2761:, accused of complicity in the shooting of eighteen Canadian prisoners of war, was sentenced to death, Galen pleaded for his life to be spared: "According to what has been reported to me, General Kurt Meyer was sentenced to death because his subordinates committed crimes he didn't arrange and of which he did not approve. As a proponent of Christian legal opinion, which states that you are only responsible for your own deeds, I support the plea for clemency for General Meyer and pledge for a pardon." On second review, a Canadian general, finding only "a mass of circumstantial evidence", commuted Meyer's death sentence to imprisonment. Meyer served nine years in British and Canadian military prisons.
263:
513:
2804:, the faithful servant of the Pope. He told her how the Pope had quoted long passages from Galen's 1941 sermons from memory and how the Pope thanked him for his courage. Galen told the Pope, "Yes, Holy Father, but many of my very best priests died in concentration camps, because they distributed my sermons." Pius replied that he was always aware that thousands of innocent persons would have been sent to certain death if he as pope had protested. They talked about the old days in Berlin, and Galen declared: "for nothing in the world would I want to have missed those two hours, not even for the red hat."
2730:
occupied
Germany. The British authorities ordered him to renounce the sermon immediately, but the bishop refused. In the face of his resistance and broad popularity, they allowed him free speech without any censorship. In an interview with Swiss media, Galen demanded punishment for Nazi criminals but humane treatment for the millions of German prisoners of war who had not committed any crimes and who were being denied contact with their relatives by the British. He criticized the British dismissal of Germans from public service without investigation and trial. He forcefully condemned the
720:
2464:
2500:, and the expulsion of religious orders. But his sermons went further than defending the church; he spoke of a moral danger to Germany from the regime's violations of basic human rights: "the right to life, to inviolability, and to freedom is an indispensable part of any moral social order", he said – and any government that punishes without court proceedings "undermines its own authority and respect for its sovereignty within the conscience of its citizens". Galen said that it was the duty of Christians to resist the taking of human life, even if it meant losing their own lives.
2452:), accusing the Nazi government of violating the 1933 Concordat and of sowing the "tales of suspicion, discord, hatred, calumny, of secret and open fundamental hostility to Christ and His Church". Galen was part of the five-member commission that prepared the papal encyclical. The Nazis responded with an intensification of their campaign against the Catholic Church. There were mass arrests of clergy and church publishing houses were expropriated, followed by widely spread abuse allegations and staged morality trials against members of religious orders and priests.
2576:
question had died. This is murder, he exclaimed, unlawful by divine and German law, a rejection of the laws of God. He said he had forwarded his evidence to the State
Attorney. "These are people, our brothers and sisters; maybe their life is unproductive, but productivity is not a justification for killing." If that were indeed a justification for execution, he reasoned, everybody would have to be afraid to even go to a doctor for fear of what might be discovered. The social fabric would be affected. Galen then remarked that a regime which can do away with the
599:
2686:, by order of Galen, prayers for the Jews were said in all the churches of the Diocese of MĂĽnster, Kuropka was able to cite confirmatory evidence from Rhineland Gestapo files. Kuropka emphasized the uniqueness of the brochure distribution and the prayer campaign in Galen's diocese of MĂĽnster. However, like other bishops, according to Kuropka, Galen missed the right time to "escape into the public eye" on the question of the persecution of the Jews, for which Galen later reportedly blamed himself by his own admission.
614:. As parish priest, he encouraged his parishioners to serve their country willingly. In August 1917 he visited the front lines in France and found the optimistic morale of the troops uplifting. "Feelings of German nationalism, apparently, could triumph over concern for the violations of the sanctity of human life in war." In 1916 and 1917 he welcomed reports that the German military had a plan to colonize Eastern Europe, stating that German Catholics should be moved into the area, especially
2702:, while expressing his firm conviction as rabbi that most Catholics in his city of MĂĽnster were horrified by the pogrom and in fact feared that they would be the next victims. During a commemoration in 2012, Jewish Holocaust survivor and witness Hans Kaufmann of MĂĽnster reminded of the fact that von Galen had offered a helping hand to Steinthal after the 1938 Kristallnacht, but deplored that other Jewish victims in MĂĽnster did not receive much aid from neighbours the day after.
2266:
475:
2714:
the
Catholic hierarchy adopted a strategy of "seeming acceptance of the Third Reich", by couching their criticisms as motivated merely by a desire to "point out mistakes that some of its overzealous followers committed" in order to strengthen the government. Thus when Bishop Galen delivered his famous 1941 denunciations of Nazi euthanasia and the lawlessness of the Gestapo, he also said that the Church had never sought the "overthrow of the Reich government".
2832:, which still lay completely in ruins as a result of the air raids. He died a few days after his return from Rome in the St. Franziskus Hospital of MĂĽnster due to an appendix infection diagnosed too late. His last words were: "Yes, Yes, as God wills it. May God reward you for it. May God protect the dear fatherland. Go on working for Him... oh, you dear Saviour!" He was buried in the family crypt of the Galen family in the destroyed Cathedral of MĂĽnster.
44:
2564:, including disappearances without trial, the closure of Catholic institutions without any stated justifications, and the resultant fear imposed on all Germans. The Gestapo, he argued, reduced even the most decent and loyal citizens to fear of ending up in a cellar prison or a concentration camp. Even though the country was at war, Galen rejected the notion that his speech undermined German solidarity or unity. Quoting Pope Pius XII's
2808:
2325:, where he initially upset some parishioners with his political conservatism. At a meeting in MĂĽnster of the Association of Catholic Academicians in June 1933, Galen spoke against those scholars who had criticised the Nazi government and called for "a just and objective evaluation of new political movement". In 1933, Galen was elected bishop of MĂĽnster, although he was not the popular candidate to succeed the previous bishop,
2278:
2675:'s discovery which in his opinion had not received enough attention so far, pointed out that the diocesan leadership in MĂĽnster had instructed all its pastors in June 1938 to recommend a brochure against anti-Semitism titled "The Nathanael Question of Our Days" ("Die Nathanaelfrage unserer Tage") to all faithful to read. Kuropka also emphasized Galen's cordial personal relationship with MĂĽnster town rabbi
2408:, who later recalled, "Bishop von Galen was a great gentleman, a true aristocrat, a Renaissance prince of the Church. He welcomed us politely but with reserve." Galen began by commending Stroop's mother for her devout Catholicism, then categorically refused to accept or praise Rosenberg's doctrines of euthanizing or forcibly sterilizing disabled people. He denounced the Nazis for trying to introduce
2416:, surprising Stroop, who had attended such a ceremony only days before. Galen closed by assuring the officers that the Church would remain loyal to the state in all lawful matters. He expressed his deep love for Germany and reminded them that he had been the first bishop to publicly acknowledge the new regime. In Stroop's view, Galen's German patriotism "was tainted by
2363:
children would be confused as to their "obligation to act with charity to all men" and as to the historical mission of the people of Israel. Galen often protested against violations of the
Concordat to Hitler directly. In 1936, when the Nazis removed crucifixes from schools, Galen's protest led to a public demonstration. Together with Munich's
585:
booming commercial and cultural metropolis at the time he arrived — its population increased from 900,000 in 1871 to slightly less than 4 million by 1920. Religion did not bring the community together — "religion and fears of a loss of religious belief came to be a major source of internal division." For the working class, Catholicism and
2568:, Galen noted that "Peace is the work of Justice and Justice, the basis for dominion", then attacked the Third Reich for undermining justice, the belief in justice and for reducing the German people to a state of permanent fear, even cowardice. He concluded: "As a German, as a decent citizen, I demand Justice".
2495:
still marching on Moscow, Galen, despite his long-time nationalist sympathies, denounced the lawlessness of the
Gestapo, the confiscations of church properties, and the Nazi euthanasia programme. He attacked the Gestapo for converting church properties to their own purposes – including use as cinemas
2362:
In 1933, when the Nazi school superintendent of MĂĽnster issued a decree that religious instruction be combined with discussion of the "demoralising power" of the "people of Israel", Galen refused, writing that such interference in the school curriculum was a breach of the
Concordat and that he feared
2666:
against the Soviet Union. Galen feared that German
Catholics were being relegated to second-class status in Hitler's Germany and believed Hitler was missing the point that the Catholic Church and the state could be aligned against Bolshevism. Although von Galen boldly spoke out against Nazi policies
2509:
Euthanasia
Programme was dated 1 September 1939, the day Germany invaded Poland. As word of the programme spread, protest grew, until finally, Galen delivered his famous August 1941 sermons denouncing the programme as "murder". On 3 August 1941, in one of his series of denunciations, Galen declared:
629:
Following the German surrender in
November 1918, Galen, still in Berlin, worked to create soup kitchens, aid societies, and clothing drives to deal with immediate problems of hunger and poverty. He feared the lower classes would embrace radicalism and anarchy. Galen deplored the fall of the monarchy
2571:
In a second sermon on 20 July 1941, Galen said that all written protests against the Nazi hostilities had proved to be useless. The confiscation of religious institutions continued unabated. Members of religious orders were still being deported or jailed. He asked his listeners to be patient and to
2713:
In his history of the German
Resistance, Theodore S. Hamerow characterised the resistance approach of Galen as "trying to influence the Third Reich from within". While some clergymen refused ever to feign support for the regime, in the Church's conflict with the State over ecclesiastical autonomy,
2654:
from 1942, Hitler said: "The fact that I remain silent in public over Church affairs is not in the least misunderstood by the sly foxes of the Catholic Church, and I am quite sure that a man like Bishop von Galen knows full well that after the war I shall extract retribution to the last farthing".
2518:
in our hearts... They are the unchangeable and fundamental truths of our social life... Where in Germany and where, here, is obedience to the precepts of God? As for the first commandment, "Thou shalt not have strange gods before me," instead of the One, True, Eternal God, men have created at the
2399:
as perhaps no more than "an occasion for laughter in the educated world", but warned that Rosenberg's "immense importance lies in the acceptance of his basic notions as the authentic philosophy of National Socialism and in his almost unlimited power in the field of German education. Herr Rosenberg
584:
Galen arrived to see Berlin on a quick visit on 23 with April 1906 and stayed until 16 April 1929. Germany's capital contained districts of Protestant elites, a Catholic community composed of primarily working-class people and a Jewish community of both middle-class and poorer immigrants. It was a
2441:
By late 1935, Galen was urging a joint pastoral letter from the German bishops to protest about an "underground war" against the church. By early 1937, the church hierarchy in Germany, which had initially attempted to co-operate with the Nazi government, had become highly disillusioned. In March,
2392:
diminished its authority, or that morality and virtue were in any way derived from the perceived usefulness of a particular race. In January 1934, he criticized Nazi racial policy in a sermon and, in subsequent homilies, equated unquestioning loyalty to the Reich with "slavery". He spoke against
594:
by the parishioners he served. A commanding presence (6 feet 7 inches (2.01 m) tall) — his rooms were furnished simply, he wore unpretentious clothing, and he spoke plainly — he did not like the theatre, secular music (except for military marches), or literature. His only reported
2781:
of Cologne. Despite numerous British obstacles and denial of air travel, Galen arrived in Rome 5 February 1946. Generous American cardinals financed his Roman stay, as German money was not in demand. He had become famous and popular, so after the pope had placed the red hat on his head with the
2575:
On 3 August 1941, Galen's third sermon described the continued desecration of Catholic churches, the closing and confiscation of convents and monasteries, and the deportation of mentally ill people to undisclosed destinations, while a notice was sent to family members stating that the person in
2428:
to the "sins of the Jews". He told his audience that "whoever does not listen to the Church is a heathen and officially is a sinner". He described how "the Israelites debased the Savior", and how people who resisted Jesus as the Christ appeared on the "side of the blinded Jews". He equated the
2729:
In a joint interview with British officials, Galen told the international press that "just as I fought against Nazi injustices, I will fight any injustice, no matter where it comes from". He repeated these claims in a sermon on 1 July 1945, which was copied and illegally distributed throughout
2528:
Galen's three powerful sermons of July and August 1941 earned him the nickname of the "Lion of MĂĽnster". The sermons were printed and distributed illegally. Hitler wanted to have Galen removed as a bishop, but Goebbels told him this would result in the loss of the loyalty of the population of
2705:
While not as explicit and not as effective as the vocal German episcopate's 1941 protests, in September 1943, von Galen and his fellow bishops in Germany drafted another condemnation of Nazi racial persecution and ordered it to be read from all pulpits in the diocese of MĂĽnster and across
2420:
ideals, which have been harmful to Germany for centuries. Besides, the Archbishop's orders came from outside the Fatherland, a fact which disturbed us. We all know that despite its diverse factions, the Catholic Church is a world community, which sticks together when the chips are down."
589:
competed for allegiance. In this atmosphere, Galen sought to be an energetic and idealistic leader of his parish. He made visits to the sick and poor, became president of the Catholic Young Men's Association, gave religious instruction in the schools, and for his efforts he was named
2689:
Apart from official pronouncements on the subject by the Pope and by German church bodies, Galen himself denounced Nazi racism on multiple occasions, and he was partly responsible for the German bishops' conference condemnation of racial persecution in the 1943 pastoral letter
528:
and by 1896 both Clemens and Franz had passed the examinations that qualified them to attend a university. Upon graduation, his fellow students wrote in his yearbook: "Clemens doesn't make love or go drinking, he does not like worldly deceit." In 1896 he went to study at the
3763:"Katholische Eltern, das müßt ihr wissen!" – Der Kampf des Bischofs Clemens August Graf von Galen gegen den totalen Erziehungsanspruch des Nationalsozialismus. Wirkungen auf Partei und Staat unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des oldenburgischen Teils der Diözese Münster.
2483:, the Lutheran Bishop of Württemberg – were able to rouse widespread public opposition. The regime initiated its euthanasia program in 1939. It targeted people with dementia, cognitive/mental disabilities, mental illness, epileptic, physical disabilities, children with
4383:
Heinz Mussinghoff, Rassenwahn in MĂĽnster, Der Judenpogrom 1938 und Bischof Clemens August Graf von Galen, Regensberg Verlag, MĂĽnster, 1989, pp. 67-99, "Bischof Clemens August Graf von Galen im Kampf gegen den Rassenwahn", "Bishop von Galen against racist
2710:, therein denouncing the killing of "the innocent and defenceless mentally handicapped and mentally ill, the incurably infirm and fatally wounded, innocent hostages and disarmed prisoners of war and criminal offenders, people of foreign race or descent".
2437:
pogrom of 1938. Until his death, he refused to admit that referring to Jews as "degenerate", "rejected", and "lost" or labeling anarchism, communism, socialism or liberalism as "Jewish", in any way aided the Nazi regime or and its racist antisemitism.
2344:. He chose as his motto "Nec laudibus nec timore", a phrase from the liturgy used for a bishop's consecration when the consecrating bishop prays that the new bishop be overcome "neither by flattery nor by fear". As bishop, Galen campaigned against the
466:, denouncing the killing of "the innocent and defenceless mentally handicapped and mentally ill, the incurably infirm and fatally wounded, innocent hostages and disarmed prisoners of war and criminal offenders, people of a foreign race or descent".
2403:
In retaliation, two senior SS officers visited Galen to pressure him into endorsing Rosenberg's doctrines publicly, threatening the confiscation of Church property and an anti-Catholic propaganda campaign. One of them was the future SS General
2591:
and party pragmatists preferred to wait until the end of hostilities to avoid undermining German morale in a heavily Catholic area. A year later, the euthanasia programme was still active, but the regime was conducting it in greater secrecy.
2487:
and people with similar afflictions. The programme systematically murdered more than 70,000 people between September 1939 and August 1941. After 1941 the killing continued unofficially, with the total number of deaths estimated at 200,000.
397:
and opposed individualism, modernism, secular humanism, atheism, anarchism, communism, socialism, liberalism and democracy. A staunch German monarchist, conservative, nationalist, medievalist, traditionalist and patriot, he considered the
548:. Following their first winter semester at Freiburg, Clemens and Franz visited Rome for three months. At the end of the visit he told Franz that he had decided to become a priest though he was unsure whether to become a contemplative
2753:
called Galen "the most outstanding personality among the clergy in the British zone... Statuesque in appearance and uncompromising in discussion, this oak-bottomed old aristocrat... is a German nationalist through and through."
2429:
rejection of Christianity with rejection of worldly authority, leading to anarchy and chaos. He pointed to the Russians also as among those who had not respected God-given authority. Galen did not protest the antisemitic 1935
2352:
assurance that the Church had the right to determine its own religious instruction, he successfully forced the Nazis to permit continued Catholic instruction in Catholic schools. It was one of the first instances where the
429:'s movement in 1934. He condemned the Nazi "worship of race" in a pastoral letter on 29 January 1934, and assumed responsibility for the publication of a collection of essays which fiercely criticized Nazi ideologist
4527:"… the most outstanding personality among the clergy in the British zone. … Statuesque in appearance and uncompromising in discussion, this oak-bottomed old aristocrat … is a German nationalist through and through."
2333:, who reported that Galen was bossy and paternalistic in his public utterances. In October 1933, Galen wrote approvingly of the Nazis' efforts to "eradicate" the "open propaganda for godlessness and immorality".
3387:
is recognized as a title of non-reigning nobility (and not as a mere part of the name as officially the case after 1919 in Germany), then it is surpassed by the title of Cardinal and thus not used together with
443:. In 1941, von Galen delivered three sermons in which he denounced the arrest of Jesuits, the confiscation of church property, Nazi attacks on the Church, and in the third, fiercely condemned the state-approved
2797:
soldiers that he would take care of their release, and that the Pope himself was working on the release of POWs. He took a large number of comforting personal messages to their worried families.
2722:
After the war, Galen protested against the mistreatment of the German population by Allied occupation forces. On 13 April 1945, he raised a protest with American military authorities against the
2580:("Thou shalt not kill.") can destroy the other commandments as well. Galen went on to raise the question of whether permanently injured German soldiers would fall under the programme as well.
2479:
became public knowledge because it took place on German soil and interfered directly in Catholic and Protestant welfare institutions. Church leaders who opposed it – chiefly Bishop Galen and
2455:
In 1941 Galen welcomed the German war against the USSR as a positive development as he had rallied also to the cause of Germany when Hitler invaded Poland, offering a patriotic benediction.
2667:
and the euthanasia programme, historian Beth A. Griech-Polelle wrote that Galen remained silent on other issues such as the roundup, deportation and mass murder of Jews. German historian
493:
Until 1890, Clemens August and his brother Franz were tutored at home. At a time when the Jesuits were still not permitted in MĂĽnster, he received his main schooling at a Jesuit School,
4630:
2583:
Thousands of copies of the sermons were circulated throughout Germany. The resulting local protests in Germany broke the secrecy that had surrounded the euthanasia programme known as
2384:
In 1934, Bishop Galen began to attack the racial ideology of the Nazi regime, partly poking fun at it, partly critiquing its ideological basis as presented by the Nazi ideologist
462:
Following this, in September 1943, another condemnation was read at the order of von Galen and other bishops from all Catholic pulpits in the diocese of MĂĽnster and across
544:. In 1897 he began to study a variety of topics, including literature, history, and philosophy. One of his teachers was history professor and noted biblical archaeologist
638:, which held that the German Army hadn't been defeated in battle but by being undermined by defeatist elements on the home front and, as did most Germans, considered the
2642:
He's a man of courage and conviction. And what resolution in his sermons! There should be a handful of such people in all our churches, and at least two handfuls in the
4744:
100:
681:, during which virtually all Catholic bishops were either killed or forced underground. He also expressed his opposition to modernity in his 1932 publication,
4834:
4829:
4720:
4610:
118:
90:
564:, founded in 1669 by the Jesuits, where scholastic philosophy was emphasized, and new concepts and ideas avoided. Galen left Innsbruck in 1903 to enter the
410:: that the German military was defeated in 1918 only because it had been undermined by defeatist elements on the home front. He expressed his opposition to
2839:
was requested by his successor, Bishop Michael Keller of MĂĽnster and began under Pope Pius XII in 1956. It was concluded positively in November 2004 under
2611:
called Galen's "open attack" on the government's euthanasia programme in 1941 a "vigorous denunciation of Nazi inhumanity and barbarism". According to
2599:, "his powerful, populist sermon was immediately reproduced and distributed throughout Germany — indeed, it was dropped among German troops by British
351:
4605:
4393:
Heinz Mussinghoff, Rassenwahn in MĂĽnster, Der Judenpogrom 1938 und Bischof Clemens August Graf von Galen, Regensberg Verlag, MĂĽnster, 1989, pp. 67-99.
4904:
4884:
2676:
2672:
2650:
Galen suffered virtual house arrest from 1941 until the end of the war. Documents suggest the Nazis intended to hang him at the end of the war. In a
2308:
509:
is the main problem with Clemens, who under no circumstance will admit that he may be wrong. It is always his teachers and educators who are wrong.
262:
2348:
approach of the Nazi Party in national education, appealing to parents to insist on Catholic teaching in schools. Citing the recently agreed-upon
2658:
Despite Galen's opposition to Nazism and its racial theories, he nonetheless believed Germany was the last bulwark against the spread of atheist
4779:
678:
4894:
3641:, cited by Griech-Polelle, p. 16. Smith argues that anti-Semitism coexisted with confessional antagonisms between Catholics and Protestants.
4824:
4809:
2726:
soldiers as well as against the plundering of German homes, factories, research centres, firms and offices by American and British troops.
2662:. Parts of a sermon he gave in 1943 are said to have been used by the Nazis to aid in the enlistment of Dutch men to voluntarily join the
2572:
endure, and said that the German people were being destroyed not by the Allied bombing from the outside, but from negative forces within.
4819:
2607:
called Galen "heroic", writing that the movement he represented was so widespread that the Nazi government could not arrest the bishop.
418:(The Plague of Laicism and its Forms of Expression) (1932). After serving in Berlin parishes from 1906 to 1929, he became the pastor of
4789:
4531:: Review of Beth A. Griech-Polelle, Bishop von Galen: German Catholicism and National Socialism. H-German, H-Net Reviews, April 2003.
1719:
4814:
2731:
2603:
flyers. Galen's sermon probably had a greater impact than any other one statement in consolidating anti-'euthanasia' sentiment."
761:
343:
4899:
4889:
4784:
4285:
2682:
According to Kuropka, while there was no evidence in church archives for the rabbi's statement made from memory that after the
4202:
2782:
words: 'God bless you, God bless Germany', Saint Peter's Basilica for minutes thundered in a "triumphant applause" for Galen.
2514:"Thou shalt not kill." God engraved this commandment on the souls of men long before any penal code... God has engraved these
572:
and was ordained a priest on 28 May 1904 by Bishop Hermann Dingelstadt. At first he worked for a family member, the Auxiliary
4427:
3853:
3530:
2723:
2496:
and brothels. He protested the mistreatment of Catholics in Germany: the arrests and imprisonment without legal process, the
2301:
1849:
1407:
3572:
634:, believing that "the revolutionary ideas of 1918 had caused considerable damage to Catholic Christianity." He believed the
422:'s St. Lamberti Church, where he was noted for his political conservatism before being appointed Bishop of MĂĽnster in 1933.
4669:
657:, in the presidential elections of 1925. Galen was known as a fierce anti-Communist (he later supported the battle by the
1397:
4625:
2329:, and was selected only after other candidates had declined to be nominated and despite a protest from the Papal Nuncio
433:
and defended the teachings of the Catholic Church. He was an outspoken critic of certain Nazi policies and helped draft
2615:, "Galen used his condemnation of this appalling policy to draw wider conclusions about the nature of the Nazi state."
2322:
4611:"Bishop Von Galen describes the NAZI crimes against the law of God" declassified CIA report "copied January 27, 1942"
4183:
4163:
4143:
3947:
3774:
3758:
3718:
3626:
3605:
2395:
2190:
1929:
1857:
1527:
1507:
1437:
819:
4864:
4839:
4804:
2634:
pacifist student resistance group. One of von Galen's sermons of 1941 was the group's first pamphlet. Generalmajor
2294:
1105:
734:
701:
3245:
4859:
4407:
4297:
2963:
1777:
494:
382:
2393:
Hitler's theory of the purity of German blood. Bishop Galen also derided the neo-pagan theories of Rosenberg in
4030:
2739:
2103:
1387:
327:
64:
3544:
Die Tradition meines Hauses. Zur Prägung Clemens August Graf von Galens in Elternhaus, Schule und Universität
3483:
1968:
1178:
888:
4734:
4432:
Heinz Mussinghoff, "Rassenwahn in MĂĽnster, Der Judenpogrom 1938 und Bischof Clemens August Graf von Galen",
2011:
4874:
4869:
1908:
1807:
1487:
1243:
662:
524:
did not recognize the Stella Matutina academy, Clemens returned home in 1894 to attend a public school in
4879:
4854:
4849:
4749:
4665:
4108:
Library : The Bishop vs. the Nazis: Bl. Clemens von Galen in World War II Germany – Catholic Culture
3414:
2619:
2196:
1977:
1872:
452:
4626:
Rudolf Morsey: Online-Biografie of Clemens August von Galen on the web-portal Westfälische-Geschichte.de
4844:
4528:
2735:
2497:
2476:
2222:
2037:
2018:
1900:
1792:
785:
611:
4107:
2412:
into his diocese. He scoffed at marriage ceremonies and funerals conducted before altars dedicated to
2121:
1989:
4909:
2093:
2004:
1984:
1921:
1885:
1457:
790:
298:
2340:
on 5 September 1933. On 28 October, he was consecrated as bishop in MĂĽnster's cathedral by Cardinal
1208:
4358:
4270:
3822:; An Honourable Defeat; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler; Heinemann; London; 1994; p.59
2758:
2212:
2164:
1945:
1658:
1652:
1547:
836:
191:
3379:
is traditionally dropped in prose when using the family name without the given name or the title
2844:
2175:
1999:
1913:
1880:
1833:
1447:
1427:
1358:
1193:
1188:
949:
814:
709:
645:
Throughout the Weimar years he remained on the right of German politics. He often criticized the
220:
3408:
2359:
was used by the Church against the government, which was one of the intentions of Pope Pius XI.
771:
505:
was spoken. He was not an easy student to teach, and his Jesuit superior wrote to his parents: "
4725:
4645:
2750:
2707:
2651:
2326:
1867:
1802:
960:
916:
646:
530:
512:
445:
mass killing in the involuntary euthanasia programme of persons with mental or physical defects
331:
216:
4483:
3750:
1841:
4799:
4794:
2409:
2364:
2241:
2207:
1994:
1647:
1417:
984:
979:
635:
407:
386:
4620:
4178:
Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn/Munich/Vienna/Zurich, 2nd edition 1996, p. 874 ff.
4158:
Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn/Munich/Vienna/Zurich, 2nd edition 1996, p. 855 ff.
4138:
Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn/Munich/Vienna/Zurich, 2nd edition 1996, p. 843 ff.
2519:
dictates of their whim, their own gods to adore: Nature, the State, the Nation, or the Race.
1614:
719:
4774:
4769:
3833:
Clemens August Kardinal von Galen – Bischöfliches Wirken in der Zeit der Hitler-Herrschaft.
2538:
2463:
2444:
2373:
1537:
1517:
1497:
1086:
1066:
744:
639:
439:
399:
4640:
3942:
Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn/München/Wien/Zürich, 2. Aufl. 1996, pp. 901, 902
2546:
1589:
1353:
1115:
576:, as Chaplain. Soon he moved to Berlin, where he worked as parish priest at St. Matthias.
573:
230:
8:
2774:
2577:
2368:
2341:
2270:
2046:
2030:
1937:
1734:
1709:
1699:
1467:
1323:
1173:
1039:
802:
739:
650:
545:
131:
1293:
4221:
Begleitheft zur Ausstellung im Niedersächsischen Landtag 10. bis 19. Juni 1992, p. 5 f.
3151:
2668:
2638:, a devout Lutheran and a leading member of the German Resistance, once said of Galen:
2542:
2484:
2477:
murder of people with disabilities (viewed by the Nazi regime as "invalid" individuals)
2234:
2185:
2170:
2098:
2066:
1729:
1704:
1637:
1313:
1218:
1198:
1163:
1148:
932:
826:
807:
766:
478:
Galen was one of thirteen children born to an old aristocratic family in Burg Dinklage.
4096:
1609:
1579:
4423:
4179:
4159:
4139:
4026:
3943:
3849:
3770:
3754:
3735:
Sex and the Weimar Republic: German Homosexual Emancipation and the Rise of the Nazis
3714:
3622:
3601:
3598:
Der Kardinal – Taten und Tage des Bischofs von Münster Clemens August Graf von Galen.
3526:
3123:
2848:
2840:
2801:
2596:
2202:
2088:
1714:
1642:
1298:
1273:
1133:
367:
307:
2623:
1049:
610:, Galen volunteered for military service in order to demonstrate his loyalty to the
4261:
Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; W.W. Norton & Co; London; pp. 210–11
4199:
4016:
3730:
2515:
2385:
2180:
1749:
1663:
1477:
1328:
1268:
1183:
1110:
1100:
1093:
1044:
965:
861:
586:
430:
378:
183:
4273:; German Resistance Memorial Centre, Index of Persons; retrieved 4 September 2013.
2773:
would appoint three new German cardinals: Bishop Clemens August von Galen, Bishop
2405:
1288:
1233:
1168:
598:
4711:
4661:
4244:
4206:
4122:
4021:
2627:
2604:
2600:
2588:
2561:
2355:
2349:
2345:
2330:
2227:
2145:
1812:
1782:
1739:
1689:
1679:
1632:
1338:
1333:
1308:
876:
831:
631:
607:
537:
483:
394:
374:
335:
286:
154:
3846:
Confronting the Nazi War on Christianity: the Kulturkampf Newsletters, 1936–1939
2248:
1787:
1203:
4480:
4282:
2550:
2472:
2430:
2282:
2133:
2108:
2081:
1724:
1684:
1594:
1557:
1348:
1283:
1278:
944:
749:
541:
316:
Clemens Augustinus Emmanuel Joseph Pius Anthonius Hubertus Marie Graf von Galen
4408:
https://www.rd.nl/artikel/474069-munster-werd-in-1938-de-plek-van-brekend-glas
4363:
H-Soz-Kult. Kommunikation und Fachinformation fĂĽr die Geschichtswissenschaften
4176:
Bischof Clemens August Graf von Galen – Akten, Briefe und Predigten 1933–1946.
4156:
Bischof Clemens August Graf von Galen – Akten, Briefe und Predigten 1933–1946.
4136:
Bischof Clemens August Graf von Galen – Akten, Briefe und Predigten 1933–1946.
3940:
Bischof Clemens August Graf von Galen – Akten, Briefe und Predigten 1933–1946.
3748:
Bischof Clemens August Graf von Galen – Akten, Briefe und Predigten 1933–1946.
2587:. The local Nazi Gauleiter was furious and demanded Galen's immediate arrest.
1248:
1228:
1138:
4763:
4305:
3514:
An Honourable Defeat: A History of the German Resistance to Hitler; Heinemann
2836:
2770:
2699:
2683:
2480:
2434:
2389:
2217:
1759:
1604:
1584:
1363:
1223:
1213:
1158:
1079:
923:
902:
754:
666:
557:
506:
363:
359:
240:
195:
144:
25:
2126:
560:
in a private audience. He studied at the Theological Faculty and Convent in
4634:
4488:
3975:; 3rd Edn (First English Edn); McDonald & Jane's; London (1977); pg. 24
3922:
2821:
2778:
2743:
2337:
2113:
1797:
1744:
1694:
1599:
1368:
1318:
1263:
1071:
1034:
998:
972:
670:
654:
463:
434:
355:
339:
302:
54:
3525:
Evans, Richard J. (2009). The Third Reich at War. New York City: Penguin.
474:
373:
Born into the German aristocracy, Galen received part of his education in
2608:
1674:
1343:
1303:
1253:
1238:
1143:
939:
881:
797:
780:
658:
549:
393:
at St. Matthias. He intensely disliked the secular liberal values of the
2843:. Clemens August Graf von Galen was beatified on 9 October 2005 outside
1014:
618:, with the goal not of expelling the Lithuanians, but educating them to
4615:
4062:
3819:
2825:
2659:
2635:
2631:
2612:
2534:
2530:
2425:
1754:
1668:
955:
896:
679:
relentless persecution of Christians within the Soviet Union after 1918
498:
487:
456:
411:
403:
4703:
2829:
2533:. The sermons protested against Nazi policies such as Gestapo terror,
2400:
must be taken seriously if the German situation is to be understood."
673:). His views on Communism were largely formed as a consequence of the
569:
419:
212:
4683:
4406:, 9 November 2012). "MĂĽnster werd in 1938 de plek van brekend glas."
2794:
2663:
2643:
2505:
2388:. He declared it unacceptable to argue that Jewish authorship of the
1059:
991:
856:
674:
615:
561:
444:
43:
4219:
Clemens August Graf von Galen (1878–1946) – Ein großer Niedersachse.
2671:
dismissed this allegation as a "misjudgment". Kuropka, referring to
2424:
In June 1935 he delivered a sermon that connected the heresy of the
4693:
2807:
2140:
565:
533:
187:
4302:
Valkyrie: The Story of the Plot to Kill Hitler, by its Last Member
4067:
An Honourable Defeat; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler
4005:
An Honourable Defeat; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler
3927:
Plotting Hitler's Death: The German Resistance to Hitler 1933–1945
3835:
Landeszentrale fĂĽr politische Bildung, DĂĽsseldorf 1987, p. 14
3753:, Paderborn/Munich/Vienna/Zurich, 2nd edition 1996, p. 46 f.
3737:, University of Toronto Press; ISBN 978-1-4426-1957-9, pp. 175-176
3375:
is indicative of this status. The noble particle (or preposition)
2811:
The tomb of Clemens August Cardinal von Galen in MĂĽnster Cathedral
451:). The sermons were illegally circulated in print, inspiring some
2824:, the new cardinal was celebrated enthusiastically in his native
2790:
2557:
1258:
871:
521:
347:
3767:
Neue Forschungen zum Leben und Wirken des Bischofs von MĂĽnster.
3619:
Neue Forschungen zum Leben und Wirken des Bischofs von MĂĽnster.
2417:
2024:
909:
649:
for being too left-wing. Galen openly supported the Protestant
553:
525:
426:
390:
4196:
Bischof von Galen und die nationalsozialistische "Euthanasie".
4022:
Death and Deliverance: 'Euthanasia' in Germany, C.1900 to 1945
3548:
Neue Forschungen zum Leben und Wirken des Bischofs von MĂĽnster
3444:
3364:
2695:
2545:. His attacks on the Nazis were so severe that Nazi official
502:
323:
3698:
Der lange Weg nach Westen II. Deutsche Geschichte 1933–1990.
3454:. In Germany, it has formed part of family names since 1919.
2626:
distributed von Galen's sermons. The sermons influenced the
2371:, Galen helped to draft Pope Pius XI's anti-Nazi encyclical
4359:""Streitfall Galen" – Anfragen, Kontroversen und Antworten"
4339:
Bishop von Galen: German Catholicism and National Socialism
3885:
Bishop von Galen. German Catholicism and National Socialism
3700:
Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Bonn 2004, pp 82–83.
3437:
3359:
2786:
2413:
2074:
1005:
866:
482:
Galen belonged to one of the oldest and most distinguished
4633:
Documents published in Croatian Catholic weekly newspaper
595:
vice, which he refused to give up, was smoking his pipes.
4058:
4056:
4054:
3815:
3813:
2851:, the 47th anniversary of the death of Pope Pius (1958).
3769:
Regensberg, MĂĽnster 1992, p. 101, 102 f.
3658:
3656:
4662:
Newspaper clippings about Clemens August Graf von Galen
3484:"The Murder of Unproductive Persons" Clemens von Galen
406:
as a threat to Germany and the Church. He espoused the
4097:
Encyclopædia Britannica's Reflections on the Holocaust
4051:
3810:
3711:
Kardinal Clemens August Graf von Galen in seiner Zeit.
3567:
3565:
318:(16 March 1878 – 22 March 1946), better known as
4117:
4115:
3653:
3644:
2769:
Unexpectedly, at Christmas 1945 it became known that
4452:
2646:. If there were, Germany would look quite different!
2566:
Opus Justitiae Pax and Justitia fundamentum Regnorum
4320:, Cameron & Stevens, Enigma Books, pp. 90, 555.
3965:
3913:; 2008 Edn; W.W. Norton & Co; London; p. 381–82
3683:
3681:
3562:
3413:. The Cathedral Library Association. 1922. p.
3367:in English, not a first or middle name. The use of
2736:
former German provinces and territories in the east
2556:On 13 July 1941, Galen attacked the regime for its
4112:
3999:
3997:
3508:
3506:
3410:The Order Followed in the Consecration of a Bishop
2820:Following his return from the wearisome travel to
683:Die Pest des Laizismus und ihre Erscheinungsformen
416:Die Pest des Laizismus und ihre Erscheinungsformen
4484:'They raped every German female from eight to 80'
4353:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4288:2008-02-06 at Wikiwix Shoah Education Project Web
4125:, p. 26, Continuum International Publishingh 2000
3900:, Secker & Warburg; London; 1960; p. 234-235.
3448:, not a first or middle name. The female form is
687:The Plague of Laicism and its Forms of Expression
4761:
4243:
3848:; International Academic Publishers; Bern; 2009
3678:
3994:
3503:
2800:After receiving the red hat, Galen went to see
2698:Fritz Steinthal recorded Galen's support after
4344:
4232:Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide
3973:The History of the German Resistance 1933–1945
3303:15. Gräfin Auguste von Sternberg-Manderscheid
2475:took place primarily on Polish territory, the
4835:German conservatives in the German Resistance
4264:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4040:
4038:
3983:
3981:
3784:
3782:
3621:Regensberg, MĂĽnster 1992, S. 32 f.
2302:
602:Clemens August von Galen in 1899 after a hunt
4830:Catholic saints and blesseds of the Nazi era
3449:
3435:
2246:
2232:
2131:
2079:
2044:
2035:
2009:
1975:
1966:
1091:
1057:
1012:
1003:
989:
970:
930:
921:
907:
536:, which had been established in 1886 by the
4462:; B. T. Batsford Ltd; London (1970); p. 225
2618:The sermons inspired various people in the
516:Clemens August (third from left) at age six
362:in 1946, shortly before his death, and was
4606:Four Sermons of Bishop von Galen from 1941
4439:
4072:
4035:
3978:
3952:
3929:, Weidenfeld & Nicolson; London; p.374
3779:
3600:Aschendorff, MĂĽnster, 2. Aufl. 1985,
2815:
2309:
2295:
261:
42:
4237:
3639:German Nationalism and Religious Conflict
344:Catholic protests against Nazi euthanasia
4905:Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II
4885:Roman Catholics in the German Resistance
4010:
3866:
3864:
3862:
2806:
2462:
597:
511:
473:
4458:Graml, Mommsen, Reichhardt & Wolf;
3464:
3462:
3460:
3403:
3401:
2858:Clemens August Graf von Galen ancestors
2764:
540:, where he encountered the writings of
4762:
4046:Blessed Clemens August, Graf von Galen
3989:Blessed Clemens August, Graf von Galen
3434:Regarding personal names: Until 1919,
3225:
3103:
3099:
3089:
2981:
2937:9. Anna Angela Caroline von Ascheberg
2872:
2868:
653:against the Centre Party's candidate,
3859:
3801:
3468:
3302:
3292:
3288:
3276:
3271:
3261:
3243:
3233:
3229:
3213:
3208:
3198:
3184:13. Gräfin Sophie Maria von Merveldt
3183:
3173:
3169:
3157:
3149:
3139:
3121:
3111:
3107:
3080:
3070:
3056:11. Clementine von der Wenge zu Beck
3055:
3045:
3041:
3029:
3024:
3014:
3000:10. Freiherr Maximilian von Ketteler
2999:
2989:
2985:
2969:
2961:
2951:
2936:
2926:
2922:
2910:
2905:
2895:
2880:
2876:
2789:, he visited the German POW camps in
2724:mass rape of German women by Red Army
2717:
1850:Christian Democratic Union of Germany
1408:Lectures on the Philosophy of History
579:
4780:German Army personnel of World War I
3898:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
3804:Catholic Theologians in Nazi Germany
3494:
3471:Catholic Theologians in Nazi Germany
3457:
3398:
389:. After his ordination he worked in
4825:Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany
4810:Beatifications by Pope Benedict XVI
4591:Heimkehr und Heimgang des Kardinals
3352:
2442:Pope Pius XI issued the encyclical
1398:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
13:
4820:Cardinals created by Pope Pius XII
4069:; Heinemann; London (1994); pg. 60
4007:; Heinemann; London (1994), pg. 60
3675:, MĂĽnster, Westfalen, 1948, p. 66.
3550:, Regensberg, MĂĽnster 1992, S. 18.
3025:5. Freiin Anna Maria von Ketteler
2906:4. Graf Johann Matthias von Galen
2467:Coat of Arms of Cardinal von Galen
16:German count, bishop, and cardinal
14:
4921:
4895:Roman Catholic bishops of MĂĽnster
4790:20th-century venerated Christians
4599:
4341:, Beth A. Griech-Polelle, pg. 22
3872:Conversations with an Executioner
2881:8. Graf Clemens August von Galen
2396:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
1858:Christian Social Union in Bavaria
1438:Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man
358:. He was appointed a cardinal by
253:(neither by flattery nor by fear)
4044:Encyclopædia Britannica Online:
3987:Encyclopædia Britannica Online:
2276:
2264:
1106:Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918
718:
4583:
4570:
4561:
4552:
4543:
4534:
4521:
4512:
4503:
4494:
4474:
4465:
4460:The German Resistance to Hitler
4412:
4396:
4387:
4377:
4332:
4323:
4311:
4298:Philipp Freiherr von Boeselager
4291:
4276:
4255:
4224:
4211:
4198:In: zur debatte 2005, S. 18 f.
4188:
4168:
4148:
4128:
4101:
4090:
3932:
3916:
3903:
3890:
3877:
3838:
3825:
3795:
3740:
3724:
3703:
3690:
3665:
3631:
3611:
3590:
3546:, in: Joachim Kuropka (Hrsg.):
2553:that Galen should be executed.
2523:
4679:Clemens August Graf von Galen
4447:On the Road to the Wolf's Lair
4085:On the Road to the Wolf's Lair
3960:On the Road to the Wolf's Lair
3790:On the Road to the Wolf's Lair
3673:Kardinal von Galen Aschendorff
3573:"Bl. Clemens August von Galen"
3553:
3536:
3519:
3488:
3477:
3428:
3363:is a German title rendered as
3272:7. Gräfin Franziska von Brühl
2473:extermination of Jewish people
2197:Die Freischwebende Intelligenz
2104:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
1930:German National People's Party
1388:Addresses to the German Nation
630:and was suspicious of the new
469:
1:
4900:University of Fribourg alumni
4890:People from Vechta (district)
4785:20th-century German cardinals
4318:Hitler's Table Talk 1941–1944
3392:
3209:3. Gräfin Elisabeth von Spee
2828:and in his destroyed city of
2732:expulsion of German civilians
2458:
2191:Criticism of multiculturalism
1969:Bibliothek des Konservatismus
437:'s 1937 anti-Nazi encyclical
320:Clemens August Graf von Galen
170:Clemens August Graf von Galen
31:Clemens August Graf von Galen
4815:Burials at MĂĽnster Cathedral
4436:, MĂĽnster (1989), pp. 67-99.
4329:Griech-Polelle, pp. 22, 125.
3870:Kazimierz Moczarski (1981),
3765:In Joachim Kuropka (Hrsg.):
3617:In Joachim Kuropka (Hrsg.):
2964:Ferdinand Heribert von Galen
2323:St Lambert's Church, MĂĽnster
1488:The Concept of the Political
7:
4666:20th Century Press Archives
3713:Aschendorff, MĂĽnster 2005,
3497:Complicity in the Holocaust
3442:was a title, translated as
2321:Galen became the pastor of
2186:Conservatism in Switzerland
1978:Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung
1873:Ecological Democratic Party
37:Cardinal, Bishop of MĂĽnster
10:
4926:
4641:"Clemens August von Galen"
4621:Sermon Against the Gestapo
4422:. New York City: Penguin;
4418:Evans, Richard J. (2009).
3874:, Prentice Hall, p. 56-57.
3246:Friedrich August von BrĂĽhl
3219:
3101:
2975:
2870:
2777:of Berlin, and Archbishop
2498:suppression of monasteries
2336:Galen was named bishop by
2223:Philosophical anthropology
2038:Studienzentrum Weikersheim
2019:Konrad Adenauer Foundation
2012:Institut fĂĽr Staatspolitik
692:
4741:
4732:
4717:
4710:
4677:
4631:MĂĽnsterski lav i Pio XII.
4616:Sermon Against Euthanasia
4205:28 September 2007 at the
3802:Krieg, Robert A. (2004).
3761:; and Rudolf Willenborg:
3696:Heinrich August Winkler:
3469:Krieg, Robert A. (2004).
3290:
3282:
3255:
3231:
3227:
3192:
3171:
3163:
3133:
3109:
3105:
3064:
3043:
3035:
3008:
2987:
2983:
2945:
2924:
2916:
2889:
2874:
2694:. After the war, MĂĽnster
2005:Hans Filbinger Foundation
1985:Forum of German Catholics
1922:German Conservative Party
1458:Prussianism and Socialism
425:Galen began to criticize
352:persecution of the Church
292:
282:
274:
269:
257:
246:
236:
226:
202:
165:
160:
150:
137:
124:
111:
106:
96:
86:
78:
70:
60:
50:
41:
36:
23:
4580:, WĂĽrzburg, 1988, p. 151
3806:. Continuum. p. 75.
3473:. Continuum. p. 74.
3083:Clemens August von Galen
2549:proposed in a letter to
2213:Pan-European nationalism
1548:Germany Abolishes Itself
700:This article is part of
4865:German beatified people
4840:Conservatism in Germany
4805:Antisemitism in Germany
4486:, dated 1 May 2002, in
4174:Peter Löffler (Hrsg.):
4154:Peter Löffler (Hrsg.):
4134:Peter Löffler (Hrsg.):
3938:Peter Löffler (Hrsg.):
3371:before the family name
2816:Death and beatification
2503:Hitler's order for the
2271:Conservatism portal
2181:Conservatism in Austria
2122:SĂĽddeutsche Monatshefte
2000:Hanns Seidel Foundation
1990:Gerhard Löwenthal Prize
1914:Free Conservative Party
1901:Bavarian People's Party
1881:Family Party of Germany
1834:Alternative for Germany
1448:The Decline of the West
711:Conservatism in Germany
408:stab-in-the-back theory
251:Nec laudibus nec timore
4860:German anti-communists
4712:Catholic Church titles
4646:Catholic-Hierarchy.org
4420:The Third Reich at War
4404:Reformatorisch Dagblad
4249:Last Train from Berlin
3709:Ludger Grevelhörster:
3687:Griech-Polelle, p. 20.
3662:Griech-Polelle, p. 18.
3559:Griech-Polelle, p. 14.
3450:
3436:
3085:, Bischof von MĂĽnster
2812:
2751:British Foreign Office
2648:
2521:
2468:
2247:
2233:
2132:
2080:
2045:
2036:
2010:
1976:
1967:
1092:
1058:
1013:
1004:
990:
971:
931:
922:
908:
603:
531:Catholic University of
517:
501:, Austria, where only
479:
455:groups, including the
299:Saint Peter's Basilica
4704:MĂĽnster in Westphalia
4589:Gottfried Hasenkamp,
4578:Ich durfte Ihm dienen
4567:Portmann, p. 296–297.
4549:Portmann, p. 264–265.
4445:Theodore S. Hamerow,
4251:. Knopf. p. 277.
4083:Theodore S. Hamerow,
3958:Theodore S. Hamerow,
3788:Theodore S. Hamerow.
3650:Griech-Polelle, p. 17
3596:Gottfried Hasenkamp:
3516:; London, 1994, p.188
2810:
2640:
2512:
2466:
2410:Germanic neo-paganism
2242:Theory of generations
2208:Liberalism in Germany
1995:German Burschenschaft
1946:German People's Party
1244:Moeller van den Bruck
985:Social market economy
636:stab-in-the-back myth
601:
515:
477:
4402:Evert van Vlastuin (
4087:(1997), pp. 289-290.
3542:Maria Anna Zumholz,
2845:St. Peter's Basilica
2793:and told the German
2765:College of Cardinals
2539:forced sterilization
2450:With Burning Concern
2445:Mit brennender Sorge
2379:With Burning Concern
2374:Mit brennender Sorge
1538:Moral und Hypermoral
1518:Fascism in Its Epoch
1498:On the Marble Cliffs
1087:German reunification
1067:German Confederation
640:Treaty of Versailles
440:Mit brennender Sorge
400:Treaty of Versailles
350:lawlessness and the
4875:German medievalists
4870:German nationalists
4721:Johannes Poggenburg
4576:Pascalina Lehnert,
4230:Robert Jay Lifton,
3962:(1997), p. 262-263.
3896:William L. Shirer,
3751:Ferdinand Schöningh
3671:Heinrich Portmann,
3608:, S. 9 f.
2775:Konrad von Preysing
2692:Dekalog-Hirtenbrief
2543:concentration camps
2342:Karl Joseph Schulte
2327:Johannes Poggenburg
2165:Böckenförde dilemma
2047:Tradition und Leben
2031:Queen Louise League
1842:BĂĽndnis Deutschland
1468:Ideology and Utopia
1040:Anti-Socialist Laws
740:Christian democracy
651:Paul von Hindenburg
546:Johann Peter Kirsch
132:Karl Joseph Schulte
119:Hermann Dingelstadt
91:Johannes Poggenburg
4880:German monarchists
4855:Critics of Marxism
4850:Critics of atheism
4471:Portmann, pg. 234.
4123:Cardinal Ratzinger
3911:Hitler a Biography
3495:Ericksen, Robert.
2813:
2718:Post-war positions
2491:In 1941, with the
2469:
2365:Cardinal Faulhaber
2283:Germany portal
2235:Stahlhelm-Fraktion
2171:European New Right
2099:Deutsche Rundschau
1909:Conservative Party
1209:JĂĽnger (Friedrich)
961:Political theology
604:
580:Berlin (1906–1929)
518:
480:
402:unjust and viewed
4845:Counts in Germany
4758:
4757:
4742:Succeeded by
4735:Bishop of MĂĽnster
4702:22 March 1946 in
4692:16 March 1878 in
4649:. David M. Cheney
4558:Portmann, p. 290.
4540:Portmann, p. 246.
4518:Portmann, p. 245.
4509:Portmann, p. 239.
4500:Portmann, p. 237.
4434:Regensberg Verlag
4428:978-1-59420-206-3
4365:(in German). 2006
4217:Joachim Kuropka:
3991:; web April 2013.
3854:978-3-03911-904-2
3746:Löffler (Hrsg.):
3731:Marhoefer, Laurie
3531:978-1-59420-206-3
3349:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3081:1. Kardinal Graf
2849:Pope Benedict XVI
2841:Pope John Paul II
2749:A paper from the
2620:German Resistance
2597:Robert Jay Lifton
2578:Fifth Commandment
2319:
2318:
2203:German militarism
1508:The Questionnaire
1116:Völkisch movement
837:Historical School
832:Right-Hegelianism
669:'s regime in the
574:Bishop of MĂĽnster
556:. In 1899 he met
453:German Resistance
368:Pope Benedict XVI
328:Bishop of MĂĽnster
313:
312:
308:Pope Benedict XVI
231:MĂĽnster Cathedral
4917:
4910:Von Galen family
4753:
4729:
4718:Preceded by
4706:
4696:
4675:
4674:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4594:
4587:
4581:
4574:
4568:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4550:
4547:
4541:
4538:
4532:
4525:
4519:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4501:
4498:
4492:
4478:
4472:
4469:
4463:
4456:
4450:
4443:
4437:
4416:
4410:
4400:
4394:
4391:
4385:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4355:
4342:
4336:
4330:
4327:
4321:
4315:
4309:
4295:
4289:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4245:Smith, Howard K.
4241:
4235:
4228:
4222:
4215:
4209:
4192:
4186:
4172:
4166:
4152:
4146:
4132:
4126:
4121:Allen, John L.,
4119:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4081:
4070:
4060:
4049:
4042:
4033:
4017:Michael Burleigh
4014:
4008:
4001:
3992:
3985:
3976:
3971:Peter Hoffmann;
3969:
3963:
3956:
3950:
3936:
3930:
3920:
3914:
3907:
3901:
3894:
3888:
3883:Griech-Polelle,
3881:
3875:
3868:
3857:
3844:Richard Bonney;
3842:
3836:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3808:
3807:
3799:
3793:
3786:
3777:
3744:
3738:
3728:
3722:
3707:
3701:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3676:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3651:
3648:
3642:
3635:
3629:
3615:
3609:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3569:
3560:
3557:
3551:
3540:
3534:
3523:
3517:
3510:
3501:
3500:
3492:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3466:
3455:
3453:
3441:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3405:
3353:Terminology note
2864:
2863:
2855:
2854:
2757:When SS-General
2740:communist Poland
2630:in founding the
2386:Alfred Rosenberg
2311:
2304:
2297:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2252:
2238:
2176:Collective guilt
2137:
2118:
2085:
2071:
2050:
2041:
2015:
1981:
1972:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1905:
1890:
1877:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1838:
1563:
1553:
1543:
1533:
1523:
1513:
1503:
1493:
1483:
1478:Man and Technics
1473:
1463:
1453:
1443:
1433:
1428:Das Ressentiment
1423:
1413:
1403:
1393:
1284:Ritter (Joachim)
1279:Ritter (Gerhard)
1111:Oster conspiracy
1097:
1094:Historikerstreit
1063:
1045:Carlsbad Decrees
1018:
1009:
995:
980:Social hierarchy
976:
966:Prussian virtues
936:
927:
913:
862:Christian values
722:
712:
697:
696:
632:Weimar democracy
587:Social Democracy
431:Alfred Rosenberg
265:
209:
179:
177:
161:Personal details
141:21 February 1946
138:Created cardinal
74:5 September 1933
46:
21:
20:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4747:
4738:
4730:
4723:
4697:
4688:
4687:
4680:
4652:
4650:
4639:
4602:
4597:
4593:, a.a.O., S. 13
4588:
4584:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4557:
4553:
4548:
4544:
4539:
4535:
4526:
4522:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4499:
4495:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4457:
4453:
4449:(1997), p. 198.
4444:
4440:
4431:
4417:
4413:
4401:
4397:
4392:
4388:
4382:
4378:
4368:
4366:
4357:
4356:
4345:
4337:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4316:
4312:
4296:
4292:
4281:
4277:
4269:
4265:
4260:
4256:
4242:
4238:
4229:
4225:
4216:
4212:
4207:Wayback Machine
4193:
4189:
4173:
4169:
4153:
4149:
4133:
4129:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4091:
4082:
4073:
4061:
4052:
4048:; web Apr 2013.
4043:
4036:
4015:
4011:
4002:
3995:
3986:
3979:
3970:
3966:
3957:
3953:
3937:
3933:
3921:
3917:
3908:
3904:
3895:
3891:
3882:
3878:
3869:
3860:
3843:
3839:
3831:Rudolf Morsey,
3830:
3826:
3818:
3811:
3800:
3796:
3792:(1997), p. 139.
3787:
3780:
3745:
3741:
3729:
3725:
3708:
3704:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3679:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3636:
3632:
3616:
3612:
3595:
3591:
3581:
3579:
3571:
3570:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3541:
3537:
3524:
3520:
3511:
3504:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3478:
3467:
3458:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3417:
3407:
3406:
3399:
3395:
3355:
3350:
3304:
3273:
3248:
3210:
3185:
3154:
3152:August von Spee
3126:
3086:
3057:
3026:
3001:
2966:
2938:
2907:
2882:
2818:
2802:Madre Pascalina
2767:
2720:
2677:Fritz Steinthal
2673:Wilhelm Damberg
2669:Joachim Kuropka
2628:Scholl siblings
2605:Howard K. Smith
2601:Royal Air Force
2589:Joseph Goebbels
2547:Walter Tiessler
2526:
2485:Down's Syndrome
2471:While the Nazi
2461:
2369:Bishop Preysing
2356:Reichskonkordat
2350:Reichskonkordat
2331:Cesare Orsenigo
2315:
2277:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2256:
2255:
2159:
2151:
2150:
2146:Welt am Sonntag
2116:
2069:
2062:
2054:
2053:
1962:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1903:
1888:
1886:The Republicans
1875:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1773:
1765:
1764:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1605:Strauss (Botho)
1575:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1551:
1541:
1531:
1521:
1511:
1501:
1491:
1481:
1471:
1461:
1451:
1441:
1431:
1421:
1411:
1401:
1391:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1030:
1022:
1021:
852:
844:
843:
791:State Socialism
730:
710:
695:
608:First World War
582:
495:Stella Matutina
472:
395:Weimar Republic
385:in the town of
383:Stella Matutina
375:Austria-Hungary
336:Catholic Church
322:, was a German
305:
297:
287:Catholic Church
211:
207:
198:
184:Dinklage Castle
181:
175:
173:
172:
171:
155:Cardinal-Priest
142:
129:
128:28 October 1933
116:
32:
29:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4923:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4756:
4755:
4745:Michael Keller
4743:
4740:
4731:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4681:
4678:
4673:
4672:
4659:
4637:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4601:
4600:External links
4598:
4596:
4595:
4582:
4569:
4560:
4551:
4542:
4533:
4529:John S. Conway
4520:
4511:
4502:
4493:
4481:Beevor, Antony
4473:
4464:
4451:
4438:
4411:
4395:
4386:
4376:
4343:
4331:
4322:
4310:
4308:, 2009. p. 70.
4290:
4283:The White Rose
4275:
4263:
4254:
4236:
4223:
4210:
4194:Winfried SĂĽĂź:
4187:
4167:
4147:
4127:
4111:
4100:
4089:
4071:
4050:
4034:
4009:
3993:
3977:
3964:
3951:
3931:
3915:
3902:
3889:
3876:
3858:
3837:
3824:
3809:
3794:
3778:
3739:
3723:
3702:
3689:
3677:
3664:
3652:
3643:
3630:
3610:
3589:
3561:
3552:
3535:
3533:, pp. 529–530.
3518:
3502:
3499:. p. 111.
3487:
3476:
3456:
3427:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3124:Franz von Spee
3120:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2860:
2859:
2853:
2835:The cause for
2817:
2814:
2766:
2763:
2719:
2716:
2624:LĂĽbeck martyrs
2551:Martin Bormann
2525:
2522:
2460:
2457:
2431:Nuremberg Laws
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2273:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2244:
2239:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2160:
2158:Related topics
2157:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2134:Verlag Antaios
2129:
2124:
2119:
2111:
2109:Junge Freiheit
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2077:
2072:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2028:
2021:
2016:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1973:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1906:
1892:
1891:
1883:
1878:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1847:
1839:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1710:von Schleicher
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1558:Finis Germania
1554:
1544:
1534:
1524:
1514:
1504:
1494:
1484:
1474:
1464:
1454:
1444:
1434:
1424:
1414:
1404:
1394:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1359:von Treitschke
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1204:JĂĽnger (Ernst)
1201:
1196:
1194:von Hildebrand
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1069:
1064:
1055:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1010:
1001:
996:
987:
982:
977:
968:
963:
958:
952:
947:
942:
937:
928:
919:
914:
905:
900:
893:
886:
885:
884:
879:
869:
864:
859:
853:
850:
849:
846:
845:
842:
841:
840:
839:
834:
824:
823:
822:
812:
811:
810:
805:
795:
794:
793:
783:
778:
777:
776:
764:
759:
758:
757:
752:
742:
737:
731:
728:
727:
724:
723:
715:
714:
706:
705:
694:
691:
581:
578:
542:Thomas Aquinas
484:noble families
471:
468:
346:and denounced
311:
310:
296:9 October 2005
294:
290:
289:
284:
280:
279:
276:
272:
271:
267:
266:
259:
255:
254:
248:
244:
243:
238:
234:
233:
228:
224:
223:
210:(aged 68)
204:
200:
199:
182:
169:
167:
163:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
139:
135:
134:
126:
122:
121:
113:
109:
108:
104:
103:
101:Michael Keller
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
34:
33:
30:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4922:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4751:
4746:
4737:
4736:
4727:
4722:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4695:
4691:
4686:
4685:
4676:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4592:
4586:
4579:
4573:
4564:
4555:
4546:
4537:
4530:
4524:
4515:
4506:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4482:
4477:
4468:
4461:
4455:
4448:
4442:
4435:
4430:, pp. 529–530
4429:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4390:
4380:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4340:
4335:
4326:
4319:
4314:
4307:
4306:Vintage Books
4303:
4299:
4294:
4287:
4284:
4279:
4272:
4271:Eduard MĂĽller
4267:
4258:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4233:
4227:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4200:Onlineausgabe
4197:
4191:
4185:
4184:3-506-79840-5
4181:
4177:
4171:
4165:
4164:3-506-79840-5
4161:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4144:3-506-79840-5
4141:
4137:
4131:
4124:
4118:
4116:
4109:
4104:
4098:
4093:
4086:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4047:
4041:
4039:
4032:
4028:
4025:CUP Archive;
4024:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3990:
3984:
3982:
3974:
3968:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3948:3-506-79840-5
3945:
3941:
3935:
3928:
3924:
3919:
3912:
3909:Ian Kershaw;
3906:
3899:
3893:
3887:, p. 99, 108.
3886:
3880:
3873:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3834:
3828:
3821:
3816:
3814:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3785:
3783:
3776:
3775:3-7923-0636-0
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3759:3-506-79840-5
3756:
3752:
3749:
3743:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3720:
3719:3-402-03506-5
3716:
3712:
3706:
3699:
3693:
3684:
3682:
3674:
3668:
3659:
3657:
3647:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3627:3-7923-0636-0
3624:
3620:
3614:
3607:
3606:3-402-05126-5
3603:
3599:
3593:
3578:
3577:La Santa Sede
3574:
3568:
3566:
3556:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3515:
3509:
3507:
3498:
3491:
3485:
3480:
3472:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3431:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3404:
3402:
3397:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3160:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3032:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3005:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2942:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2878:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2837:beatification
2833:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2771:Pope Pius XII
2762:
2760:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2715:
2711:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2700:Kristallnacht
2697:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2684:Kristallnacht
2680:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2595:According to
2593:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2520:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2481:Theophil Wurm
2478:
2474:
2465:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2439:
2436:
2435:Kristallnacht
2432:
2427:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2406:JĂĽrgen Stroop
2401:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2390:Old Testament
2387:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2367:and Berlin's
2366:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2218:Pan-Germanism
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1961:Organizations
1958:
1957:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1344:Strauss (Leo)
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1128:Intellectuals
1125:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1080:German Empire
1078:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1002:
1000:
997:
994:
993:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
975:
974:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
935:
934:
929:
926:
925:
924:In Treue fest
920:
918:
915:
912:
911:
906:
904:
903:Germanisation
901:
899:
898:
894:
892:
891:
887:
883:
880:
878:
875:
874:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
848:
847:
838:
835:
833:
830:
829:
828:
825:
821:
818:
817:
816:
815:Revolutionary
813:
809:
806:
804:
801:
800:
799:
796:
792:
789:
788:
787:
786:Paternalistic
784:
782:
779:
775:
774:
770:
769:
768:
765:
763:
760:
756:
755:Ritter School
753:
751:
748:
747:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
726:
725:
721:
717:
716:
713:
708:
707:
703:
699:
698:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
675:Stalinization
672:
668:
667:Joseph Stalin
664:
663:Eastern Front
660:
656:
652:
648:
643:
641:
637:
633:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
600:
596:
593:
588:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:Pope Leo XIII
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
532:
527:
523:
514:
510:
508:
507:Infallibility
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
476:
467:
465:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:
436:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
360:Pope Pius XII
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
309:
304:
300:
295:
291:
288:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
249:
245:
242:
239:
235:
232:
229:
225:
222:
218:
214:
206:22 March 1946
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:16 March 1878
168:
164:
159:
156:
153:
149:
146:
145:Pope Pius XII
140:
136:
133:
127:
123:
120:
114:
110:
105:
102:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
82:22 March 1946
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
56:
53:
49:
45:
40:
35:
27:
22:
19:
4800:Anti-Masonry
4795:Anti-Marxism
4733:
4699:
4689:
4684:Galen family
4682:
4651:. Retrieved
4644:
4635:Glas Koncila
4590:
4585:
4577:
4572:
4563:
4554:
4545:
4536:
4523:
4514:
4505:
4496:
4489:The Guardian
4487:
4476:
4467:
4459:
4454:
4446:
4441:
4433:
4419:
4414:
4403:
4398:
4389:
4379:
4367:. Retrieved
4362:
4338:
4334:
4325:
4317:
4313:
4301:
4293:
4278:
4266:
4257:
4248:
4239:
4231:
4226:
4218:
4213:
4195:
4190:
4175:
4170:
4155:
4150:
4135:
4130:
4103:
4092:
4084:
4066:
4045:
4020:
4012:
4004:
4003:Anton Gill;
3988:
3972:
3967:
3959:
3954:
3939:
3934:
3926:
3923:Joachim Fest
3918:
3910:
3905:
3897:
3892:
3884:
3879:
3871:
3845:
3840:
3832:
3827:
3803:
3797:
3789:
3766:
3762:
3747:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3721:, S. 57
3710:
3705:
3697:
3692:
3672:
3667:
3646:
3638:
3633:
3618:
3613:
3597:
3592:
3580:. Retrieved
3576:
3555:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3521:
3513:
3512:Anton Gill,
3496:
3490:
3479:
3470:
3443:
3430:
3418:. Retrieved
3409:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3358:
3082:
2834:
2822:Vatican City
2819:
2799:
2784:
2779:Josef Frings
2768:
2756:
2748:
2744:Soviet Union
2728:
2721:
2712:
2704:
2691:
2688:
2681:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2617:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2555:
2527:
2524:1941 sermons
2516:commandments
2513:
2504:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2470:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2423:
2402:
2394:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2361:
2354:
2346:totalitarian
2338:Pope Pius XI
2335:
2320:
2249:Ăśberfremdung
2195:
2163:
2114:Kreuzzeitung
2023:
1938:German Party
1894:
1893:
1868:Centre Party
1828:
1700:von Radowitz
1643:von Bismarck
1574:Commentators
1556:
1546:
1536:
1526:
1516:
1506:
1496:
1486:
1476:
1466:
1456:
1452:(1918, 1922)
1446:
1436:
1426:
1418:Degeneration
1416:
1406:
1396:
1386:
1153:
1134:Benedict XVI
1073:
1050:
1035:20 July plot
999:Subsidiarity
973:Sittlichkeit
895:
890:Gemeinschaft
889:
803:Cameralistic
772:
686:
682:
671:Soviet Union
655:Wilhelm Marx
647:Centre Party
644:
628:
626:as Germans.
623:
619:
605:
591:
583:
519:
492:
481:
464:Nazi Germany
461:
448:
438:
435:Pope Pius XI
424:
415:
414:in his book
372:
356:Nazi Germany
342:, Galen led
340:World War II
319:
315:
314:
303:Vatican City
283:Venerated in
258:Coat of arms
250:
208:(1946-03-22)
125:Consecration
55:Latin Church
18:
4775:1946 deaths
4770:1878 births
4748: [
4724: [
4653:19 December
3305:(1793–1820)
3274:(1818–1844)
3249:(1791–1856)
3211:(1842–1920)
3186:(1786–1848)
3155:(1813–1882)
3127:(1781–1859)
3087:(1878–1946)
3058:(1778–1844)
3027:(1803–1884)
3002:(1779–1832)
2967:(1831–1906)
2939:(1773–1806)
2908:(1800–1880)
2883:(1748–1820)
2738:annexed by
2609:Ian Kershaw
2560:tactics of
2426:Anabaptists
2381:) of 1937.
2228:Remigration
1808:Wackenroder
1793:von Savigny
1778:Böckenförde
1750:von Westarp
1653:von Gerlach
1627:Politicians
1299:von Salomon
1101:The Junkers
940:Medievalism
917:Imperialism
882:Meritocracy
877:Aristocracy
827:Romanticism
798:Prussianism
781:Neue Rechte
767:Nationalist
659:Axis powers
606:During the
550:Benedictine
470:Early years
237:Nationality
115:28 May 1904
87:Predecessor
4764:Categories
4739:1933–1946
4063:Anton Gill
4031:0521477697
3820:Anton Gill
3582:21 October
3393:References
2826:Westphalia
2759:Kurt Meyer
2660:Bolshevism
2652:Table Talk
2636:Hans Oster
2632:White Rose
2613:Anton Gill
2535:euthanasia
2531:Westphalia
2459:Euthanasia
2127:Der TĂĽrmer
1783:von Gierke
1755:Wilhelm II
1730:von Storch
1715:Stresemann
1705:Rauschning
1648:Fehrenbach
1580:Kubitschek
1381:Literature
1329:Sloterdijk
1015:Volksgeist
956:Patriotism
950:Organicism
945:Monarchism
897:Geopolitik
851:Principles
762:Monarchism
729:Ideologies
592:Papa Galen
538:Dominicans
499:Vorarlberg
488:Westphalia
457:White Rose
412:secularism
404:Bolshevism
217:Westphalia
176:1878-03-16
112:Ordination
79:Term ended
4384:delusion"
4369:8 October
3244:14. Graf
3122:12. Graf
2795:Wehrmacht
2785:While in
2664:Waffen SS
2644:Wehrmacht
2585:Aktion T4
2506:Aktion T4
2493:Wehrmacht
2433:, or the
2117:(Defunct)
2070:(Defunct)
1720:vom Stein
1690:von Papen
1664:Hugenberg
1659:Goerdeler
1590:Safranski
1349:Steinbuch
1274:von Ranke
1219:Koselleck
1184:Heidegger
1154:von Galen
1060:Freikorps
1051:Erklärung
992:Sonderweg
857:Authority
808:Socialist
616:Lithuania
562:Innsbruck
449:Aktion T4
387:Feldkirch
377:from the
370:in 2005.
364:beatified
338:. During
293:Beatified
275:Feast day
270:Sainthood
192:Oldenburg
97:Successor
71:Appointed
4694:Dinklage
4286:Archived
4247:(1942).
4234:, p. 94.
4203:Archived
4019:(1994),
3856:; p. 128
3733:(2015).
3150:6. Graf
2962:2. Graf
2742:and the
2141:Die Welt
1725:Stoecker
1638:Ancillon
1633:Adenauer
1615:WeiĂźmann
1595:Sarrazin
1364:Voegelin
1339:Spengler
1334:Spaemann
1324:Sieferle
1314:Schlegel
1309:Schelsky
1269:Plessner
1164:Gogarten
773:Völkisch
735:Agrarian
702:a series
665:against
642:unjust.
566:seminary
534:Freiburg
520:Because
332:cardinal
306:by
278:22 March
188:Dinklage
130:by
117:by
4668:of the
4664:in the
3637:Smith,
3420:6 April
3383:. – If
2830:MĂĽnster
2791:Taranto
2708:Germany
2558:Gestapo
2094:COMPACT
2067:Antaios
1895:Defunct
1825:Parties
1813:Wagener
1798:Schmitt
1772:Jurists
1740:Wagener
1735:Strauss
1610:StĂĽrmer
1354:Tönnies
1319:Schmitt
1304:Scheler
1259:Novalis
1149:Gadamer
1072:German
1029:History
872:Elitism
745:Liberal
693:MĂĽnster
661:on the
570:MĂĽnster
522:Prussia
497:in the
420:MĂĽnster
379:Jesuits
348:Gestapo
334:of the
221:Germany
213:MĂĽnster
196:Germany
65:MĂĽnster
61:Diocese
26:Blessed
4698:
4426:
4182:
4162:
4142:
4029:
3946:
3852:
3773:
3757:
3717:
3625:
3604:
3529:
3451:Gräfin
2622:. The
2562:terror
2541:, and
2418:Papist
2089:Cicero
2025:PEGIDA
1933:(DNVP)
1829:Active
1760:Winnig
1745:Weidel
1673:
1657:
1562:(2017)
1552:(2010)
1542:(1969)
1532:(1966)
1522:(1963)
1512:(1951)
1502:(1939)
1492:(1932)
1482:(1931)
1472:(1929)
1462:(1919)
1442:(1918)
1432:(1913)
1422:(1892)
1412:(1837)
1402:(1820)
1392:(1806)
1294:RĂĽstow
1264:Pieper
1249:MĂĽller
1229:Löwith
1224:Lorenz
1214:Klages
1189:Herder
1174:Hamann
1169:Görres
1159:Gehlen
1144:Freyer
1139:BlĂĽher
954:
933:Kultur
910:Heimat
612:Kaiser
554:Jesuit
526:Vechta
427:Hitler
391:Berlin
330:, and
241:German
227:Buried
107:Orders
51:Church
4752:]
4728:]
4700:Died:
4690:Born:
3445:Count
3373:Galen
3365:Count
2734:from
2696:rabbi
2414:Wotan
2061:Media
1949:(DVP)
1925:(DkP)
1917:(FKP)
1904:(BVP)
1889:(REP)
1876:(Ă–DP)
1861:(CSU)
1853:(CDU)
1837:(AFD)
1803:Stahl
1788:Möser
1695:Petry
1600:Stein
1369:Weber
1289:Röpke
1254:Nolte
1234:LĂĽbbe
1199:Hoppe
1179:Hegel
1074:Reich
820:Young
620:think
552:or a
503:Latin
324:count
247:Motto
4655:2014
4424:ISBN
4371:2021
4180:ISBN
4160:ISBN
4140:ISBN
4027:ISBN
3944:ISBN
3850:ISBN
3771:ISBN
3755:ISBN
3715:ISBN
3623:ISBN
3602:ISBN
3584:2015
3527:ISBN
3438:Graf
3422:2016
3385:Graf
3381:Graf
3360:Graf
2787:Rome
2082:Cato
2075:Bild
1941:(DP)
1845:(BD)
1685:Merz
1680:Krah
1675:Kohl
1669:Jung
1585:Kuby
1528:Envy
1239:Mann
1053:2018
1006:Volk
867:Duty
750:Ordo
677:and
624:feel
622:and
203:Died
166:Born
151:Rank
4670:ZBW
3388:it.
3377:von
3369:von
2847:by
689:).
568:in
486:of
381:at
366:by
354:in
143:by
4766::
4750:de
4726:de
4643:.
4361:.
4346:^
4304:,
4300:,
4114:^
4074:^
4065:;
4053:^
4037:^
3996:^
3980:^
3925:,
3861:^
3812:^
3781:^
3680:^
3655:^
3575:.
3564:^
3505:^
3459:^
3415:24
3400:^
2746:.
2679:.
2537:,
704:on
490:.
459:.
326:,
301:,
219:,
215:,
194:,
190:,
186:,
4657:.
4373:.
3586:.
3424:.
2448:(
2377:(
2310:e
2303:t
2296:v
685:(
447:(
178:)
174:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.