Counter-Reformation

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so that the Masses, whether they be celebrated with the plain voice or in song, with everything clearly and quickly executed, may reach the ears of the hearers and quietly penetrate their hearts. In those Masses where measured music and organ are customary, nothing profane should be intermingled, but only hymns and divine praises. If something from the divine service is sung with the organ while the service proceeds, let if first be recited in a simple, clear voice, lest the reading of the sacred words be imperceptible. But the entire manner of singing in musical modes should be calculated not to afford vain delight to the ear, but so that the words may be comprehensible to all; and thus may the hearts of the listeners be caught up into the desire for celestial harmonies and contemplation of the joys of the blessed."

5082: 5615: 4498: 5388:... every superstition shall be removed ... all lasciviousness be avoided; in such wise that figures shall not be painted or adorned with a beauty exciting to lust ... there be nothing seen that is disorderly, or that is unbecomingly or confusedly arranged, nothing that is profane, nothing indecorous, seeing that holiness becometh the house of God. And that these things may be the more faithfully observed, the holy Synod ordains, that no one be allowed to place, or cause to be placed, any unusual image, in any place, or church, howsoever exempted, except that image have been approved of by the bishop ... 9358: 3659: 4906: 5560:

for the long statement about music to be attenuated and many other prelates of the council joined enthusiastically. The only restrictions actually given by the 22nd session was to keep secular elements out of the music, making polyphony implicitly allowed. The issue of textual intelligibility did not make its way into the final edicts of the 22nd session but were only featured in preliminary debates. The 22nd session only prohibited "lascivious" and "profane" things to be intermingled with the music but Paleotti, in his Acts, brings to equal importance the issues of intelligibility.

4021: 5663:, was a very important figure in reforming Church music after the Council of Trent. Though Borromeo was an aide to the pope in Rome and was unable to be in Milan, he eagerly pushed for the decrees of the council to be quickly put into practice in Milan. Borromeo kept in contact with his church in Milian through letters and eagerly encouraged the leaders there to implement the reforms coming from the Council of Trent. In one of his letters to his vicar in the Milan diocese, Nicolo Ormaneto of Verona, Borromeo commissioned the master of the chapel, 4914: 5294: 5377:, a highly sophisticated style striving for effect, that concerned many Churchmen as lacking appeal for the mass of the population. Church pressure to restrain religious imagery affected art from the 1530s and resulted in the decrees of the final session of the Council of Trent in 1563 including short and rather inexplicit passages concerning religious images, which were to have great impact on the development of Catholic art. Previous Catholic councils had rarely felt the need to pronounce on these matters, unlike 1178: 144: 4244: 5590:(Mass for Pope Marcellus) was performed before the council and received such a welcoming reception among the delegates that they completely changed their minds and allowed polyphony to stay in use in the musical liturgy. Therefore, Palestrina came to be named the "saviour of Church polyphony". This legend, though unfounded, has long been a mainstay of histories of music. The saviour-myth was first spread by an account by Aggazzari and Banchieri in 1609 who said that 14340: 11453: 6137: 14329: 11442: 9370: 6123: 6109: 3705: 1113: 43: 2826:

altogether new appearance. … The so-called 'counter-reformation' did not begin with the Council of Trent, long after Luther; its origins and initial achievements were much anterior to the fame of Wittenberg. It was undertaken, not by way of answering the 'reformers,' but in obedience to demands and principles that are part of the unalterable tradition of the Church and proceed from her most fundamental loyalties.

4673: 5404:, a huge canvas for the refectory of a monastery, contained, in the words of the Holy Office: "buffoons, drunken Germans, dwarfs and other such scurrilities" as well as extravagant costumes and settings, in what is indeed a fantasy version of a Venetian patrician feast. Veronese was told that he must change his painting within a three-month period. He just changed the title to 5274:. Any work that might arouse "carnal desire" was inadmissible in churches, while any depiction of Christ's suffering and explicit agony was desirable and proper. In an era when some Protestant reformers were destroying images of saints and whitewashing walls, Catholic reformers reaffirmed the importance of art, with special encouragement given to images of the Virgin Mary. 5667:(1508–1587), to write a Mass that would make the words as easy to understand as possible. Borromeo also suggested that if Don Nicola, a composer of a more chromatic style, was in Milan he too could compose a Mass and the two be compared for textural clarity. Borromeo was likely involved or heard of the questions regarding textual clarity because of his request to Ruffo. 4294:) and returned them to the control of Catholic Spain. He took advantage of the divisions in the ranks of his opponents between the Dutch-speaking Flemish and the French-speaking Walloons, using persuasion to take advantage of the divisions and foment the growing discord. By doing so he was able to bring back the Walloon provinces to an allegiance to the king. By the 5656:

declarations but did not read the official Tridentine pronouncements. Church musicians were probably influenced by order from their ecclesiastical patrons. Composers who reference the council's reforms in prefaces to their compositions do not adequately claim a musical basis from the council but a spiritual and religious basis of their art.

2804:: ‘Counter-Reformation’ was used by Protestant historians as a negative and one-dimensional concept that stressed the aspect of reaction and resistance to Protestantism and neglected that of reform within Catholicism. The term was understandably shunned by Catholic historians. Even when the Protestant historian 5559:

Canon 8 is often quoted as the Council of Trent's decree on Church music, but that is a glaring misunderstanding of the canon; it was only a proposed decree. In fact, the delegates at the council never officially accepted canon 8 in its popular form but bishops of Granada, Coimbra, and Segovia pushed

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The Italian historian Massimo Firpo has distinguished "Catholic Reformation" from "Counter-Reformation" by their issues. In his view, the general "Catholic Reformation" was "centered on the care of souls ..., episcopal residence, the renewal of the clergy, together with the charitable and educational

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passed with relatively little comment: little more than a mathematical convenience that simplified astronomical references for a more accurate calendar. Physical evidence suggesting Copernicus's theory regarding the earth's motion was literally true promoted the apparent heresy against the religious

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has been attributed to be the "saviour of Church music" because he said polyphony ought not to be driven out of the Church. But Ferdinand was most likely an alarmist and read into the council the possibility of a total ban on polyphony. The Council of Trent did not focus on the style of music but on

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Canon 8 states that "Since the sacred mysteries should be celebrated with utmost reverence, with both deepest feeling toward God alone, and with external worship that is truly suitable and becoming, so that others may be filled with devotion and called to religion: ... Everything should be regulated

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faction of the monastic orders (that less slackness regarding external observances would aid fervour in internal piety) or to promote a top-down ("head and body") institution-centric focus that reform needed to start at and from the Pope, or bishops, or councils, or princes, or canon law. There was

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and using non-liturgical songs was addressed in 1503, and secular singing and the intelligibility of the text in the delivery of psalmody in 1492. The delegates at the council were just a link in the long chain of Church clergy who had pushed for a reform of the musical liturgy reaching back as far

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In a war composed mostly of sieges rather than battles, he proved his mettle. His strategy was to offer generous terms for surrender: there would be no massacres or looting; historic urban privileges were retained; there was a full pardon and amnesty; return to the Catholic Church would be gradual.

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was a Protestant-leaning or mediating movement within Catholicism, in France and the Spanish Netherlands, that was criticized for being crypto-Calvinist, denying that Christ died for all, promoting that Holy Communion should be received very infrequently, and more. After Jansenist propositions were

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In the half-century before the reformation, the phenomenon of Bishops closing down decadent monasteries or convents had become more common, as had programs to educate parish priests. In the half-century before the Council of Trent, various evangelical Catholic leaders had experimented with reforms

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and the wealth, dioscese-absenteeism, and pre-occupation with secular power of important bishops were recognized as perennial and scandalous problems. These resisted serious reform (by successive popes and councils with those bishops, unable to compromise their own interests) for centuries, causing

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While the traditional fundamentals of the Church were reaffirmed, there were noticeable changes to answer complaints that the Counter-Reformers were, tacitly, willing to admit were legitimate. Among the conditions to be corrected by Catholic reformers was the growing divide between the clerics and

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The Pope Marcellus Mass, in short, was not important in its own day and did not help save Church polyphony. What is undeniable is that despite any solid evidence of his influence during or after the Council of Trent, no figure is more qualified to represent the cause of polyphony in the Mass than

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would then contain melodies (usually the tenor line) and words from songs that could have been, and often were, on sensual subjects. The musical liturgy of the Church was being more and more influenced by secular tunes and styles. The Council of Paris, which met in 1528, as well as the Council of

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was transformed from a social to a personal experience; that is, from a public community act to a private confession. It now took place in private in a confessional. It was a change in its emphasis from reconciliation with the Church to reconciliation directly with God and from emphasis on social

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that had previously plagued the Church: the organization of religious institutions was tightened, discipline was improved, and the parish was emphasized. The appointment of bishops for political reasons was no longer tolerated. In the past, the large landholdings forced many bishops to be "absent

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Despite the dearth of edicts from the council regarding polyphony and textual clarity, the reforms that followed from the 22nd session filled in the gaps left by the council in stylistic areas. In the 24th session the council gave authority to "Provincial Synods" to discern provisions for Church

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is believed to be the apex of the Counter-Reformation's influence on Church music in the 16th century. However, the council's pronouncements on music were not the first attempt at reform. The Catholic Church had spoken out against a perceived abuse of music used in the Mass before the Council of

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divided on the subject. The term ‘Catholic Reformation’ appealed to Catholic historians because it offered them the possibility of avoiding the term ‘Counter-Reformation’, with its problematic connotation of a mere reaction to Protestantism. But it was rejected by Protestant historians – largely

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order notable for their preaching and for their care for the poor and the sick, grew rapidly. Capuchin-founded confraternities took special interest in the poor and lived austerely. Members of orders active in overseas missionary expansion expressed the view that the rural parishes often needed

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The Council of Trent met sporadically from December 13, 1545, to December 4, 1563, to reform many parts of the Catholic Church. The 22nd session of the council, which met in 1562, dealt with Church music in Canon 8 in the section of "Abuses in the Sacrifice of the Mass" during a meeting of the

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The term ('counter-reformation'), however, though common, is misleading: it cannot rightly be applied, logically or chronologically, to that sudden awakening as of a startled giant, that wonderful effort of rejuvenation and reorganization, which in a space of thirty years gave to the Church an

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manner with no complicated rhythms, and to use dissonance very conservatively. Ruffo's approach was certainly a success for textual clarity and simplicity, but if his music was very theoretically pure it was not an artistic success despite Ruffo's attempts to bring interest to the monotonous

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four-part texture. Ruffo's compositional style which favored the text was well in line with the council's perceived concern with intelligibility. Thus the belief in the council's strong edicts regarding textual intelligibility became to characterize the development of sacred Church music.

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Though originally theological and directed towards the attitudes of the musicians, the Council's decrees came to be thought of by Church musicians as a pronouncement on proper musical styles. This understanding was most likely spread through musicians who sought to implement the council's

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music. The decision to leave practical application and stylistic matters to local ecclesiastical leaders was important in shaping the future of Catholic church music. It was left then up to the local Church leaders and Church musicians to find proper application for the council's decrees.

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in 1571 was accredited to the Virgin Mary and signified the beginning of a strong resurgence of Marian devotions. During and after the Catholic Reformation, Marian piety experienced unforeseen growth with over 500 pages of mariological writings during the 17th century alone. The Jesuit

3758: 5586:(c. 1525/26–1594), a Church musician and choirmaster in Rome, wrote a Mass for the council delegates in order to demonstrate that a polyphonic composition could set the text in such a way that the words could be clearly understood and that was still pleasing to the ear. Palestrina's 3950:, while Papal authorities sought to educate the faithful about the meaning, nature and value of art and liturgy, particularly in monastic churches (Protestants had criticised them as "distracting"). Handbooks became more common, describing how to be good priests and confessors. 4367:

Meanwhile, Catholic refugees from the north regrouped in Cologne and Douai and developed a more militant, Tridentine identity. They became the mobilizing forces of a popular Counter-Reformation in the south, thereby facilitating the eventual emergence of the state of

4991:, the first order of women to be dedicated to that goal. Devotion to the traditional works of mercy exemplified the Catholic Reformation's reaffirmation of the importance of both faith and works and salvation through God's grace and repudiation of the maxim 5670:

Ruffo took Borromeo's commission seriously and set out to compose in a style that presented the text so that all words would be intelligible and the textual meaning be the most important part of the composition. His approach was to move all the voices in a

5518:(archbishop of Bologna) began work on reforming religious orders and their practices involving the liturgy. The reforms prescribed to the cloisters of nuns, which included omitting the use of an organ, prohibiting professional musicians, and banishing 5042:, the belief that general councils of the Church collectively were God's representative on Earth rather than the Pope. Taking the Pope as an absolute leader, the Jesuits contributed to the Counter-Reformation Church along a line harmonized with Rome. 4821:, Rome recognized the Ruthenians' continued practice of Byzantine liturgical tradition, married clergy, and consecration of bishops from within the Ruthenian Christian tradition. Moreover, the treaty specifically exempts Ruthenians from accepting the 5644:, marks the "official turning point of the Counter Reformation's a cappella ideal." Kerle was the only ranking composer of the Netherlands to have acted in conformity with the council. Another musical giant on equal standing with Palestrina, 5563:

The idea that the council called to remove all polyphony from the Church is widespread, but there is no documentary evidence to support that claim. It is possible, however, that some of the Fathers had proposed such a measure. The emperor

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surrendered to the Spanish authorities in Florida, presuming they would be treated fairly. The small number of Catholics among the shipwrecked were spared but the rest were all executed for heresy, with active clerical participation.

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approach. Said Filippo, "If I have a real problem, I contemplate what Ignatius would do ... and then I do the exact opposite". As a recognition of their joint contribution to the spiritual renewal within the Catholic reformation,

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attracted an aristocratic membership of priests and laymen to perform anonymous acts of charity and to discuss reform; the members subsequently became the key players in the church handling the Reformation. In 1548, then-layman

2751:, but had been lost to the Reformation. Various Counter-Reformation theologians focused only on defending doctrinal positions such as the sacraments and pious practices that were attacked by the Protestant reformers, up to the 5038:. After recovering from a serious wound, he took a vow to "serve only God and the Roman pontiff, His vicar on Earth." The emphasis on the Pope is a reaffirmation of the medieval papalism, while the Council of Trent defeated 4055:. It was divided into three classes. The first class listed heretical writers, the second class listed heretical works, and the third class listed forbidden writings which were published without the name of the author. The 5365:(1534–1541), came under persistent attack in the Counter-Reformation for, among other things, nudity (later painted over for several centuries), not showing Christ seated or bearded, and including the pagan figure of 5525:

Fueling the cry for reform from many ecclesial figures was the compositional technique popular in the 15th and 16th centuries of using musical material and even the accompanying texts from other compositions such as

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Jesuits participated in the expansion of the Church in the Americas and Asia, by their missionary activity. Loyola's biography contributed to an emphasis on popular piety that had waned under political popes such as

5437:, this was "the death of medieval art", but it paled in contrast to the Iconclasm present in some Protestant circles and did not apply to secular paintings. Some Counter Reformation painters and sculptors include 7723:, generally include the deuterocanonical works with even a few additional items not found in Catholic Bibles, but they consider them of secondary authority and not on the same level as the other scriptures. The 4695:

brought religious peace in 1598. It affirmed Catholicism as the state religion but granted considerable toleration to Protestants, as well as political and military privileges. The latter would be lost at the

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taught, preached and took confession but were under a bishop's direct authority and not linked to a specific parish or area like a vicar or canon. In Italy, the first congregation of regular clergy was the

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and intelligibility of the text and the threat that polyphony was to be removed completely, which was assumed to be coming from the council, has a very dramatic legend of resolution. The legend goes that

1137: 5648:(1530/32–1594) was an important figure in music history though less of a purist than Palestrina. He expressed sympathy for the council's concerns but still showed favor for the "Parady chanson Masses." 5429:

considered without adequate scriptural foundation was in effect prohibited, as was any inclusion of classical pagan elements in religious art, and almost all nudity, including that of the infant Jesus.

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was trying to replace all polyphony with plainsong. Palestrina's "Missa Papae Marcelli" was, though, in 1564, after the 22nd session, performed for the Pope while reforms were being considered for the

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The number of such decorative treatments of religious subjects declined sharply, as did "unbecomingly or confusedly arranged" Mannerist pieces, as a number of books, notably by the Flemish theologian

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of 1620. Defeated, the Protestant nobility and clergy of Bohemia and Austria were expelled from the country or forced to convert to Catholicism. Among these exiles were important German poets such as

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style that emerged across Europe in the late sixteenth century. In areas where Catholicism predominated, architecture and painting, and to a lesser extent music, reflected Counter-Reformation goals.

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Initiated in part to address the challenges of the Protestant Reformations, the Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort arising from the decrees of the Council of Trent. The effort produced

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roles of the new religious orders", whereas the specific "Counter-Reformation" was "founded upon the defence of orthodoxy, the repression of dissent, the reassertion of ecclesiastical authority".

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The decree confirmed the traditional doctrine that images only represented the person depicted, and that veneration to them was paid to the person, not the image, and further instructed that:

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documents, heresy trials, anti-corruption efforts, spiritual movements, the promotion of new religious orders, and the flourishing of new art and musical styles. Such policies (e.g., by the

6805: 5832:, for publishing writings said to be "vehemently suspected of being heretical." His opponents condemned heliocentric theory and temporarily banned its teaching in 1633. Similarly, the 10129: 9966: 5543:

Trent were making attempts to restore the sense of sacredness to the Church setting and what was appropriate for the Mass. The councils were simply responding to issues of their day.

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to Christ, the deepening of prayer, and commitment to God's will. Teresa was given the task of developing and writing about the way to perfection in her love and unity with Christ.

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was almost ten days out of step with the seasons and the heavenly bodies. Among the astronomers who were asked to work on the problem of how the calendar could be reformed was

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More celebrations of holidays and similar events raised a need to have these events followed closely throughout the dioceses. But there was a problem with the accuracy of the

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or on landed estates rather than in their dioceses. The Council of Trent gave bishops greater power to supervise all aspects of religious life. Zealous prelates, such as

13540: 12870: 12019: 9721: 9035: 5250: 1960: 911: 472: 4905: 11136: 8132: 5792:(1512–1517). As he explains, a proper measurement of the length of the year was a necessary foundation to calendar reform. By implication, his work replacing the 13083: 9751: 9342: 9337: 1144: 3529:, who were given their constitutions in 1564 and recognized as a religious order by the pope in 1575. They used music and singing to attract the faithful. 13575: 11056: 4976:

especially worked in rural parishes. Most of these had been founded earlier in the 15th Century, as part of Catholic reforms before the Council of Trent.

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in Naples had been shut down in 1578. As a result of clerical opposition, heliocentricists emigrated from Catholic to Protestant areas, some forming the

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emphasized by Protestants sects. Not only did they make the Church more effective, but they also reaffirmed fundamental premises of the medieval Church.

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The Augsburg Interim was a period where Counter-Reformation measures were exacted upon defeated Protestant populations following the Schmalkaldic War.

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traditions, the Jesuits organized along military lines. The worldliness of the Renaissance Church had no part in their new order. Loyola's masterwork

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was a directory of prohibited books which was updated twenty times during the next four centuries as books were added or removed from the list by the

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attempted either to be less decadent or to engage in charitable service, and set examples of Catholic renewal particularly in Southern Europe. The

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Firpo, Massimo (May 2016). "Rethinking "Catholic Reform" and "Counter-Reformation": What Happened in Early Modern Catholicism—a View from Italy".

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At times, the reform talk in the councils tended to lack enough specificity to result in an effective program—except for a tendency to follow the

1978: 10942: 6797: 4634:, in 1777 against the expulsion of Protestants from Moravia, calling her choices "unjust, impious, impossible, harmful and ridiculous." His 1781 2785:

Protestant historians have tended to speak in terms of Catholic reform as part of the Counter-Reformation, itself a response to the Reformation.

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by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with

2490: 6979:. United States Committee, International Council on Monuments and Sites, for the U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service. p. 87. 5255:

The Catholic Church was a leading arts patron across much of Europe. The goal of much art in the Counter-Reformation, especially in the Rome of

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decisively broke from the Catholic Church in the 1520s. The two distinct dogmatic positions within the Catholic Church solidified in the 1560s.

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upon hearing Palestrina's music would make Palestrina, by Papal Brief, the model for future generations of Catholic composers of sacred music.

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can be regarded as the end of the political Counter-Reformation, although there were still smaller expulsions against Protestants (such as the

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as 60,000 citizens (60 per cent of the pre-siege population) fled north. All of the Southern Netherlands was once more under Spanish control.

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The spirituality of Filippo Neri, who lived in Rome at the same time as Ignatius, was practically oriented, too, but totally opposed to the

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Soen, Violet (2012). "Reconquista and Reconciliation in the Dutch Revolt: The Campaign of Governor-General Alexander Farnese (1578–1592)",

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The Theatines undertook checking the spread of heresy and contributed to a regeneration of the clergy. The Capuchins, an offshoot of the

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A Preliminary inventory of Spanish colonial resources associated with National Park Service units and national historic landmarks, 1987

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Henderson, Richard R.; International Council on Monuments and Sites. U.S. Committee; United States National Park Service (March 1989).

3795: 2674:) also encompasses reforms and movements within the Church in the periods immediately before Protestantism or Trent and lasting later. 2078: 13550: 11845: 11294: 11156: 10074: 6915:

Janssen, Geert H. (2012). "The Counter-Reformation of the Refugee: Exile and the Shaping of Catholic Militancy in the Dutch Revolt",

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Thus, the Council of Trent attempted to improve the discipline and administration of the Church. The worldly excesses of the secular

5425:, and instructions by local bishops, amplified the decrees, often going into minute detail on what was acceptable. Much traditional 2747:

as predominantly Catholic and also try to reconvert nations such as Sweden and England that once were Catholic from the time of the

13502: 13454: 13011: 12961: 12268: 11881: 9669: 8854: 3977:. The Catholic Church responded to these problems by a vigorous campaign of reform, inspired by earlier Catholic reform movements: 3399:), replaced the Hail Mary with the Pater Noster prayer, and made available vernacular French versions of the Gospels and Epistles. 3355:, justification). Ending schism and war (especially papal war) was regarded by some prelates as the pre-condition for reformation. 1619: 5761: 5141:

The Catholic Reformation was not only a political and Church policy oriented movement, but it also included major figures such as

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and lacked opportunities for proper theological training. Addressing the education of priests had been a fundamental focus of the

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the laity; many members of the clergy in the rural parishes had been poorly educated. Often, these rural priests did not know

2860:'Post-Tridentine' - sometimes synonym for Tridentine; alteratively some subsequent distinct reaction or development (such as " 2300: 14011: 11747: 11482: 11273: 11221: 9853: 6669: 6448: 6398: 5640:(1531/32–1591) was also credited with giving a model of composition for the Council of Trent. His composition in four-parts, 4902:, where a sizeable Protestant minority remains to this day, although Catholics still are the largest Christian denomination. 2621: 2249: 2010: 1614: 1130: 2165: 14136: 12524: 11211: 10947: 9465: 9400: 8358: 8254: 3883: 3722: 3449:, recognized by the pope in 1619. This order was well known to the laity and played an important role in public preaching. 2111: 86: 60: 8084:

Marnef, Guido. "Belgian and Dutch Post-war Historiography on the Protestant and Catholic Reformation in the Netherlands",

4215: 14174: 12719: 11251: 11081: 9989: 9736: 9220: 9118: 9005: 7085:, Garden City, New York: Image Books, Ch. 3, "Revival and Reformation, 1495–1530", Sec. iii, "The Italian Saints", p. 86. 5784: 4151: 4017:(1538–1584), later canonized as a saint, set an example by visiting the remotest parishes and instilling high standards. 3402:

Conservative and reforming parties still survived within the Catholic Church even as the Protestant Reformations spread.

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The regular orders made their first attempts at reform in the 14th century. The 'Benedictine Bull' of 1336 reformed the

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Menchi, Silvana Seidel. "The Age of Reformation and Counter-Reformation in Italian Historiography, 1939–2009",

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because they did not want the term ‘Reformation’ to be used for anything other than the Protestant Reformation.

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bishops" who at times were property managers trained in administration. Thus, the Council of Trent combated "

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Harline, Craig. "Official Religion: Popular Religion in Recent Historiography of the Catholic Reformation",

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The Council of Trent proclaimed that architecture, painting and sculpture had a role in conveying Catholic

4497: 4400:(plural), were founded especially as homes for refugees fleeing the Counter-Reformation. Supporters of the 3526: 3332: 2713: 1751: 1555: 1420: 1028: 160: 152: 7731:

Old Testament and the New, but not interspersed among the other Old Testament books as in Catholic Bibles.

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The 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries saw a spiritual revival in Europe, incubated by the rise of preaching

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of the Catholic Church. Teresa of Avila and John of the Cross were Spanish mystics and reformers of the

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in 1579, he secured the support of the 'Malcontents', as the Catholic nobles of the south were styled.

4260: 2809: 2748: 2717: 2134: 2073: 1881: 1826: 1644: 1580: 826: 352: 6265:"Counter-Reformation | Definition, Summary, Outcomes, Jesuits, Facts, & Significance | Britannica" 2743:

A primary emphasis of the Counter-Reformation was a mission to reach parts of the world that had been

14299: 14289: 14251: 14006: 13816: 13784: 13738: 13715: 13106: 12589: 12053: 11943: 11426: 11372: 11043: 10993: 10683: 10638: 9746: 9263: 8965: 8276: 7078: 6183: 4562: 3966: 2663: 2614: 2235: 1937: 1859: 1415: 1061: 292: 283: 31: 4592: 2054: 14279: 14184: 14179: 13994: 13959: 13885: 13841: 13836: 13633: 13459: 13304: 13201: 13196: 13128: 13096: 12991: 12671: 12484: 11977: 11913: 11456: 11392: 11314: 11285: 10905: 10900: 10778: 10678: 10663: 10648: 10490: 10311: 10201: 10119: 9943: 9920: 9871: 9544: 9096: 8671: 8188: 6534:"Organizational Revival from within: Explaining Revivalism and Reform in the Roman Catholic Church" 6380: 5701: 5209: 5023: 4782: 4349: 3375: 3368: 1280: 210: 7988: 6974: 4631: 2438: 1588: 645: 13964: 13698: 13603: 13492: 13442: 13299: 13216: 13191: 12399: 12339: 12215: 12097: 11896: 11498: 11377: 11009: 10970: 10937: 10383: 10363: 10231: 10109: 10059: 9838: 9639: 9579: 8714: 8570: 8297: 6932: 6063: 5953: 5692: 5618: 4688: 4663: 3806:. It recommended that the form of Mass should be standardised, and this took place in 1570, when 3715: 3582: 3456:, taking special vows but with no obligation to assist in a monastery's religious offices. These 3434: 3314: 2379: 1946: 1886: 1871: 1584: 1425: 1330: 821: 806: 525: 372: 347: 302: 100: 53: 4817:

received the Ruthenian bishops into full communion on February 7, 1596. Under the treaty of the

4651: 3371:'s doctrine of mandatory apostolic poverty was decisively rejected at the Council of Constance. 14284: 13875: 13733: 13675: 13566: 13545: 13310: 13059: 12946: 12564: 12185: 12106: 12082: 11514: 11446: 11387: 11382: 11016: 10822: 10743: 10668: 10548: 10226: 10114: 10054: 9731: 9619: 9185: 9071: 8784: 7562: 7096: 7067:

A religious order founded by St. Angela de Merici for the sole purpose of educating young girls

6851: 5726: 5410:, still an episode from the Gospels, but a less doctrinally central one, and no more was said. 5263:, was to restore Catholicism's predominance and centrality. This was one of the drivers of the 5019: 4945: 4941: 4705: 4704:, who resumed persecution of Protestants and finally abolished their right to worship with the 4381: 3993: 3772:(1534–1549) is considered the first pope of the Counter-Reformation, and he also initiated the 3658: 3513: 3453: 2752: 2655: 2543: 2129: 2044: 2034: 1991: 1673: 1013: 998: 923: 503: 297: 7210: 7126:

A Roskovany, conceptu immacolata ex monumentis omnium seculorum demonstrate III, Budapest 1873

5208:

The Virgin Mary played an increasingly central role in Catholic devotions. The victory at the

4348:. The town was open to the sea, strongly fortified, and well defended under the leadership of 3352: 640: 14343: 13942: 13668: 13477: 13380: 13335: 13264: 13054: 12996: 12887: 12882: 12760: 12754: 12554: 12102: 12067: 11972: 11886: 11668: 11151: 10978: 10403: 10184: 10049: 9895: 9601: 9539: 9498: 9483: 9081: 9066: 8779: 8636: 8543: 8343: 8326: 8239: 8183: 7838: 7409: 7183: 7050: 7013: 5721: 4623: 4527: 3498: 3339:

The kinds of positive reforms considered were not necessarily the ones that pre-occupied the

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Catholic political and religious response to the Protestant Reformation and earlier reformism

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Lotz-Heumann, Ute (22 March 2013). Bamji, Alexandra; Janssen, Geert H.; Laven, Mary (eds.).

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Probably the most extreme move at reform came late in 1562 when, instructed by the legates,

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method on Marian theology. Other well-known contributors to Marian spirituality are Saints

4937: 4927: 4635: 4615: 4604: 4234: 4112: 3871: 3867: 3675: 3653: 3614: 3570: 3321: 3287: 2853:'Tridentine' - initiated at, or as a result of, the Council of Trent (1545–1563) (such as " 2698: 2607: 2501: 2465: 2333: 1932: 1923: 1876: 1866: 1663: 1609: 1599: 1438: 1368: 1363: 1251: 1018: 970: 729: 520: 357: 327: 216: 7959: 4020: 8: 14333: 14309: 14294: 14213: 14203: 14189: 14169: 14159: 14129: 14109: 14038: 13769: 13598: 13355: 13284: 13211: 13068: 13049: 12789: 12784: 12711: 12429: 12404: 12283: 12263: 12210: 12111: 11906: 11874: 11818: 11344: 11246: 11039: 11023: 10543: 10453: 9904: 9848: 9796: 9659: 9362: 9086: 9076: 9025: 8729: 8471: 8234: 6826: 6203: 6128: 5775: 5688: 5587: 5009: 4883: 4667: 4330: 4280: 4104: 3681: 3364: 3310: 2847: 2721: 2533: 2365: 2328: 1594: 1335: 1233: 1199: 1086: 975: 933: 322: 258: 246: 8003:

The Catholic Reformation: Savonarola to Ignatius Loyola: Reform in the Church, 1495–1540

7886:

The Invention of Papal History: Onofrio Panvinio between Renaissance and Catholic Reform

5878: 5214: 2272: 2064: 759: 14208: 14154: 14065: 14055: 13846: 13761: 13710: 13320: 13016: 12766: 12696: 12613: 12601: 12578: 12374: 12148: 11989: 11933: 11923: 11725: 11509: 11364: 11181: 10039: 10031: 9774: 9475: 9442: 9374: 9151: 8920: 8844: 8812: 8631: 8600: 8437: 8425: 8286: 8224: 7164: 7156: 6634: 6581:"Lay spirituality in the high Middle Ages: how the layman became a match for the saint" 6561: 6349: 6264: 6232: 6155: 6114: 6046: 5974: 5947: 5936: 5837: 5804: 5797: 5679:

The Council of Trent brought about other changes in music: most notably developing the

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The effects of the Council of Trent and the Counter-Reformation also paved the way for

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In the Habsburg hereditary lands, which had become predominantly Protestant except for

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obligatory. It rejected all compromise with Protestants, restating basic tenets of the

3626: 3566: 3509: 3303: 3299: 2401: 2342: 2240: 2049: 1996: 1821: 1726: 1721: 1711: 1525: 1490: 1450: 1383: 1373: 1315: 1183: 1117: 1066: 811: 749: 709: 635: 570: 452: 420: 395: 12087: 8940: 6465: 5888: 5850: 5198: 5150: 5059: 4575:, who began suppressing Protestant activity in 1576. This conflict escalated into the 3843:, according to which the consecrated bread and wine are held to have been transformed 3306:, an urbanized laity who could not flee the towns for monasteries, and other reasons. 1505: 667: 14245: 14124: 14030: 13954: 13853: 13826: 13745: 13693: 13643: 13402: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13350: 13340: 13289: 12941: 12860: 12855: 12809: 12749: 12618: 12414: 11799: 11720: 11658: 11324: 10560: 9885: 9765: 9532: 9488: 9320: 9225: 9000: 8986: 8960: 8945: 8849: 8834: 8764: 8754: 8623: 8555: 8456: 8420: 8316: 7896:

The Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450–1700: A Reassessment of the Counter Reformation

7891: 7786: 7753: 7724: 7357: 7330: 7243: 7216: 7189: 7168: 6980: 6869: 6859: 6855: 6726: 6697: 6665: 6626: 6592: 6553: 6444: 6394: 6322: 6075: 6028: 5941: 5913: 5856: 5736: 5645: 5591: 5515: 5458: 5422: 5260: 5226: 5154: 5063: 5031: 4588: 4539: 4501: 4395: 4352:. Farnese cut off all access to the sea by constructing a bridge of boats across the 4314: 3776:(1545–1563), tasked with institutional reform, addressing contentious issues such as 3634: 3594: 3578: 3550: 2764: 2690: 2212: 1475: 1285: 1266: 1261: 1242: 1071: 928: 883: 796: 724: 684: 615: 535: 530: 252: 12804: 6487: 6294: 4313:, where they resolved to stick together to fight Spain. Farnese secured his base in 1520: 13989: 13831: 13806: 13385: 13345: 12701: 12641: 12029: 12014: 11715: 11695: 11690: 11673: 11653: 11186: 10960: 10922: 10880: 10808: 10803: 10770: 10577: 10510: 10473: 10468: 10448: 10443: 10368: 10221: 10211: 10171: 9702: 9520: 9503: 9210: 9015: 8995: 8915: 8900: 8799: 8701: 8575: 8415: 8373: 8368: 8348: 8331: 8244: 7984: 7945: 7935: 7917:(1979) expresses the older view that it was a movement of reactionary conservatism. 7778: 7716: 7276: 7148: 7027: 6723:

The Reformation theologians: an introduction to theology in the early modern period

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ruling the area, converted to Protestantism, Catholics elected another archbishop,

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introduced the term ‘Catholic Reformation’ in 1880, German historiography remained

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1370 cm × 1200 cm (539.3 in × 472.4 in)

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showed the emphasis of handbooks characteristic of Catholic reformers before the

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were deported to the eastern part of the Habsburg domain. As heir to the throne,

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New religious orders were a fundamental part of the reforms. Orders such as the

4642:). In 1966, Archbishop Andreas Rohracher expressed regret about the expulsions. 14194: 14094: 13890: 13779: 13725: 13658: 13638: 13397: 13238: 13078: 13064: 13039: 13034: 12825: 12799: 12729: 12544: 12446: 12441: 12424: 12364: 12258: 12205: 12034: 11954: 11803: 11339: 11268: 11116: 11051: 10837: 10827: 10813: 10798: 10478: 10373: 10257: 10236: 9770: 9649: 9624: 9596: 9527: 9331: 9156: 8950: 8925: 8889: 8829: 8822: 8817: 8807: 8661: 8646: 8585: 8461: 8451: 8207: 7815: 7728: 7008: 6069: 5963: 5883: 5872: 5813: 5748: 5664: 5660: 5393: 5358: 5340: 5092: 5000:

The Jesuits were the most effective of the new Catholic orders. An heir to the

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de Groof, Bart (1993). "Alexander Farnese and the Origins of Modern Belgium",

5746:

Another reform following the Council of Trent was the publication of the 1568

4909:

Peak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1620)

2817:

Catholic historians tend to emphasize them as different. The French historian

14358: 14119: 14050: 13900: 13608: 13248: 13243: 12981: 12918: 12907: 12794: 12681: 12584: 12572: 12436: 12409: 12349: 11828: 11648: 11231: 11191: 11076: 10998: 10983: 10832: 10793: 10599: 10483: 10280: 9949: 9664: 9215: 9141: 9107: 9091: 9051: 8734: 8709: 8485: 8395: 8380: 8302: 7881: 7790: 7345: 7046: 6999: 6873: 6630: 6596: 6557: 6150: 6034: 5998: 5992: 5595: 5178: 5110: 4843: 3974: 3970: 3844: 3833:, as the Protestants insisted) because "faith without works is dead", as the 3769: 3466: 2597: 2226: 2160: 1500: 1480: 1445: 1320: 1215: 1188: 888: 858: 853: 555: 425: 279: 6549: 4460: 4389:

During the centuries of Counter-Reformation, new towns, collectively termed

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resurgence that was initiated in response to, and as an alternative to, the

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Leichtentritt, Hugo (1944). "The Reform of Trent and Its Effect on Music".

6040: 6016: 6010: 5740: 5684: 5680: 5672: 5603: 5362: 5344: 5304: 5241:

sins of hostility to private sins (called "the secret sins of the heart").

5202: 5194: 5166: 5039: 5005: 4814: 4480: 4450: 4287: 4264: 4248: 4230: 3958: 3918: 3898: 3602: 3574: 3470: 3438: 3415: 2737: 2369: 2286: 2281: 2175: 1965: 1530: 1465: 1325: 1270: 873: 868: 744: 595: 590: 435: 11467: 7139:(1975). "The Social History of Confession in the Age of the Reformation". 6432: 6390: 4243: 3875: 3259:

Darker colour approximates most intense period of unrest, change or impact

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The Mass in Sweden: Its Development from the Latin Rite from 1531 to 1917

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169 cm × 137 cm (67 in × 54 in)

5055: 4513: 4002: 3997: 3954: 3947: 3807: 3799: 3788: 3554: 3542: 3518: 3423: 3419: 3403: 3348: 3277: 2818: 2800: 2678: 2352: 2170: 1696: 1460: 1210: 1206: 1169: 1096: 1091: 878: 739: 719: 672: 8065: 8020: 7899: 7818:(1957). "Vincenzo Ruffo and Musical Reform after the Council of Trent". 7565:

and Dinneen, William (1944). "Recent Work on Music in the Renaissance",

7305: 6638: 6614: 5788:(1543), Copernicus mentioned the reform of the calendar proposed by the 5474: 5369:. Italian painting after 1520, with the notable exception of the art of 4726:

Reformation in Italy § Causes of the Italian Reformation's collapse

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From Rome to Eternity: Catholicism and the Arts in Italy, ca. 1550–1650

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Geocentric model § Historical positions of the Catholic hierarchy

5502:

Trent ever convened to discuss music in 1562. The manipulation of the

3395:, had statues other than Christ removed from his churches (though not 3379:

friction as radical reformers periodically arose in response, such as

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Parish priests were to be better educated in matters of theology and

3866:. Other practices that drew the ire of Protestant reformers, such as 3830: 3819: 3482: 3462: 3344: 2268: 1658: 1510: 1256: 1043: 1038: 791: 488: 483: 332: 8048:

The Counter-reformation: Catholic Europe and the Non-christian World

7929:

The Counter Reformation: Religion and Society in Early Modern Europe

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was the great Flemish artist of the Counter-Reformation. He painted

4251:

rescues his pursuer and is subsequently burned at the stake in 1569.

3704: 3523:

Confraternity of the Most Holy Trinity of Pilgrims and Convalescents

3512:'s hospital ministry started spreading: in Rome, starting 1514, the 3433:

founded the Poor Hermits of Saint Francis of Assisi, who became the

42: 13628: 13497: 12865: 12744: 12384: 12163: 12077: 11823: 11813: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11441: 11349: 11176: 10275: 9644: 9369: 8724: 8478: 8466: 6652:

Roest, Bert (2 July 2009). "Observant reform in religious orders".

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called John of the Cross the greatest of all mystical theologians.

4895: 4822: 4523: 3965:(1513–1521), whose campaign to raise funds for the construction of 3940: 3803: 3502: 3340: 2709: 2651: 1237: 1228: 1219: 1112: 1033: 980: 714: 560: 9385: 8077:

Bradshaw, Brendan. "The Reformation and the Counter-Reformation",

7327:

Painting in Sixteenth-Century Venice: Titian, Veronese, Tintoretto

3525:: this developed into the relatively-free religious community the 14328: 13937: 13917: 13774: 13663: 12902: 12832: 12492: 12456: 11146: 9984: 9858: 9801: 8981: 8595: 8217: 8027:

Wondrous in His Saints: Counter Reformation Propaganda in Bavaria

7727:

may use Bibles that place the deuterocanonical works between the

6122: 5898: 5825: 5470: 5414: 5264: 5218: 4984:

Christianizing as much as the heathens of Asia and the Americas.

4899: 4891: 4887: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4619: 4475: 4353: 4345: 4322: 4321:, then moved against Brabant and Flanders. City after city fell: 4291: 3894: 3486: 2682: 2539: 2420: 1392: 1295: 1224: 1023: 704: 493: 30:"Catholic revival" redirects here. For the literary revival, see 8010:

Trent and All That: Renaming Catholicism in the Early Modern Era

7239:

Social History of Art, Volume 2: Renaissance, Mannerism, Baroque

4700:

of 1629, but the religious toleration lasted until the reign of

4672: 4290:, in which he captured the main cities in the south (the future 3757: 13144: 11918: 11838: 11705: 11299: 10604: 10589: 10533: 10500: 9147:

Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary

8590: 8500: 8405: 5706: 5641: 5630: 5527: 5438: 5370: 5322: 5185: 5132: 4855: 4851: 4334: 4318: 4178: 4082: 3886:

were strongly reaffirmed as spiritually commendable practices.

3784: 3367:' ideal of poverty as a way to short-circuit careerism, though 3273: 2725: 2705: 2694: 630: 430: 7208: 4220:

Reformation in Ireland § Religious policy of Queen Mary I

3862:

of Christ, was also reaffirmed, as were the traditional seven

3452:

To respond to the new needs of evangelism, clergy formed into

2736:. It also involved political activities and used the regional 2701:, although smaller expulsions took place in the 19th century. 13870: 13330: 13269: 13226: 12466: 11397: 10565: 10529: 5821: 5503: 4859: 4842:

The Counter-Reformation succeeded in drastically diminishing

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settled in parts of Silesia and Poland. Protestants from the

4338: 4101:

Liturgia Svecanæ Ecclesiæ catholicæ & orthodoxæ conformia

4010: 3969:

by supporting use of indulgences served as a key impetus for

3936: 2697:

history with exiles of Protestants continuing until the 1781

6324:

Der geschichtliche Ablauf der Auswanderung aus dem Zillertal

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Monson, Craig A. (2002). "The Council of Trent Revisited."

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In nineteenth-century Germany, the term became part of the

2658:

at the time. It is frequently dated to have begun with the

6615:"Concepts of Reform Proposed at the Fifth Lateran Council" 4216:

Scottish Reformation § Political background (1528–59)

3925:, which served as authoritative Church teaching until the 3917:(both held in the 4th century AD), which had affirmed the 3508:

At the end of the 1400s, a reform movement inspired by St

3387:

that came to be associated with Protestants: for example,

9036:

Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

7353: 6382:

The Ashgate Research Companion to the Counter-Reformation

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ones which have often ruled on specific types of images.

5251:

Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation

4802:

Orthodox Christians to return to full communion with the

4123:. This theatre of the Counter-Reformation was called the 3445:

rule of life to its original purity, giving birth to the

6334:(in German), 1837-auswanderer.de. Accessed 13 June 2020. 4286:

Farnese led a successful campaign 1578–1592 against the

3905:

by Protestants) on a par with the 39 books found in the

3251:

Second Millennium Western Mainstream Reformist Movements

2666:

in 1648, though this is controversial. The broader term

7212:

Gardner's Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective

6939:(in German). Heidelberg: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag. 5636:

Like his contemporary Palestrina, the Flemish composer

4917:

End of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1648)

4028:

depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire.

3897:

listing of the Old Testament Bible, which included the

13084:

Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America

5800:

was prompted in part by the need for calendar reform.

5493: 3992:

The council, by virtue of its actions, repudiated the

3961:(1492–1503), intensified during the Reformation under 9067:

Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary

7749:

Enlightenment and Reform in Eighteenth-Century Europe

5691:" (Madrigali Spirituali). Additionally, the numerous 3426:

were recognized as a separate congregation of monks.

8106:

The Catholic Counter-Reformation in the 21st Century

8029:. Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 1993. 6954: 6769: 6513: 6104: 5569:

attitudes of worship and reverence during the Mass.

4752:

Spanish Inquisition § Protestants and Anglicans

4542:, and successfully defeated Gebhard and his allies. 3328:

Council of Basel (1431)-Ferrara(1438)-Florence(1449)

8034:

Protestant Resistance in Counterreformation Austria

7526:Davey, Henry. "Giovanni Pierluigi, da Palestrina", 7185:

The Counter-Reformation, Baroque and Neo-classicism

7181: 6424:

Johann Sleidan and the Protestant Vision of History

4518:The Cologne War (1583–1589) was a conflict between 4412:and northern Germany. French Huguenots crossed the 4344:Farnese finally laid siege to the great seaport of 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 8140: 7981:Catholic Europe, 1592–1648: Centre and Peripheries 7396: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7188:. Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 93–107. 5546: 2662:(1545–1563) and to end with the conclusion of the 234: 7277:"Text of the 25th decree of the Council of Trent" 4741:Reformation § Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 3267: 14356: 9137:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII 8012:(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000). 6878:Swedish and English Translation of the Red Book. 6798:"General Instruction of the Roman Missal, no. 7" 6720:. Guy Bedouelle, OP. in Lindberg, Carter (ed.) 4970:Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri 4767:Portuguese Inquisition in Goa and Bombay-Bassein 4103:, also called the "Red Book". This launched the 4088: 3921:as scripture. The council also commissioned the 8062:The Counter-Reformation: The Essential Readings 7549: 7547: 7381: 7113:Stegmüller, Otto (1967). "Barock" (in German). 6889:Bulletin de l'Institut Historique Belge de Rome 6827:"Order of Friars Minor - Catholic Encyclopedia" 5820:was placed under house arrest, served in Rome, 4618:were exiled in the 18th century, especially to 4309:, controlled by Calvinists, responded with the 4005:", which was the practice of bishops living in 3409: 2382:(retained by Lutherans, mostly banned by Trent) 7962:; pp. 517–649; by French Catholic scholar 7432: 7430: 7235: 6745: 6743: 6482: 5623:The Catholic faith defeats Protestant heresies 4032: 3794:The council upheld the basic structure of the 2834:Other relevant terms that may be encountered: 14044:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches 13743: 13160: 11483: 9401: 8126: 7859:Journal of the American Musicological Society 6531: 5812:thought of the time. As a result, during the 5803:An actual new calendar had to wait until the 4987:The Ursulines focused on the special task of 4571:, the Counter-Reformation began with Emperor 4212:English Reformation § Marian Restoration 3491:Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca 2615: 1138: 7606: 7604: 7544: 7141:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 6538:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 6378: 4691:, resulting in millions of deaths until the 4301:The seven northern provinces as well as the 4130: 3553:(1571), occurring during the pontificate of 11497: 7427: 7407:. "Church Music and the Council of Trent". 7135: 6781: 6740: 4193:condemned it led to the development of the 3263:Green=Catholic; Red=Protestant; Blue=Other 13167: 13153: 11490: 11476: 11330:International Alliance of Catholic Knights 9408: 9394: 9152:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary 9102:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart 8133: 8119: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6608: 6606: 5292: 5080: 4679:, Florida, where the survivors were killed 4563:Moravian Church § Counter-Reformation 3679:was the Catholic response to the Lutheran 3286:), the examples of nascent saints such as 2769:'Counter-Reformation’ is a translation of 2622: 2608: 1145: 1131: 7989:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199272723.001.0001 7636: 7634: 7601: 7209:Gardner, Helen; Kleiner, Fred S. (2010). 6843: 6532:Finke, Roger; Wittberg, Patricia (2000). 5807:in 1582. At the time of its publication, 5045: 3745:Learn how and when to remove this message 3640: 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 7352:, chapter VIII, especially pp. 107–128, 6966: 5613: 4671: 4496: 4242: 4059:was finally suspended on 29 March 1967. 4019: 3756: 3657: 3545:(1570), the codification of the uniform 2720:traditions of the Church, the reform of 12908:Fostering of early experimental science 7836:Manzetti, Leo P. (1928). "Palestrina". 6691: 6678: 6612: 6603: 6194:League for Catholic Counter-Reformation 4862:, and the vast lands controlled by the 4730: 4660:Persecution of Huguenots under Louis XV 4081:provided material in Latin to help the 3645: 3617:(1618–1648) during the pontificates of 3280:, lay spiritual movements (such as the 939:Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition 907:Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith 14: 14357: 13012:Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy 9789: 7745: 7631: 7528:Proceedings of the Musical Association 6960: 6930: 6578: 6374: 6372: 5755: 5610:Reforms following the Council of Trent 4898:. It did not succeed as completely in 4556: 4195:Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands 3537:Key events of the period include: the 3532: 3489:, canonically recognised in 1540, the 1813:Censorship of the Bible § 16th century 13148: 11471: 9389: 8114: 7904: 7766: 7693: 7676: 6775: 6654:The Cambridge History of Christianity 6651: 6519: 6463: 6245:from the original on 18 November 2008 4591:. This influenced the development of 3389:Guillaume Briçonnet (bishop of Meaux) 7302:"Transcript of Veronese's testimony" 7083:A Popular History of the Reformation 6421:Kess, Alexandra (15 December 2016). 6420: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6219: 5217:was the first theologian to use the 4200: 3822:appropriated by grace through faith 3727:adding citations to reliable sources 3698: 3669:(right) being presented to Charles V 3541:(1545–1563); the excommunication of 65:adding citations to reliable sources 36: 9415: 9006:Suppression of the Society of Jesus 7350:Artistic Theory in Italy, 1450–1660 6844:Yelverton, Eric Esskildsen (1920). 6505:– via the fall 1993 issue of 6464:Janet, Richard J. (10 April 2014). 6369: 5785:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium 5782:(Frauenburg). In the dedication to 5695:were mostly prohibited in the 1570 5494:Reforms before the Council of Trent 5433:According to the great medievalist 4921: 4829:as a condition for reconciliation. 4683:In France, from 1562 Catholics and 4382:Augsburg Interim § The Interim 4152:Examination of the Council of Trent 3688: 3424:Camaldolese Hermits of Monte Corona 2838:'Pre-Tridentine' - before, or the 24: 8561:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 8095:(2009) Vol. 100, pp. 193–217. 8088:(2009) Vol. 100, pp. 271–292. 8054: 7931:(1995), emphasis on historiography 7870: 7683:. London Writers Ltd. p. 136. 6764:The Cambridge Modern History Atlas 5659:The Cardinal Archbishop of Milan, 4912: 4904: 4224: 4177:condemned 101 propositions of the 4062: 3391:in Paris, with his former teacher 960:Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum 25: 14381: 8099: 8093:Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 8086:Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 8071: 7996:Europe in the Seventeenth Century 7922:Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 7530:, 25th Sess. (1898–1899), p. 53. 7264:Baroque Art: A Topical Dictionary 7242:. Psychology Press. p. 192. 7215:. Cengage Learning. p. 192. 7057:from the original on 18 June 2015 6918:Journal of Ecclesiastical History 6216: 5572: 5277: 5205:on the same day, March 12, 1622. 4837: 4585:Catharina Regina von Greiffenberg 4259:took control of various parts of 4149:was the Catholic response to the 3957:Church, epitomized by the era of 3864:sacraments of the Catholic Church 2121:16th century Renaissance humanism 1860:Political and religious conflicts 14339: 14338: 14327: 13455:State church of the Roman Empire 13174: 11452: 11451: 11440: 11408:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul 10956:Criticism of the Catholic Church 9368: 9356: 8687:Fourth Council of Constantinople 8642:Second Council of Constantinople 8005:(Fordham University Press, 1992) 7875: 7598:Smith and Dinneen (1944). p. 45. 6931:Martin, Christiane, ed. (2001). 6753:(in French), Hachette U, p. 213. 6353:. 7 October 2002. Archived from 6292: 6135: 6121: 6107: 6088:Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria 5919:Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor 5843: 5584:Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina 4794:Belarusian Greek Catholic Church 4771: 4687:(Reformed Protestants) fought a 4630:spoke vehemently to his mother, 4205: 4053:Sacred Congregation of the Index 3928:Catechism of the Catholic Church 3703: 3625:; and the formation of the last 3013:Cluniac (Monastic) and Gregorian 2103:Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age 1979:Influence on church architecture 1176: 1111: 586:Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina 187:Catholic Reformation and Revival 169: 142: 41: 13438:First seven ecumenical councils 9575:First seven ecumenical councils 8657:Third Council of Constantinople 8581:First Council of Constantinople 7909:. New York: HarperSanFrancisco. 7770:Journal of Early Modern History 7738: 7710: 7687: 7670: 7661: 7652: 7643: 7622: 7613: 7592: 7583: 7556: 7520: 7511: 7502: 7493: 7484: 7475: 7466: 7457: 7448: 7439: 7366: 7339: 7319: 7294: 7283:from the original on 2011-06-29 7269: 7256: 7229: 7202: 7175: 7129: 7120: 7107: 7088: 7072: 7039: 7020: 6993: 6943:from the original on 2020-10-28 6924: 6909: 6903:Journal of Early Modern History 6894: 6881: 6837: 6819: 6808:from the original on 2019-06-07 6790: 6756: 6710: 6645: 6572: 6525: 6498:from the original on 2017-03-19 6470:Homiletic & Pastoral Review 6305:from the original on 2023-01-22 6275:from the original on 2008-11-18 5770:: by the sixteenth century the 5699:. The remaining sequences were 5566:Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor 5552:council on September 10, 1562. 5547:Reforms during the 22nd session 5488: 4024:This 1711 illustration for the 3909:. This reaffirmed the previous 3714:needs additional citations for 3605:, of which the main figure was 966:Pontifical Gregorian University 318:Olav Engelbrektsson's rebellion 176:Faith, or The Church Triumphant 52:needs additional citations for 14305:Relations with other religions 13711:Church of the East (Nestorian) 13706:Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite) 12871:Separation of church and state 12540:Formal and material principles 12525:Separation of church and state 10150:Separation of church and state 8896:Dissolution of the monasteries 8162:History of the Catholic Church 7974:Counter-reformation, 1550–1610 7956:History of the Catholic Church 6619:Archivum Historiae Pontificiae 6476: 6457: 6414: 6385:. Routledge Handbooks Online. 6337: 6316: 6286: 6257: 6238:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 6189:History of the Catholic Church 5407:The Feast in the House of Levi 5244: 4776: 4656:St. Bartholomew's Day massacre 4610:Others moved to Saxony or the 4532:Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg 4271:fought back. The king sent in 4121:Collegium regium Stockholmense 3802:system, religious orders, and 3791:, and other financial abuses. 3276:, the standardization of the 3268:Precursor Catholic Reformation 2765:Reformation § Terminology 2758: 2716:in the spiritual life and the 2693:) had long-lasting effects in 1804:Counter-Reformation § Politics 1077:Nationalism in the Middle Ages 13: 1: 12535:Hymnody of continental Europe 12512: 11686:Apostles in the New Testament 8770:Fourth Council of the Lateran 8745:Second Council of the Lateran 8354:Apostles in the New Testament 7610:Leichtentritt (1944). p. 326. 6662:10.1017/CHOL9780521811064.031 6209: 6174:Counter-Reformation in Poland 6161:Catholic-Protestant relations 5925:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor 5862:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 4737:Counter-Reformation in Poland 4589:Johann Wilhelm von Stubenberg 4526:factions that devastated the 4158: 4097:Nova ordinantia ecclesiastica 4090:Nova ordinantia ecclesiastica 4085:catechize in the vernacular. 3884:veneration of the Virgin Mary 3880:venerable images and statuary 3561:in Rome, the founding of the 3363:considerable support for the 3347:, married priests) and later 2734:French school of spirituality 2646:), also sometimes called the 2516:Conclusion and commemorations 2199:Hymnody of continental Europe 2112:Folklore of the Low Countries 1803: 1747:Frederick V, Elector Palatine 1410:Theologies of seminal figures 401:French school of spirituality 235:Nova ordinantia eclessiastica 223:Regimini militantis Ecclesiae 8884:Catholic Counter-Reformation 8750:Third Council of the Lateran 8740:First Council of the Lateran 8196:Catholic ecumenical councils 8081:(1983) 33#11 pp. 42–45. 8036:. New York: Routledge, 2020. 7924:(1990), Vol. 81, pp 239–262. 7907:Butler's Lives of the Saints 7680:The Day the Universe Changed 7348:, (1940; refs to 1985 edn). 7182:Kruft, Hanno-Walter (1994). 7028:Treaty of the Union of Brest 6692:Mullett, Michael A. (2023). 5790:Fifth Council of the Lateran 5173:, whose ministry focused on 4713:Huguenot shipwreck survivors 4239:War of the Jülich Succession 4111:against his younger brother 3410:Priests and Religious Orders 3333:Fifth Council of the Lateran 1421:Theology of Huldrych Zwingli 18:Catholic Counter-Reformation 7: 14012:Views on poverty and wealth 11983:Eastern Orthodox opposition 7998:(6th ed., 1965). pp 82–117. 6725:. Oxford: Blackwell. 2002. 6613:Minnich, Nelson H. (1969). 6100: 6058:Sigismund the Old of Poland 5834:Academia Secretorum Naturae 5392:Ten years after the decree 4832: 4358:Antwerp surrendered in 1585 4115:. During this time, Jesuit 4048:Index Librorum Prohibitorum 4041:Index Librorum Prohibitorum 4034:Index Librorum Prohibitorum 4026:Index Librorum Prohibitorum 3613:); the final phases of the 3473:. This was followed by the 2712:for the proper training of 2708:included the foundation of 2148:English Renaissance theatre 1630:Denmark–Norway and Holstein 918:Index Librorum Prohibitorum 10: 14386: 14257:World Evangelical Alliance 14219:Traditionalist Catholicism 12000:Art patronage of Julius II 11447:Catholic Church portal 8230:History of the Roman Curia 7949:The Catholic Enlightenment 7017:(1917), via newadvent.org. 6488:"The Catholic Reformation" 6299:World History Encyclopedia 6082:William V, Duke of Bavaria 5759: 5625:; part of a fresco inside 5248: 5049: 4925: 4791: 4787: 4780: 4764: 4749: 4734: 4723: 4649: 4612:Margraviate of Brandenburg 4560: 4552:Reformation § Belgium 4549: 4545: 4511: 4492: 4379: 4375: 4228: 4209: 4164: 4136: 4068: 4038: 3893:, officially accepted the 3692: 3651: 3557:; the construction of the 3345:communion under both kinds 2762: 2749:Christianisation of Europe 2343:Lutheran and Anglican Mass 2208:Music of the British Isles 2135:16th century in literature 29: 14322: 14272: 14252:World Council of Churches 14227: 14145: 14029: 14020: 13975: 13760: 13744: 13739:Latter Day Saint movement 13724: 13684: 13584: 13565: 13511: 13468: 13413: 13319: 13298: 13257: 13225: 13182: 13092: 12927: 12846: 12775: 12710: 12632: 12563: 12503:Calvinist–Arminian debate 12477: 12244: 12127: 11963: 11854: 11736: 11634: 11523: 11505: 11435: 11373:Aid to the Church in Need 11363: 11220: 11033: 10994:Vatican Television Center 10969: 10879: 10769: 10639:Eastern Catholic Churches 10620: 10509: 10402: 10349: 10274: 10245: 10170: 10095: 10030: 9975: 9894: 9764: 9678: 9610: 9555: 9474: 9451: 9423: 9351: 9251: 9117: 9044: 8979: 8966:European wars of religion 8863: 8798: 8700: 8622: 8513: 8436: 8296: 8285: 8277:Eastern Catholic Churches 8152: 8050:(2nd ed. 2005), advanced. 8015:Pollen, John Hungerford. 7927:Jones, Martin D. W. 7783:10.1163/15700658-12342506 7569:, Vol. 42, No. 1, p. 45. 7472:Monson (2002). pp. 10–11. 7373:The death of Medieval Art 6749:Péronnet, Michel (1981). 6718:Jacques Lefèvre d’Etaples 6184:European wars of religion 5483:Bartolomé Esteban Murillo 5336: 5328: 5318: 5310: 5300: 5291: 5284: 5124: 5116: 5106: 5098: 5088: 5079: 5074: 4760: 4711:In 1565, several hundred 4645: 4593:German Baroque literature 4146:Defensio Tridentinæ fidei 4139:Defensio Tridentinæ fidei 4132:Defensio Tridentinæ fidei 3501:in 1588, and finally the 3393:Jacques Lefèvre d’Etaples 3199: 2664:European wars of religion 2569:Calendrical commemoration 1882:War of the Three Kingdoms 1416:Theology of Martin Luther 1062:Catholic literary revival 581:Bartolomé Esteban Murillo 293:European Wars of Religion 241:Defensio Tridentinæ fidei 180:Bartolomé Esteban Murillo 32:Catholic literary revival 14280:Anti-Christian sentiment 13460:Christian biblical canon 12992:Christian existentialism 11315:Communion and Liberation 10779:Eastern Catholic liturgy 9944:Mystici Corporis Christi 9872:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate 9097:Mary of the Divine Heart 8720:Clash against the empire 8672:Second Council of Nicaea 8566:Old St. Peter's Basilica 7967:The Catholic Reformation 7719:churches, following the 7703: 7667:Lockwood (1957). p. 362. 7658:Lockwood (1957). p. 348. 7640:Lockwood (1957). p. 346. 7589:Manzetti (1928). p. 332. 7508:Manzetti (1928). p. 331. 7436:Manzetti (1928). p. 330. 7413:, Vol. 39, No. 4 (1953) 7329:, 2nd ed., Cambridge UP 6787:Péronnet (1981). p. 214. 6694:The Catholic Reformation 6585:Reading Medieval Studies 5702:Victimae paschali laudes 4783:Chaldean Catholic Church 4756:Reformation § Spain 4745: 4719: 4350:Marnix van St. Aldegonde 3845:really and substantially 3441:suggested reforming the 1281:Johann Ruchrat von Wesel 953:Philosophy and education 211:Decet Romanum Pontificem 14334:Christianity portal 13493:Investiture Controversy 11499:History of Christianity 10130:Philosophy of canon law 10060:Mariology of the saints 9640:Investiture Controversy 9363:Vatican City portal 8715:Investiture Controversy 8571:First Council of Nicaea 8066:excerpt and text search 8021:excerpt and text search 8017:The Counter-Reformation 7915:The Counter Reformation 7905:Walsh, M., ed. (1991). 7900:excerpt and text search 7563:Smith, Carleton Sprague 7375:. Extract from book by 7325:Rostand, David (1997). 7236:Hauser, Arnold (1999). 7115:Lexikon der Marienkunde 6550:10.1111/0021-8294.00013 6064:Sigismund III of Poland 5619:Johann Michael Rottmayr 5514:(bishop of Modena) and 5129:Gallerie dell'Accademia 4806:while preserving their 4664:French Wars of Religion 4267:, the Catholics led by 4099:was an addendum to the 3943:reformers in the past. 3583:French Wars of Religion 3454:religious congregations 3139:Protestant Reformations 3122:Oratories and Societies 3103:Hussites and Utraquists 2656:Protestant Reformations 2414:First Wittenberg hymnal 1872:French Wars of Religion 1686:Major political leaders 1426:Theology of John Calvin 912:Excommunicable offences 526:Michelangelo Caravaggio 373:Jacobite rising of 1689 353:Strasbourg Bishops' War 348:French Wars of Religion 14285:Christian universalism 13676:Western Rite Orthodoxy 13521:Protestant Reformation 13060:Fourth Great Awakening 12947:Second Great Awakening 12186:Fall of Constantinople 11978:Development of primacy 11383:Catholic Charities USA 11017:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 11005:Vatican Polyglot Press 10055:Mariology of the popes 9693:Protestant Reformation 9375:Catholicism portal 9186:Second Vatican Council 9072:Our Lady of La Salette 8879:Protestant Reformation 8866:Protestant Reformation 8785:Second Council of Lyon 8174:Ecclesiastical history 7979:Ó hAnnracháin, Tadhg. 7752:. London: I.B.Tauris. 7746:Beales, Derek (2005). 7097:Ascent of Mount Carmel 6937:Lexikon der Geographie 6891:, Vol. 63, pp 195–219. 6852:Henry Bradshaw Society 6579:Sibson, Carol (2017). 6345:"Anniversary Thoughts" 5633: 5390: 5046:Devotion and mysticism 4946:Augustinian Recollects 4942:Discalced Augustinians 4918: 4910: 4706:Edict of Fontainebleau 4680: 4624:Transylvanian Landlers 4509: 4252: 4029: 3967:Saint Peter's Basilica 3766: 3670: 3641:Councils and documents 3565:, the adoption of the 3514:Oratory of Divine Love 2828: 2815: 2799: 2779: 2753:Second Vatican Council 2671: 2643: 2130:16th century in poetry 1933:German Renaissance Art 1913:Painting and sculpture 1118:Catholicism portal 1014:Discalced Augustinians 999:Augustinian Recollects 924:Portuguese Inquisition 504:Spanish Golden Century 298:Dalecarlian Rebellions 194:Councils and documents 14370:Christian terminology 13943:Anointing of the Sick 13055:Reformed epistemology 12997:Third Great Awakening 12967:Seventh-day Adventist 12888:First Great Awakening 12761:Book of Common Prayer 12555:Protestant work ethic 12098:Independent Catholics 12049:Monastery dissolution 11137:Good Shepherd Sisters 10979:Holy See Press Office 10217:Doctors of the Church 10050:Immaculate Conception 10005:Anointing of the Sick 9540:History of the papacy 9082:First Vatican Council 8780:First Council of Lyon 8544:Constantine the Great 8240:Christian monasticism 7934:Jones, Pamela M. and 7839:The Musical Quarterly 7820:The Musical Quarterly 7799:The Musical Quarterly 7777:(3). Brill: 293–312. 7677:Burke, James (1985). 7649:Monson (2002). p. 26. 7628:Monson (2002). p. 27. 7517:Monson (2002). p. 16. 7499:Monson (2002). p. 24. 7490:Monson (2002). p. 22. 7481:Monson (2002). p. 12. 7454:Monson (2002). p. 21. 7445:Monson (2002). p. 20. 7410:The Musical Quarterly 7262:Earls, Irene (1996). 7117:. Regensburg, p. 566. 7051:Catholic Encyclopedia 7014:Catholic Encyclopedia 6696:. London: Routledge. 6507:The Dawson Newsletter 6466:"On Catholic History" 6433:10.4324/9781315251509 6391:10.4324/9781315613574 6295:"Counter-Reformation" 6233:"Counter-Reformation" 5722:Lauda Sion Salvatorem 5617: 5577:The crises regarding 5386: 5075:The Battle of Lepanto 4926:Further information: 4916: 4908: 4792:Further information: 4675: 4561:Further information: 4528:Electorate of Cologne 4506:Adoration of the Magi 4500: 4402:Unity of the Brethren 4246: 4229:Further information: 4023: 3818:. The council upheld 3760: 3661: 3589:and the execution of 3559:Gregorian observatory 3292:Antoninus of Florence 2823: 2806:Wilhelm Maurenbrecher 2787: 2538:Simultaneous rise of 2450:Book of Common Prayer 2250:Scottish church music 2236:Anglican church music 1717:Gaspard II de Coligny 1692:Henry VIII of England 1496:Peter Martyr Vermigli 646:Francisco de Zurbarán 551:Artemisia Gentileschi 411:Ignatian spirituality 343:Prayer Book Rebellion 76:"Counter-Reformation" 14264:Nondenominationalism 14137:Role in civilization 13604:Independent Catholic 13546:Relations with Islam 13526:Catholic Reformation 12878:Edicts of toleration 12687:Three Forms of Unity 12452:Bohemian Reformation 12025:Catholic Reformation 11882:Roman state religion 11701:Council of Jerusalem 11010:L'Osservatore Romano 10948:Role in civilisation 10674:Croatian and Serbian 10422:Episcopal conference 10384:St. Peter's Basilica 9742:Sexual abuse scandal 9698:Catholic Reformation 9259:Sexual abuse scandal 9168:Mit brennender Sorge 9011:Age of Enlightenment 8790:Bernard of Clairvaux 8667:Byzantine Iconoclasm 8606:Council of Chalcedon 8386:Council of Jerusalem 8255:Role in civilization 8235:Religious institutes 8167:By country or region 7965:Mullett, Michael A. 7913:Dickens, A. G. 7103:. Image Books. 1958. 6199:Second scholasticism 5954:Catherine de' Medici 5712:Veni Sancte Spiritus 5588:Missa Papae Marcelli 5499:The Council of Trent 5396:was summoned by the 5259:and the Flanders of 5238:sacrament of penance 5223:Lawrence of Brindisi 4938:Discalced Carmelites 4928:Second scholasticism 4731:Poland and Lithuania 4652:Massacre of Mérindol 4636:Patent of Toleration 4616:Salzburg Protestants 4595:, especially around 4341:opened their gates. 4171:The 1713 papal bull 3889:The council, in the 3872:veneration of saints 3723:improve this article 3676:Confutatio Augustana 3663:Confutatio Augustana 3654:Confutatio Augustana 3647:Confutatio Augustana 3581:(r. 1572–1585); the 3571:Jesuit China mission 3563:Gregorian University 3365:evangelical counsels 3322:Council of Constance 3288:Catherine of Bologna 3156:English Reformations 2862:post-Tridentine Mass 2699:Patent of Toleration 2672:Reformatio Catholica 2668:Catholic Reformation 2650:, was the period of 2529:Protestant orthodoxy 2502:Whole Book of Psalms 2466:Book of Common Order 2334:Ecclesiastical Latin 1887:German Peasants' War 1439:Protestant Reformers 1369:Northern Renaissance 1364:Bohemian Reformation 1348:Contributing factors 1252:Gottschalk of Orbais 1019:Discalced Carmelites 971:Second scholasticism 807:Catherine de' Medici 730:Lawrence of Brindisi 521:Gian Lorenzo Bernini 303:German Peasants' War 217:Confutatio Augustana 61:improve this article 14365:Counter-Reformation 14310:Unlimited atonement 14295:Cultural Christians 13734:Jehovah's Witnesses 13356:Sermon on the Mount 13285:Christian tradition 13212:Lists of Christians 13050:Liberation theology 12957:Jehovah's Witnesses 12790:Radical Reformation 12518:Resistance theories 12405:Christian mysticism 12400:Early Scholasticism 12112:Ecclesial community 12010:Counter-Reformation 11875:Constantinian shift 11345:Neocatechumenal Way 11310:Charismatic Renewal 11024:Annuario Pontificio 10622:Particular churches 10298:Ecumenical councils 10070:Perpetual virginity 9905:Communitas perfecta 9849:Sermon on the Mount 9087:Papal infallibility 9077:Our Lady of Lourdes 9026:Shimabara Rebellion 8870:Counter-Reformation 8060:Luebke, David, ed. 8046:Wright, A. D. 8041:Counter-Reformation 8025:Soergel, Philip M. 7972:O'Connell, Marvin. 7463:Monson (2002). p.9. 6204:Spanish Inquisition 6167:Corpus Catholicorum 6129:Christianity portal 5776:Nicolaus Copernicus 5756:Calendrical studies 5741:Masses for the Dead 5400:to explain why his 5175:interior conversion 5165:, who added to the 5015:Spiritual Exercises 4884:Spanish Netherlands 4668:Huguenot rebellions 4640:Zillertal expulsion 4557:Bohemia and Austria 4530:. After Archbishop 4283:from 1578 to 1592. 4281:Spanish Netherlands 4105:Liturgical Struggle 3827:works of that faith 3765:, from an engraving 3682:Augsburg Confession 3667:Confessio Augustana 3597:; the birth of the 3533:Contemporary events 3465:founded in 1524 by 3311:ecumenical councils 3177:Counter Reformation 3075:Humanism (Catholic) 2848:pre-Tridentine Mass 2636:Counter-Reformation 2534:Peace of Westphalia 2525:Confessionalization 2329:Liturgical Struggle 2255:Normative principle 1834:Holy Roman Emperors 1783:Counter-Reformation 1234:Girolamo Savonarola 1087:Proto-Protestantism 976:School of Salamanca 934:Spanish Inquisition 641:Juan de Valdés Leal 323:Pilgrimage of Grace 259:Immensa aeterni Dei 247:Regnans in Excelsis 163:Counter-Reformation 14155:Crusading movement 13423:Ante-Nicene period 13124:Oriental Orthodoxy 12767:King James Version 12579:Ninety-five Theses 12375:Apostolic Brethren 12149:Church of the East 12144:Oriental Orthodoxy 11990:Crusading movement 11510:Early Christianity 11182:Premonstratensians 9565:Ante-Nicene period 9443:Lists of Catholics 9132:Our Lady of Fátima 8921:Ignatius of Loyola 8845:Catherine of Siena 8813:Pope Boniface VIII 8632:Benedict of Nursia 8601:Council of Ephesus 8438:Ante-Nicene period 8391:Split with Judaism 8225:Crusading movement 8039:Unger, Rudolph M. 8008:O'Malley, John W. 7954:Mourret, Fernand. 7862:, Vol. 55, No. 1, 7849:2016-06-11 at the 7842:, Vol. 14, No. 3, 7829:2016-01-31 at the 7822:, Vol. 43, No. 3, 7816:Lockwood, Lewis H. 7808:2016-01-31 at the 7801:, Vol. 30, No. 3. 7576:2016-01-31 at the 7537:2016-08-18 at the 7420:2016-06-11 at the 7033:2016-03-03 at the 7004:2009-10-29 at the 6484:Daniel-Rops, Henri 6330:2016-05-07 at the 6269:www.britannica.com 6156:Anti-Protestantism 6115:Catholicism portal 6047:Cardinal Richelieu 5975:Philip II of Spain 5948:Mary I of Scotland 5937:Ignatius of Loyola 5838:Melanchthon Circle 5805:Gregorian calendar 5798:heliocentric model 5634: 5520:polyphonic singing 5357:, a fresco in the 5191:Ignatius of Loyola 5147:Ignatius of Loyola 5143:Catherine of Genoa 5052:Ignatius of Loyola 4919: 4911: 4681: 4605:crypto-Protestants 4581:Sigmund von Birken 4510: 4486:Neusalza-Spremberg 4471:Johanngeorgenstadt 4410:Lower Rhine region 4408:often fled to the 4406:County of Flanders 4303:County of Flanders 4269:Philip II of Spain 4253: 4117:Laurentius Nicolai 4109:John III of Sweden 4030: 3915:Synods of Carthage 3841:Transubstantiation 3837:states (2:22–26). 3767: 3671: 3567:Gregorian calendar 3510:Catherine of Genoa 3304:Christian humanism 3300:Catherine of Genoa 2439:Thomissøn's hymnal 2241:Exclusive psalmody 1997:Metaphysical poets 1919:Northern Mannerism 1909:Art and literature 1822:Anti-Protestantism 1758:Electors of Saxony 1722:Henry IV of France 1712:William the Silent 1635:Sweden and Finland 1526:Balthasar Hubmaier 1491:Heinrich Bullinger 1451:Philip Melanchthon 1384:Johannes Gutenberg 1374:Christian humanism 1316:Ninety-five Theses 1184:Ninety-five Theses 1067:History of Germany 750:Cardinal Richelieu 710:Ignatius of Loyola 636:Georges de la Tour 571:Giovanni Lanfranco 453:Transubstantiation 313:Tyrone's Rebellion 14352: 14351: 14318: 14317: 14246:Charta Oecumenica 13756: 13755: 13746:Iglesia ni Cristo 13561: 13560: 13541:French Revolution 13531:Thirty Years' War 13403:Apostolic fathers 13371:Great Commandment 13142: 13141: 13119:Eastern Orthodoxy 12987:Finnish Awakening 12942:Holiness movement 12883:Congregationalism 12842: 12841: 12702:Metrical psalters 12139:Eastern Orthodoxy 12083:Neo-Scholasticism 11790:Canon development 11691:Jewish Christians 11465: 11464: 10875: 10874: 10268: 10091: 10090: 9783: 9760: 9759: 9752:COVID-19 pandemic 9722:French Revolution 9712:Thirty Years' War 9620:Islamic conquests 9533:Apostolic fathers 9468: 9383: 9382: 9343:COVID-19 pandemic 9321:Pope Benedict XVI 9226:Pope John Paul II 9001:Pope Benedict XIV 8987:French Revolution 8971:Thirty Years' War 8961:Robert Bellarmine 8946:John of the Cross 8850:Pope Alexander VI 8835:Council of Vienne 8765:Francis of Assisi 8755:Pope Innocent III 8624:Early Middle Ages 8618: 8617: 8614: 8613: 8556:Arian controversy 8509: 8508: 8457:Apostolic Fathers 7946:Lehner, Ulrich L. 7725:Church of England 7101:John of the Cross 6921:63#4 pp. 671–692. 6856:Harrison and Sons 6671:978-1-139-05602-1 6450:978-1-315-25150-9 6400:978-1-4094-2373-7 6076:Peter Paul Rubens 6029:Pope Gregory XIII 5942:Mary I of England 5914:John of the Cross 5857:Robert Bellarmine 5809:De revolutionibus 5516:Gabriele Paleotti 5459:Peter Paul Rubens 5423:Gabriele Paleotti 5373:, developed into 5354:The Last Judgment 5350: 5349: 5286:The Last Judgment 5261:Peter Paul Rubens 5227:Robert Bellarmine 5210:Battle of Lepanto 5155:John of the Cross 5139: 5138: 5064:John of the Cross 5022:, reminiscent of 4502:Peter Paul Rubens 4273:Alexander Farnese 4235:Eighty Years' War 4201:Politics and wars 4119:came to lead the 3761:A session of the 3755: 3754: 3747: 3635:Great Turkish War 3615:Thirty Years' War 3595:Pope Clement VIII 3579:Pope Gregory XIII 3551:Battle of Lepanto 3437:Friars. In 1526, 2819:Henri Daniel-Rops 2691:Holy Roman Empire 2632: 2631: 2456:Metrical psalters 1877:Eighty Years' War 1867:Thirty Years' War 1752:Philip I of Hesse 1476:Andreas Karlstadt 1286:Johannes von Goch 1267:Berengar of Tours 1262:Claudius of Turin 1243:Arnold of Brescia 1155: 1154: 1072:Holy Roman Empire 929:Roman Inquisition 725:John of the Cross 685:Robert Bellarmine 616:Peter Paul Rubens 536:Ludovico Carracci 531:Annibale Carracci 443:Spanish mysticism 358:Thirty Years' War 328:Bigod's rebellion 253:Ascendente Domino 137: 136: 129: 111: 16:(Redirected from 14377: 14342: 14341: 14332: 14331: 14175:Environmentalism 14125:Church buildings 14027: 14026: 13842:Eastern Orthodox 13837:Eastern Catholic 13749: 13748: 13716:Eastern Catholic 13694:Eastern Orthodox 13582: 13581: 13503:Age of Discovery 13488:East–West Schism 13386:Great Commission 13317: 13316: 13169: 13162: 13155: 13146: 13145: 12561: 12560: 11948:Non-Chalcedonian 11929:Constantinople I 11721:General epistles 11716:Pauline epistles 11696:Paul the Apostle 11674:Great Commission 11492: 11485: 11478: 11469: 11468: 11455: 11454: 11445: 11444: 11187:Redemptoristines 11035:Religious orders 10961:Anti-Catholicism 10911:Church buildings 10771:Catholic liturgy 10511:Consecrated life 10369:Apostolic Palace 10336:Synod of Bishops 10272: 10271: 10248: 9854:Ten Commandments 9787: 9786: 9769: 9670:Age of Discovery 9504:Great Commission 9472: 9471: 9456: 9410: 9403: 9396: 9387: 9386: 9373: 9372: 9361: 9360: 9359: 9338:Patriarch Kirill 9211:Pope John Paul I 9016:Anti-clericalism 8996:Pope Innocent XI 8916:Society of Jesus 8901:Council of Trent 8855:Age of Discovery 8800:Late Middle Ages 8702:High Middle Ages 8692:East–West Schism 8576:Pope Sylvester I 8522: 8521: 8511: 8510: 8421:General epistles 8416:Pauline epistles 8349:John the Baptist 8332:Great Commission 8294: 8293: 8245:Catholic culture 8135: 8128: 8121: 8112: 8111: 7969:(Routledge 1999) 7936:Thomas Worcester 7910: 7794: 7763: 7732: 7717:Eastern Orthodox 7714: 7697: 7691: 7685: 7684: 7674: 7668: 7665: 7659: 7656: 7650: 7647: 7641: 7638: 7629: 7626: 7620: 7617: 7611: 7608: 7599: 7596: 7590: 7587: 7581: 7567:Modern Philology 7560: 7554: 7551: 7542: 7524: 7518: 7515: 7509: 7506: 7500: 7497: 7491: 7488: 7482: 7479: 7473: 7470: 7464: 7461: 7455: 7452: 7446: 7443: 7437: 7434: 7425: 7398: 7379: 7370: 7364: 7343: 7337: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7313: 7304:. 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Some lived as 4540:Ernst of Bavaria 4428:("Happy Town"). 4399: 4311:Union of Utrecht 4307:Duchy of Brabant 4277:Governor-General 4186:Pasquier Quesnel 3899:deuterocanonical 3835:Epistle of James 3774:Council of Trent 3763:Council of Trent 3750: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3730: 3707: 3699: 3695:Council of Trent 3689:Council of Trent 3587:Long Turkish War 3549:(1570), and the 3539:Council of Trent 3475:Somaschi Fathers 3439:Matteo de Bascio 3431:Francis of Paola 2999: 2992: 2985: 2982: 2975: 2968: 2961: 2954: 2947: 2940: 2933: 2926: 2919: 2912: 2905: 2898: 2891: 2884: 2877: 2874: 2844:Council of Trent 2794: 2780:Gegenreformation 2774: 2728:, including the 2660:Council of Trent 2648:Catholic Revival 2644:Contrareformatio 2624: 2617: 2610: 2562:Luther Monuments 2557:Reformation Wall 2527:with subsequent 2491:Scottish Psalter 2405:Lutheran hymnals 2306:Calvin's liturgy 2301:Reformed worship 2222:Lutheran chorale 2065:Bohorič alphabet 1897:Schmalkaldic War 1795:Council of Trent 1770:John Frederick I 1669:Poland-Lithuania 1546:Jacobus Arminius 1456:Huldrych Zwingli 1379:German mysticism 1180: 1157: 1156: 1147: 1140: 1133: 1116: 1115: 993:Religious orders 760:Francisco Suárez 755:Francis de Sales 690:Charles Borromeo 611:Jusepe de Ribera 601:Scipione Pulzone 576:Orlando di Lasso 566:Jacobus de Kerle 546:Domenico Fontana 541:Anthony van Dyck 516:Federico Barocci 338:Schmalkaldic War 288:Augsburg Interim 199:Council of Trent 173: 172: 146: 139: 138: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 14385: 14384: 14380: 14379: 14378: 14376: 14375: 14374: 14355: 14354: 14353: 14348: 14326: 14314: 14268: 14223: 14141: 14022: 14016: 13971: 13896:One true church 13752: 13720: 13680: 13569: 13557: 13507: 13464: 13409: 13336:in Christianity 13322: 13308: 13302: 13294: 13253: 13229: 13221: 13178: 13173: 13143: 13138: 13088: 13075:Christian right 12977:Oxford Movement 12952:Restorationists 12923: 12838: 12771: 12706: 12657:Presbyterianism 12628: 12608:Book of Concord 12559: 12483: 12481: 12473: 12240: 12130: 12123: 11959: 11858: 11850: 11809:Clement of Rome 11739: 11732: 11636: 11630: 11519: 11501: 11496: 11466: 11461: 11439: 11431: 11410: 11393:Relief Services 11359: 11305:Catholic Action 11295:Military orders 11232:Confraternities 11224:of the faithful 11223: 11216: 11038: 11029: 10965: 10871: 10765: 10624: 10616: 10549:Prior, Prioress 10505: 10398: 10394:Vatican Museums 10345: 10278: 10264: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10247: 10241: 10166: 10120:Social teaching 10087: 10026: 9971: 9926:One true church 9890: 9867:Sixtine Vulgate 9863:Official Bible 9777: 9773: 9768: 9756: 9674: 9606: 9551: 9521:Petrine primacy 9464: 9460: 9455: 9447: 9419: 9417:Catholic Church 9414: 9384: 9379: 9367: 9357: 9355: 9347: 9269:World Youth Day 9247: 9236:World Youth Day 9180:Pacem in terris 9174:Pope John XXIII 9113: 9040: 9031:Edict of Nantes 8989: 8985: 8975: 8941:Teresa of Ávila 8936:Tridentine Mass 8872: 8868: 8859: 8840:Knights Templar 8794: 8696: 8652:Gregorian chant 8610: 8536: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8517: 8505: 8432: 8301: 8289: 8281: 8148: 8146:Catholic Church 8139: 8102: 8074: 8057: 8055:Primary sources 8032:Thaler, Peter. 7892:Bireley, Robert 7878: 7873: 7871:Further reading 7868: 7851:Wayback Machine 7831:Wayback Machine 7810:Wayback Machine 7760: 7741: 7736: 7735: 7715: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7700: 7692: 7688: 7675: 7671: 7666: 7662: 7657: 7653: 7648: 7644: 7639: 7632: 7627: 7623: 7618: 7614: 7609: 7602: 7597: 7593: 7588: 7584: 7578:Wayback Machine 7561: 7557: 7552: 7545: 7539:Wayback Machine 7525: 7521: 7516: 7512: 7507: 7503: 7498: 7494: 7489: 7485: 7480: 7476: 7471: 7467: 7462: 7458: 7453: 7449: 7444: 7440: 7435: 7428: 7422:Wayback Machine 7401:Fellerer, K. G. 7399: 7382: 7371: 7367: 7344: 7340: 7324: 7320: 7311: 7309: 7300: 7299: 7295: 7286: 7284: 7275: 7274: 7270: 7261: 7257: 7250: 7234: 7230: 7223: 7207: 7203: 7196: 7180: 7176: 7153:10.2307/3679084 7134: 7130: 7125: 7121: 7112: 7108: 7094: 7093: 7089: 7077: 7073: 7060: 7058: 7047:"The Ursulines" 7045: 7044: 7040: 7035:Wayback Machine 7025: 7021: 7006:Wayback Machine 6998: 6994: 6987: 6971: 6967: 6959: 6955: 6946: 6944: 6929: 6925: 6914: 6910: 6899: 6895: 6886: 6882: 6866: 6842: 6838: 6831:Catholic Online 6825: 6824: 6820: 6811: 6809: 6796: 6795: 6791: 6786: 6782: 6774: 6770: 6761: 6757: 6748: 6741: 6733: 6721: 6715: 6711: 6704: 6690: 6679: 6672: 6650: 6646: 6611: 6604: 6577: 6573: 6530: 6526: 6518: 6514: 6501: 6499: 6481: 6477: 6462: 6458: 6451: 6419: 6415: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6377: 6370: 6360: 6358: 6343: 6342: 6338: 6332:Wayback Machine 6321: 6317: 6308: 6306: 6291: 6287: 6278: 6276: 6263: 6262: 6258: 6248: 6246: 6231: 6230: 6217: 6212: 6143:Religion portal 6141: 6134: 6127: 6120: 6113: 6106: 6103: 6098: 6094:Vincent de Paul 6005:Pope Julius III 5889:Gabriel Vásquez 5851:Teresa of Ávila 5846: 5818:Galileo Galilei 5772:Julian calendar 5764: 5758: 5687:and "Spiritual 5612: 5575: 5549: 5496: 5491: 5280: 5253: 5247: 5199:Teresa of Ávila 5171:Carmelite Order 5151:Teresa of Ávila 5070: 5060:Teresa of Ávila 5050:Main articles: 5048: 4989:educating girls 4930: 4924: 4840: 4835: 4804:Catholic Church 4796: 4790: 4785: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4763: 4758: 4750:Main articles: 4748: 4743: 4735:Main articles: 4733: 4728: 4722: 4693:Edict of Nantes 4670: 4650:Main articles: 4648: 4577:Bohemian Revolt 4565: 4559: 4554: 4548: 4516: 4495: 4490: 4441:Altona, Hamburg 4433:Exulantenstädte 4418:Central Germany 4393: 4391:Exulantenstädte 4384: 4378: 4296:treaty of Arras 4261:the Netherlands 4241: 4227: 4225:The Netherlands 4222: 4210:Main articles: 4208: 4203: 4169: 4163: 4141: 4135: 4107:, which pitted 4093: 4078:Roman Catechism 4073: 4071:Roman Catechism 4067: 4064:Roman Catechism 4043: 4037: 3996:of the secular 3923:Roman Catechism 3911:Council of Rome 3812:Tridentine Mass 3796:medieval church 3751: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3720: 3708: 3697: 3691: 3656: 3650: 3643: 3607:Galileo Galilei 3599:Lyncean Academy 3593:in 1600, under 3547:Roman Rite Mass 3535: 3422:. In 1523, the 3412: 3374:Issues such as 3313:were held with 3283:devotio moderna 3270: 3255: 3254: 3253: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3241: 3240: 3235: 3234: 3229: 3228: 3223: 3222: 3217: 3216: 3211: 3210: 3205: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3192: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3179: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3158: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3141: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3105: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3086: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3077: 3076: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3060: 3059: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3041: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3024: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3015: 3014: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3001: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2855:Tridentine Mass 2840:status quo ante 2790: 2770: 2767: 2761: 2730:Spanish mystics 2628: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2576:Reformation Day 2566: 2517: 2509: 2508: 2507: 2496: 2484:Genevan Psalter 2478: 2473:Souterliedekens 2460: 2444: 2426: 2408: 2385: 2375: 2361: 2357:Paraphrase mass 2348: 2338: 2324: 2310: 2291: 2277: 2259: 2245: 2231: 2217: 2203: 2190: 2182: 2181: 2180: 2139: 2125: 2116: 2107: 2093: 2069: 2030: 2006: 1970: 1956: 1942: 1928: 1910: 1902: 1901: 1862: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1831: 1817: 1808: 1799: 1790:Catholic Church 1784: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1742:Gustav II Adolf 1737:Gabriel Bethlen 1732:Stephen Bocskai 1727:Jeanne d'Albret 1702:Oliver Cromwell 1687: 1679: 1678: 1571: 1563: 1562: 1506:François Hotman 1486:George Buchanan 1471:William Tyndale 1441: 1431: 1430: 1411: 1403: 1402: 1398:Johann Reuchlin 1349: 1341: 1340: 1311: 1301: 1300: 1276:Wessel Gansfort 1202: 1192: 1151: 1122: 1110: 1102: 1101: 1082:Nation-building 1057: 1049: 1048: 994: 986: 985: 954: 946: 945: 902: 894: 893: 695:Joseph Calasanz 668:Teresa of Ávila 661: 659: 651: 650: 499:Flemish Baroque 477: 475: 465: 464: 448:Tridentine Mass 406:Gregorian chant 391:Confraternities 386: 378: 377: 363:Bohemian Revolt 296: 290: 286: 284:Catholic League 282: 277: 269: 268: 262: 256: 250: 244: 238: 232: 229:Roman Catechism 226: 220: 214: 208: 202: 195: 182: 170: 162: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14383: 14373: 14372: 14367: 14350: 14349: 14347: 14346: 14336: 14323: 14320: 14319: 14316: 14315: 14313: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14282: 14276: 14274: 14270: 14269: 14267: 14266: 14261: 14260: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14237: 14231: 14229: 14225: 14224: 14222: 14221: 14216: 14211: 14206: 14201: 14192: 14187: 14185:Fundamentalism 14182: 14180:Existentialism 14177: 14172: 14167: 14162: 14157: 14151: 14149: 14143: 14142: 14140: 14139: 14134: 14133: 14132: 14122: 14117: 14112: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14092: 14091: 14090: 14080: 14079: 14078: 14073: 14071:God the Father 14068: 14063: 14058: 14048: 14047: 14046: 14035: 14033: 14024: 14018: 14017: 14015: 14014: 14009: 14004: 14003: 14002: 13992: 13987: 13981: 13979: 13973: 13972: 13970: 13969: 13968: 13967: 13957: 13952: 13951: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13935: 13930: 13925: 13920: 13910: 13909: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13891:Body of Christ 13888: 13878: 13873: 13868: 13867: 13866: 13856: 13851: 13850: 13849: 13844: 13839: 13834: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13793: 13792: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13766: 13764: 13758: 13757: 13754: 13753: 13751: 13750: 13741: 13736: 13730: 13728: 13726:Restorationist 13722: 13721: 13719: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13702: 13701: 13690: 13688: 13682: 13681: 13679: 13678: 13673: 13672: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13646: 13641: 13636: 13631: 13626: 13621: 13616: 13606: 13601: 13596: 13590: 13588: 13579: 13563: 13562: 13559: 13558: 13556: 13555: 13554: 13553: 13543: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13517: 13515: 13509: 13508: 13506: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13485: 13480: 13474: 13472: 13466: 13465: 13463: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13451: 13450: 13445: 13435: 13430: 13428:Late antiquity 13425: 13419: 13417: 13411: 13410: 13408: 13407: 13406: 13405: 13398:Church fathers 13395: 13390: 13389: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13327: 13325: 13314: 13296: 13295: 13293: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13261: 13259: 13255: 13254: 13252: 13251: 13246: 13241: 13235: 13233: 13223: 13222: 13220: 13219: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13183: 13180: 13179: 13172: 13171: 13164: 13157: 13149: 13140: 13139: 13137: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13110: 13109: 13104: 13093: 13090: 13089: 13087: 13086: 13081: 13072: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13040:Pentecostalism 13037: 13035:Jesus movement 13032: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12933: 12931: 12925: 12924: 12922: 12921: 12912: 12911: 12910: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12885: 12880: 12875: 12874: 12873: 12863: 12858: 12852: 12850: 12844: 12843: 12840: 12839: 12837: 12836: 12829: 12826:Martyrs Mirror 12822: 12817: 12812: 12810:Martyrs' Synod 12807: 12802: 12800:Swiss Brethren 12797: 12792: 12787: 12781: 12779: 12773: 12772: 12770: 12769: 12764: 12757: 12752: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12716: 12714: 12708: 12707: 12705: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12638: 12636: 12630: 12629: 12627: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12604: 12599: 12598: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12569: 12567: 12558: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12545:Law and Gospel 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12521: 12520: 12510: 12505: 12500: 12495: 12489: 12487: 12475: 12474: 12472: 12471: 12470: 12469: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12433: 12432: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12336: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12300: 12299: 12298: 12297: 12296: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12250: 12248: 12242: 12241: 12239: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12226:Ottoman Empire 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12177: 12176: 12171: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12135: 12133: 12125: 12124: 12122: 12121: 12116: 12115: 12114: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12040: 12039: 12038: 12037: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11986: 11985: 11980: 11969: 11967: 11961: 11960: 11958: 11957: 11955:Biblical canon 11952: 11951: 11950: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11910: 11909: 11904: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11878: 11877: 11866: 11864: 11856:Late antiquity 11852: 11851: 11849: 11848: 11843: 11842: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11804:Church Fathers 11797: 11792: 11787: 11786: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11744: 11742: 11734: 11733: 11731: 11730: 11729: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11677: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11646: 11640: 11638: 11632: 11631: 11629: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11527: 11525: 11521: 11520: 11518: 11517: 11512: 11506: 11503: 11502: 11495: 11494: 11487: 11480: 11472: 11463: 11462: 11460: 11459: 11449: 11436: 11433: 11432: 11430: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11411: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11369: 11367: 11361: 11360: 11358: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11340:Legion of Mary 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11291: 11290: 11289: 11288: 11278: 11277: 11276: 11269:Lay Carmelites 11266: 11256: 11255: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11228: 11226: 11218: 11217: 11215: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11117:Conceptionists 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11052:Assumptionists 11048: 11046: 11031: 11030: 11028: 11027: 11020: 11013: 11006: 11003: 11002: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10981: 10975: 10973: 10967: 10966: 10964: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10919: 10918: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10897: 10896: 10885: 10883: 10877: 10876: 10873: 10872: 10870: 10869: 10868: 10867: 10866: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10820: 10819: 10818: 10817: 10816: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10775: 10773: 10767: 10766: 10764: 10763: 10762: 10761: 10756: 10754:Syro-Malankara 10751: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10704:Italo-Albanian 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10636: 10630: 10628: 10618: 10617: 10615: 10614: 10613: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10592: 10587: 10586: 10585: 10575: 10574: 10573: 10568: 10558: 10553: 10552: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10522: 10515: 10513: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10487: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10431: 10430: 10429: 10424: 10413: 10411: 10400: 10399: 10397: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10374:Lateran Treaty 10371: 10366: 10361: 10355: 10353: 10347: 10346: 10344: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10332: 10331: 10321: 10320: 10319: 10314: 10300: 10295: 10286: 10284: 10269: 10243: 10242: 10240: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10193: 10192: 10187: 10176: 10174: 10168: 10167: 10165: 10164: 10163: 10162: 10157: 10147: 10146: 10145: 10135: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10110:Moral theology 10107: 10101: 10099: 10093: 10092: 10089: 10088: 10086: 10085: 10080: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10036: 10034: 10028: 10027: 10025: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10013: 10012: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9981: 9979: 9973: 9972: 9970: 9969: 9964: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9940: 9935: 9934: 9933: 9928: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9900: 9898: 9892: 9891: 9889: 9888: 9883: 9882: 9881: 9874: 9869: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9810: 9809: 9804: 9793: 9791: 9784: 9762: 9761: 9758: 9757: 9755: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9708: 9707: 9706: 9705: 9695: 9684: 9682: 9676: 9675: 9673: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9625:Pope Gregory I 9622: 9616: 9614: 9608: 9607: 9605: 9604: 9599: 9597:Biblical canon 9594: 9592:Late antiquity 9589: 9588: 9587: 9582: 9572: 9567: 9561: 9559: 9553: 9552: 9550: 9549: 9548: 9547: 9537: 9536: 9535: 9528:Church fathers 9525: 9524: 9523: 9518: 9508: 9507: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9480: 9478: 9469: 9462:Ecclesiastical 9449: 9448: 9446: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9424: 9421: 9420: 9413: 9412: 9405: 9398: 9390: 9381: 9380: 9378: 9377: 9365: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9317: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9266: 9261: 9255: 9253: 9249: 9248: 9246: 9245: 9244: 9243: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9176: 9171: 9164: 9159: 9157:Lateran Treaty 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9123: 9121: 9115: 9114: 9112: 9111: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9048: 9046: 9042: 9041: 9039: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8992: 8990: 8982:Baroque period 8980: 8977: 8976: 8974: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8951:Peter Canisius 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8926:Francis Xavier 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8890:Exsurge Domine 8886: 8881: 8875: 8873: 8864: 8861: 8860: 8858: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8830:Pope Clement V 8827: 8826: 8825: 8823:Avignon Papacy 8818:Western Schism 8815: 8810: 8808:Thomas Aquinas 8804: 8802: 8796: 8795: 8793: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8706: 8704: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8662:Saint Boniface 8659: 8654: 8649: 8647:Pope Gregory I 8644: 8639: 8634: 8628: 8626: 8620: 8619: 8616: 8615: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8586:Biblical canon 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8552: 8551: 8540: 8538: 8519: 8515:Late antiquity 8507: 8506: 8504: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8482: 8481: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8462:Pope Clement I 8452:Church Fathers 8449: 8443: 8441: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8430: 8429: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8377: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8335: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8308: 8306: 8291: 8283: 8282: 8280: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8258: 8257: 8252: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8221: 8220: 8215: 8213:Biblical canon 8208:Catholic Bible 8205: 8204: 8203: 8193: 8192: 8191: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8170: 8169: 8158: 8156: 8150: 8149: 8138: 8137: 8130: 8123: 8115: 8109: 8108: 8101: 8100:External links 8098: 8097: 8096: 8089: 8082: 8073: 8072:Historiography 8070: 8069: 8068: 8056: 8053: 8052: 8051: 8044: 8037: 8030: 8023: 8013: 8006: 8001:Olin, John C. 7999: 7992: 7977: 7970: 7963: 7952: 7943: 7932: 7925: 7918: 7911: 7902: 7889: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7866: 7854: 7834: 7813: 7795: 7764: 7758: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7729:protocanonical 7708: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7696:, p. 149. 7686: 7669: 7660: 7651: 7642: 7630: 7621: 7612: 7600: 7591: 7582: 7555: 7543: 7519: 7510: 7501: 7492: 7483: 7474: 7465: 7456: 7447: 7438: 7426: 7380: 7365: 7346:Blunt, Anthony 7338: 7318: 7293: 7268: 7255: 7248: 7228: 7221: 7201: 7194: 7174: 7128: 7119: 7106: 7087: 7079:Hughes, Philip 7071: 7038: 7019: 7009:Union of Brest 6992: 6985: 6965: 6953: 6923: 6908: 6893: 6880: 6864: 6858:. p. 75. 6850:. Issue 57 of 6836: 6818: 6789: 6780: 6778:, p. 157. 6768: 6755: 6739: 6731: 6709: 6702: 6677: 6670: 6644: 6602: 6571: 6544:(2): 154–170. 6524: 6522:, p. 295. 6512: 6475: 6456: 6449: 6413: 6399: 6368: 6336: 6315: 6285: 6256: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6132: 6118: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6073: 6070:Francis Xavier 6067: 6061: 6055: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6026: 6020: 6014: 6008: 6002: 5996: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5964:Luis de Molina 5961: 5956: 5951: 5945: 5939: 5934: 5928: 5922: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5884:Thomas Cajetan 5881: 5876: 5873:Peter Canisius 5870: 5865: 5859: 5854: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5814:Galileo affair 5757: 5754: 5749:Roman Breviary 5727:Corpus Christi 5665:Vincenzo Ruffo 5611: 5608: 5592:Pope Marcellus 5574: 5573:Saviour-Legend 5571: 5548: 5545: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5394:Paolo Veronese 5359:Sistine Chapel 5348: 5347: 5341:Sistine Chapel 5338: 5334: 5333: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5312: 5308: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5289: 5288: 5279: 5278:Decrees on art 5276: 5249:Main article: 5246: 5243: 5137: 5136: 5126: 5122: 5121: 5118: 5114: 5113: 5108: 5104: 5103: 5100: 5096: 5095: 5093:Paolo Veronese 5090: 5086: 5085: 5077: 5076: 5047: 5044: 4923: 4920: 4880:Czech Republic 4839: 4838:Areas affected 4836: 4834: 4831: 4819:Union of Brest 4789: 4786: 4781:Main article: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4765:Main article: 4762: 4759: 4747: 4744: 4732: 4729: 4724:Main article: 4721: 4718: 4689:series of wars 4677:Matanzas Inlet 4647: 4644: 4558: 4555: 4550:Main article: 4547: 4544: 4536:prince-elector 4512:Main article: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4456:Friedrichsdorf 4453: 4448: 4446:Bad Karlshafen 4443: 4437: 4424:("Joy Town"), 4380:Main article: 4377: 4374: 4226: 4223: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4165:Main article: 4162: 4157: 4137:Main article: 4134: 4129: 4125:Missio Suetica 4092: 4087: 4069:Main article: 4066: 4061: 4045:The 1559–1967 4039:Main article: 4036: 4031: 4015:Carlo Borromeo 4013:'s Archbishop 3907:Masoretic Text 3901:works (called 3891:Canon of Trent 3816:Catholic Faith 3787:, the sale of 3753: 3752: 3711: 3709: 3702: 3693:Main article: 3690: 3687: 3652:Main article: 3649: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3591:Giordano Bruno 3534: 3531: 3499:Adorno Fathers 3458:regular clergy 3411: 3408: 3376:papal nepotism 3337: 3336: 3330: 3325: 3296:Rita of Cascia 3269: 3266: 3265: 3264: 3261: 3249: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3194: 3189: 3188: 3187: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3176: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3155: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3138: 3137: 3136: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3121: 3120: 3119: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3102: 3101: 3100: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3083: 3082: 3081: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3057: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3038: 3037: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3021: 3020: 3019: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3003: 2996: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2979: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2871: 2870: 2869: 2868: 2867: 2866: 2865: 2858: 2851: 2810:confessionally 2760: 2757: 2755:in 1962–1965. 2722:religious life 2687:Imperial Diets 2630: 2629: 2627: 2626: 2619: 2612: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2572: 2565: 2564: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2536: 2531: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2505: 2497: 2495: 2494: 2487: 2479: 2477: 2476: 2469: 2461: 2459: 2458: 2453: 2445: 2443: 2442: 2435: 2432:Swenske songer 2427: 2425: 2424: 2417: 2409: 2407: 2406: 2391: 2384: 2383: 2376: 2374: 2373: 2362: 2360: 2359: 2349: 2347: 2346: 2339: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2325: 2323: 2322: 2320:Deutsche Messe 2317: 2315:Formula missae 2311: 2309: 2308: 2303: 2297: 2290: 2289: 2284: 2278: 2276: 2275: 2266: 2264:Anglican chant 2260: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2246: 2244: 2243: 2238: 2232: 2230: 2229: 2224: 2218: 2216: 2215: 2210: 2204: 2202: 2201: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2155: 2150: 2138: 2137: 2132: 2126: 2124: 2123: 2117: 2115: 2114: 2108: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2094: 2092: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2070: 2068: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2031: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2007: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1957: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1943: 1941: 1940: 1935: 1929: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1892:Wars of Kappel 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1863: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1843: 1837: 1830: 1829: 1824: 1818: 1816: 1815: 1809: 1807: 1806: 1800: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1707:James VI and I 1704: 1699: 1694: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1578: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1553: 1551:Roger Williams 1548: 1543: 1541:Richard Hooker 1538: 1536:Thomas Cranmer 1533: 1528: 1523: 1521:Thomas Müntzer 1518: 1516:Hubert Languet 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1442: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1388:printing press 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1359:Avignon Papacy 1356: 1354:Western Schism 1350: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1312: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1291:Friends of God 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1240: 1231: 1222: 1213: 1203: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1181: 1173: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1153: 1152: 1150: 1149: 1142: 1135: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1121: 1120: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1058: 1056:Related topics 1055: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 995: 992: 991: 988: 987: 984: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 955: 952: 951: 948: 947: 944: 943: 942: 941: 931: 926: 921: 914: 909: 903: 900: 899: 896: 895: 892: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 830: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 768: 767: 765:Francis Xavier 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 700:Peter Canisius 697: 692: 687: 676: 675: 670: 660: 657: 656: 653: 652: 649: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 621:Vincenzo Ruffo 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 507: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 476: 471: 470: 467: 466: 463: 462: 460:Works of mercy 457: 456: 455: 445: 440: 439: 438: 433: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 387: 384: 383: 380: 379: 376: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 308:Wars of Kappel 305: 278: 275: 274: 271: 270: 205:Exsurge Domine 196: 193: 192: 189: 188: 184: 183: 174: 166: 165: 157: 156: 148: 147: 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14382: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14362: 14360: 14345: 14337: 14335: 14330: 14325: 14324: 14321: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14277: 14275: 14271: 14265: 14262: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14247: 14243: 14242: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14232: 14230: 14226: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14196: 14193: 14191: 14188: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14152: 14150: 14148: 14144: 14138: 14135: 14131: 14128: 14127: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14120:Popular piety 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14089: 14086: 14085: 14084: 14081: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14053: 14052: 14049: 14045: 14042: 14041: 14040: 14037: 14036: 14034: 14032: 14028: 14025: 14019: 14013: 14010: 14008: 14005: 14001: 13998: 13997: 13996: 13993: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13982: 13980: 13978: 13974: 13966: 13963: 13962: 13961: 13958: 13956: 13953: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13934: 13931: 13929: 13926: 13924: 13921: 13919: 13916: 13915: 13914: 13911: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13901:People of God 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13883: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13865: 13862: 13861: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13829: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13772: 13771: 13768: 13767: 13765: 13763: 13759: 13747: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13731: 13729: 13727: 13723: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13700: 13697: 13696: 13695: 13692: 13691: 13689: 13687: 13683: 13677: 13674: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13635: 13632: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13611: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13600: 13597: 13595: 13592: 13591: 13589: 13587: 13583: 13580: 13577: 13573: 13568: 13567:Denominations 13564: 13552: 13549: 13548: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13537: 13536:Enlightenment 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13518: 13516: 13514: 13510: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13475: 13473: 13471: 13467: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13440: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13420: 13418: 13416: 13412: 13404: 13401: 13400: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13333: 13332: 13329: 13328: 13326: 13324: 13318: 13315: 13312: 13306: 13301: 13297: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13262: 13260: 13256: 13250: 13249:New Testament 13247: 13245: 13244:Old Testament 13242: 13240: 13237: 13236: 13234: 13232: 13228: 13224: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13184: 13181: 13177: 13170: 13165: 13163: 13158: 13156: 13151: 13150: 13147: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13129:Protestantism 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13099: 13098: 13095: 13094: 13091: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13076: 13073: 13070: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13030: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13002:Azusa Revival 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12982:Laestadianism 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12934: 12932: 12930: 12926: 12920: 12919:Old Lutherans 12916: 12913: 12909: 12906: 12905: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12872: 12869: 12868: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12853: 12851: 12849: 12845: 12835: 12834: 12830: 12828: 12827: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12782: 12780: 12778: 12774: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12762: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12717: 12715: 12713: 12709: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12639: 12637: 12635: 12631: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12609: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12585:Diet of Worms 12583: 12581: 12580: 12576: 12575: 12574: 12571: 12570: 12568: 12566: 12562: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12519: 12516: 12515: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12490: 12488: 12486: 12485:Protestantism 12480: 12476: 12468: 12465: 12464: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12431: 12428: 12427: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12305: 12304: 12301: 12295: 12292: 12291: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12271: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12251: 12249: 12247: 12243: 12237: 12236:North America 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12166: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12136: 12134: 12132: 12126: 12120: 12117: 12113: 12110: 12109: 12108: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12036: 12033: 12032: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12012: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11975: 11974: 11971: 11970: 11968: 11966: 11962: 11956: 11953: 11949: 11945: 11942: 11941: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11899: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11876: 11873: 11872: 11871: 11868: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11857: 11853: 11847: 11846:Early African 11844: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11829:Justin Martyr 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11806: 11805: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11750: 11749: 11746: 11745: 11743: 11741: 11735: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11703: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11651: 11650: 11649:Life of Jesus 11647: 11645: 11642: 11641: 11639: 11637:Apostolic Age 11633: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11528: 11526: 11522: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11507: 11504: 11500: 11493: 11488: 11486: 11481: 11479: 11474: 11473: 11470: 11458: 11450: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11437: 11434: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11412: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11388:Home Missions 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11370: 11368: 11366: 11362: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11287: 11284: 11283: 11282: 11281:Saint Francis 11279: 11275: 11272: 11271: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11264:Saint Dominic 11262: 11261: 11260: 11257: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11234: 11233: 11230: 11229: 11227: 11225: 11219: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11077:Bethlehemites 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11049: 11047: 11045: 11041: 11036: 11032: 11026: 11025: 11021: 11019: 11018: 11014: 11012: 11011: 11007: 11004: 11000: 10999:Vatican Radio 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10986: 10985: 10984:Vatican Media 10982: 10980: 10977: 10976: 10974: 10972: 10968: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10917: 10914: 10913: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10895: 10892: 10891: 10890: 10887: 10886: 10884: 10882: 10878: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10845: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10825: 10824: 10821: 10815: 10812: 10811: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10781: 10780: 10777: 10776: 10774: 10772: 10768: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10641: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10631: 10629: 10627: 10623: 10619: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10597: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10584: 10581: 10580: 10579: 10576: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10563: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10531: 10528: 10527: 10526: 10523: 10520: 10517: 10516: 10514: 10512: 10508: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10436: 10435: 10432: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10419: 10418: 10415: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10405: 10401: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10356: 10354: 10352: 10348: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10330: 10327: 10326: 10325: 10322: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10309: 10308: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10288: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10281:List of popes 10277: 10273: 10270: 10267: 10263: 10259: 10255: 10251: 10244: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10182: 10181: 10178: 10177: 10175: 10173: 10169: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10152: 10151: 10148: 10144: 10141: 10140: 10139: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10102: 10100: 10098: 10094: 10084: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10065:Mother of God 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10037: 10035: 10033: 10029: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10011: 10008: 10007: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9982: 9980: 9978: 9974: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9962: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9950:People of God 9948: 9946: 9945: 9941: 9939: 9938:Infallibility 9936: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9923: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9906: 9902: 9901: 9899: 9897: 9893: 9887: 9884: 9880: 9879: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9864: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9814:Body and soul 9812: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9799: 9798: 9795: 9794: 9792: 9788: 9785: 9782: 9781: 9776: 9772: 9767: 9763: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9717:Enlightenment 9715: 9713: 9710: 9704: 9701: 9700: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9690: 9689: 9688:Protestantism 9686: 9685: 9683: 9681: 9677: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9665:Scholasticism 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9650:Schism (1378) 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9635:Schism (1054) 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9617: 9615: 9613: 9609: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9577: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9562: 9560: 9558: 9554: 9546: 9543: 9542: 9541: 9538: 9534: 9531: 9530: 9529: 9526: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9513: 9512: 9509: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9486: 9485: 9482: 9481: 9479: 9477: 9473: 9470: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9454: 9450: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9425: 9422: 9418: 9411: 9406: 9404: 9399: 9397: 9392: 9391: 9388: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9364: 9354: 9353: 9350: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9333: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9271: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9256: 9254: 9250: 9242: 9239: 9238: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9216:Mother Teresa 9214: 9212: 9209: 9206: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9181: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9169: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9142:Pope Pius XII 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9116: 9110: 9109: 9108:Rerum novarum 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9092:Pope Leo XIII 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9062:United States 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9052:Pope Pius VII 9050: 9049: 9047: 9043: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8891: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8867: 8862: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8824: 8821: 8820: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8805: 8803: 8801: 8797: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8735:Scholasticism 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8710:Pope Urban II 8708: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8699: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8629: 8627: 8625: 8621: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8550: 8547: 8546: 8545: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8535: 8527: 8523: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8486:Justin Martyr 8484: 8480: 8477: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8459: 8458: 8455: 8454: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8435: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8398: 8397: 8396:New Testament 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8359:Commissioning 8357: 8356: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8314: 8313: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8303:Apostolic Age 8299: 8295: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8247: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8210: 8209: 8206: 8202: 8199: 8198: 8197: 8194: 8190: 8189:Papal primacy 8187: 8186: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8160: 8159: 8157: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8136: 8131: 8129: 8124: 8122: 8117: 8116: 8113: 8107: 8104: 8103: 8094: 8090: 8087: 8083: 8080: 8079:History Today 8076: 8075: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8058: 8049: 8045: 8042: 8038: 8035: 8031: 8028: 8024: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8011: 8007: 8004: 8000: 7997: 7993: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7975: 7971: 7968: 7964: 7961: 7958:(vol 5 1931) 7957: 7953: 7950: 7947: 7944: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7930: 7926: 7923: 7919: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7903: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7890: 7887: 7883: 7882:Bauer, Stefan 7880: 7879: 7876:General works 7865: 7861: 7860: 7855: 7852: 7848: 7845: 7841: 7840: 7835: 7832: 7828: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7814: 7811: 7807: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7771: 7765: 7761: 7759:1-86064-950-5 7755: 7751: 7750: 7744: 7743: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7713: 7709: 7695: 7690: 7682: 7681: 7673: 7664: 7655: 7646: 7637: 7635: 7625: 7619:Davey. p. 56. 7616: 7607: 7605: 7595: 7586: 7579: 7575: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7559: 7553:Davey. p. 52. 7550: 7548: 7540: 7536: 7533: 7529: 7523: 7514: 7505: 7496: 7487: 7478: 7469: 7460: 7451: 7442: 7433: 7431: 7423: 7419: 7416: 7412: 7411: 7406: 7402: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7378: 7374: 7369: 7363: 7362:0-19-881050-4 7359: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7342: 7336: 7335:0-521-56568-5 7332: 7328: 7322: 7308:on 2009-09-29 7307: 7303: 7297: 7282: 7278: 7272: 7265: 7259: 7251: 7249:9780203981320 7245: 7241: 7240: 7232: 7224: 7222:9780495573647 7218: 7214: 7213: 7205: 7197: 7195:9781568980102 7191: 7187: 7186: 7178: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7132: 7123: 7116: 7110: 7102: 7098: 7091: 7084: 7080: 7075: 7068: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7042: 7036: 7032: 7029: 7023: 7016: 7015: 7010: 7007: 7003: 7000: 6996: 6988: 6986:9780911697032 6982: 6978: 6977: 6969: 6963:, p. 14. 6962: 6957: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6927: 6920: 6919: 6912: 6906:16#1 pp 1–22. 6905: 6904: 6897: 6890: 6884: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6865:9781870252904 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6848: 6840: 6832: 6828: 6822: 6807: 6803: 6802:www.usccb.org 6799: 6793: 6784: 6777: 6772: 6765: 6759: 6752: 6751:Le XVe siècle 6746: 6744: 6734: 6732:9780631218395 6728: 6724: 6719: 6713: 6705: 6703:9781032506647 6699: 6695: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6673: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6648: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6609: 6607: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6575: 6567: 6563: 6559: 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Routledge. 6426: 6425: 6417: 6402: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6383: 6375: 6373: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6346: 6340: 6333: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6319: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6289: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6260: 6244: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6215: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6151:Anti-Papalism 6149: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6133: 6130: 6124: 6119: 6116: 6110: 6105: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6071: 6068: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6035:Pope Sixtus V 6033: 6030: 6027: 6024: 6021: 6018: 6015: 6012: 6009: 6006: 6003: 6000: 5999:Pope Paul III 5997: 5994: 5993:Pope Pius III 5991: 5988: 5985: 5982: 5979: 5976: 5973: 5970: 5969:Péter Pázmány 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5946: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5932: 5929: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5844:Major figures 5841: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5810: 5806: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5786: 5781: 5778:, a canon at 5777: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5724: 5723: 5718: 5714: 5713: 5708: 5704: 5703: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5677: 5674: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5607: 5605: 5599: 5597: 5596:Sistine Choir 5593: 5589: 5585: 5580: 5570: 5567: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5505: 5500: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5421:and Cardinal 5420: 5416: 5411: 5409: 5408: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5389: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5355: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5290: 5287: 5283: 5275: 5273: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5242: 5239: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5180: 5179:Thomas Merton 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5112: 5111:Oil on canvas 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5027: 5025: 5024:devotionalism 5021: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4998: 4996: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4982: 4977: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4948:, Cistercian 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4915: 4907: 4903: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4844:Protestantism 4830: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4795: 4784: 4772:Eastern Rites 4768: 4757: 4753: 4742: 4738: 4727: 4717: 4714: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4698:Peace of Alès 4694: 4690: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4632:Maria Theresa 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4553: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4373: 4371: 4365: 4361: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4206:British Isles 4198: 4196: 4191: 4188:(1634–1719). 4187: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4175: 4168: 4161: 4156: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4147: 4140: 4133: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4079: 4072: 4065: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4049: 4042: 4035: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3983:devotionalism 3980: 3976: 3972: 3971:Martin Luther 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3949: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3878:, the use of 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3831:just by faith 3828: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3770:Pope Paul III 3764: 3759: 3749: 3746: 3738: 3735:November 2018 3728: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3712:This section 3710: 3706: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3677: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3648: 3638: 3637:(1683–1699). 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3497:in 1584, the 3496: 3493:in 1583, the 3492: 3488: 3485:in 1535, the 3484: 3481:in 1530, the 3480: 3477:in 1528, the 3476: 3472: 3469:and Cardinal 3468: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3407: 3405: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3370: 3369:John Wycliffe 3366: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3305: 3302:, printing, 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3284: 3279: 3275: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3252: 2863: 2859: 2856: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2766: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2613: 2611: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2602: 2599: 2598:Protestantism 2596: 2595: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2570: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2551: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2522: 2521: 2513: 2512: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2498: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2462: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2446: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2428: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2390: 2389: 2381: 2378: 2377: 2371: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2295: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2228: 2227:Lutheran hymn 2225: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2186: 2185: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1987: 1986: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1961:Art conflicts 1959: 1958: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1914: 1906: 1905: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1861: 1856: 1855: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1835: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1780: 1779: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1765:Frederick III 1763: 1762: 1760: 1759: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1567: 1566: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1501:William Farel 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1481:Theodore Beza 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1446:Martin Luther 1444: 1443: 1440: 1435: 1434: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1407: 1406: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1345: 1344: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1321:Diet of Worms 1319: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1305: 1304: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1216:John Wycliffe 1214: 1212: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1189:Martin Luther 1187:, written by 1186: 1185: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1168: 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11072:Benedictines 11062:Augustinians 11022: 11015: 11008: 10989:Vatican News 10943:Distinctions 10749:Syro-Malabar 10634:Latin Church 10556:Grand master 10454:Metropolitan 10351:Vatican City 10246:Organisation 10125:Philosophers 9990:Confirmation 9967:In canon law 9961:Subsistit in 9959: 9955:Three states 9942: 9903: 9896:Ecclesiology 9878:Nova Vulgata 9876: 9834:Original sin 9829:Nicene Creed 9819:Divine grace 9778: 9697: 9660:Universities 9630:Papal States 9557:Great Church 9499:Resurrection 9476:Early Church 9330: 9326:Pope Francis 9252:21st century 9201:Pope Paul VI 9178: 9166: 9119:20th century 9106: 9057:Pope Pius IX 9045:19th century 9021:Pope Pius VI 8888: 8883: 8869: 8760:Latin Empire 8730:Universities 8682:Pope Leo III 8549:Christianity 8534:state church 8526:Great Church 8327:Resurrection 8290:(30–325/476) 8287:Early Church 8272:Latin Church 8267:Papal States 8262:Vatican City 8092: 8085: 8078: 8061: 8047: 8040: 8033: 8026: 8016: 8009: 8002: 7995: 7994:Ogg, David. 7980: 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Retrieved 6236: 6166: 6041:Matteo Ricci 6017:Pope Pius IV 6011:Pope Paul IV 5894:Luis de León 5808: 5802: 5783: 5765: 5747: 5745: 5730: 5720: 5710: 5700: 5681:Missa brevis 5678: 5673:homorhythmic 5669: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5635: 5622: 5604:Pope Pius IV 5602:Palestrina. 5600: 5576: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5524: 5509: 5497: 5489:Church music 5432: 5412: 5405: 5401: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5363:Michelangelo 5353: 5351: 5345:Vatican City 5305:Michelangelo 5285: 5269: 5254: 5235: 5207: 5195:Filippo Neri 5183: 5167:spirituality 5140: 5040:conciliarism 5032:Alexander VI 5028: 5020:Reformations 5014: 5006:observantine 4999: 4992: 4986: 4978: 4931: 4878:(now in the 4841: 4815:Clement VIII 4797: 4710: 4682: 4609: 4566: 4517: 4505: 4481:Neu-Isenburg 4451:Freudenstadt 4432: 4430: 4425: 4422:Freudenstadt 4421: 4388: 4385: 4366: 4362: 4343: 4300: 4288:Dutch Revolt 4285: 4265:Dutch Revolt 4254: 4249:Dirk Willems 4231:Dutch Revolt 4172: 4170: 4159: 4150: 4144: 4142: 4131: 4124: 4100: 4096: 4094: 4089: 4076: 4074: 4063: 4056: 4046: 4044: 4033: 4025: 3991: 3987:observantism 3959:Alexander VI 3952: 3945: 3933: 3926: 3919:Deuterocanon 3888: 3848: 3839: 3823: 3793: 3768: 3741: 3732: 3721:Please help 3716:verification 3713: 3680: 3674: 3672: 3666: 3662: 3646: 3603:Papal States 3577:, all under 3575:Matteo Ricci 3536: 3522: 3507: 3471:Gian Caraffa 3451: 3428: 3416:Benedictines 3413: 3401: 3385: 3373: 3360:Observantist 3359: 3357: 3338: 3309:A series of 3308: 3281: 3271: 3258: 3250: 3058:Renaissances 2833: 2829: 2824: 2816: 2788: 2784: 2768: 2742: 2738:Inquisitions 2703: 2676: 2667: 2647: 2635: 2633: 2568: 2567: 2549: 2548: 2519: 2500: 2489: 2482: 2471: 2464: 2448: 2437: 2430: 2419: 2412: 2400: 2394: 2387: 2386: 2293: 2292: 2287:Verse anthem 2282:Falsobordone 2192: 2141: 2140: 1984: 1983: 1972: 1971: 1966:Beeldenstorm 1924:Lutheran art 1912: 1846:Ferdinand II 1833: 1832: 1757: 1756: 1556: 1531:Menno Simons 1466:Martin Bucer 1331:Magisterials 1326:Luther Bible 1271:Berengarians 1182: 958: 916: 884:Gregory XIII 832: 831: 802:Maximilian I 782:Ferdinand II 770: 769: 745:Matteo Ricci 678: 677: 662: 596:Andrea Pozzo 591:Mattia Preti 509: 508: 478: 436:Sacred Heart 385:Spirituality 291: 263: 257: 251: 245: 239: 233: 227: 221: 215: 209: 203: 197: 175: 123: 114: 104: 97: 90: 83: 71: 59:Please help 54:verification 51: 14300:Persecution 14235:Christendom 14228:Cooperation 14165:Charismatic 14076:Holy Spirit 13985:Natural law 13948:Holy orders 13797:Christology 13790:Holy Spirit 13659:Pentecostal 13639:Evangelical 13634:Charismatic 13478:Monasticism 13470:Middle Ages 13433:Constantine 13376:Crucifixion 13258:Foundations 13134:Catholicism 13071:Protestants 13065:Evangelical 12740:39 Articles 12735:Elizabethan 12712:Anglicanism 12692:Westminster 12602:Melanchthon 12565:Lutheranism 12530:Nicodemites 12508:Arminianism 12479:Reformation 12420:Bonaventure 12395:Inquisition 12390:Waldensians 12340:Investiture 12318:Kievan Rus' 12274:Anglo-Saxon 12254:Pelagianism 12246:Middle Ages 12169:Iconodulism 12044:Thomas More 11965:Catholicism 11887:Monasticism 11870:Constantine 11795:Persecution 11753:Adoptionism 11738:Ante-Nicene 11681:Holy Spirit 11664:Crucifixion 11635:Origins and 11536:2nd and 3rd 11417:Health care 11403:Pax Christi 11355:Schoenstatt 11320:Sant'Egidio 11152:Legionaries 11132:Franciscans 11107:Cistercians 11102:Carthusians 11057:Annonciades 10916:Altarpieces 10809:West Syriac 10804:East Syriac 10784:Alexandrian 10408:Holy orders 10389:Swiss Guard 10329:Dicasteries 10324:Roman Curia 10222:Evangelists 10180:Holy Family 10115:Personalism 10105:Natural law 10083:Josephology 10017:Holy orders 9655:Inquisition 9612:Middle Ages 9602:Monasticism 9570:Constantine 9494:Crucifixion 9332:Laudato si' 9127:Pope Pius X 8956:Philip Neri 8931:Pope Pius V 8906:Thomas More 8775:Inquisition 8677:Charlemagne 8637:Monasticism 8447:Persecution 8339:Holy Spirit 8322:Crucifixion 8201:First seven 7960:online free 7137:Bossy, John 6961:Beales 2005 6656:: 446–457. 6625:: 163–251. 6441:10023/13238 6090:(1573–1651) 6084:(1548–1626) 6078:(1577–1640) 6072:(1506–1552) 6066:(1566–1632) 6060:(1467–1548) 6049:(1585–1642) 6043:(1552–1610) 6037:(1585–1590) 6031:(1572–1585) 6025:(1566–1572) 6023:Pope Pius V 6019:(1559–1565) 6013:(1555–1559) 6007:(1550–1555) 6001:(1534–1549) 5989:(1513–1521) 5983:(1515–1595) 5981:Philip Neri 5977:(1527–1598) 5971:(1570–1637) 5959:Thomas More 5950:(1542-1587) 5944:(1553–1558) 5933:(1638–1715) 5927:(1640–1705) 5921:(1578–1637) 5909:John Fisher 5875:(1521–1597) 5864:(1500–1558) 5853:(1515–1582) 5627:Karlskirche 5540:parody mass 5427:iconography 5402:Last Supper 5398:Holy Office 5245:Baroque art 5163:Philip Neri 5056:Philip Neri 4870:, southern 4825:clause and 4810:tradition. 4777:Middle East 4514:Cologne War 4394: [ 4247:Anabaptist 4184:theologian 4003:absenteeism 3998:Renaissance 3955:Renaissance 3948:apologetics 3868:pilgrimages 3857:, soul and 3808:Pope Pius V 3800:sacramental 3789:indulgences 3665:(left) and 3633:during the 3631:Innocent XI 3627:Holy League 3609:(later put 3543:Elizabeth I 3519:Philip Neri 3420:Cistercians 3404:Protestants 3353:indulgences 3349:Protestants 3335:(1512–1517) 3278:Paris Bible 3084:Waldensians 2801:Kulturkampf 2759:Terminology 2718:theological 2544:Rationalism 2353:Cyclic mass 2021:Anglo-Irish 1992:Elizabethan 1947:English art 1938:Swedish art 1697:Elizabeth I 1610:Czech Lands 1605:Netherlands 1581:Switzerland 1570:By location 1557:Many others 1461:John Calvin 1211:Waldensians 1207:Peter Waldo 1170:Reformation 1097:Renaissance 1092:Reformation 901:Inquisition 849:Clement VII 817:Sigismund I 740:Philip Neri 720:John Fisher 673:Thomas More 178:(1665), by 14359:Categories 14214:Prosperity 14190:Liberation 14130:Cathedrals 14115:Pilgrimage 14100:Literature 13977:Philosophy 13913:Sacraments 13886:Four marks 13847:Protestant 13822:Born again 13619:Anabaptist 13609:Protestant 13551:Influences 13513:Modern era 13217:By country 12856:Revivalism 12777:Anabaptism 12725:Henry VIII 12550:Literature 12174:Iconoclasm 12154:Chrysostom 12107:Vatican II 12073:Jansenists 12059:Mass rocks 11995:Lateran IV 11914:Athanasius 11834:Tertullian 11778:Marcionism 11773:Gnosticism 11726:Revelation 11644:Background 11172:Oratorians 11127:Dominicans 11097:Carmelites 11092:Camillians 11040:institutes 10853:Tridentine 10789:Antiochian 10709:Macedonian 10654:Belarusian 10544:Provincial 10459:Archbishop 10379:Roman Rota 10341:Properties 10266:By country 10262:Precedence 10227:Confessors 10207:Archangels 10197:Patriarchs 10097:Philosophy 10075:Veneration 10040:Assumption 10010:Last rites 9977:Sacraments 9921:Four marks 9732:Vatican II 9680:Modern era 9516:Succession 9205:coronation 8911:Pope Leo X 8496:Tertullian 8426:Revelation 8401:Background 7721:Septuagint 7694:Burke 1985 7377:Émile Mâle 7312:2008-07-08 7287:2008-07-08 6947:2020-05-30 6812:2019-06-07 6776:Walsh 1991 6520:Firpo 2016 6502:2017-10-24 6309:2023-01-22 6279:2023-01-22 6210:References 5987:Pope Leo X 5760:See also: 5463:Guido Reni 5443:Tintoretto 5435:Émile Mâle 5329:Dimensions 5117:Dimensions 5002:devotional 4981:Franciscan 4968:, and the 4966:Barnabites 4950:Feuillants 4866:including 4597:Regensburg 4520:Protestant 4461:Glückstadt 4431:A list of 4426:Glückstadt 4327:Maastricht 4257:Calvinists 4174:Unigenitus 4167:Unigenitus 4160:Unigenitus 3963:Pope Leo X 3882:, and the 3623:Innocent X 3619:Urban VIII 3569:, and the 3527:Oratorians 3521:founded a 3495:Camillians 3479:Barnabites 3443:Franciscan 3381:Savonarola 3190:Vatican II 3039:Lay Groups 3022:Mendicants 2846:(such as " 2763:See also: 2710:seminaries 2679:apologetic 2520:Conclusion 2002:Propaganda 1985:Literature 1247:Arnoldists 1200:Precursors 1029:Oratorians 1004:Barnabites 864:Julius III 626:Tintoretto 606:Guido Reni 368:Rohan Wars 265:Unigenitus 87:newspapers 14290:Criticism 14240:Ecumenism 14204:Mysticism 14170:Democracy 14160:Anarchism 14147:Movements 14110:Mythology 14088:Catechism 14083:Education 14000:Evolution 13923:Eucharist 13906:Canon law 13864:Theotokos 13859:Mariology 13817:Salvation 13807:Tradition 13654:Methodist 13614:Adventist 13448:Chalcedon 13022:Ecumenism 12972:Adventism 12962:Mormonism 12898:Millerism 12893:Methodism 12848:1640–1789 12750:Civil War 12697:Orthodoxy 12652:Huguenots 12634:Calvinism 12619:Eucharist 12614:Orthodoxy 12498:Eucharist 12430:Five Ways 12380:Dulcinian 12333:Pomerania 12259:Gregory I 12103:Vatican I 12093:Modernism 12078:Molinists 12068:Guadalupe 11939:Chalcedon 11934:Ephesus I 11924:Augustine 11800:Apostolic 11783:Montanism 11748:Diversity 11524:Centuries 11413:See also: 11365:Charities 11274:Discalced 11202:Trappists 11197:Theatines 11167:Olivetans 11112:Clarisses 11082:Blue nuns 11067:Basilians 11044:societies 10952:See also: 10838:Mozarabic 10828:Ambrosian 10814:Malankara 10799:Byzantine 10759:Ukrainian 10734:Ruthenian 10699:Hungarian 10684:Ethiopian 10659:Bulgarian 10626:sui iuris 10610:Postulant 10519:Religious 10474:Auxiliary 10469:Coadjutor 10439:Patriarch 10307:Cardinals 10254:Canon law 10250:Hierarchy 10232:Disciples 10155:Relations 10143:Evolution 10134:See also: 10079:See also: 10032:Mariology 10022:Matrimony 9995:Eucharist 9916:Ecumenism 9844:Salvation 9780:Catechism 9775:Tradition 9737:Communism 9585:Chalcedon 9221:Communism 9191:Ecumenism 8537:(380–451) 8529:(180–451) 8518:(313–476) 8440:(100–325) 7791:1385-3783 7169:144537144 7147:: 21–38. 7081:(1960) . 6874:0144-0241 6631:0066-6785 6597:0950-3129 6558:0021-8294 6406:7 October 5931:Louis XIV 5737:All Souls 5732:Dies Irae 5717:Pentecost 5693:sequences 5579:polyphony 5532:madrigals 5507:as 1322. 5479:Rembrandt 5375:Mannerism 5314:1537–1541 5203:canonized 4994:sola fide 4962:Theatines 4958:Ursulines 4954:Angelines 4934:Capuchins 4864:Habsburgs 4848:Lithuania 4827:Purgatory 4808:Byzantine 4800:Ruthenian 4708:in 1685. 4702:Louis XIV 4685:Huguenots 4628:Joseph II 4601:Nuremberg 4573:Rudolf II 4414:Rhineland 4255:When the 4190:Jansenism 4182:Jansenist 4143:The 1578 4095:The 1575 4075:The 1566 3994:pluralism 3975:95 Theses 3903:apocrypha 3820:salvation 3810:made the 3673:The 1530 3505:in 1621. 3483:Ursulines 3463:Theatines 3447:Capuchins 3429:In 1435, 3397:destroyed 3317:agendas: 3315:reformist 2792:‹See Tfd› 2772:‹See Tfd› 2745:colonized 2683:polemical 2550:Monuments 2294:Liturgies 2273:Polyphony 2269:Homophony 2213:Hymn tune 2098:Icelandic 2079:Norwegian 1841:Charles V 1827:Criticism 1511:John Knox 1309:Beginning 1257:Ratramnus 1044:Ursulines 1039:Theatines 1009:Capuchins 844:Adrian VI 827:William V 812:Philip II 792:Louis XIV 787:Leopold I 777:Charles V 489:Polyphony 484:Mannerism 421:Mariology 333:Dacke War 117:June 2020 14344:Category 14209:Pacifism 14023:features 14007:Politics 13960:Ablution 13928:Marriage 13832:Catholic 13762:Theology 13669:Reformed 13649:Lutheran 13644:Holiness 13624:Anglican 13594:Catholic 13498:Crusades 13443:Nicaea I 13393:Apostles 13366:Miracles 13361:Parables 13351:Ministry 13341:Nativity 13305:timeline 13202:Prophets 13197:Glossary 13114:Theology 13102:Missions 13097:Timeline 13069:Mainline 13017:Pacifism 12866:Baptists 12785:Theology 12745:Puritans 12720:Timeline 12662:Scotland 12590:Theology 12437:Wycliffe 12385:Crusades 12360:Bogomils 12313:Bulgaria 12269:Germanic 12221:Ethiopia 12119:Timeline 11897:Nicaea I 11892:Councils 11824:Irenaeus 11819:Ignatius 11814:Polycarp 11768:Donatism 11763:Docetism 11758:Arianism 11659:Ministry 11457:Category 11350:Opus Dei 11335:Scouting 11325:Focolare 11192:Servites 11177:Piarists 11122:Crosiers 10858:Anglican 10794:Armenian 10724:Romanian 10714:Maronite 10689:Georgian 10679:Eritrean 10664:Chaldean 10649:Armenian 10644:Albanian 10525:Superior 10484:Emeritus 10464:Diocesan 10317:Advisers 10276:Holy See 10202:Prophets 10160:Politics 9931:Catholic 9911:Councils 9766:Theology 9645:Crusades 9580:Nicaea I 9511:Apostles 9489:Ministry 9458:Timeline 9438:Glossary 9231:HIV/AIDS 8725:Crusades 8479:Irenaeus 8472:Ignatius 8467:Polycarp 8317:Ministry 8305:(30–100) 8179:Timeline 7983:(2015). 7864:in JSTOR 7847:Archived 7844:in JSTOR 7827:Archived 7824:in JSTOR 7806:Archived 7803:in JSTOR 7574:Archived 7571:in JSTOR 7535:Archived 7532:in JSTOR 7418:Archived 7415:in JSTOR 7281:Archived 7055:Archived 7031:Archived 7002:Archived 6941:Archived 6806:Archived 6804:. 2007. 6766:, (1907) 6737:, Part 1 6639:23563707 6496:Archived 6361:18 April 6328:Archived 6303:Archived 6273:Archived 6243:Archived 6179:Crusades 6169:(series) 6101:See also 5904:John Eck 5830:Florence 5780:Frombork 5768:calendar 5739:and for 5689:Madrigal 5621:(1729): 5536:chansons 5475:Zurbarán 5455:El Greco 5379:Orthodox 5337:Location 5272:theology 5125:Location 5010:legalist 4896:Slovenia 4833:Outcomes 4823:Filioque 4524:Catholic 4508:in 1624. 3979:humanism 3941:humanist 3931:(1992). 3859:divinity 3804:doctrine 3611:on trial 3503:Piarists 3341:Hussites 2876:Councils 2842:of, the 2732:and the 2695:European 2670:(Latin: 2652:Catholic 2586:Anglican 2581:Lutheran 2380:Sequence 2345:in music 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