catholics were facing "cruel persecution". On April 4, Vatican Radio stated that:
1443:
118:
1423:
4144:
1543:
was akin to that which occurred in Poland. Within six weeks of the German occupation, only 100 of the 831 priests in the
702:
670:
1647:
and Dom Bruno. Among other institutions, the CDJ enlisted the help of monasteries and religious schools and hospitals.
84:
1483:(far right). Initially Stepinac welcomed Croat independence and the Pavelic regime's atrocities against Jews and Serbs
246:; during the Second World War the Catholic Church rescued many thousands of Jews by issuing false documents, lobbying
4748:
4704:
4680:
4648:
4615:
4594:
4253:
4000:
1974:
1313:(who had been an active protester against the mistreatment of the Jews), together with other senior clergy including
1196:
713:(Hungary and Poland also annexed areas). Catholicism had had a strong institutional presence in the region under the
543:, for example, knew about the systematic nature of the Holocaust as early as February 1942, only one month after the
4343:
1292:, Hungary's far-right antisemitic political organisation, was supported by individual priests, and bishops, such as
3599:
2461:
1636:
73:
became Pope on the eve of war and lobbied world leaders to prevent the outbreak of conflict. His first encyclical,
19:
1301:
1265:
768:
served as Reich Protector (Governor) from March 1939 until he was replaced by Reich Security Central Office chief
3378:
2746:
Williams, Max (2001). Reinhard Heydrich: The Biography, Volume 1âRoad To War. Church Stretton: Ulric Publishing.
1122:
Home Army Intelligence discovered the true fate of transports leaving the Jewish Ghetto, the Council to Aid Jewsâ
864:
706:
209:
92:
4441:
The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church; National Catholic Welfare Conference; Washington D.C.; 1942; pp. 60â61
4332:
The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church; National Catholic Welfare Conference; Washington D.C.; 1942; pp. 58â59
4228:
4159:
The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church; National Catholic Welfare Conference; Washington D.C.; 1942; pp. 51â54
3677:
The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church; National Catholic Welfare Conference; Washington D.C.; 1942; pp. 49â50
3405:
The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church; National Catholic Welfare Conference; Washington D.C.; 1942; pp. 34â51
2863:
The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church; National Catholic Welfare Conference; Washington D.C.; 1942; pp. 31â33
2854:
The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church; National Catholic Welfare Conference; Washington D.C.; 1942; pp. 31â32
1260:
963:
129:
soon orchestrated an intensification of restrictions on church activities in Germany. Hitler and his ideologues
4304:
1735:
1632:, where he was the subject of Nazi medical experiments and was issued with a lethal injection on 26 July 1942.
2554:
Under His Very Windows The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy By Susan Zuccotti. Yale University Press pg. 304
1865:
to the French people, having worked with the Vichy regime. Valeri was replaced by Angelo Roncalli, the future
1037:
are regarded as blessed martyrs. In a report to Pius XII regarding the dire situation, the Primate of Poland,
986:
In Nazi ideological terms, Poland was inhabited by a mixture of Slavs and Jews, both of which were classed as
535:
a thorough knowledge of the Holocaust was well within the reach of the German bishops. According to historian
4171:
3728:
1540:
395:
358:
undermining "the basis of Catholicism". Faulhaber delivered three important Advent sermons in 1933. Entitled
239:
208:, can be contrasted with the apathy of others and the outright collaboration of Catholic politicians such as
151:
114:
4459:
The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church; National Catholic Welfare Conference; Washington D.C.; 1942; p. 63
4450:
The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church; National Catholic Welfare Conference; Washington D.C.; 1942; p. 62
4411:
The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church; National Catholic Welfare Conference; Washington D.C.; 1942; p. 60
4189:
The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church; National Catholic Welfare Conference; Washington D.C.; 1942; p. 57
3782:
3647:
The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church; National Catholic Welfare Conference; Washington D.C.; 1942; p. 49
1171:, when Germany sought to use the church to bring the Polish people into the war effort against Russia. When
87:. Despite being the only world leader to publicly and specifically denounce Nazi crimes against Jews in his
4207:
1523:
1508:
1497:
1435:
1108:
80:
4344:"The General: Charles de Gaulle and the France He Saved by Jonathan Fenby | Book review | Books"
1659:
of the Interior Ministry also made a stance to protect Jews. The Belgian Superior General of the Jesuits,
1418:. Repression of the Croat minority spurred extremism, and the UstaĆĄa ("Insurgence") was formed in 1929 by
1834:
1802:
1615:
The Nazis responded by revoking the exception of Jews who were baptized, and a round up was ordered. The
1577:
1467:, as his apostolic visitor. Phayer wrote that this suited Pavelic well enough. Stepinac felt the Vatican
1034:
805:
450:
170:
2763:
1731:
752:
was also among those arrested, while six directors of Catholic charities were also seized including Mgr
3445:
2386:"The Church and Nazi Germany: Opposition, Acquiescence and Collaboration II - By Harry Schnitker, Ph.D"
2036:, p. 290, 363, Doubleday 1968: The Nazis sought "to eradicate Christianity in Germany root and branch."
1639:(CDJ) was formed to work for the defence of Jews in the summer of 1942. Of its eight founding members,
675:
2481:"The Church and Nazi Germany: Opposition, Acquiescence and Collaboration I - By Harry Schnitker, Ph.D"
1001:
4092:
Michael Phayer; The Catholic Church and the Holocaust 1930â1965; Indiana University Press; 2000; p.38
3393:
2899:
Hitler's Table Talk 1941â1944: ch A Hungarian Request; Cameron & Stevens; Enigma Books pp. 551â56
2884:
1846:
1789:
1629:
1369:
789:
729:
242:
rejected by the Catholic Church, ancient antipathies between Christianity and Judaism contributed to
197:
166:
4510:
4388:
4292:
4273:
3540:
2588:
Diplomatic Correspondence: US Undersecretary of State Summner Wells to Vatican Envoy Myron C. Taylor
1975:
Word for Word/The Case Against the Nazis; How Hitler's Forces Planned To Destroy German Christianity
732:. Seventy-six did not survive the ordeal. Following its October 1938 annexation, Nazi policy in the
4571:
4560:
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3765:
Moshe Herczl, Christianity and the Holocaust of Hungarian Jewry, New York, Harper & Row, p. 118
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2533:
2516:
2449:
2409:
2181:
1785:
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940:
813:
590:
106:
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and other church offices were searched by the Gestapo for "evidence of collusion between the late
1364:
By late summer 1944 Pius XII was asked to speak directly to the Hungarian people, ideally through
753:
250:
officials, hiding them in monasteries, convents, schools and elsewhere; including the Vatican and
1664:
1277:
772:. Heydrich was a fanatical Nazi anti-Semite and anti-Catholic. One of the main architects of the
658:
639:
3902:
1209:
1092:
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1838:
1660:
1596:
1555:
1068:
765:
741:
653:
555:
243:
181:
40:
Several Catholic countries and populations fell under Nazi domination during the period of the
3877:
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2034:
The Nazi revolution, 1933â1935: prelude to calamity:with a background survey of the Weimar era
145:
hoped to de-Christianize Germany in the long term. With the expansion of the war in the East,
3516:
1997:
1668:
1559:
1377:
1373:
1133:
1132:) was established in late 1942, in co-operation with church groups. Instigated by the writer
462:
354:
66:
3333:
3074:
2587:
2575:
1850:
1793:
1504:
893:
516:
Unlike the Nazi euthanasia murder of invalids, which the churches led protests against, the
3631:
1842:
1808:
1588:
913:
551:
438:
329:
320:, he was among the most public of German church leaders in his statements against genocide.
62:
57:
4061:
KatoliÄka crkva i Nezavisna DrĆŸava Hrvatska 1941â1945 by Jure KriĆĄto, Zagreb: 1998, p. 223
2779:
1651:
of the Oeuvre Nationale de l'Enfance greatly assisted with the hiding of Jewish children.
1519:
1358:
1314:
1017:
Others put the death toll in one town alone at 20,000. It was a taste of things to come."
745:
8:
1887:
1234:
1155:
1088:
1048:
902:
683:
422:
313:
189:
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2875:; edited by Alexander Woll and Harald Wydra; Taylor & Francis e-library; 2007; p 118
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2027:
2021:
2011:
2001:
1991:
1929:
The Holocaust And The Christian World: Reflections On The Past Challenges For The Future
1781:
1656:
1248:
839:
On 28 July 1940, Hitler instructed Tiso and Tuka to impose antisemitic laws. SS Officer
527:
Indeed, "much more was hoped for by the Jews.", wrote Zuccotti. According to historians
338:
4498:
4486:
2970:
2966:
2814:
2810:
2066:
2062:
1829:
1200:
1190:
1072:
1026:
544:
346:
is among the most famous German Jewish-Catholics sent to the death camps by the Nazis.
224:
192:, whose faith inspired resistance. Elsewhere, vigorous resistance from bishops such as
75:
1739:
1708:
1648:
824:
headed the party's radical wing, which moved steadily closer to Nazism, complete with
620:
599:
4700:
4676:
4669:
4644:
4611:
4590:
4476:
3996:
3995:
Martin Gilbert; The Righteous - The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust; Doubleday; 2002;
3150:
3112:
3095:
3052:
3035:
2747:
2724:
2683:
2631:
2007:
1932:
1724:
1719:
was a devout Catholic. De Gaulle's Free French chose the Catholic symbolism of Saint
1716:
1692:
1684:
1480:
1447:
1293:
1289:
1100:
1009:
769:
714:
679:
475:
236:
126:
4490:
4472:
Normalizing Violence: How Catholic Bishops Facilitated Vichy's Violence against Jews
4470:
2536:; German Resistance Memorial Centre, Index of Persons; retrieved at 4 September 2013
2519:; German Resistance Memorial Centre, Index of Persons; retrieved at 4 September 2013
2452:; German Resistance Memorial Centre, Index of Persons; retrieved at 4 September 2013
2412:; German Resistance Memorial Centre, Index of Persons; retrieved at 4 September 2013
1924:
1870:
1584:
1464:
1455:
1431:
1381:
Jews Pius XII chose to exercise restraint, in the name of avoiding a greater evil.
1354:
1104:
1060:
840:
649:
616:
504:
403:
264:
193:
138:
134:
122:
32:. Ethnically Jewish, she was arrested at a Netherlands convent and murdered in the
2795:
2480:
2385:
1680:
1341:
1273:
1044:
569:
4694:
4425:
4178:
3943:
Martin Gilbert; The Holocaust: The Jewish Tragedy; Collins; London; 1986; p. 466.
3837:
3606:
2653:
2468:
1866:
1752:
1489:
1390:
1244:
1214:
1150:
1084:
936:
889:
845:
788:
Friedrich Hoffman, a Czech priest, testifies at the trial of camp personnel from
698:
540:
500:
496:
484:
408:
251:
130:
79:, called the invasion of Poland an "hour of darkness". He affirmed the policy of
45:
3695:
Norman Davies; Rising '44: the Battle for Warsaw; Viking; 2003; pp. 403â405
2462:
http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/education/courses/life_lessons/pdfs/lesson8_4.pdf
1644:
1419:
1112:
757:
4690:
4664:
3841:
3570:
2611:
Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; W.W. Norton & Co; London; p. 413
1858:
1704:
1625:
1427:
1394:
1306:
1239:
1142:
877:
849:
694:
687:
536:
523:
518:
434:
334:
325:
205:
174:
142:
3379:
http://www.yadvashem.org/download/about_holocaust/christian_world/libionka.pdf
3196:
Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; W.W. Norton & Co; London p. 661
2797:
Catholicism, Nationalism and Nazism amongst the Czechs, Slovaks and Hungarians
36:
Auschwitz, following a protest by Dutch bishops against the abduction of Jews.
4717:
3323:
Norman Davies; Rising '44: the Battle for Warsaw; Viking; 2003; pp. 85â6
3221:
3149:
Mark Mazower; Hitler's Empire - Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe; Penguin; 2008;
3111:
Mark Mazower; Hitler's Empire - Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe; Penguin; 2008;
3094:
Mark Mazower; Hitler's Empire - Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe; Penguin; 2008;
3051:
Mark Mazower; Hitler's Empire - Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe; Penguin; 2008;
3034:
Mark Mazower; Hitler's Empire - Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe; Penguin; 2008;
1984:
1748:
1365:
1160:
1138:
1013:
817:
773:
634:
565:
528:
479:
317:
302:
288:
146:
97:
1784:, called on the Vatican to forcefully condemn Nazism by name. Following the
1472:
against both Serbs and Jews, and saved a group of Jews in an old age home".
784:
425:
as Bishop of Berlin. Preysing assisted in drafting the anti-Nazi encyclical
2837:
2675:
2623:
2017:
1743:
1700:
1643:
was Catholic. Some of their rescue operations were overseen by the priests
1635:
The Church played an important role in the defence of Jews in Belgium. The
1460:
1439:
1337:
1329:
1205:
1172:
1055:
1038:
980:
927:
881:
825:
821:
722:
710:
532:
430:
378:
232:
201:
185:
53:
41:
4172:
http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/pdf/resources/michman_holland.pdf
1332:. Honoured as a Righteous Gentile, he was active in saving Hungarian Jews.
1188:
In response to the Nazi/Soviet invasion, Pope Pius XII's first encyclical
872:
conservative antisemitism. His regime was nonetheless highly antisemitic.
3239:"United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era"
1720:
1712:
1688:
1620:
1501:
1411:
1346:
1318:
1310:
1179:
1029:)âa "police run mini-state" under SS control and the rule of Nazi lawyer
975:
809:
777:
761:
733:
709:, while a considerable part of Czechoslovakia was directly joined to the
661:
he had never even touched a hair of the head of any National Socialist!"
343:
247:
33:
29:
2576:
Diplomatic Correspondence: US Envoy Myron C. Taylor to Cardinal Maglione
1450:, wanted Croatia's independence from the Serb dominated Yugoslav state (
1361:
issued public and private protests and was arrested on 27 October 1944.
4312:
4281:
3610:
2185:
2002:
Nazi culture: intellectual, cultural and social life in the Third Reich
1765:
Vatican Radio, 4 April 1941, describing persecution of Church in Alsace
1415:
1030:
992:
860:
833:
630:
446:
383:
216:
1663:
was also honoured as a Righteous Gentile by Yad Vashem. Following the
1167:, when Poles were suppressed, and after the battles of Stalingrad and
855:
3686:
Lucas, Forgotten Holocaust, University of Kentucky Press, 1986, p. 16
3414:
Norman Davies; Rising '44: the Battle for Warsaw; Viking; 2003; p.402
1164:
1137:
Jewish children were often placed in church orphanages and convents.
1119:
1080:
931:
611:
603:
337:
notes that at Christmas 1941, with deportations underway, the Polish
213:
178:
155:
3704:
Norman Davies; Rising '44: the Battle for Warsaw; Viking; 2003; p402
3506:
Norman Davies; Rising '44: the Battle for Warsaw; Viking; 2003; p594
3362:
Norman Davies; Rising '44: the Battle for Warsaw; Viking; 2003; p.92
3353:
Norman Davies; Rising '44: the Battle for Warsaw; Viking; 2003; p.86
2932:
The Churches and the Deportation and Persecution of Jews in Slovakia
1128:
919:
24:
70:
4250:"Belgium. Historical Background - The Righteous Among The Nations"
2199:
The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation
2057:
2055:
1514:
Phayer wrote that Archbishop Stepinac himself came to be known as
1103:. Among the most revered Polish martyrs was the Franciscan, Saint
4293:
http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205956.pdf
1816:
1616:
1527:
1305:
War II they evolved into initiatives to expel Jews from Hungary.
718:
4572:
http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20686.pdf
4561:
http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20684.pdf
3425:"John Paul's Heritage without frontiers - The Malta Independent"
3287:
2965:
Vincent A. Lapomarda; The Jesuits and the Third Reich; 2nd Edn,
2809:
Vincent A. Lapomarda; The Jesuits and the Third Reich; 2nd Edn,
2061:
Vincent A. Lapomarda; The Jesuits and the Third Reich; 2nd Edn,
1751:
denounced the treatment of the Church in predominantly Catholic
4367:
3183:
3181:
2943:
2941:
2052:
1592:
1475:
829:
293:
3923:
EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online: Croatia in Yugoslavia, 1918â41
3777:
3775:
3773:
3771:
2598:
2596:
2361:
Robert A. Krieg, Catholic Theologians in Nazi Germany, p. viii
2201:; 4th Edn; Oxford University Press; New York; 2000; pp. 211â12
4081:
Catholics, the State and the European Radical Right 1919â1945
2723:. Translated by Cameron, Norman; Stevens, R.H. Enigma Books.
2426:"Ten Catholic heroes of the Holocaust | CatholicHerald.co.uk"
1168:
820:, and wanted Slovak autonomy. The extreme-nationalist lawyer
399:
161:
From 1940, the Nazis gathered priest-dissidents in dedicated
3178:
2938:
2850:
2848:
2846:
1869:âhowever, prior to departing, Valeri was presented with the
1272:
Hungary joined the Axis Powers in 1940. Its leader, Admiral
4437:
4435:
3768:
3634:; Diplomatic Correspondence: Vatican Secretary of State to
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2698:
2696:
2593:
2123:
2121:
2012:
Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany
1824:
4699:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
4675:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
4581:
4579:
2742:
2740:
406:
was rejected, because it was viewed as a violation of the
3535:
3533:
2843:
2281:
1908:
690:, he believed that Catholicism was a threat to the state.
228:
4432:
4407:
4405:
3745:
2911:
2693:
2118:
1276:
later wavered in support for the Nazi alliance. Germany
896:
were active in protecting Jews. The Vicar of Bratislava
296:
and sporadic mass murder". The Vatican responded to the
4576:
3489:
3487:
2737:
2420:
2418:
65:, an Act itself facilitated through the support of the
4229:"Beatification Can - from the Catholic Herald Archive"
4048:
4046:
4044:
4042:
3530:
3299:; EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Inc; 2013; web 14 Apr. 2013.
2081:
1899:
697:
was created after World War I and the collapse of the
4402:
3554:
3145:
3143:
2272:
2238:
816:(SPP) had been founded in 1913 by a Catholic priest,
575:
316:
of Berlin, in 1935. Of Germany's bishops, along with
275:
3891:
3724:
3722:
3571:"Europe | Polish Church apology over Holocaust"
3484:
3259:
3257:
3255:
2833:
Fighter Against Dictatorships - Cardinal Josef Beran
2473:
2415:
2191:
2157:
2139:
4039:
3822:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2525:
4668:
4197:
4195:
3204:
3202:
3140:
2619:
2617:
2512:
2510:
2252:
2250:
1992:World fascism: a historical encyclopedia, Volume 1
1883:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany
1591:ordered a purge of clergy who refused to advocate
686:(Czech region). One of the main architects of the
4023:
4021:
4011:
4009:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3719:
3622:Summi Pontificatus 106 - Pope Pius XII, Oct. 1939
3252:
3190:
2072:
959:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland
863:the priest-president of the Nazi puppet state of
4715:
4671:The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930â1965
3955:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3925:; from Croatia Article; retrieved 7 October 2013
3712:
3710:
3664:
3662:
3069:
3067:
3065:
2893:
2522:
282:Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust
119:Polish territories it annexed to Greater Germany
4554:
4522:
4520:
4192:
4115:The Catholic Church and the Holocaust 1930â1965
3901:. New Oxford Review. 1944-04-07. Archived from
3199:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2873:Democracy and Myth in Russia and Eastern Europe
2614:
2507:
2247:
1707:remained nuncio to the divided nation. Marshal
1687:'s Free French chose the Catholic symbolism of
487:, a Papal Nuncio with some Fascist sympathies.
443:Hilfswerke beim Bischöflichen Ordinariat Berlin
4341:
4274:Jewish Rescue Operations in Belgium and France
4167:
4165:
4100:
4098:
4018:
4006:
3865:
3796:
3388:
3386:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2680:Hitler's Empire - Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe
2628:Hitler's Empire - Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe
1317:, drafted a memorandum of protest against the
1296:, who was promoted in 1943 by Pius XII to the
227:coordinated the rescue of thousands of Allied
4529:"French Church Issues Apology To Jews on War"
3946:
3707:
3659:
3062:
2455:
2443:
4517:
4079:Phayer, 2000, p. 237; Frances Hetherington,
2985:
231:, and civilians, including Jews. While Nazi
4526:
4162:
4095:
3383:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
2999:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2800: ; by Harry Schnitker; 24 October 2011
1734:, Archbishop of Paris, along with those of
1372:, papal representative in Washington, told
328:commenced, at his Cathedral in Berlin, Fr.
4629:John XXIII - service as a Vatican diplomat
812:, and the independent minded Slovaks. The
4696:Pius XII, the Holocaust, and the Cold War
3231:
1955:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1945:
104:against atrocities like race murders. In
4368:"Jeanne d'Arc - Joan of Arc (1412â1431)"
4252:. Yad Vashem. 2010-02-16. Archived from
3874:"The American Spectator: Hitler's Pope?"
3396:Catholic Culture, Accessed July 18, 2008
3365:
2820:
2703:The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church
2088:The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church
1923:
1679:
1474:
1323:
1259:
1178:
1147:Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary
1054:
1043:
962:
854:
783:
674:
589:
474:In East Prussia, the Bishop of Ermland,
307:
23:
2789:
2378:
4716:
4689:
4663:
4117:; Indiana University Press; 2000; p.47
3543:. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 1977-02-26
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2562:
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2388:. Catholicnewsagency.com. 2011-10-03.
2371:
2369:
2367:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2218:
2216:
2039:
2022:Historical Dictionary of the Holocaust
1539:The Nazi persecution of the Church in
429:. Together with Cologne's Archbishop,
4641:Pie XII et la Seconde Guerre Mondiale
4608:Pie XII et la Seconde Guerre Mondiale
4587:Pie XII et la Seconde Guerre Mondiale
4468:
3871:
3311:The Destruction of the European Jews
2707:National Catholic Welfare Conference
2235:; HarperPress; 2006; p. 250â251
2092:National Catholic Welfare Conference
1578:German Occupation of the Netherlands
1197:National Catholic Welfare Conference
646:National Catholic Welfare Conference
3977:Hebblethwaite, 1993, pp. 153â4
2935:; by Livia Rothkirchen; Vad Yashem.
2557:
2364:
2339:
2325:
2316:
2311:Kristallnacht - Prelude to Disaster
2298:Kristallnacht - Prelude to Disaster
2233:Kristallnacht - Prelude to Disaster
2213:
2184:; by Jonathan Gorsky; published by
2094:; Washington D.C.; 1942; pp. 74â80.
1494:Notorious examples of collaboration
703:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
671:German occupation of Czechoslovakia
56:had seized power, and Pope Pius XI
13:
4204:"The Bishops Who Defied the Nazis"
4201:
2709:; Washington D.C.; 1942; pp. 29â30
1610:Protest of the Dutch Bishops, 1942
1400:
1243:fervour was a feature of the 1944
576:Catholic Church in the Nazi Empire
360:Judaism, Christianity, and Germany
276:German Catholics and the Holocaust
48:treaty, the Church in Germany had
14:
4760:
4739:History of Catholicism in Germany
3517:"The Righteous Among The Nations"
3495:Rising '44: the Battle for Warsaw
3293:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online -
3226:Rising '44: the Battle for Warsaw
2885:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online -
2047:A concise history of Nazi Germany
1931:. New Leaf Press. pp. 74â8.
1813:Monseigneur Edmund Vansteenberghe
1780:become involved. During the War,
1566:
1376:(later Aryeh Leon Kubovy) of the
947:
832:arrested Hlinka's successor, Fr.
580:
4633:
4621:
4600:
4565:
4545:
4462:
4453:
4444:
4414:
4381:
4360:
4342:Julian Jackson (6 August 2010).
4335:
4326:
4297:
4286:
4267:
4242:
4221:
4183:
4153:
4145:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online:
4138:
4129:
4120:
4107:
4086:
4073:
4064:
4055:
4030:
3989:
3980:
3971:
3962:
3937:
3928:
3916:
3856:
3847:
3759:
3738:
3698:
3689:
3680:
3671:
3650:
3641:
3625:
3616:
3593:
3584:
3563:
3509:
3500:
3463:
3438:
3417:
3408:
3399:
2256:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online:
1953:"Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era"
1328:Memorial plaque to Papal Nuncio
990:, or subhumans occupying German
223:. From within the Vatican, Msgr
154:'s ensuing 1941 denunciation of
20:Catholic Church and Nazi Germany
4734:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
4527:Roger Cohen (October 1, 1997).
3876:. Spectator.org. Archived from
3356:
3347:
3334:"Invasion of Poland, Fall 1939"
3326:
3317:
3302:
3278:
3215:
3210:Poland and the Second World War
3169:
3160:
3131:
3122:
3105:
3088:
3045:
3028:
3019:
2976:
2959:
2950:
2902:
2878:
2866:
2857:
2803:
2773:
2757:
2712:
2669:
2641:
2605:
2581:
2569:
2548:
2498:
2487:from the original on 2013-10-05
2403:
2392:from the original on 2013-10-04
2355:
2303:
2290:
2263:
2225:
2204:
2175:
2166:
2148:
2130:
2113:The German Resistance to Hitler
2106:
2097:
1452:the jail of the Croatian nation
1208:and the General of the Jesuits
373:On 11 November 1938, following
4729:Pope Pius XII and World War II
4370:. Jeanne-darc.info. 2012-01-06
4231:. Archive.catholicherald.co.uk
2764:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online
2504:Phayer, 2000, pp. 116â117
2136:Phayer, 2000, pp. 1, xii, xiii
2103:Fulbrook, 1991, pp. 80â81
1988:Fascism's relation to religion
1967:
1917:
1790:Archboshop SaliĂšge of Toulouse
1505:Miroslav FilipoviÄ-Majstorovic
1010:Security Police Chief Heydrich
85:links to the German Resistance
1:
3212:; Macmillan Press, 1985; p 60
3166:Evans, 2008, pp. 396â397
2657:. 29 November 1996. p. 1
2649:"Pope beatifies Nazi victims"
2188:; retrieved 10 September 2013
1893:
1845:, the Archbishop of Toulouse
1695:as the symbol of their cause.
1669:Jozef-Ernst Cardinal van Roey
828:paramilitary. In March 1939,
4724:Nazi Germany and Catholicism
4475:. Cornell University Press.
4206:. NCRegister. Archived from
3809:"Wallenberg Emblekbizottsag"
3783:"Wallenberg Emblekbizottsag"
3746:"Wallenberg Emblekbizottsag"
1914:Evans, 2008, pp. 529â30
1837:include: the Capuchin friar
1665:German occupation of Belgium
1436:Independent State of Croatia
1228:Vatican Radio, November 1940
657:throughout the whole of the
257:
221:fanatical Croat nationalists
7:
3968:Hebblethwaite, 1993, p. 153
3934:Hebblethwaite, 1993, p .153
3862:Ventresca, 2013, pp. 215â17
3811:. Wallenberg.hu. 1944-06-11
3729:"Cardinal Appeals for Jews"
3613:; Page 4, 30th October 1948
3075:"The Holocaust in Slovakia"
1876:
1835:Righteous Among the Nations
1637:Comité de Défense des Juifs
1067:Following the surrender of
721:Czechs in particular had a
451:Righteous Among the Nations
421:In 1935, Pius XI appointed
396:Fulda Conference of Bishops
58:accused the Nazi government
10:
4765:
4657:
4027:Hebblethwaite, 1993, p.157
3836:February 11, 2013, at the
2602:Shirer, 1990, pp. 349â350.
2313:; HarperPress; 2006; p.172
2300:; HarperPress; 2006; p.143
2182:Pius XII and the Holocaust
2127:Blainey, 2011, pp. 499â502
1653:The Queen Mother Elizabeth
1063:was murdered at Auschwitz.
956:
668:
512:Knowledge of the Holocaust
324:When deportations for the
279:
200:, papal diplomats such as
17:
4627:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica:
3872:Hume, Brit (2006-08-18).
3844:, The American Spectator.
2287:Hamerow, 1997, pp. 289-90
2032:- Wheaton, Eliot Barculo
2028:Germany: a modern history
1794:Bishop Théas of Montauban
1777:Declaration of Repentance
1667:, the Primate of Belgium
1145:, mother superior of the
1059:The Polish Franciscan St
730:Dachau concentration camp
705:, and the newly declared
390:Fulda Bishops Conferences
117:, Austria and Poland. In
28:The German nun and saint
4749:Catholicism and politics
3473:. Jewish Virtual Library
3265:"Education | Poles"
2908:Shirer, 1990, pp. 358â59
1849:and Bishop of Montauban
1786:Velodrom d'Hiver roundup
1302:Jusztiniån György Serédi
1282:Arrow Cross Dictatorship
1266:Jusztiniån György Serédi
941:Slovak National Uprising
173:included Jesuits of the
107:Mystici corporis Christi
3853:Ventresca, 2013, p. 216
3392:Craughwell, Thomas J.,
3025:Phayer, 2000, pp. 13â14
2836:; by Chris Johnson for
1905:Ventresca, 2013, p. 207
1798:Jean Delay (Archbishop)
1770:The Catholic newspaper
1465:Giuseppe Ramiro Marcone
1389:Angelo Roncalli (later
1079:and the Armia Krajowa (
1002:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
699:Austro-Hungarian Empire
682:, the Nazi governor of
3735:, April 27, 1944, p. 5
3600:August, Cardinal Hlond
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2719:Hitler, Adolf (2000).
2210:Lewy, 1964, pp. xixâxx
2045:Bendersky, Joseph W.,
1998:Mosse, George Lachmann
1990:in Blamires, Cyprian,
1811:(Archbishop of Lyon),
1768:
1696:
1661:Jean-Baptiste Janssens
1613:
1597:Friedrich Christiansen
1484:
1422:, with the support of
1333:
1269:
1231:
1185:
1107:, who was murdered at
1064:
1052:
972:
971:under Nazi Occupation.
868:
797:
766:Konstantin von Neurath
691:
607:
321:
182:Klaus von Stauffenberg
125:. Nazi security chief
89:1942 Christmas Address
37:
3497:; Viking; 2003; p.200
3394:The Gentile Holocaust
2956:Kershaw, 2008, p. 476
2278:Hamerow, 1997, p. 139
2258:Michael von Faulhaber
2244:Hamerow, 1997, p. 140
2172:Hamerow, 1997, p. 294
2154:Hamerow, 1997, p. 138
1821:Monseigneur Moussaron
1757:
1691:'s standard, the red
1683:
1602:
1582:Archbishop of Utrecht
1560:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
1554:Following the German
1526:, others murdered in
1478:
1378:World Jewish Congress
1374:Aryeh Leon Kubowitzki
1327:
1263:
1220:
1201:28 October Encyclical
1182:
1134:Zofia Kossak-Szczucka
1058:
1047:
966:
858:
814:Slovak People's Party
787:
723:troubled relationship
678:
593:
463:Archbishop of Cologne
311:
244:European antisemitism
67:Catholic Centre Party
27:
4491:10.7591/j.ctv2cc5rvf
4469:Luft, Aliza (2023).
4429:. February 19, 1940.
4391:. Freemasonry.bcy.ca
3668:Phayer, 2000m p. 25
3560:Phayer, 2000, p. 117
3541:"Ć»egota (1942â1945)"
3427:. Independent.com.mt
3175:Evans, 2008, pp. 397
2768:Czechoslovak History
2578:; 26 September 1942.
2410:Bernhard Lichtenberg
2269:Hamerow, 1997, p. 76
2145:Hamerow, 1997, p. 74
1873:medal by De Gaulle.
1847:Jules-GĂ©raud SaliĂšge
1736:Cardinal Baudrillart
1589:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
1549:Diocese of Ljubljana
1507:, 'the devil of the
1496:included Archbishop
1444:Archbishop of Zagreb
1298:bishopric of Kalocsa
1210:Wlodimir LedĂłchowski
1093:Archbishop of KrakĂłw
969:a brutal persecution
640:L'Osservatore Romano
461:Josef Frings became
439:Bernhard Lichtenberg
427:Mit Brennender Sorge
394:During the war, the
330:Bernhard Lichtenberg
198:Jules-GĂ©raud SaliĂšge
63:Enabling Act of 1933
4135:Phayer, 2000, p. 40
4126:Phayer, 2000, p. 39
4070:Phayer,2000, p. 237
4052:Phayer, 2000, p. 86
4015:Phayer, 2000, p. 34
3986:Phayer, p. 2000, 37
3959:Phayer, 2000, p. 32
3899:"New Oxford Review"
3716:Phayer, 2000, p. 13
3656:Phayer, 2000, p. 24
3590:Phayer, 2000, p. 29
3284:Phayer, 2000, p. 22
3187:Evans, 2008, p. 397
3137:Phayer, 2000, p. 89
3128:Phayer, 2000, p. 88
3016:Phayer, 2000, p. 14
2996:Phayer, 2000, p. 87
2982:Evans, 2008, p. 396
2947:Evans, 2008, p. 395
2780:Encyclopedia Online
2721:Hitler's Table Talk
2566:Phayer, 2000, p. 70
2375:Phayer, 2000, p. 68
2352:Phayer, 2000, p. 67
2336:Phayer, 2000, p. 74
2322:Phayer, 2000, p. 75
2222:Phayer, 2000, p. 77
2069:; 2005; pp 232, 233
1727:, as their emblem.
1238:Secretary of State
1023:Generalgouvernement
684:Bohemia and Moravia
650:Julian the Apostate
423:Konrad von Preysing
314:Konrad von Preysing
204:, and nuns such as
190:Bernhard Letterhaus
177:and laymen such as
100:and other media to
52:in the years since
4551:Phayer, 2000, p. 5
4533:The New York Times
4202:Lehner, Ulrich L.
4177:2013-06-17 at the
3733:The New York Times
3605:2013-10-04 at the
3471:"Maximilian Kolbe"
3446:"Maximilian Kolbe"
2971:Edwin Mellen Press
2967:Lewiston, New York
2890:;; web 23 May 2013
2840:; 23 December 2009
2815:Edwin Mellen Press
2811:Lewiston, New York
2590:; 21 October 1942.
2467:2019-01-20 at the
2078:Fest, 1997, p. 377
2067:Edwin Mellen Press
2063:Lewiston, New York
2026:- Dill, Marshall,
2008:Shirer, William L.
1979:The New York Times
1851:Pierre-Marie Théas
1830:The New York Times
1782:Cardinal Tisserant
1697:
1545:Diocese of Maribor
1485:
1334:
1270:
1191:Summi Pontificatus
1186:
1109:Auschwitz-Birkenau
1077:Polish Underground
1073:Hel Fortified Area
1065:
1053:
1027:General Government
973:
869:
798:
754:Otto Lev Stanovsky
692:
608:
545:Wannsee Conference
355:Cardinal Faulhaber
322:
81:Vatican neutrality
76:Summi Pontificatus
38:
4482:978-1-5017-6674-9
4305:"Janssens FAMILY"
4150:; web 1 Aug. 2013
3450:Westminster Abbey
3208:Jozef Garlinski;
3155:978-0-7139-9681-4
3117:978-0-7139-9681-4
3100:978-0-7139-9681-4
3057:978-0-7139-9681-4
3040:978-0-7139-9681-4
2887:Reinhard Heydrich
2786:; web 4 June 2013
2770:; web 4 June 2013
2752:978-0-9537577-5-6
2730:978-1-929631-05-6
2688:978-0-7139-9681-4
2682:; Penguin; 2008;
2636:978-0-7139-9681-4
2630:; Penguin; 2008;
1981:, 13 January 2002
1938:978-0-89221-591-1
1925:Libionka, Dariusz
1863:persona non grata
1839:PĂšre Marie-BenoĂźt
1725:Cross of Lorraine
1723:'s standard, the
1717:Charles de Gaulle
1693:Cross of Lorraine
1685:Charles de Gaulle
1520:Andrija ArtukoviÄ
1481:Aloysius Stepinac
1448:Aloysius Stepinac
1359:JĂłzsef Mindszenty
1315:JĂłzsef Mindszenty
1233:In November 1941
1124:Rada Pomocy ƻydom
1101:Pope John Paul II
1097:Polish Resistance
867:, meeting Hitler.
770:Reinhard Heydrich
680:Reinhard Heydrich
659:Austrian Republic
617:Cardinal Innitzer
615:the direction of
495:Among the laity,
476:Maximilian Kaller
240:racial principles
237:pseudo-scientific
171:German Resistance
127:Reinhard Heydrich
83:, but maintained
50:faced persecution
4756:
4710:
4686:
4674:
4652:
4637:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4604:
4598:
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4457:
4451:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4430:
4418:
4412:
4409:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4389:"Cross Lorraine"
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4339:
4333:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4309:db.yadvashem.org
4301:
4295:
4290:
4284:
4278:Lucien Steinberg
4271:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4246:
4240:
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4237:
4236:
4225:
4219:
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4199:
4190:
4187:
4181:
4169:
4160:
4157:
4151:
4142:
4136:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4118:
4113:Michael Phayer;
4111:
4105:
4102:
4093:
4090:
4084:
4077:
4071:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4053:
4050:
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3763:
3757:
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3705:
3702:
3696:
3693:
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3666:
3657:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3639:
3629:
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3614:
3597:
3591:
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3579:
3578:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3552:
3551:
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3548:
3537:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3498:
3491:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3442:
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3412:
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3397:
3390:
3381:
3376:
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3360:
3354:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3315:
3306:
3300:
3296:Stefan WyszyĆski
3291:
3285:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3261:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3235:
3229:
3219:
3213:
3206:
3197:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3176:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3158:
3147:
3138:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3120:
3109:
3103:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3071:
3060:
3049:
3043:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3017:
3014:
2997:
2994:
2983:
2980:
2974:
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2957:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2936:
2928:
2909:
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2818:
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2734:
2716:
2710:
2700:
2691:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2645:
2639:
2638:; pp. 51â52
2621:
2612:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2555:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2537:
2534:Margarete Sommer
2531:
2520:
2514:
2505:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2477:
2471:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2428:. Archived from
2422:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2337:
2334:
2323:
2320:
2314:
2309:Martin Gilbert;
2307:
2301:
2296:Martin Gilbert;
2294:
2288:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2261:
2260:; web Apr. 2013.
2254:
2245:
2242:
2236:
2231:Martin Gilbert;
2229:
2223:
2220:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2195:
2189:
2179:
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2170:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2095:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2070:
2059:
2050:
2043:
2037:
2018:Fischel, Jack R.
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1888:Raphael's Verein
1871:Legion d'honneur
1843:Cardinal Gerlier
1809:Cardinal Gerlier
1806:
1766:
1744:Cardinal Verdier
1740:Cardinal Liénart
1703:" in the south.
1611:
1585:Johannes de Jong
1547:and part of the
1541:annexed Slovenia
1516:jeudenfreundlich
1456:Domenico Tardini
1432:Siegfried Kasche
1370:Amleto Cicognani
1278:occupied Hungary
1249:Antoni ChruĆciel
1229:
1156:Schindler's List
1105:Maximilian Kolbe
1061:Maximilian Kolbe
981:Second World War
917:
906:
898:Augustin Pozdech
841:Dieter Wisliceny
715:Habsburg Dynasty
602:. Following the
505:Margarete Sommer
404:Margarete Sommer
398:met annually in
265:Geoffrey Blainey
235:embraced modern
194:Johannes de Jong
152:August von Galen
123:Maximilian Kolbe
42:Second World War
4764:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4714:
4713:
4707:
4691:Phayer, Michael
4683:
4665:Phayer, Michael
4660:
4655:
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4340:
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4331:
4327:
4317:
4315:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4291:
4287:
4280:; published by
4272:
4268:
4259:
4257:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4234:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4213:
4211:
4200:
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4188:
4184:
4179:Wayback Machine
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3897:
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3852:
3848:
3838:Wayback Machine
3827:
3823:
3814:
3812:
3807:
3806:
3797:
3788:
3786:
3785:. Wallenberg.hu
3781:
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3748:. Wallenberg.hu
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3638:, 26 April 1940
3630:
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3607:Wayback Machine
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3493:Norman Davies;
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2660:
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2654:Catholic Herald
2647:
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2517:Gertrud Luckner
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2469:Wayback Machine
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2015:
2005:
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1918:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1879:
1800:
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1764:
1753:Alsace-Lorraine
1732:Cardinal Suhard
1709:Philippe PĂ©tain
1649:Yvonne NĂšvejean
1641:Emile Hambresin
1612:
1609:
1569:
1490:Catholic Action
1403:
1401:Southern Europe
1391:Pope John XXIII
1245:Warsaw Uprising
1230:
1227:
1215:Polish Corridor
1151:Oskar Schindler
1085:Warsaw Uprising
961:
950:
937:Pope John XXIII
911:
900:
890:Pavol Jantausch
846:Giuseppe Burzio
794:Clergy Barracks
707:Slovak Republic
673:
600:Odilo GloboÄnik
583:
578:
552:Myron C. Taylor
541:Wilhelm Berning
497:Gertrud Luckner
485:Cesare Orsenigo
409:Reichskonkordat
284:
278:
260:
252:Castel Gandolfo
225:Hugh O'Flaherty
163:clergy barracks
156:Nazi euthanasia
46:Reichskonkordat
22:
12:
11:
5:
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4137:
4128:
4119:
4106:
4094:
4085:
4072:
4063:
4054:
4038:
4029:
4017:
4005:
3988:
3979:
3970:
3961:
3945:
3936:
3927:
3915:
3890:
3864:
3855:
3846:
3842:Martin Gilbert
3830:Hitler's Pope?
3821:
3795:
3767:
3758:
3737:
3718:
3706:
3697:
3688:
3679:
3670:
3658:
3649:
3640:
3636:Myron C Taylor
3624:
3615:
3592:
3583:
3562:
3553:
3529:
3508:
3499:
3483:
3462:
3437:
3416:
3407:
3398:
3382:
3364:
3355:
3346:
3325:
3316:
3308:Raul Hilberg,
3301:
3286:
3277:
3251:
3230:
3228:; Viking; 2003
3214:
3198:
3189:
3177:
3168:
3159:
3139:
3130:
3121:
3104:
3087:
3061:
3044:
3027:
3018:
2998:
2984:
2975:
2973:; 2005; p. 109
2958:
2949:
2937:
2910:
2901:
2892:
2877:
2865:
2856:
2842:
2819:
2817:; 2005; p. 102
2802:
2788:
2772:
2756:
2736:
2729:
2711:
2692:
2668:
2640:
2613:
2604:
2592:
2580:
2568:
2556:
2547:
2538:
2521:
2506:
2497:
2472:
2454:
2442:
2414:
2402:
2377:
2363:
2354:
2338:
2324:
2315:
2302:
2289:
2280:
2271:
2262:
2246:
2237:
2224:
2212:
2203:
2190:
2174:
2165:
2156:
2147:
2138:
2129:
2117:
2105:
2096:
2080:
2071:
2051:
2038:
1985:Griffin, Roger
1966:
1944:
1937:
1916:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1875:
1859:Valerio Valeri
1762:
1705:Valerio Valeri
1678:
1677:
1626:Titus Brandsma
1607:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1567:Western Europe
1565:
1537:
1536:
1492:, among them.
1428:Martin Gilbert
1408:
1407:
1402:
1399:
1395:Andrea Cassulo
1387:
1386:
1342:Admiral Horthy
1307:Margit Slachta
1258:
1257:
1240:Luigi Maglione
1235:Bishop Sapieha
1225:
1173:Cardinal Hlond
1143:Matylda Getter
1049:Bishop Sapieha
1039:Cardinal Hlond
957:Main article:
955:
954:
949:
948:Eastern Europe
946:
878:Final Solution
850:Nuremberg Laws
810:Sudetenlanders
803:
802:
774:Nazi Holocaust
750:Brno Cathedral
746:Bohumil StaĆĄek
742:Corpus Christi
695:Czechoslovakia
688:Nazi Holocaust
669:Main article:
667:
666:
588:
587:
582:
581:Central Europe
579:
577:
574:
561:Harold Tittman
537:Michael Phayer
524:Susan Zuccotti
519:Final Solution
514:
513:
493:
492:
472:
471:
459:
458:
435:Kreisau Circle
419:
418:
392:
391:
371:
370:
352:
351:
350:Faulhaber 1933
335:Martin Gilbert
326:Final Solution
277:
274:
259:
256:
206:Margit Slachta
175:Kreisau Circle
18:Main article:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4761:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4744:Pope Pius XII
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4708:
4706:9780253349309
4702:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4682:9780253337252
4678:
4673:
4672:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4650:
4649:2-262-01324-1
4646:
4642:
4639:Piere Blett;
4636:
4630:
4624:
4617:
4616:2-262-01324-1
4613:
4609:
4606:Piere Blett;
4603:
4596:
4595:2-262-01324-1
4592:
4588:
4585:Piere Blett;
4582:
4580:
4573:
4568:
4562:
4557:
4548:
4534:
4530:
4523:
4521:
4512:
4500:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4465:
4456:
4447:
4438:
4436:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4408:
4406:
4390:
4384:
4369:
4363:
4349:
4345:
4338:
4329:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4256:on 2013-10-04
4255:
4251:
4245:
4230:
4224:
4210:on 2013-10-05
4209:
4205:
4198:
4196:
4186:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4168:
4166:
4156:
4149:
4148:
4141:
4132:
4123:
4116:
4110:
4104:Phayer, p. 86
4101:
4099:
4089:
4082:
4076:
4067:
4058:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4033:
4024:
4022:
4012:
4010:
4002:
4001:0-385-60100-X
3998:
3992:
3983:
3974:
3965:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3940:
3931:
3924:
3919:
3905:on 2013-10-04
3904:
3900:
3894:
3880:on 2013-02-11
3879:
3875:
3868:
3859:
3850:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3825:
3810:
3804:
3802:
3800:
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3778:
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3663:
3653:
3644:
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3633:
3628:
3619:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3596:
3587:
3572:
3566:
3557:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3518:
3512:
3503:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3472:
3466:
3451:
3447:
3441:
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3402:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3380:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3359:
3350:
3335:
3329:
3320:
3313:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3297:
3290:
3281:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3240:
3234:
3227:
3223:
3222:Norman Davies
3218:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3193:
3184:
3182:
3172:
3163:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3144:
3134:
3125:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3022:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2979:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2953:
2944:
2942:
2934:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2905:
2896:
2889:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2869:
2860:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2799:
2798:
2792:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2732:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2608:
2599:
2597:
2589:
2584:
2577:
2572:
2563:
2561:
2551:
2542:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2518:
2513:
2511:
2501:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2451:
2446:
2432:on 2015-07-02
2431:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2411:
2406:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2358:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2319:
2312:
2306:
2299:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2241:
2234:
2228:
2219:
2217:
2207:
2200:
2197:Ian Kershaw;
2194:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2122:
2114:
2109:
2100:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2075:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2048:
2042:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1954:
1948:
1940:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1898:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1749:Vatican Radio
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1657:LĂ©on Platteau
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1572:Low Countries
1571:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:Fascist Italy
1421:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:Vatican Radio
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:MiklĂłs Horthy
1267:
1262:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:Norman Davies
1158:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:Karol Niemira
1135:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1057:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1014:Eduard Wagner
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
994:
989:
988:Untermenschen
984:
982:
977:
970:
965:
960:
952:
951:
945:
942:
938:
933:
929:
923:
921:
915:
910:
904:
899:
895:
891:
885:
883:
879:
873:
866:
862:
857:
853:
851:
847:
842:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
818:Andrej Hlinka
815:
811:
807:
800:
799:
795:
791:
786:
782:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
735:
731:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
664:
663:
662:
660:
655:
651:
647:
642:
641:
636:
635:Otto Neururer
632:
627:
625:
623:
618:
613:
605:
601:
597:
592:
585:
584:
573:
571:
570:Conrad Gröber
567:
566:Adolf Bertram
562:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
529:David Bankier
525:
521:
520:
511:
510:
509:
506:
502:
498:
490:
489:
488:
486:
481:
480:Nazi eugenics
477:
469:
468:
467:
464:
456:
455:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
416:
415:
414:
411:
410:
405:
401:
397:
389:
388:
387:
385:
380:
376:
375:Kristallnacht
368:
367:Kristallnacht
365:
364:
363:
361:
356:
349:
348:
347:
345:
340:
336:
331:
327:
319:
318:Joseph Frings
315:
310:
306:
304:
303:Adolf Bertram
299:
298:Kristallnacht
295:
294:ghettoization
291:
290:
289:Kristallnacht
283:
273:
269:
266:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
180:
179:July plotters
176:
172:
168:
164:
159:
157:
153:
148:
147:expropriation
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
115:Slovene lands
111:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:Vatican Radio
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
64:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
35:
31:
26:
21:
16:
4695:
4670:
4640:
4635:
4628:
4623:
4607:
4602:
4597:; pp. 130â31
4586:
4567:
4556:
4547:
4536:. Retrieved
4532:
4471:
4464:
4455:
4446:
4424:
4416:
4393:. Retrieved
4383:
4372:. Retrieved
4362:
4351:. Retrieved
4348:The Guardian
4347:
4337:
4328:
4318:November 16,
4316:. Retrieved
4308:
4299:
4288:
4269:
4258:. Retrieved
4254:the original
4244:
4233:. Retrieved
4223:
4212:. Retrieved
4208:the original
4185:
4155:
4146:
4140:
4131:
4122:
4114:
4109:
4088:
4080:
4075:
4066:
4057:
4032:
3991:
3982:
3973:
3964:
3939:
3930:
3918:
3907:. Retrieved
3903:the original
3893:
3882:. Retrieved
3878:the original
3867:
3858:
3849:
3829:
3824:
3813:. Retrieved
3787:. Retrieved
3761:
3750:. Retrieved
3740:
3732:
3700:
3691:
3682:
3673:
3652:
3643:
3627:
3618:
3595:
3586:
3575:. Retrieved
3565:
3556:
3545:. Retrieved
3521:. Retrieved
3519:. Yad Vashem
3511:
3502:
3494:
3475:. Retrieved
3465:
3454:. Retrieved
3452:. 1941-08-14
3449:
3440:
3429:. Retrieved
3419:
3410:
3401:
3358:
3349:
3338:. Retrieved
3328:
3319:
3309:
3304:
3294:
3289:
3280:
3269:. Retrieved
3243:. Retrieved
3233:
3225:
3217:
3209:
3192:
3171:
3162:
3133:
3124:
3107:
3090:
3079:. Retrieved
3047:
3030:
3021:
2978:
2961:
2952:
2931:
2904:
2895:
2886:
2880:
2872:
2868:
2859:
2838:Radio Prague
2832:
2805:
2796:
2791:
2783:
2775:
2767:
2759:
2720:
2714:
2702:
2679:
2676:Mark Mazower
2671:
2659:. Retrieved
2652:
2643:
2627:
2624:Mark Mazower
2607:
2583:
2571:
2550:
2541:
2500:
2489:. Retrieved
2475:
2457:
2450:Josef Frings
2445:
2434:. Retrieved
2430:the original
2405:
2394:. Retrieved
2380:
2357:
2318:
2310:
2305:
2297:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2257:
2240:
2232:
2227:
2206:
2198:
2193:
2177:
2168:
2159:
2150:
2141:
2132:
2112:
2108:
2099:
2087:
2083:
2074:
2041:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1947:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1862:
1855:
1828:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1758:
1729:
1701:Vichy regime
1698:
1645:Joseph André
1634:
1614:
1603:
1575:
1553:
1538:
1515:
1513:
1486:
1468:
1451:
1440:Pope Paul VI
1420:Ante PaveliÄ
1409:
1388:
1363:
1351:Endre Hamvas
1338:Angelo Rotta
1335:
1330:Angelo Rotta
1321:government.
1294:JĂłzsef GrĆsz
1286:
1271:
1232:
1221:
1206:August Hlond
1189:
1187:
1154:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1113:NiepokalanĂłw
1089:Adam Sapieha
1066:
1022:
1019:
1012:and General
1005:
998:living space
997:
991:
987:
985:
974:
928:Raul Hilberg
924:
918:, Bishop of
909:Jozef ÄĂĄrsky
894:Pavol GojdiÄ
886:
882:Vojtech Tuka
874:
870:
838:
826:Hlinka Guard
822:Vojtech Tuka
804:
758:Karel KaĆĄpar
739:
727:
693:
638:
628:
621:
609:
595:
549:
533:Hans Mommsen
517:
515:
494:
473:
460:
442:
431:Josef Frings
426:
420:
407:
393:
379:Adolf Wagner
374:
372:
366:
359:
353:
323:
297:
287:
285:
270:
261:
233:antisemitism
202:Angelo Rotta
186:Jakob Kaiser
160:
112:
105:
74:
54:Adolf Hitler
39:
34:gas chambers
15:
4507:|work=
3632:FDR Library
3336:. Ushmm.org
3267:. Ushmm.org
3241:. Ushmm.org
3077:. Ushmm.org
1973:- Sharkey,
1861:had become
1801: [
1721:Joan of Arc
1713:Free French
1689:Joan of Arc
1621:Edith Stein
1479:Archbishop
1461:Benedictine
1412:World War I
1355:Ăron MĂĄrton
1347:Vilmos Apor
1319:Arrow Cross
1311:Vilmos Apor
1300:. Cardinal
1290:Arrow Cross
1035:108 of them
912: [
901: [
892:and Bishop
778:Josef Beran
762:Josef Beran
734:Sudetenland
711:Third Reich
665:Czech lands
598:of Vienna,
556:Nazi Empire
344:Edith Stein
339:ĆĂłdĆș Ghetto
93:controversy
30:Edith Stein
4718:Categories
4538:2013-08-18
4395:2013-08-18
4374:2013-08-18
4353:2013-08-18
4313:Yad Vashem
4282:Yad Vashem
4260:2013-08-18
4235:2013-08-18
4214:2013-08-18
3909:2013-08-18
3884:2013-08-18
3815:2013-08-18
3789:2013-08-18
3752:2013-08-18
3611:The Tablet
3577:2013-08-18
3547:2013-08-18
3523:2013-08-18
3477:2013-08-18
3456:2013-08-18
3431:2013-08-18
3340:2013-08-18
3271:2013-08-18
3245:2013-08-18
3081:2013-08-18
2661:9 December
2491:2013-08-18
2436:2014-02-07
2396:2013-08-18
2186:Yad Vashem
1894:References
1867:John XXIII
1715:, General
1502:Franciscan
1498:Ivan Ć ariÄ
1416:Yugoslavia
1357:. Primate
1247:. General
1165:Stalingrad
1126:(codename
1031:Hans Frank
1006:A-B Aktion
993:Lebensraum
861:Jozef Tiso
859:Monsignor
834:Jozef Tiso
654:Table Talk
631:Jakob Gapp
478:denounced
447:Yad Vashem
384:Robert Ley
280:See also:
217:Jozef Tiso
4509:ignored (
4499:cite book
4421:"Crusade"
3840:; by Sir
1524:Auschwitz
1509:Jasenovac
1264:Cardinal
1087:of 1944.
1081:Home Army
932:Auschwitz
624:GloboÄnik
622:Gauleiter
612:Anschluss
604:Anschluss
596:Gauleiter
594:The Nazi
550:US Envoy
258:Holocaust
139:Rosenberg
102:speak out
4693:(2008).
4667:(2000).
4651:; p. 134
4643:; 1997;
4618:; p. 132
4610:; 1997;
4589:; 1997;
4175:Archived
4147:Slovenia
4083:, p. 235
3834:Archived
3603:Archived
3059:; pp.394
3042:; pp.393
2754:; p. 66.
2485:Archived
2465:Archived
2390:Archived
1877:See also
1763:â
1608:â
1556:invasion
1535:Slovenia
1528:gas vans
1500:and the
1469:de facto
1226:â
865:Slovakia
806:Slovakia
801:Slovakia
719:Bohemian
652:." In a
417:Preysing
210:Slovakia
131:Goebbels
71:Pius XII
4658:Sources
4003:; p.203
3314:, I.191
3157:; p.396
3119:; p.395
3102:; p.394
2784:Bohemia
1817:Bayonne
1617:Gestapo
1558:of the
1463:abbot,
1406:Croatia
1385:Romania
1256:Hungary
1051:, 1942.
976:Kerhsaw
586:Austria
501:Caritas
312:Bishop
143:Bormann
135:Himmler
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2686:
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2115:p. 225
1959:24 May
1935:
1772:Esprit
1676:France
1630:Dachau
1593:Nazism
1410:After
1184:camps.
1129:ƻegota
1075:, the
1069:Warsaw
953:Poland
920:PreĆĄov
830:Prague
790:Dachau
717:, but
470:Kaller
457:Frings
167:Dachau
4487:JSTOR
4276:; by
1815:from
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1169:Kursk
1118:When
916:]
905:]
491:Laity
400:Fulda
4701:ISBN
4677:ISBN
4645:ISBN
4612:ISBN
4591:ISBN
4511:help
4477:ISBN
4426:Time
4320:2016
3997:ISBN
3151:ISBN
3113:ISBN
3096:ISBN
3053:ISBN
3036:ISBN
2748:ISBN
2725:ISBN
2684:ISBN
2663:2013
2632:ISBN
1961:2013
1933:ISBN
1825:Albi
1819:and
1738:and
1655:and
1576:The
1353:and
1071:and
907:and
633:and
610:The
568:and
531:and
369:1938
248:Axis
229:POWs
219:and
214:Msgr
196:and
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