534:
1554:
5790:
Spondyloarthritis
Research Consortium of Canada (SPARCC), Maastricht Ankylosing Spondylitis Enthesis Score (MASES), Leeds Dactylitis Index (LDI), Patient Global for Psoriatic Arthritis, Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), Psoriatic Arthritis Quality of Life (PsAQOL), Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-F), Psoriatic Arthritis Response Criteria (PsARC), Psoriatic Arthritis Joint Activity Index (PsAJAI), Disease Activity in Psoriatic Arthritis (DAPSA), and Composite Psoriatic Disease Activity Index (CPDAI)".
1323:
1595:
can cause other inflammatory complications including cardiovascular complications. A study used fluorodeoxyglucose F-18 positron emission tomography computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) to measure aortic vascular inflammation in psoriasis patients, and found increased coronary artery disease indices, including total plaque burden, luminal stenosis, and high-risk plaques in people with psoriasis. Similarly, it was found that there is 11% reduction in aortic vascular inflammation when there is 75% reduction in PASI score.
1199:) and an overabundance of skin cells result from the sequence of pathological events in psoriasis. The sequence of pathological events in psoriasis is thought to start with an initiation phase in which an event (skin trauma, infection, or drugs) leads to activation of the immune system and then the maintenance phase consisting of chronic progression of the disease. Skin cells are replaced every 3–5 days in psoriasis rather than the usual 28–30 days. These changes are believed to stem from the premature maturation of
2260:
640:
1906:
1625:
522:
2221:(DHA). A low-calorie diet appears to reduce the severity of psoriasis. Diet recommendations include consumption of cold water fish (preferably wild fish, not farmed) such as salmon, herring, and mackerel; extra virgin olive oil; legumes; vegetables; fruits; and whole grains; and avoid consumption of alcohol, red meat, and dairy products (due to their saturated fat). The effect of consumption of caffeine (including coffee, black tea, mate, and dark chocolate) remains to be determined.
1260:(DNA) released from dying cells acts as an inflammatory stimulus in psoriasis and stimulates the receptors on certain dendritic cells, which in turn produce the cytokine interferon-α. In response to these chemical messages from dendritic cells and T cells, keratinocytes also secrete cytokines such as interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, which signal downstream inflammatory cells to arrive and stimulate additional inflammation.
792:
498:
510:
558:
681:(erythrodermic psoriasis) involves widespread inflammation and exfoliation of the skin over most of the body surface, often involving greater than 90% of the body surface area. It may be accompanied by severe dryness, itching, swelling, and pain. It can develop from any type of psoriasis. It is often the result of an exacerbation of unstable plaque psoriasis, particularly following the abrupt withdrawal of systemic
800:
479:
1073:. The diminished CD4+-T cell presence is thought to cause an overactivation of CD8+-T cells, which are responsible for the exacerbation of psoriasis in HIV-positive people. Psoriasis in those with HIV/AIDS is often severe and may be untreatable with conventional therapy. In those with long-term, well-controlled psoriasis, new HIV infection can trigger a severe flare-up of psoriasis and/or psoriatic arthritis.
1809:
tanning is already used by many people as a treatment for psoriasis; one indoor facility reported that 50% of its clients were using the center for psoriasis treatment; another reported 36% were doing the same thing. However, a concern with the use of commercial tanning is that tanning beds that primarily emit UVA might not effectively treat psoriasis. One study found that plaque psoriasis is responsive to
45:
10800:
2318:
with psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis have a slightly higher risk of heart disease and heart attacks when compared to the general population. Cardiovascular disease risk appeared to be correlated with the severity of psoriasis and its duration. There is no strong evidence to suggest that psoriasis is associated with an increased risk of death from cardiovascular events.
1757:, and a theoretical risk of nonmelanoma cancer or melanoma has been suggested. Some studies indicate no increased risk of melanoma in the long term. Data are inconclusive with respect to nonmelanoma skin cancer risk, but support the idea that the therapy is associated with an increased risk of benign forms of sun-induced skin damage such as, but not limited to,
1690:(an oil-in-water emollient) were found to increase the clearance of psoriatic plaques. Some emollients have been shown to be even more effective at clearing psoriatic plaques when combined with phototherapy. Certain emollients, though, have no impact on psoriasis plaque clearance or may even decrease the clearance achieved with phototherapy, e.g. the emollient
2252:
Itching and pain can interfere with basic functions, such as self-care and sleep. Participation in sporting activities, certain occupations, and caring for family members can become difficult activities for those with plaques located on their hands and feet. Plaques on the scalp can be particularly embarrassing, as flaky plaque in the hair can be mistaken for
1045:-positive (HIV) individuals is comparable to that of HIV-negative individuals, but psoriasis tends to be more severe in people infected with HIV. A much higher rate of psoriatic arthritis occurs in HIV-positive individuals with psoriasis than in those without the infection. The immune response in those infected with HIV is typically characterized by
348:. Plaque psoriasis, also known as psoriasis vulgaris, makes up about 90% of cases. It typically presents as red patches with white scales on top. Areas of the body most commonly affected are the back of the forearms, shins, navel area, and scalp. Guttate psoriasis has drop-shaped lesions. Pustular psoriasis presents as small, noninfectious,
1702:, when used as an emollient in psoriasis, has been found to decrease plaque clearance with phototherapy. Medicated creams and ointments applied directly to psoriatic plaques can help reduce inflammation, remove built-up scale, reduce skin turnover, and clear affected skin of plaques. Ointment and creams containing coal tar,
572:). The skin under and surrounding the pustules is red and tender. Pustular psoriasis can either be localized or more widespread throughout the body. Two types of localized pustular psoriasis include psoriasis pustulosa palmoplantaris and acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau; both forms are localized to the hands and feet.
6516:
Menter A, Korman NJ, Elmets CA, Feldman SR, Gelfand JM, Gordon KB, Gottlieb A, Koo JY, Lebwohl M, Lim HW, Van
Voorhees AS, Beutner KR, Bhushan R (April 2009). "Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Section 3. Guidelines of care for the management and treatment of
5739:
Mrowietz U, Kragballe K, Reich K, Spuls P, Griffiths CE, Nast A, Franke J, Antoniou C, Arenberger P, Balieva F, Bylaite M, Correia O, Daudén E, Gisondi P, Iversen L, Kemény L, Lahfa M, Nijsten T, Rantanen T, Reich A, Rosenbach T, Segaert S, Smith C, Talme T, Volc-Platzer B, Yawalkar N (January 2011).
2469:
Psoriasis is estimated to affect 2–4% of the population of the western world. The rate of psoriasis varies according to age, region and ethnicity; a combination of environmental and genetic factors is thought to be responsible for these differences. Psoriasis is about five times more common in people
2113:
against monoclonal antibodies. Neutralization occurs when an antidrug antibody prevents a monoclonal antibody such as infliximab from binding antigen in a laboratory test. Specifically, neutralization occurs when the anti-drug antibody binds to infliximab's antigen binding site instead of TNF-α. When
1998:
are manufactured proteins that interrupt the immune process involved in psoriasis. Unlike generalized immunosuppressive medical therapies such as methotrexate, biologics target specific aspects of the immune system contributing to psoriasis. These medications are generally well-tolerated, and limited
1796:
are most common. These lamps have been developed for this treatment. The exposure time should be controlled to avoid overexposure and burning of the skin. The UVB lamps should have a timer that turns off the lamp when the time ends. The dose is increased in every treatment to let the skin get used to
2649:
billion in direct costs. Pharmacy costs are the main source of direct expense, with biologic therapy the most prevalent. These costs increase significantly when co-morbid conditions such as heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, lung disease and psychiatric disorders are factored in. Expenses linked
1836:
and stops it. The interruption of the cell cycle induced by NB-UVB opposes the characteristic rapid division of skin cells seen in psoriasis. The activity of many types of immune cells found in the skin is also effectively suppressed by NB-UVB phototherapy treatments. The most common short-term side
1820:
as carcinogens. Exposure to UV light is known to increase the risks of melanoma and squamous cell and basal cell carcinomas; younger people with psoriasis, particularly those under age 35, are at increased risk from melanoma from UV light treatment. A review of studies recommends that people who are
1594:
There is 2.2 times increased risk of cardiovascular complications in people with psoriasis. Also, people with psoriasis are more susceptible to myocardial infarction (heart attack) and stroke. It has been speculated that there is systemic inflammation in psoriasis, which drives “psoriatic march” and
810:
and produces a variety of changes in the appearance of fingers and toenails. Nail psoriasis occurs in 40–45% of people with psoriasis affecting the skin, and has a lifetime incidence of 80–90% in those with psoriatic arthritis. These changes include pitting of the nails (pinhead-sized depressions in
2317:
of diabetes is 27% higher in people affected by psoriasis than in those without the condition. Severe psoriasis may be even more strongly associated with the development of diabetes than mild psoriasis. Younger people with psoriasis may also be at increased risk for developing diabetes. Individuals
1585:
Psoriasis is not just a skin disease. The symptoms of psoriasis can sometimes go beyond the skin and can have a negative impact on the quality of life of the affected individuals. Additionally, the co-morbidities increase the treatment and financial burden of psoriasis and should be considered when
425:
therapies targeting specific immunologic pathways. About 75% of skin involvement improves with creams alone. The disease affects 2–4% of the population. Men and women are affected with equal frequency. The disease may begin at any age, but typically starts in adulthood. Psoriasis is associated with
2428:
with psoriasis, and the relationship has been questioned. Psoriasis has been associated with a 16% increase in overall relative risk for non-skin cancer, thought to be attributed to systemic therapy, particularly methotrexate. People treated with long term systemic therapy for psoriasis have a 52%
1576:
The PASI is the most widely used measurement tool for psoriasis. It assesses the severity of lesions and the area affected and combines these two factors into a single score from 0 (no disease) to 72 (maximal disease). Nevertheless, the PASI can be too unwieldy to use outside of research settings,
1572:
The DLQI is a 10-question tool used to measure the impact of several dermatologic diseases on daily functioning. The DLQI score ranges from 0 (minimal impairment) to 30 (maximal impairment) and is calculated with each answer being assigned 0–3 points with higher scores indicating greater social or
5789:
Mease PJ (November 2011). "Measures of psoriatic arthritis: Tender and
Swollen Joint Assessment, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (NAPSI), Modified Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (mNAPSI), Mander/Newcastle Enthesitis Index (MEI), Leeds Enthesitis Index (LEI),
2383:
has been associated with decreased psoriasis severity, as measured by PASI score, and has also been associated with improvements in other cardiovascular disease risk factors such as markers of inflammation. These cardioprotective effects are attributed to ability of statins to improve blood lipid
2251:
Most people with psoriasis experience nothing more than mild skin lesions that can be treated effectively with topical therapies. Depending on the severity and location of outbreaks, people may experience significant physical discomfort and some disability, affecting the person's quality of life.
1603:
Depression or depressive symptoms are present in 28–55% of people with psoriasis. People with psoriasis are often stigmatized due to visible disfigurement of the skin. Social stigmatization is a risk factor for depression, however, other immune system factors may also be related to this observed
653:
is an inflammatory condition characterized by numerous small, scaly, red or pink, droplet-like lesions (papules). These numerous papules appear over large areas of the body, primarily the trunk, limbs, and scalp, but typically spares the palms and soles. Guttate psoriasis is often triggered by a
1808:
One of the problems with clinical phototherapy is the difficulty many people have gaining access to a facility. Indoor tanning resources are almost ubiquitous today and could be considered as a means for people to get UV exposure when dermatologist-provided phototherapy is not available. Indoor
1540:
The classification of psoriasis as an autoimmune disease has sparked considerable debate. Researchers have proposed differing descriptions of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis; some authors have classified them as autoimmune diseases while others have classified them as distinct from autoimmune
2002:
Guidelines regard biologics as third-line treatment for plaque psoriasis following inadequate response to topical treatment, phototherapy, and non-biologic systemic treatments. The safety of biologics during pregnancy has not been assessed. European guidelines recommend avoiding biologics if a
1401:
keep their nuclei. Inflammatory infiltrates can typically be seen on microscopy when examining skin tissue or joint tissue affected by psoriasis. Epidermal skin tissue affected by psoriatic inflammation often has many CD8+ T cells, while a predominance of CD4+ T cells makes up the inflammatory
666:
There is no firm evidence regarding best management for guttate psoriasis; however, first line therapy for mild guttate psoriasis typically includes topical corticosteroids. Phototherapy can be used for moderate or severe guttate psoriasis. Biologic treatments have not been well studied in the
2611:
were also commonly used treatments for psoriasis during this era when it was incorrectly believed that psoriasis was an infectious disease. Coal tars were widely used with ultraviolet light irradiation as a topical treatment approach in the early 1900s. During the same time period, psoriatic
1632:
While no cure is available for psoriasis, many treatment options exist. Topical agents are typically used for mild disease, phototherapy for moderate disease, and systemic agents for severe disease. There is no evidence to support the effectiveness of conventional topical and systemic drugs,
1864:
of PUVA is unknown, but probably involves activation of psoralen by UVA light, which inhibits the abnormally rapid production of the cells in psoriatic skin. There are multiple mechanisms of action associated with PUVA, including effects on the skin's immune system. PUVA is associated with
662:
is most commonly seen in children and young adults and diagnosis is typically made based on history and clinical exam findings. Skin biopsy can also be performed which typically shows a psoriasiform reaction pattern characterized by epidermal hyperplasia with elongation of the rete ridges.
2624:
The
International Federation of Psoriasis Associations (IFPA) is the global umbrella organization for national and regional psoriasis associations and also gathers the leading experts in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis research for scientific conferences every three years. The Psoriasis
1670:
For psoriasis of the scalp, a 2016 review found dual therapy (vitamin D analogues and topical corticosteroids) or corticosteroid monotherapy to be more effective and safer than topical vitamin D analogues alone. Due to their similar safety profiles and minimal benefit of dual therapy over
4406:
Jordan CT, Cao L, Roberson ED, Duan S, Helms CA, Nair RP, Duffin KC, Stuart PE, Goldgar D, Hayashi G, Olfson EH, Feng BJ, Pullinger CR, Kane JP, Wise CA, Goldbach-Mansky R, Lowes MA, Peddle L, Chandran V, Liao W, Rahman P, Krueger GG, Gladman D, Elder JT, Menter A, Bowcock AM (May 2012).
920:
have identified other genes that are altered to characteristic variants in psoriasis. Some of these genes express inflammatory signal proteins, which affect cells in the immune system that are also involved in psoriasis. Some of these genes are also involved in other autoimmune diseases.
7255:
Hueber W, Patel DD, Dryja T, Wright AM, Koroleva I, Bruin G, Antoni C, Draelos Z, Gold MH, Durez P, Tak PP, Gomez-Reino JJ, Foster CS, Kim RY, Samson CM, Falk NS, Chu DS, Callanan D, Nguyen QD, Rose K, Haider A, Di Padova F (October 2010). "Effects of AIN457, a fully human antibody to
2288:
has been associated with psoriasis. Many tools exist to measure the quality of life of people with psoriasis and other dermatological disorders. Clinical research has indicated individuals often experience a diminished quality of life. Children with psoriasis may encounter
2069:
for plaque psoriasis. There have been few studies of the efficacy of anti-TNF medications for psoriasis in children. One randomized control study suggested that 12 weeks of etanercept treatment reduced the extent of psoriasis in children with no lasting adverse effects.
8877:
2519:. However, it is more likely that this confusion arose from the use of the same Greek term for both conditions. The Greeks used the term lepra (λέπρα) for scaly skin conditions. They used the term psora (ψώρα) to describe itchy skin conditions. It became known as
1744:
light. This is cost-effective and it has been propagated as an effective way to treat psoriasis without medication. Decreases of PASI scores greater than 75% and remission for several months have commonly been observed. Side effects may be mild such as itchiness,
7569:"Apremilast, an oral phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor, in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: Results of a phase III, randomized, controlled trial (Efficacy and Safety Trial Evaluating the Effects of Apremilast in Psoriasis [ESTEEM] 1)"
2481:
Psoriasis can occur at any age, although it is more frequent in adults and commonly appears for the first time between the ages of 15 and 25 years. Approximately one third of people with psoriasis report being diagnosed before age 20. Psoriasis affects both
2333:
higher in people with psoriasis than those without the condition; these odds are even higher with severe cases of psoriasis. A similar association was noted in people who have psoriatic arthritis—the odds of having hypertension were found to be 2.07 times
1326:
Micrograph of psoriasis vulgaris. Confluent parakeratosis, psoriasiform epidermal hyperplasia , hypogranulosis, and influx of numerous neutrophils in the corneal layer . (B) Transepidermal migration of neutrophils from the dermis to the corneal layer
1999:
long-term outcome data have demonstrated biologics to be safe for long-term use in moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. However, due to their immunosuppressive actions, biologics have been associated with a small increase in the risk for infection.
882:
studies suggest a 70% chance of a twin developing psoriasis if the other twin has the disorder. The risk is around 20% for fraternal twins. These findings suggest both a genetic susceptibility and an environmental response in developing psoriasis.
2093:
cells that line blood vessels, which attract T cells. Efalizumab was voluntarily withdrawn from the
European market in February 2009, and from the U.S. market in June 2009, by the manufacturer due to the medication's association with cases of
2296:
Several conditions are associated with psoriasis including obesity, cardiovascular, and metabolic disturbances. These occur more frequently in older people. Nearly half of individuals with psoriasis over the age of 65 have at least three
2342:
greater when compared to odds of the general population. The link between psoriasis and hypertension is not currently understood. Mechanisms hypothesized to be involved in this relationship include the following: dysregulation of the
1604:
increased incidence of depression in people with psoriasis. There is some evidence that increased inflammatory signals in the body could also contribute to depression in people with chronic inflammatory diseases, including psoriasis.
855:
The cause of psoriasis is not fully understood. Genetics, seasonal changes, skin damage, climate, immunocompromised state, specific infections, and the use of some medications have been connected with different types of psoriasis.
701:, another common papulosquamous disorder that commonly involves both the skin and mouth. When psoriasis involves the oral mucosa (the lining of the mouth), it may be asymptomatic, but it may appear as white or grey-yellow plaques.
2122:, a biologic medication that is a fusion protein composed of two TNF-α receptors. The lack of neutralizing antibodies against etanercept is probably secondary to the innate presence of the TNF-α receptor, and the development of
8857:
2149:, certolizumab, and ustekinumab. In general, anti-IL17, anti-IL12/23, anti-IL23, and anti-TNF alpha biologics were found to be more effective than traditional systemic treatments. The immunologic pathways of psoriasis involve
2270:
Individuals with psoriasis may feel self-conscious about their appearance and have a poor self-image that stems from fear of public rejection and psychosexual concerns. Psoriasis has been associated with low self-esteem and
618:
is a subtype of psoriasis common in infants under the age of two and is characterized by red papules with silver scale in the diaper area that may extend to the torso or limbs. Napkin psoriasis is often misdiagnosed as
2275:
is more common among those with the condition. People with psoriasis often feel prejudiced against due to the commonly held incorrect belief that psoriasis is contagious. Psychological distress can lead to significant
709:(migratory stomatitis) is very similar to the appearance of psoriasis. A recent study just found an association between the two conditions, and it suggests that geographic tongue might be a predictor to psoriasis.
486:
Psoriasis vulgaris (also known as chronic stationary psoriasis or plaque-like psoriasis) is the most common form and affects 85–90% of people with psoriasis. Plaque psoriasis typically appears as raised areas of
9154:
9139:
1653:. Very potent topical corticosteroids may be helpful in some cases, however, it is suggested to only use them for four weeks at a time and only if other less potent topical treatment options are not working.
7761:
1616:(~1.5 odds ratio). A genome-wide based genetic study found that psoriasis and type 2 diabetes share four loci, namely, ACTR2, ERLIN1, TRMT112, and BECN1, which are connected via inflammatory NF-κB pathway.
886:
Psoriasis has a strong hereditary component, and many genes are associated with it, but how those genes work together is unclear. Most of the identified genes relate to the immune system, particularly the
865:
9281:
4456:
Jordan CT, Cao L, Roberson ED, Pierson KC, Yang CF, Joyce CE, Ryan C, Duan S, Helms CA, Liu Y, Chen Y, McBride AA, Hwu WL, Wu JY, Chen YT, Menter A, Goldbach-Mansky R, Lowes MA, Bowcock AM (May 2012).
5539:
Griffiths CE, Christophers E, Barker JN, Chalmers RJ, Chimenti S, Krueger GG, Leonardi C, Menter A, Ortonne JP, Fry L (February 2007). "A classification of psoriasis vulgaris according to phenotype".
670:
Guttate psoriasis has a better prognosis than plaque psoriasis and typically resolves within 1–3 weeks; however, up to 40% of patients with guttate psoriasis eventually convert to plaque psoriasis.
705:
is the most common finding in those with oral psoriasis and has been reported to occur in 6.5–20% of people with psoriasis affecting the skin. The microscopic appearance of oral mucosa affected by
993:
have both been strongly linked with psoriasis. T cells are involved in the inflammatory process that leads to psoriasis. These genes are on the pathway that upregulate tumor necrosis factor-α and
819:, yellow-reddish discoloration of the nails known as the oil drop or salmon spots, dryness, thickening of the skin under the nail (subungual hyperkeratosis), loosening and separation of the nail (
2963:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
1251:. The inflammatory cytokines found in psoriatic nails and joints (in the case of psoriatic arthritis) are similar to those of psoriatic skin lesions, suggesting a common inflammatory mechanism.
1507:
and is most commonly subdivided into different categories based on histological characteristics. Variants include plaque, pustular, guttate, and flexural psoriasis. Each form has a dedicated
2694:
3324:
Robinson A, Van
Voorhees AS, Hsu S, Korman NJ, Lebwohl MG, Bebo BF, Kalb RE (August 2012). "Treatment of pustular psoriasis: from the Medical Board of the National Psoriasis Foundation".
2050:, have been developed against pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibit the inflammatory pathway at a different point than the anti-TNF-α antibodies. IL-12 and IL-23 share a common domain,
2685:
inhibitors, as IL-23p19 is present in increased concentrations in psoriasis skin lesions while contributing less to protection against opportunistic infections. Other cytokines such as
352:-filled blisters. Inverse psoriasis forms red patches in skin folds. Erythrodermic psoriasis occurs when the rash becomes very widespread, and can develop from any of the other types.
5272:
Mudigonda P, Mudigonda T, Feneran AN, Alamdari HS, Sandoval L, Feldman SR (October 2012). "Interleukin-23 and interleukin-17: importance in pathogenesis and therapy of psoriasis".
2189:
It has been theorized that antistreptococcal medications may improve guttate and chronic plaque psoriasis; however, the limited studies do not show that antibiotics are effective.
1310:. Interleukin-23 is known to induce the production of interleukin-17 and interleukin-22. Interleukin-22 works in combination with interleukin-17 to induce keratinocytes to secrete
783:). About 30% of individuals with psoriasis will develop psoriatic arthritis. Skin manifestations of psoriasis tend to occur before arthritic manifestations in about 75% of cases.
9274:
763:
that has a highly variable clinical presentation and frequently occurs in association with skin and nail psoriasis. It typically involves painful inflammation of the joints and
6245:
Samarasekera EJ, Sawyer L, Wonderling D, Tucker R, Smith CH (May 2013). "Topical therapies for the treatment of plaque psoriasis: systematic review and network meta-analyses".
928:, which probably accounts for 35–50% of psoriasis heritability. It controls genes that affect the immune system or encode skin proteins that are overabundant with psoriasis.
6092:
Patrick MT, Stuart PE, Zhang H, Zhao Q, Yin X, He K, Zhou XJ, Mehta NN, Voorhees JJ, Boehnke M, Gudjonsson JE, Nair RP, Handelman SK, Elder JT, Liu DJ, Tsoi LC (June 2021).
8337:
Armstrong AW, Harskamp CT, Armstrong EJ (March 2013). "The association between psoriasis and hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies".
2713:, all of which have proven effective in various phase 2 and 3 clinical trials. These agents have potentially severe side-effects due to their immunosuppressive mechanisms.
2633:
in the United States, the
Psoriasis Association in the United Kingdom, and Psoriasis Australia offer advocacy and education about psoriasis in their respective countries.
767:, and can occur in any joint, but most commonly affects the joints of the fingers and toes. This can result in a sausage-shaped swelling of the fingers and toes known as
4572:
Richard MA, Barnetche T, Horreau C, Brenaut E, Pouplard C, Aractingi S, Aubin F, Cribier B, Joly P, Jullien D, Le Maître M, Misery L, Ortonne JP, Paul C (August 2013).
9267:
3166:
1523:
Another classification scheme considers genetic and demographic factors. Type 1 has a positive family history, starts before the age of 40, and is associated with the
1254:
Gene mutations of proteins involved in the skin's ability to function as a barrier have been identified as markers of susceptibility for the development of psoriasis.
7138:
1813:
doses of either UVA or UVB, as exposure to either can cause dissipation of psoriatic plaques. It does require more energy to reach erythemogenic dosing with UVA.
6640:
Katz U, Shoenfeld Y, Zakin V, Sherer Y, Sukenik S (October 2012). "Scientific evidence of the therapeutic effects of dead sea treatments: a systematic review".
5851:
Louden BA, Pearce DJ, Lang W, Feldman SR (October 2004). "A Simplified
Psoriasis Area Severity Index (SPASI) for rating psoriasis severity in clinic patients".
10688:
7301:
1339:
plaques, papules, or patches of skin that may be painful and itch. No special blood tests or diagnostic procedures are usually required to make the diagnosis.
5452:
1729:
Vitamin D analogues may be useful with steroids; steroids alone have a higher rate of side effects. Vitamin D analogues may allow less steroids to be used.
1805:(PUVA). A 2013 meta-analysis found no difference in efficacy between NB-UVB and PUVA in the treatment of psoriasis, but NB-UVB is usually more convenient.
2693:
also have been targets for inhibition as they play important roles in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Another avenue of research has focused on the use of
724:, and it may be difficult to distinguish from the latter. This form of psoriasis typically manifests as red plaques with greasy scales in areas of higher
10683:
10404:
2375:
higher in people with severe psoriasis. There may be a slightly increased risk of stroke associated with psoriasis, especially in severe cases. Treating
10362:
4532:
1561:
No consensus exists about how to classify the severity of psoriasis. Mild psoriasis has been defined as a percentage of body surface area (BSA)≤10, a
895:. Genetic studies are valuable due to their ability to identify molecular mechanisms and pathways for further study and potential medication targets.
1949:
must be avoided for most of these treatments. The majority of people experience a recurrence of psoriasis after systemic treatment is discontinued.
1243:. These secreted inflammatory signals are believed to stimulate keratinocytes to proliferate. One hypothesis is that psoriasis involves a defect in
3197:
2420:
are increased when compared with the general population, by a factor of 3.8 and 7.5 respectively. People with psoriasis also have a higher risk of
2799:
Menter A, Gottlieb A, Feldman SR, Van
Voorhees AS, Leonardi CL, Gordon KB, Lebwohl M, Koo JY, Elmets CA, Korman NJ, Beutner KR, Bhushan R (2008).
10773:
6917:
Rácz E, Prens EP, Kurek D, Kant M, de Ridder D, Mourits S, Baerveldt EM, Ozgur Z, van IJcken WF, Laman JD, Staal FJ, van der Fits L (July 2011).
2534:, they said, is distinguished by the regular, circular form of patches, while psoriasis is always irregular. Willan identified two categories:
491:
skin covered with silvery-white, scaly skin. These areas are called plaques and are most commonly found on the elbows, knees, scalp, and back.
8383:
Tablazon IL, Al-Dabagh A, Davis SA, Feldman SR (February 2013). "Risk of cardiovascular disorders in psoriasis patients: current and future".
8302:
Armstrong AW, Harskamp CT, Armstrong EJ (January 2013). "Psoriasis and the risk of diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
4984:
10501:
9774:
4574:"Psoriasis, cardiovascular events, cancer risk and alcohol use: evidence-based recommendations based on systematic review and expert opinion"
549:
Additional types of psoriasis comprise about 10% of cases. They include pustular, inverse, napkin, guttate, oral, and seborrheic-like forms.
7087:
Rustin MH (November 2012). "Long-term safety of biologics in the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: review of current data".
356:
and toenails are affected in most people with psoriasis at some point in time. This may include pits in the nails or changes in nail color.
1765:. Dead Sea balneotherapy is also effective for psoriatic arthritis. Tentative evidence indicates that balneophototherapy, a combination of
7567:
Papp K, Reich K, Leonardi CL, Kircik L, Chimenti S, Langley RG, Hu C, Stevens RM, Day RM, Gordon KB, Korman NJ, Griffiths CE (July 2015).
6723:
Medical
College of Georgia at Augusta University. "Glycerin is safe, effective in psoriasis model." ScienceDaily. (accessed 9 July 2023).
3075:
1569:(DLQI) score ≤10. Moderate to severe psoriasis was defined by the same group as BSA >10 or PASI score >10 and a DLQI score >10.
2474:, relatively uncommon in African Americans, and extremely uncommon in Native Americans. Psoriasis has been estimated to affect about 6.7
375:. This suggests that genetic factors predispose to psoriasis. Symptoms often worsen during winter and with certain medications, such as
8252:"Accumulating evidence for the association and shared pathogenic mechanisms between psoriasis and cardiovascular-related comorbidities"
2095:
989:
on chromosome 1p, which expresses the interleukin-23 receptor, and is involved in T cell differentiation. Interleukin-23 receptor and
4783:
3805:
2697:
to treat psoriasis. Oral agents being investigated during the 2010s as alternatives to medications administered by injection include
2209:
Uncontrolled studies have suggested that individuals with psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis may benefit from a diet supplemented with
6290:"Review of international psoriasis guidelines for the treatment of psoriasis: recommendations for topical corticosteroid treatments"
6193:
Maruani A, Samimi M, Stembridge N, Abdel Hay R, Tavernier E, Hughes C, Le Cleach L, et al. (Cochrane Skin Group) (April 2019).
4915:
Guerra I, Gisbert JP (January 2013). "Onset of psoriasis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with anti-TNF agents".
4760:
10748:
6966:
Lapolla W, Yentzer BA, Bagel J, Halvorson CR, Feldman SR (May 2011). "A review of phototherapy protocols for psoriasis treatment".
2397:
2137:
are the most effective biologics for treating moderate to severe cases of psoriasis. There is also some evidence to support use of
902:
has identified nine loci on different chromosomes associated with psoriasis. They are called psoriasis susceptibility 1 through 9 (
6781:"Narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy versus broad-band ultraviolet B or psoralen-ultraviolet A photochemotherapy for psoriasis"
6491:
2580:
The history of psoriasis is littered with treatments of dubious effectiveness and high toxicity. In the 18th and 19th centuries,
1802:
8447:
Ghazizadeh R, Tosa M, Ghazizadeh M (May 2011). "Clinical improvement in psoriasis with treatment of associated hyperlipidemia".
10355:
10081:
5224:
Dombrowski Y, Schauber J (May 2012). "Cathelicidin LL-37: a defense molecule with a potential role in psoriasis pathogenesis".
9054:
8650:
E. V. Hulse, "The Nature of Biblical 'Leprosy' and the Use of Alternative Medical Terms in Modern Translations of the Bible,"
2939:
1832:. This type of phototherapy is useful in the treatment of psoriasis because the formation of these dimers interferes with the
9076:
9019:
8219:
6901:
5479:
4978:
3884:
3525:
3308:
3280:
3191:
3160:
3069:
2742:
1542:
1148:
9029:
8570:
8225:
8080:
Dessinioti C, Katsambas A (2013). "Seborrheic dermatitis: etiology, risk factors, and treatments: facts and controversies".
1837:
effect of this form of phototherapy is redness of the skin; less common side effects of NB-UVB phototherapy are itching and
1663:
are superior to placebo. Combination therapy with vitamin D and a corticosteroid are superior to either treatment alone and
7420:
Sbidian E, Chaimani A, Guelimi R, Garcia-Doval I, Hua C, Hughes C, Naldi L, Kinberger M, Afach S, Le Cleach L (July 2023).
7130:
1013:-regulated protein plus an environmental trigger was enough to cause plaque psoriasis (the most common form of psoriasis).
655:
6919:"Effective treatment of psoriasis with narrow-band UVB phototherapy is linked to suppression of the IFN and Th17 pathways"
9169:
5358:
Johnson MA, Armstrong AW (April 2013). "Clinical and histologic diagnostic guidelines for psoriasis: a critical review".
3118:
2389:
2014:
Several monoclonal antibodies target cytokines, the molecules that cells use to send inflammatory signals to each other.
1128:
8594:
2118:, it no longer decreases inflammation, and psoriasis may worsen. Neutralizing antibodies have not been reported against
1381:
or scraping may be performed to rule out other disorders and to confirm the diagnosis. Skin from a biopsy shows clubbed
10700:
9863:
8430:
7883:
Afifi L, Danesh MJ, Lee KM, Beroukhim K, Farahnik B, Ahn RS, Yan D, Singh RK, Nakamura M, Koo J, Liao W (19 May 2017).
6094:"Causal Relationship and Shared Genetic Loci between Psoriasis and Type 2 Diabetes through Trans-Disease Meta-Analysis"
5825:
3516:
Gudjonsson JE, Elder JT, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller AS, Leffell DJ, Wolff K (2012). "18: Psoriasis".
2449:. The risk for development of non-melanoma skin cancers is also increased. Psoriasis increases the risk of developing
10348:
9764:
6382:
2400:. Compared to individuals without psoriasis, those affected by psoriasis are more likely to satisfy the criteria for
1562:
509:
398:
There is no known cure for psoriasis, but various treatments can help control the symptoms. These treatments include
7298:
10414:
9873:
9033:
8250:
Shlyankevich J, Mehta NN, Krueger JG, Strober B, Gudjonsson JE, Qureshi AA, Tebbey PW, Kimball AB (December 2014).
2706:
2003:
pregnancy is planned; anti-TNF therapies such as infliximab are not recommended for use in chronic carriers of the
1454:
1335:
of psoriasis is usually based on the appearance of the skin. Skin characteristics typical for psoriasis are scaly,
888:
5456:
4680:
Cedeno-Laurent F, Gómez-Flores M, Mendez N, Ancer-Rodríguez J, Bryant JL, Gaspari AA, Trujillo JR (January 2011).
3765:
Zattra E, Belloni Fortina A, Peserico A, Alaibac M (May 2012). "Erythroderma in the era of biological therapies".
10505:
1393:
layer of the epidermis is often missing or significantly decreased in psoriatic lesions; the skin cells from the
1306:
17 cell cytokine profile. Psoriatic T cells move from the dermis into the epidermis and secrete interferon-γ and
1104:
1057:, whereas the immune response in psoriasis vulgaris is characterized by a pattern of cellular signals typical of
282:
8527:"Association of Psoriasis With the Risk of Developing or Dying of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
7368:"The immunogenicity of humanized and fully human antibodies: residual immunogenicity resides in the CDR regions"
6288:
Kleyn EC, Morsman E, Griffin L, Wu JJ, Cm van de Kerkhof P, Gulliver W, van der Walt JM, Iversen L (June 2019).
1633:
biological therapy, or phototherapy for acute guttate psoriasis or an acute guttate flare of chronic psoriasis.
685:. This form of psoriasis can be fatal as the extreme inflammation and exfoliation disrupt the body's ability to
607:. Heat, trauma, and infection are thought to play a role in the development of this atypical form of psoriasis.
10753:
10743:
10671:
10396:
10388:
9832:
9458:
6195:"Nonantistreptococcal interventions for acute guttate psoriasis or an acute guttate flare of chronic psoriasis"
4244:
Krueger G, Ellis CN (July 2005). "Psoriasis--recent advances in understanding its pathogenesis and treatment".
3150:
1566:
1434:
1274:. They are increased in psoriatic lesions and induce the proliferation of T cells and type 1 helper T cells (T
1033:, and obesity. The effects of stopping cigarette smoking or alcohol misuse have yet to be studied as of 2019.
583:(also known as flexural psoriasis) appears as smooth, inflamed patches of skin. The patches frequently affect
533:
10825:
10025:
9716:
9553:
4885:
2630:
1860:
PUVA combines the oral or topical administration of psoralen with exposure to ultraviolet A (UVA) light. The
917:
5889:
Lønnberg AS, Skov L (January 2017). "Co-morbidity in psoriasis: mechanisms and implications for treatment".
10820:
10738:
10524:
10429:
10192:
9947:
9638:
9568:
7031:
Dogra S, Mahajan R (August 2013). "Systemic methotrexate therapy for psoriasis: past, present and future".
4509:
3374:
Raychaudhuri SK, Maverakis E, Raychaudhuri SP (January 2014). "Diagnosis and classification of psoriasis".
2682:
2678:
2344:
2098:. Alefacept also blocks the molecules that dendritic cells use to communicate with T cells and even causes
2055:
1042:
1021:
Conditions reported as worsening the disease include chronic infections, stress, and changes in season and
3635:
3029:(2). Identification and Management of Psoriasis and Associated ComorbidiTy (IMPACT) project team: 377–85.
1641:
Topical corticosteroid preparations are the most effective agents when used continuously for eight weeks;
9942:
9473:
9428:
7471:"A Review of Biologic Therapies Targeting IL-23 and IL-17 for Use in Moderate-to-Severe Plaque Psoriasis"
5587:"Vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors: investigational therapies for the treatment of psoriasis"
2115:
2051:
8490:
Hsu LN, Armstrong AW (November 2012). "Psoriasis and autoimmune disorders: a review of the literature".
7712:
7001:
Dunn LK, Gaar LR, Yentzer BA, O'Neill JL, Feldman SR (July 2011). "Acitretin in dermatology: a review".
6600:
Halverstam CP, Lebwohl M (September–October 2008). "Nonstandard and off-label therapies for psoriasis".
4733:"Unraveling the paradoxes of HIV-associated psoriasis: a review of T-cell subsets and cytokine profiles"
1671:
monotherapy, corticosteroid monotherapy appears to be an acceptable treatment for short-term treatment.
997:, two genes involved in inflammation. The first gene directly linked to psoriasis was identified as the
521:
10790:
10705:
10661:
10619:
10530:
10516:
10424:
10295:
10015:
5011:
Ouyang W (December 2010). "Distinct roles of IL-22 in human psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease".
2730:
2554:
2490:
1533:. Conversely, type 2 does not show a family history, presents after age 40, and is not associated with
1025:. Others factors that might worsen the condition include hot water, scratching psoriasis skin lesions,
620:
8839:
7206:
Farahnik B, Beroukhim K, Zhu TH, Abrouk M, Nakamura M, Singh R, Lee K, Bhutani T, Koo J (March 2016).
2015:
1228:
10733:
10644:
10475:
10217:
9060:
8590:
6885:
2612:
arthritis cases were treated with intravenously administered gold preparations in the same manner as
2450:
1817:
1363:
871:
717:
9259:
7985:
Leffler DA, Green PH, Fasano A (October 2015). "Extraintestinal manifestations of coeliac disease".
4828:
Martin DA, Towne JE, Kricorian G, Klekotka P, Gudjonsson JE, Krueger JG, Russell CB (January 2013).
2228:(tomatoes, eggplant, peppers, paprika and white potatoes) and taking probiotics and oral Vitamin D.
623:(diaper rash). It typically improves as children age and may later presents in more common forms as
10634:
10559:
10060:
9706:
9643:
9538:
9180:
7832:
Barrea L, Nappi F, Di Somma C, Savanelli MC, Falco A, Balato A, Balato N, Savastano S (July 2016).
5685:
Quatresooz P, Hermanns-Lê T, Piérard GE, Humbert P, Delvenne P, Piérard-Franchimont C (June 2012).
4968:
2314:
2263:
1995:
1740:. This is usually done for four weeks with the benefit attributed to sun exposure and specifically
1136:
3591:
Gelmetti C (January 2009). "Therapeutic moisturizers as adjuvant therapy for psoriasis patients".
2960:
2565:
because he contracted psoriasis while out at sea in the early months of American participation of
2201:
may benefit people with chronic plaque psoriasis, guttate psoriasis, and palmoplantar pustulosis.
1857:
in the skin surrounding the lips. Eye protection is usually given during phototherapy treatments.
321:, and scaly. Psoriasis varies in severity from small localized patches to complete body coverage.
10639:
10371:
10325:
10020:
9739:
9711:
9341:
6677:"Indoor salt water baths followed by artificial ultraviolet B light for chronic plaque psoriasis"
3832:
Yesudian PD, Chalmers RJ, Warren RB, Griffiths CE (January 2012). "In search of oral psoriasis".
2800:
2662:
in the pathogenesis of psoriasis is under investigation. Preliminary research has suggested that
2240:
2110:
1878:
1524:
1504:
1444:
1124:
207:
17:
5403:"Cytokines and cytokine profiles in human autoimmune diseases and animal models of autoimmunity"
5186:
Ramos-e-Silva M, Jacques C (May–June 2012). "Epidermal barrier function and systemic diseases".
5053:
Parrish L (November 2012). "Psoriasis: symptoms, treatments and its impact on quality of life".
4830:"The emerging role of IL-17 in the pathogenesis of psoriasis: preclinical and clinical findings"
4409:"Rare and common variants in CARD14, encoding an epidermal regulator of NF-kappaB, in psoriasis"
3222:"New developments in the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: a focus on apremilast"
2629:
and other caregivers involved in the management of psoriasis. Non-profit organizations like the
10666:
10624:
10534:
10511:
10497:
10460:
10455:
10400:
10300:
10212:
9528:
2698:
2470:
of European descent than in people of Asian descent, more common in countries farther from the
2384:
profile and because of their anti-inflammatory effects. Statin use in those with psoriasis and
1985:
1977:
1798:
1695:
1343:
1271:
678:
435:
414:
345:
274:
9220:
8794:
Benedek TG (August 2013). "Psoriasis and psoriatic arthropathy: historical aspects: part II".
8675:
Gruber F, Kastelan M, Brajac I (2004). "Psoriasis treatment--yesterday, today, and tomorrow".
3059:
2493:
such as Crohn disease or ulcerative colitis are at an increased risk of developing psoriasis.
497:
10656:
10629:
10602:
10569:
10202:
10129:
9817:
9351:
9331:
6410:
Schlager JG, Rosumeck S, Werner RN, Jacobs A, Schmitt J, Schlager C, Nast A (February 2016).
2214:
1257:
1087:
721:
9009:
3902:"Association between geographic tongue and psoriasis: A systematic review and meta-analyses"
3181:
2046:, have been developed to inhibit TNF-α signaling. Additional monoclonal antibodies, such as
1103:. Guttate psoriasis often affects children and adolescents and can be triggered by a recent
10768:
10607:
9548:
9346:
9321:
8748:
Benedek TG (June 2013). "Psoriasis and psoriatic arthropathy, historical aspects: part I".
7422:"Systemic pharmacological treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis: a network meta-analysis"
6552:
Soleymani T, Hung T, Soung J (April 2015). "The role of vitamin D in psoriasis: a review".
2613:
2581:
2454:
2376:
2218:
1942:
1934:
1854:
1267:
1232:
980:
384:
7163:
Griffiths CE (November 2012). "Biologics for psoriasis: current evidence and future use".
5638:"Triptolide in the treatment of psoriasis and other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases"
3801:
2641:
The annual cost for treating psoriasis in the United States is estimated as high as $ 32.5
2501:
Scholars believe psoriasis to have been included among the various skin conditions called
2461:
associated with psoriasis. People with psoriasis have a higher risk of developing cancer.
912:). Within those loci are genes on pathways that lead to inflammation. Certain variations (
8:
10520:
10450:
10270:
10207:
10182:
10156:
10010:
9988:
9583:
9543:
9463:
9453:
9158:
4732:
2625:
International Network, a program of the Fondation René Touraine, gathers dermatologists,
2356:
2277:
2183:
2169:
2099:
2019:
1910:
1861:
1821:
susceptible to skin cancers exercise caution when using UV light therapy as a treatment.
1698:, commonly found in sunscreen, and is known to interfere with phototherapy in psoriasis.
1474:
1160:
816:
756:
427:
367:
has psoriasis, the other twin is three times more likely to be affected if the twins are
212:
9098:
7446:
7421:
6805:
6780:
6369:
5687:"Ustekinumab in psoriasis immunopathology with emphasis on the Th17-IL23 axis: a primer"
4209:
Fry L, Baker BS (2007). "Triggering psoriasis: the role of infections and medications".
3542:
10830:
10580:
10564:
10119:
9983:
9868:
9827:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9518:
8980:
8955:
8924:
8819:
8773:
8727:
8629:
8551:
8526:
8472:
8408:
8362:
8276:
8251:
8179:
8143:
8116:
8093:
8057:
8032:
8010:
7962:
7935:
7911:
7885:"Dietary Behaviors in Psoriasis: Patient-Reported Outcomes from a U.S. National Survey"
7860:
7753:
7688:
7663:
7639:
7614:
7544:
7519:
7495:
7470:
7392:
7367:
7343:
7318:
7281:
7232:
7207:
7188:
7112:
7056:
6857:
6832:
6701:
6676:
6675:
Peinemann F, Harari M, Peternel S, Chan T, Chan D, Labeit AM, Gambichler T (May 2020).
6613:
6577:
6436:
6411:
6319:
6270:
6219:
6194:
6175:
6118:
6093:
6066:
6041:
6012:
5987:
5963:
5938:
5914:
5766:
5741:
5713:
5662:
5637:
5613:
5586:
5564:
5429:
5383:
5335:
5249:
5199:
5163:
5138:
5114:
5089:
4940:
4854:
4829:
4805:
4778:
4708:
4681:
4652:
4627:
4603:
4482:
4457:
4433:
4408:
4383:
4358:
4339:
4222:
4183:
4122:
4071:
4046:
3978:
3951:
3950:
Chimenti MS, Saraceno R, Chiricozzi A, Giunta A, Chimenti S, Perricone R (April 2013).
3857:
3744:
3616:
3448:
3248:
3221:
2987:
2962:
2890:
2758:
2659:
2558:
2425:
2417:
2401:
2035:
1874:
1656:
1390:
1371:
1370:
with psoriasis). Dermatologic manifestations of systemic illnesses such as the rash of
840:
565:
439:
341:
326:
302:
194:
6163:
5742:"Definition of treatment goals for moderate to severe psoriasis: a European consensus"
4155:
Prieto-Pérez R, Cabaleiro T, Daudén E, Ochoa D, Roman M, Abad-Santos F (August 2013).
2978:
2878:
1816:
UV light therapies all have risks; tanning beds are no exception, being listed by the
10465:
10445:
10418:
10177:
9883:
9759:
9754:
9633:
9607:
9533:
9523:
9361:
9336:
9191:
9072:
9015:
8985:
8929:
8869:
8823:
8811:
8765:
8719:
8684:
8633:
8556:
8507:
8464:
8412:
8400:
8354:
8319:
8281:
8215:
8183:
8148:
8097:
8062:
8002:
7967:
7916:
7865:
7809:
7745:
7731:
7693:
7644:
7588:
7549:
7518:
Atwan A, Ingram JR, Abbott R, Kelson MJ, Pickles T, Bauer A, Piguet V (August 2015).
7500:
7451:
7397:
7348:
7273:
7237:
7180:
7176:
7104:
7100:
7048:
7010:
6983:
6948:
6940:
6897:
6862:
6810:
6761:
6706:
6657:
6653:
6617:
6569:
6534:
6483:
6441:
6374:
6323:
6311:
6262:
6224:
6167:
6123:
6071:
6017:
5968:
5906:
5868:
5807:
5771:
5718:
5667:
5653:
5618:
5556:
5552:
5521:
5475:
5434:
5375:
5340:
5289:
5241:
5237:
5203:
5168:
5119:
5070:
5028:
4974:
4944:
4932:
4859:
4810:
4752:
4713:
4657:
4595:
4524:
4487:
4438:
4388:
4343:
4331:
4261:
4226:
4188:
4114:
4110:
4076:
4027:
3983:
3929:
3921:
3880:
3849:
3782:
3736:
3731:
3714:
3695:
3663:
3655:
3608:
3570:
3562:
3521:
3491:
3453:
3391:
3341:
3304:
3276:
3253:
3187:
3156:
3110:
3065:
3040:
2992:
2894:
2882:
2738:
2596:
2570:
2512:
2446:
2434:
2285:
2272:
2004:
1969:
1758:
1553:
1492:
1464:
1351:
1332:
1244:
1030:
836:
706:
659:
658:
infection (oropharyngeal or perianal) and typically occurs 1–3 weeks post-infection.
650:
644:
628:
604:
580:
443:
422:
410:
337:
333:
270:
246:
166:
144:
9231:
9163:
9082:
8731:
8476:
8366:
8014:
7757:
7285:
7192:
7116:
7060:
6274:
5918:
5568:
5387:
5253:
4022:
4005:
3861:
3748:
3604:
2557:
described a possible link between psoriasis and arthritic symptoms in 1813. Admiral
2239:, disease severity generally decreases in people with celiac disease and those with
1992:
should not be used as they can severely flare psoriasis upon their discontinuation.
10763:
10758:
10554:
10470:
10275:
10124:
10030:
9978:
9848:
9623:
9558:
9064:
8975:
8967:
8919:
8909:
8803:
8777:
8757:
8711:
8625:
8546:
8542:
8538:
8499:
8456:
8392:
8346:
8311:
8271:
8263:
8175:
8166:
Magin P (January–February 2013). "Appearance-related bullying and skin disorders".
8138:
8128:
8089:
8052:
8044:
7994:
7957:
7947:
7906:
7896:
7855:
7845:
7799:
7735:
7727:
7711:
Sigurdardottir SL, Thorleifsdottir RH, Valdimarsson H, Johnston A (February 2013).
7683:
7675:
7634:
7630:
7626:
7580:
7539:
7535:
7531:
7490:
7482:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7387:
7379:
7338:
7334:
7330:
7265:
7227:
7219:
7172:
7096:
7040:
6975:
6930:
6889:
6852:
6844:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6751:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6649:
6609:
6581:
6561:
6526:
6475:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6301:
6254:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6179:
6159:
6113:
6105:
6061:
6053:
6007:
5999:
5958:
5950:
5898:
5860:
5799:
5761:
5753:
5708:
5698:
5657:
5649:
5608:
5598:
5548:
5511:
5424:
5414:
5367:
5330:
5320:
5281:
5233:
5195:
5158:
5150:
5109:
5101:
5062:
5020:
4924:
4849:
4841:
4800:
4792:
4744:
4703:
4693:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4607:
4585:
4477:
4469:
4428:
4420:
4378:
4370:
4321:
4253:
4218:
4178:
4168:
4126:
4106:
4066:
4058:
4017:
3973:
3963:
3952:"Profile of certolizumab and its potential in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis"
3913:
3841:
3774:
3726:
3647:
3620:
3600:
3554:
3443:
3433:
3383:
3333:
3243:
3233:
3030:
3019:"Global epidemiology of psoriasis: a systematic review of incidence and prevalence"
2982:
2974:
2961:
GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (October 2016).
2931:
2874:
2812:
2702:
2562:
2550:
2438:
2352:
2281:
2236:
2186:, which plays an important role in chronic inflammation associated with psoriasis.
2123:
1961:
1829:
1762:
1355:
1322:
1216:
1192:
1099:
1066:
975:
Two major immune system genes under investigation are interleukin-12 subunit beta (
899:
875:
776:
686:
624:
615:
325:
to the skin can trigger psoriatic skin changes at that spot, which is known as the
178:
65:
9037:
8525:
Trafford AM, Parisi R, Kontopantelis E, Griffiths CE, Ashcroft DM (October 2019).
8315:
6306:
6289:
6150:
Menter A, Griffiths CE (July 2007). "Current and future management of psoriasis".
5902:
5024:
10804:
10728:
10260:
10187:
9858:
9573:
9418:
9356:
9185:
8843:
8807:
8761:
8460:
8350:
8267:
8207:
7713:"The role of the palatine tonsils in the pathogenesis and treatment of psoriasis"
7710:
7679:
7305:
7269:
5516:
5499:
5066:
3387:
2763:
2259:
2224:
Many patients report improvements after consuming less tobacco, caffeine, sugar,
2165:. The aforementioned biologic agents hinder different aspects of these pathways.
1850:
1723:
1679:
1613:
1394:
969:
835:
may be used by medical practitioners to assist with diagnosis. These may include
807:
737:
702:
372:
368:
360:
238:
7834:"Environmental Risk Factors in Psoriasis: The Point of View of the Nutritionist"
7317:
Sanclemente G, Murphy R, Contreras J, García H, Bonfill Cosp X (November 2015).
5453:"Application to Dermatology of International Classification of Disease (ICD-10)"
4047:"Sacroiliac joint pain as an important element of psoriatic arthritis diagnosis"
3479:
1905:
1397:
are also abnormal as they never fully mature. Unlike their mature counterparts,
639:
10723:
10410:
10320:
10310:
10227:
9769:
9597:
9247:
9243:
9239:
9235:
9196:
8503:
8048:
7584:
6979:
6530:
6479:
5954:
5105:
4679:
4473:
4424:
4257:
3337:
2816:
2710:
2690:
2686:
2650:
to co-morbidities are estimated at an additional $ 23,000 per person per year.
2626:
2421:
2385:
2232:
2162:
2039:
1989:
1894:
1842:
1707:
1691:
1347:
1307:
1263:
1248:
1240:
1223:
to the epidermis and secrete inflammatory chemical signals (cytokines) such as
1208:
1180:
1176:
965:
745:
682:
461:
450:
399:
353:
259:
8971:
8396:
7998:
7901:
7884:
7486:
7223:
6944:
6848:
6109:
5757:
5371:
5154:
3845:
3098:
1346:
of psoriasis includes dermatological conditions similar in appearance such as
1191:
Psoriasis is characterized by an abnormally excessive and rapid growth of the
10814:
10589:
10489:
10305:
10280:
10235:
10197:
10065:
9932:
9792:
9744:
9676:
9648:
8426:
6740:"Narrowband ultraviolet B in the treatment of psoriasis: the journey so far!"
5325:
5308:
4374:
3925:
3659:
3566:
3275:(21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 1260–1.
2670:
may have beneficial effects on the inflammation characteristic of psoriasis.
2527:
2524:
2413:
2198:
1926:
1766:
1733:
1624:
1398:
1359:
1283:
1236:
1200:
1164:
1050:
698:
388:
376:
182:
9148:
8033:"Diet and psoriasis, part II: celiac disease and role of a gluten-free diet"
7804:
7787:
7568:
6756:
6739:
6057:
4796:
4062:
3901:
2801:"Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis"
866:
List of human leukocyte antigen alleles associated with cutaneous conditions
10340:
10250:
9822:
9802:
9617:
9612:
9602:
9443:
8989:
8933:
8873:
8815:
8769:
8723:
8688:
8637:
8560:
8511:
8468:
8404:
8358:
8323:
8285:
8187:
8152:
8133:
8101:
8066:
8006:
7971:
7920:
7869:
7850:
7833:
7813:
7749:
7697:
7648:
7592:
7553:
7504:
7455:
7401:
7383:
7352:
7277:
7241:
7184:
7108:
7052:
7014:
6987:
6952:
6866:
6814:
6765:
6710:
6661:
6621:
6573:
6538:
6487:
6445:
6378:
6315:
6266:
6228:
6171:
6127:
6075:
6021:
5972:
5910:
5872:
5837:
5811:
5775:
5722:
5671:
5622:
5560:
5525:
5438:
5379:
5344:
5293:
5245:
5207:
5172:
5123:
5074:
5032:
4936:
4863:
4814:
4756:
4717:
4698:
4661:
4599:
4528:
4491:
4442:
4392:
4335:
4265:
4230:
4192:
4118:
4080:
4031:
3987:
3933:
3853:
3786:
3740:
3699:
3667:
3612:
3574:
3495:
3457:
3395:
3345:
3257:
3114:
3058:
LeMone P, Burke K, Dwyer T, Levett-Jones T, Moxham L, Reid-Searl K (2015).
3044:
2996:
2886:
2589:
2566:
2546:
2508:
2442:
2348:
2319:
2173:
2134:
1953:
1890:
1785:
1754:
1746:
1711:
1683:
1660:
1367:
1196:
1116:
1082:
933:
832:
780:
488:
418:
392:
278:
158:
8914:
8897:
7615:"Antistreptococcal interventions for guttate and chronic plaque psoriasis"
6003:
5703:
5686:
5419:
5402:
4898:
This AIDS patient presented with a pruritic eruption over most of his body
4326:
4309:
4173:
4156:
3778:
3651:
1885:). A combination therapy for moderate to severe psoriasis using PUVA plus
936:
in the MHC, which controls important immune functions. Three genes in the
482:
Psoriatic plaque, showing a silvery center surrounded by a reddened border
10285:
10110:
9812:
9478:
9215:
9110:
8031:
Bhatia BK, Millsop JW, Debbaneh M, Koo J, Linos E, Liao W (August 2014).
7740:
7208:"Ixekizumab for the Treatment of Psoriasis: A Review of Phase III Trials"
6882:
Artificial tanning devices: public health interventions to manage sunbeds
6341:
5307:
Giang J, Seelen MA, van Doorn MB, Rissmann R, Prens EP, Damman J (2018).
4845:
3438:
3421:
3035:
3018:
2663:
2430:
2301:(concurrent conditions), and two-thirds have at least two comorbidities.
2298:
2225:
2138:
2130:
2090:
2058:
1957:
1770:
1699:
1675:
1212:
1152:
1132:
955:
820:
812:
772:
306:
186:
149:
9068:
7952:
6935:
6918:
6893:
5603:
4877:
4004:
Goldenstein-Schainberg C, Favarato MH, Ranza R (January–February 2012).
3968:
3899:
3238:
1797:
the light. Increased rates of cancer from treatment appear to be small.
10546:
10245:
10086:
9963:
9681:
9653:
9423:
8715:
5864:
5285:
4748:
2667:
2179:
2146:
2142:
2119:
2103:
2074:
2066:
2047:
2043:
2027:
2023:
1952:
Non-biologic systemic treatments frequently used for psoriasis include
1938:
1930:
1914:
1833:
1389:
is another characteristic histologic finding of psoriasis lesions. The
1386:
1311:
1172:
1168:
1156:
1093:
768:
596:
446:. Psoriatic arthritis affects up to 30% of individuals with psoriasis.
403:
263:
174:
170:
162:
154:
9131:
7044:
6565:
6258:
5803:
5455:. The International League of Dermatological Societies. Archived from
4928:
4590:
4573:
4097:
Tan ES, Chong WS, Tey HL (December 2012). "Nail psoriasis: a review".
4044:
3917:
3558:
791:
455:
10290:
10004:
9563:
9468:
9303:
9289:
9226:
2936:
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
2585:
2150:
2078:
2031:
1981:
1973:
1946:
1886:
1846:
1793:
1773:
B-light (UVB), in chronic plaque psoriasis is better than UVB alone.
1703:
1664:
1382:
1144:
1140:
1026:
831:
In addition to the appearance and distribution of the rash, specific
764:
760:
720:
is a common form of psoriasis with clinical aspects of psoriasis and
584:
314:
44:
8524:
6040:
Hölsken S, Krefting F, Schedlowski M, Sondermann W (November 2021).
6039:
3764:
2673:
Many novel medications being researched during the 2010s target the
2182:(Otezla, Celgene) is an oral small-molecule inhibitor of the enzyme
2081:. Efalizumab is a monoclonal antibody that specifically targets the
10315:
9937:
9917:
9853:
9807:
9749:
9686:
9628:
9448:
9397:
9326:
7256:
interleukin-17A, on psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and uveitis".
6833:"A review of the use of tanning beds as a dermatological treatment"
6463:
5684:
5538:
4003:
3712:
3152:
Dermatology: illustrated study guide and comprehensive board review
2595:
compound, was used by dermatologists as a treatment for psoriasis.
2503:
2458:
2290:
2253:
2210:
2158:
1965:
1882:
1870:
1810:
1789:
1774:
1737:
1719:
1646:
1642:
1336:
1291:
1279:
1058:
1046:
913:
844:
733:
588:
569:
431:
310:
199:
7419:
6244:
1792:
has long been used for psoriasis. UVB wavelengths of 311–313
1577:
which has led to attempts to simplify the index for clinical use.
994:
557:
10114:
9968:
9878:
9797:
9784:
9734:
9663:
9387:
9382:
9377:
7838:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
5271:
3900:
González-Álvarez L, García-Martín JM, García-Pola MJ (May 2019).
3373:
3017:
Parisi R, Symmons DP, Griffiths CE, Ashcroft DM (February 2013).
2798:
2592:
2531:
2471:
2313:
and several other cardiovascular and metabolic disturbances. The
2310:
1922:
1838:
1750:
1687:
1650:
1512:
1290:) therapy, can reduce the number of dendritic cells and favors a
1120:
1022:
892:
741:
600:
599:), between the buttocks in the intergluteal cleft, and under the
9174:
8114:
7316:
6831:
Radack KP, Farhangian ME, Anderson KL, Feldman SR (March 2015).
6192:
4157:"Genetics of psoriasis and pharmacogenetics of biological drugs"
4154:
3949:
2393:
1889:
resulted in benefit, but acitretin use has been associated with
799:
478:
9726:
9671:
9438:
9433:
9407:
9316:
9143:
8249:
7612:
6830:
5636:
Han R, Rostami-Yazdi M, Gerdes S, Mrowietz U (September 2012).
5585:
Weidemann AK, Crawshaw AA, Byrne E, Young HS (September 2013).
4045:
Krawczyk-Wasielewska A, Skorupska E, Samborski W (April 2013).
3831:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2599:
was also used for psoriasis treatment during this time period.
2574:
2530:
and Thomas Bateman differentiated it from other skin diseases.
2515:) during their affected phase and is ultimately treated by the
2380:
2168:
Another set of treatments for moderate to severe psoriasis are
2062:
1877:, burning, and itching. Long-term treatment is associated with
1866:
1508:
1378:
1220:
1204:
1009:
999:
950:
904:
592:
380:
322:
8702:
Meenan FO (March 1955). "A note on the history of psoriasis".
8115:
Bhosle MJ, Kulkarni A, Feldman SR, Balkrishnan R (June 2006).
7131:"Learning module: Psoriasis | American Academy of Dermatology"
5635:
5500:"Psoriasis vulgaris: an evidence-based guide for primary care"
4578:
Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
4571:
3016:
1984:. These agents are also regarded as first-line treatments for
1726:
may be helpful in guiding how much topical treatment to use.)
1649:
were found to be of limited benefit and may be no better than
771:. Psoriatic arthritis can also affect the hips, knees, spine (
740:, the skin surrounding the mouth, skin on the chest above the
9392:
8382:
6340:
Mason AR, Mason J, Cork M, Dooley G, Hancock H (March 2013).
4779:"Phototherapy in psoriasis: a review of mechanisms of action"
4626:
Ko SH, Chi CC, Yeh ML, Wang SH, Tsai YS, Hsu MY (July 2019).
3323:
3183:
Psoriatic and Reactive Arthritis: A Companion to Rheumatology
2516:
2086:
2082:
1732:
Another topical therapy used to treat psoriasis is a form of
1528:
1224:
985:
729:
725:
119:
9011:
From Arsenic to Biologicals: A 200 Year History of Psoriasis
7831:
7662:
Wu W, Debbaneh M, Moslehi H, Koo J, Liao W (December 2014).
7613:
Dupire G, Droitcourt C, Hughes C, Le Cleach L (March 2019).
6965:
6409:
5306:
4827:
3515:
3057:
1511:
code. Psoriasis can also be classified into nonpustular and
843:(psoriatic skin lesions induced by trauma to the skin), and
453:ψωρίασις, meaning "itching condition" or "being itchy" from
387:
can also play a role. The underlying mechanism involves the
9973:
9492:
9311:
9030:"Guidelines for the assessment and management of psoriasis"
8858:"Managed care aspects of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis"
8836:
8212:
Clinical dermatology a color guide to diagnosis and therapy
7365:
6674:
5939:"Psoriasis and Cardiovascular Risk: A Comprehensive Review"
5738:
5584:
3879:(11th ed.). Hamilton, Ont: BC Decker. pp. 103–4.
2674:
2154:
1841:
of the treated skin, irritation of the eyes in the form of
1537:. Type 1 accounts for about 75% of persons with psoriasis.
1287:
1179:(topical steroid cream) can aggravate psoriasis due to the
960:
879:
364:
318:
128:
83:
80:
71:
8591:"Psoriasis affects more than 8 million people in the U.S."
8336:
8301:
7205:
7000:
2355:. The number of new cases of the heart rhythm abnormality
1612:
People with psoriasis are at increased risk of developing
395:. Diagnosis is typically based on the signs and symptoms.
110:
9052:
7468:
6879:
6779:
Chen X, Yang M, Cheng Y, Liu GJ, Zhang M (October 2013).
6515:
3715:"A systematic review of treatments for guttate psoriasis"
3713:
Chalmers RJ, O'Sullivan T, Owen CM, Griffiths CE (2001).
2483:
2018:
is one of the main executor inflammatory cytokines. Four
2008:
1937:. People undergoing systemic treatment must have regular
1825:
1741:
940:
locus have a strong association with psoriasis vulgaris:
349:
89:
8446:
8030:
7792:
Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
6744:
Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
6639:
4455:
3186:(1st ed.). Maryland Heights, MI: Mosby. p. 4.
1402:
infiltrates of the dermal layer of skin and the joints.
874:
of the disease, and researchers have identified genetic
7882:
7566:
7517:
5850:
4973:(4th ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell. pp. 54–70.
3690:
Saleh D, Tanner LS (August 2022). "Guttate Psoriasis".
3219:
1195:. Abnormal production of skin cells (especially during
1085:, and may be worsened by skin or gut colonization with
817:
small areas of bleeding from capillaries under the nail
595:, in the skin folds of an overweight abdomen (known as
568:
appears as raised bumps filled with noninfectious pus (
8895:
8789:
8787:
7664:"Tonsillectomy as a treatment for psoriasis: a review"
7469:
Campa M, Mansouri B, Warren R, Menter A (March 2016).
7254:
6091:
4006:"Current and relevant concepts in psoriatic arthritis"
2129:
There is strong evidence to indicate that infliximab,
2102:
to kill T cells as a way of controlling inflammation.
1667:
is superior to coal tar for chronic plaque psoriasis.
10788:
8954:
Patel M, Day A, Warren RB, Menter A (December 2012).
8026:
8024:
7366:
Harding FA, Stickler MM, Razo J, DuBridge RB (2010).
6287:
5309:"Complement Activation in Inflammatory Skin Diseases"
5087:
4966:
4405:
3270:
2865:
Boehncke WH, Schön MP (September 2015). "Psoriasis".
2573:
medically ordered Halsey to recover at a hospital in
2545:
Psoriasis is thought to have first been described in
202:(purple on darker skin), itchy, scaly patches of skin
125:
116:
107:
101:
92:
86:
68:
9121:
8953:
8674:
7661:
6464:"The impact of emollients on phototherapy: a review"
6461:
6339:
5469:
5185:
3540:
3099:"The generalized rash: part II. Diagnostic approach"
2396:
as well as decreased activity of the immune protein
2367:
higher in people with mild psoriasis and 1.63 times
1383:
epidermal projections that interdigitate with dermis
1007:
locus. A rare mutation in the gene encoding for the
697:
Psoriasis in the mouth is very rare, in contrast to
98:
77:
10405:(von Zumbusch) acute generalized pustular psoriasis
8956:"Emerging therapies for the treatment of psoriasis"
8784:
8079:
7827:
7825:
7823:
6240:
6238:
4730:
3541:Afsar FS, Uysal SS, Salis FM, Calli AO (May 2016).
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3301:
Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology
3220:Palfreeman AC, McNamee KE, McCann FE (March 2013).
1366:(50% of individuals with this cancer are initially
870:Around one-third of people with psoriasis report a
363:that is triggered by environmental factors. If one
74:
8837:International Federation of Psoriasis Associations
8442:
8440:
8021:
7984:
7940:Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology
6916:
6551:
6462:Asztalos ML, Heller MM, Lee ES, Koo J (May 2013).
5936:
5591:Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology
5223:
4917:Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
4731:Fife DJ, Waller JM, Jeffes EW, Koo JY (May 2007).
4307:
3999:
3997:
3874:
3179:
2322:may provide a degree of protection for the heart.
1913:) at baseline and eight weeks after initiation of
1801:has been demonstrated to have similar efficacy to
958:protein overexpressed in psoriatic epidermis; and
916:) of those genes are commonly found in psoriasis.
9290:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology
8330:
8297:
8295:
7987:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology
7978:
7158:
7156:
6599:
6595:
6593:
6591:
6342:"Topical treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis"
6042:"Common Fundamentals of Psoriasis and Depression"
5219:
5217:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3298:
3271:Colledge NR, Walker BR, Ralston SH, eds. (2010).
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3207:
1929:may be treated with systemic therapies including
10812:
8616:Benoit S, Hamm H (2007). "Childhood psoriasis".
8378:
8376:
7876:
7820:
6778:
6235:
5580:
5578:
5504:Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine
5498:Kupetsky EA, Keller M (November–December 2013).
5357:
5267:
5265:
5263:
4682:"New insights into HIV-1-primary skin disorders"
3352:
3096:
2424:. Few studies have evaluated the association of
2172:(FAE), which may be similar in effectiveness to
1824:A major mechanism of NB-UVB is the induction of
1081:Psoriasis has been described as occurring after
10774:Lichenoid reaction of graft-versus-host disease
8743:
8741:
8437:
8073:
6457:
6455:
6405:
6403:
6149:
5986:Amin M, Lee EB, Tsai TF, Wu JJ (January 2020).
5734:
5732:
5493:
5491:
5136:
5096:. Skin Disease, Immune Response and Cytokines.
4777:Wong T, Hsu L, Liao W (January–February 2013).
3994:
3945:
3943:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3694:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
3586:
3584:
2733:(2003) . Roach P, Hartmann J, Setter J (eds.).
2445:, and a 46% increase in the risk of developing
2325:The odds of having hypertension are 1.58 times
2089:. It also blocks the adhesion molecules on the
1589:
1377:If the clinical diagnosis is uncertain, a skin
972:of the epidermis and upregulated in psoriasis.
795:Psoriasis of a fingernail, with visible pitting
52:Back and arms of a person with severe psoriasis
8891:
8889:
8887:
8670:
8668:
8666:
8664:
8662:
8660:
8492:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
8292:
8037:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
7936:"Psoriasis and comorbidities: links and risks"
7781:
7779:
7573:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
7153:
6968:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
6588:
6519:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
6468:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
5497:
5351:
5214:
5088:Baliwag J, Barnes DH, Johnston A (June 2015).
5048:
5046:
5044:
5042:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4246:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
3502:
3326:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
3273:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
3204:
2805:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
1777:is also an effective treatment for Psoriasis.
811:the nail is seen in 70% with nail psoriasis),
10502:Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta
10356:
9775:Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta
9275:
8949:
8947:
8945:
8943:
8373:
8201:
8199:
8197:
7462:
7082:
7080:
7078:
7076:
7074:
7072:
7070:
5985:
5575:
5472:Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine
5260:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4967:Weller R, Hunter JA, Savin J, Dahl M (2008).
4962:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4914:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4503:
4501:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4136:
3760:
3758:
3518:Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3419:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3264:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2794:
2695:vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors
2235:among people with psoriasis. When adopting a
332:The five main types of psoriasis are plaque,
10370:
9429:Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma)
8738:
8489:
8449:The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
8117:"Quality of life in patients with psoriasis"
7785:
7030:
7026:
7024:
6733:
6731:
6729:
6452:
6400:
6335:
6333:
5888:
5844:
5729:
5488:
5360:Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
5130:
4625:
4308:Nestle FO, Kaplan DH, Barker J (July 2009).
4243:
4038:
3940:
3820:
3581:
3477:
3173:
3064:. Pearson Higher Education AU. p. 454.
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2433:, a 205% increase in the risk of developing
712:
515:A person's arm covered with plaque psoriasis
8884:
8657:
8214:(5th ed.). Edinburgh: Mosby Elsevier.
7927:
7776:
7619:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7524:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7426:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7323:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7292:
6959:
6785:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6681:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6635:
6633:
6631:
6416:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6349:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6199:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6145:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6137:
5400:
5039:
4776:
4772:
4770:
4632:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4550:
4356:
4096:
3689:
3426:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
3303:(10th ed.). Saunders. pp. 191–7.
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
2441:, a 90% increase in the risk of developing
2437:, a 31% increase in the risk of developing
2435:cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract
1978:medications that suppress the immune system
1718:analogues (for example, calcipotriol), and
847:and pain localized to papules and plaques.
839:(pinpoint bleeding when scale is removed),
10363:
10349:
9282:
9268:
8940:
8896:Dubois Declercq S, Pouliot R (July 2013).
8615:
8245:
8243:
8194:
7319:"Anti-TNF agents for paediatric psoriasis"
7067:
6880:World Health Organization (15 June 2017).
5691:Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology
5678:
5474:(6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 414.
5139:"Psoriasis genetics: breaking the barrier"
5137:Roberson ED, Bowcock AM (September 2010).
4999:
4951:
4903:
4821:
4668:
4628:"Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis"
4621:
4619:
4617:
4498:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4133:
4092:
4090:
3755:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3464:
3402:
3294:
3292:
2926:
2924:
2096:progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
1358:(may be confused with guttate psoriasis),
1203:induced by an inflammatory cascade in the
968:, a protein expressed in the granular and
673:
43:
8979:
8923:
8913:
8846:. Ifpa-pso.org. Retrieved on 8 June 2013.
8571:"Psoriasis Tied to Increased Cancer Risk"
8550:
8275:
8142:
8132:
8056:
7961:
7951:
7910:
7900:
7859:
7849:
7803:
7739:
7687:
7638:
7543:
7494:
7445:
7391:
7342:
7231:
7162:
7021:
6934:
6856:
6826:
6824:
6804:
6755:
6726:
6700:
6435:
6368:
6330:
6305:
6218:
6117:
6065:
6011:
5962:
5937:Masson W, Lobo M, Molinero G (May 2020).
5782:
5765:
5712:
5702:
5661:
5612:
5602:
5515:
5428:
5418:
5334:
5324:
5179:
5162:
5113:
4853:
4804:
4784:Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery
4707:
4697:
4686:Journal of the International AIDS Society
4651:
4589:
4481:
4432:
4382:
4325:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4182:
4172:
4070:
4021:
3977:
3967:
3730:
3447:
3437:
3247:
3237:
3034:
3003:
2986:
2954:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2823:
2771:
2737:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2304:
1909:Pictures of a person with psoriasis (and
1362:(may be confused with nail psoriasis) or
10749:Idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation
8898:"Promising new treatments for psoriasis"
8483:
8385:American Journal of Clinical Dermatology
7520:"Oral fumaric acid esters for psoriasis"
6994:
6923:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
6738:Dogra S, De D (November–December 2010).
6628:
6412:"Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis"
6134:
6098:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
5642:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
5394:
4834:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
4767:
4724:
4208:
4099:American Journal of Clinical Dermatology
3906:Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine
3593:American Journal of Clinical Dermatology
3590:
3125:
3023:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
2388:was associated with decreased levels of
2258:
2073:Two medications that target T cells are
1904:
1623:
1552:
1321:
948:, which encodes an MHC class I protein;
798:
790:
638:
556:
477:
8793:
8747:
8240:
8108:
7668:The Journal of Dermatological Treatment
7655:
6737:
6294:The Journal of Dermatological Treatment
5629:
5052:
4614:
4449:
4399:
4237:
4087:
3875:Greenberg MS, Glick M, Ship JA (2008).
3674:
3289:
2932:"Questions and Answers About Psoriasis"
2457:by 100%. There is no increased risk of
2109:Individuals with psoriasis may develop
1803:psoralen and ultraviolet A phototherapy
1628:Schematic of psoriasis treatment ladder
1278:1). Targeted immunotherapy, as well as
983:, which expresses interleukin-12B; and
359:Psoriasis is generally thought to be a
14:
10813:
10082:Disseminated intravascular coagulation
8701:
7933:
7415:
7413:
7411:
7086:
6821:
5010:
4507:
4458:"PSORS2 is due to mutations in CARD14"
4272:
3793:
3422:"Psoriasis Pathogenesis and Treatment"
3169:from the original on 8 September 2017.
3097:Ely JW, Seabury Stone M (March 2010).
3090:
2901:
2619:
2523:in the late 18th century when English
2511:. The person was deemed "impure" (see
1115:Drug-induced psoriasis may occur with
751:
10344:
9263:
9007:
8880:from the original on 2 February 2017.
8855:
8597:from the original on 24 February 2024
8205:
8165:
7033:Clinical and Experimental Dermatology
6087:
6085:
6035:
6033:
6031:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5884:
5882:
5788:
5470:Freedberg IM, Fitzpatrick TB (2003).
5463:
4987:from the original on 24 February 2024
4204:
4202:
3121:from the original on 2 February 2014.
2729:
1543:immune-mediated inflammatory diseases
1374:may also be confused with psoriasis.
1149:granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
561:Severe generalized pustular psoriasis
552:
468:
9117:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
8862:The American Journal of Managed Care
8433:from the original on 28 August 2011.
8228:from the original on 14 January 2023
6642:Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism
6554:International Journal of Dermatology
5891:Expert Review of Clinical Immunology
5055:British Journal of Community Nursing
5013:Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews
4878:"Images of Memorable Cases: Case 34"
4870:
3956:Drug Design, Development and Therapy
3808:from the original on 2 February 2014
3633:
3299:James W, Berger T, Elston D (2005).
3226:Drug Design, Development and Therapy
3200:from the original on 8 January 2017.
3148:
3078:from the original on 14 January 2023
1945:to check for medication toxicities.
1736:, which involves daily baths in the
1722:are routinely used. (The use of the
1674:Moisturizers and emollients such as
1219:). These immune cells move from the
1129:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
634:
575:
8121:Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
7764:from the original on 29 August 2021
7408:
6517:psoriasis with topical therapies".
6497:from the original on 29 August 2021
5746:Archives of Dermatological Research
4763:from the original on 21 April 2008.
4357:Smith CH, Barker JN (August 2006).
4314:The New England Journal of Medicine
3834:Archives of Dermatological Research
3799:
2451:squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
2390:high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
2309:Psoriasis has been associated with
1980:; retinoids are synthetic forms of
1976:. Methotrexate and ciclosporin are
1298:cytokine secretion pattern over a T
803:Effect of psoriasis on the toenails
610:
591:(between the thigh and groin), the
473:
24:
10701:Hepatitis-associated lichen planus
9907:
9864:Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
9053:World Health Organization (2016).
9000:
8630:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2007.08.009
8180:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2011.11.009
8094:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.001
7720:The British Journal of Dermatology
7165:The British Journal of Dermatology
7141:from the original on 27 March 2017
7089:The British Journal of Dermatology
6614:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2007.10.023
6388:from the original on 28 April 2021
6247:The British Journal of Dermatology
6082:
6028:
5925:
5879:
5541:The British Journal of Dermatology
5200:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2011.08.025
4462:American Journal of Human Genetics
4413:American Journal of Human Genetics
4223:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2007.08.015
4199:
4051:Postepy Dermatologii I Alergologii
4010:Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia
3420:Rendon A, Schäkel K (March 2019).
2942:from the original on 22 April 2017
2453:by 431% and increases the risk of
1900:
1780:
1607:
1186:
964:, variant allele 5, which encodes
759:is a form of chronic inflammatory
241:triggered by environmental factors
25:
10842:
9765:Transient acantholytic dermatosis
9091:
8677:Acta Dermatovenerologica Croatica
8427:"Psoriasis Linked to Stroke Risk"
4888:from the original on 10 July 2012
4538:from the original on 27 June 2019
3180:Ritchlin C, Fitzgerald I (2007).
2407:
1636:
1580:
1563:Psoriasis Area and Severity Index
1541:diseases and referred to them as
1405:
1247:, and in the regulatory cytokine
1215:, and T cells (three subtypes of
1029:, excessive alcohol consumption,
301:is a long-lasting, noncontagious
10798:
10415:Pustulosis palmaris et plantaris
9874:Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
9034:National Guideline Clearinghouse
8849:
8830:
8796:Journal of Clinical Rheumatology
8750:Journal of Clinical Rheumatology
8704:Irish Journal of Medical Science
8695:
8644:
8609:
8583:
8518:
8419:
8256:The American Journal of Medicine
8159:
7788:"Diet in dermatology: revisited"
7732:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11215.x
7704:
7606:
7560:
7511:
7359:
7310:
7248:
7199:
7177:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11207.x
7101:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11208.x
6654:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2012.02.006
5836:(3): 46–50. 2006. Archived from
5654:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04221.x
5553:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07675.x
5238:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01459.x
4111:10.2165/11597000-000000000-00000
3732:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04505.x
2707:mitogen-activated protein kinase
2431:cancers of the lung and bronchus
1455:Pustulosis palmaris et plantaris
1410:
889:major histocompatibility complex
826:
667:treatment of guttate psoriasis.
532:
520:
508:
496:
64:
10506:Pityriasis lichenoides chronica
9884:Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides
8652:Palestine Exploration Quarterly
8593:National Psoriasis Foundation.
8345:(3): 433–42, discussion 442–3.
7123:
7003:Journal of Drugs in Dermatology
6910:
6873:
6772:
6717:
6668:
6545:
6509:
6281:
6186:
5979:
5818:
5532:
5445:
5300:
5081:
4350:
4023:10.1590/s0482-50042012000100010
3893:
3868:
3767:European Journal of Dermatology
3706:
3640:European Journal of Dermatology
3627:
3605:10.2165/0128071-200910001-00002
3534:
3478:Weigle N, McBane S (May 2013).
3317:
2507:(translated as leprosy) in the
2464:
1518:
1105:group A streptococcal infection
1063:1 subset of CD4+ helper T cells
1055:2 subset of CD4+ helper T cells
954:, variant WWC, which encodes a
878:associated with the condition.
786:
689:and perform barrier functions.
10754:Keratosis lichenoides chronica
10744:Erythema dyschromicum perstans
10397:Generalized pustular psoriasis
10125:Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus
9833:Subcorneal pustular dermatosis
9459:Infantile digital fibromatosis
8543:10.1001/jamadermatol.2019.3056
7631:10.1002/14651858.cd011571.pub2
7536:10.1002/14651858.CD010497.pub2
7438:10.1002/14651858.CD011535.pub6
7335:10.1002/14651858.CD010017.pub2
7258:Science Translational Medicine
6797:10.1002/14651858.CD009481.pub2
6693:10.1002/14651858.CD011941.pub2
6428:10.1002/14651858.CD009687.pub2
6361:10.1002/14651858.CD005028.pub3
6211:10.1002/14651858.CD011541.pub2
4644:10.1002/14651858.CD011972.pub2
4359:"Psoriasis and its management"
3051:
2764:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
2751:
2735:English Pronouncing Dictionary
2723:
2711:phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors
1567:Dermatology Life Quality Index
1435:Generalized pustular psoriasis
1395:most superficial layer of skin
1110:
1107:(tonsillitis or pharyngitis).
823:), and crumbling of the nail.
808:Psoriasis can affect the nails
544:
13:
1:
9717:Epidermolysis bullosa simplex
9554:Langerhans cell histiocytosis
8569:Bakalar N (16 October 2019).
8316:10.1001/2013.jamadermatol.406
7299:Novel Drug Approvals for 2017
6307:10.1080/09546634.2019.1620502
6164:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61129-5
5903:10.1080/1744666X.2016.1213631
5792:Arthritis Care & Research
5025:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.10.007
3520:(8th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
2979:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
2879:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61909-7
2716:
2631:National Psoriasis Foundation
2054:, which is the target of the
2007:or individuals infected with
1619:
1598:
1503:Psoriasis is classified as a
918:Genome-wide association scans
765:surrounding connective tissue
449:The word "psoriasis" is from
189:) (indirectly/by association)
161:and other specialties (e.g.,
10525:Xanthoerythrodermia perstans
10430:Localized pustular psoriasis
10193:Systemic lupus erythematosus
9948:Systemic lupus erythematosus
9639:Systemic lupus erythematosus
8808:10.1097/RHU.0b013e31829d4ad4
8762:10.1097/RHU.0b013e318293eaeb
8461:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181ff8eeb
8351:10.1097/HJH.0b013e32835bcce1
8268:10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.08.008
7786:Kaimal S, Thappa DM (2010).
7680:10.3109/09546634.2013.848258
7270:10.1126/scitranslmed.3001107
5988:"Psoriasis and Co-morbidity"
5517:10.3122/jabfm.2013.06.130055
5067:10.12968/bjcn.2012.17.11.524
3388:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.008
3155:. Springer. pp. 83–87.
2553:. The British dermatologist
2439:cancers of the urinary tract
2351:in the blood, and increased
2315:number of new cases per year
2246:
2038:) and one recombinant TNF-α
1590:Cardiovascular complications
1317:
1043:human immunodeficiency virus
1016:
7:
9474:Lymphangioma circumscriptum
5401:Kunz M, Ibrahim SM (2009).
4517:Australian Family Physician
2653:
2116:tumor necrosis factor alpha
2114:infliximab no longer binds
1853:due to reactivation of the
1694:is structurally similar to
1548:
1193:epidermal layer of the skin
1076:
859:
738:skin folds next to the nose
10:
10847:
10706:Lichen planus pemphigoides
10531:Large plaque parapsoriasis
10517:Small plaque parapsoriasis
10425:Annular pustular psoriasis
10296:Mucous membrane pemphigoid
9056:Global report on psoriasis
8504:10.1016/j.jaad.2012.01.029
8049:10.1016/j.jaad.2014.03.017
7585:10.1016/j.jaad.2015.03.049
6980:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.12.054
6531:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.12.032
6480:10.1016/j.jaad.2012.05.034
6046:Acta Dermato-Venereologica
5992:Acta Dermato-Venereologica
5955:10.1007/s12325-020-01346-6
5853:Dermatology Online Journal
5274:Dermatology Online Journal
5106:10.1016/j.cyto.2014.12.014
4737:Dermatology Online Journal
4474:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.03.012
4425:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.03.013
4258:10.1016/j.jaad.2005.04.035
3338:10.1016/j.jaad.2011.01.032
2817:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.02.039
2496:
2491:inflammatory bowel disease
2377:high levels of cholesterol
2231:There is a higher rate of
2197:Limited evidence suggests
2192:
1847:inflammation of the cornea
1161:lipid-lowering medications
863:
587:, particularly around the
10734:Lichen ruber moniliformis
10716:
10588:
10578:
10544:
10488:
10476:Seborrheic-like psoriasis
10438:
10387:
10378:
10259:
10226:
10170:
10155:
10146:
10103:
10074:
10053:
10044:
9997:
9956:
9925:
9914:
9896:
9841:
9783:
9725:
9662:
9582:
9511:
9500:
9491:
9406:
9370:
9302:
9295:
9206:
9125:
9061:World Health Organization
8972:10.1007/s13555-012-0016-4
8902:TheScientificWorldJournal
8397:10.1007/s40257-012-0005-5
7999:10.1038/nrgastro.2015.131
7902:10.1007/s13555-017-0183-4
7487:10.1007/s13555-015-0092-3
7224:10.1007/s13555-016-0102-0
6886:World Health Organization
6849:10.1007/s13555-015-0071-8
6110:10.1016/j.jid.2020.11.025
5798:(Supplement 11): S64–85.
5758:10.1007/s00403-010-1080-1
5407:Mediators of Inflammation
5372:10.1007/s12016-012-8305-3
5155:10.1016/j.tig.2010.06.006
3846:10.1007/s00403-011-1175-3
3802:"Erythrodermic psoriasis"
3484:American Family Physician
3103:American Family Physician
2645:billion, including $ 12.2
1843:conjunctival inflammation
1818:World Health Organization
1586:managing this condition.
1573:occupational impairment.
1364:cutaneous T cell lymphoma
1041:The rate of psoriasis in
924:The major determinant is
850:
718:Seborrheic-like psoriasis
713:Seborrheic-like psoriasis
288:
255:
245:
234:
226:
218:
206:
193:
143:
56:
51:
42:
37:
10739:Gianotti–Crosti syndrome
10689:with lupus erythematosis
10560:Pityriasis rubra pilaris
10372:Papulosquamous disorders
10061:Thrombocytopenic purpura
9707:Dermatitis herpetiformis
9692:Acute contact dermatitis
9644:Pityriasis rubra pilaris
9569:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
9539:Lichen simplex chronicus
9419:Epidermal inclusion cyst
9014:. Beckenham UK: Garner.
8842:21 November 2008 at the
5326:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00639
5226:Experimental Dermatology
5090:"Cytokines in psoriasis"
4375:10.1136/bmj.333.7564.380
3634:Mahé E (November 2016).
3547:Pediatrics International
3061:Medical-Surgical Nursing
2345:renin–angiotensin system
1706:, corticosteroids (i.e.
1565:(PASI) score ≤10, and a
1557:Distribution of severity
1137:calcium channel blockers
1125:antimalarial medications
692:
307:patches of abnormal skin
10326:Squamous-cell carcinoma
10321:Systemic histoplasmosis
9712:Porphyria cutanea tarda
9342:Squamous-cell carcinoma
9103:Genetics Home Reference
8960:Dermatology and Therapy
8339:Journal of Hypertension
7889:Dermatology and Therapy
7805:10.4103/0378-6323.60540
7475:Dermatology and Therapy
7212:Dermatology and Therapy
6837:Dermatology and Therapy
6757:10.4103/0378-6323.72461
6058:10.2340/actadv.v101.565
5313:Frontiers in Immunology
4797:10.2310/7750.2012.11124
4063:10.5114/pdia.2013.34161
2699:Janus kinase inhibitors
2636:
2241:anti-gliadin antibodies
2204:
2111:neutralizing antibodies
1921:Psoriasis resistant to
1879:squamous cell carcinoma
1525:human leukocyte antigen
1505:papulosquamous disorder
1445:Acrodermatitis continua
1399:these superficial cells
1314:-attracting cytokines.
1229:tumor necrosis factor-α
728:production such as the
674:Erythrodermic psoriasis
465:, "action, condition".
415:immunosuppressive drugs
275:immunosuppressive drugs
10535:Retiform parapsoriasis
10512:Lymphomatoid papulosis
10498:Pityriasis lichenoides
10461:Drug-induced psoriasis
10456:Psoriatic erythroderma
10401:Impetigo herpetiformis
10301:Cicatricial pemphigoid
10218:Acne keloidalis nuchae
10213:Folliculitis decalvans
8618:Clinics in Dermatology
8168:Clinics in Dermatology
8134:10.1186/1477-7525-4-35
8082:Clinics in Dermatology
7934:Ni C, Chiu MW (2014).
7851:10.3390/ijerph13070743
7384:10.4161/mabs.2.3.11641
6602:Clinics in Dermatology
5188:Clinics in Dermatology
4699:10.1186/1758-2652-14-5
4584:(Supplement 3): 2–11.
4508:Clarke P (July 2011).
4252:(1 Suppl 1): S94–100.
4211:Clinics in Dermatology
3877:Burket's oral medicine
2305:Cardiovascular disease
2286:thoughts about suicide
2267:
2199:removal of the tonsils
1986:psoriatic erythroderma
1918:
1828:damage in the form of
1799:Narrowband UVB therapy
1696:para-aminobenzoic acid
1629:
1558:
1484:Psoriatic spondylitis
1344:differential diagnosis
1328:
1272:adaptive immune system
1036:
804:
796:
679:Psoriatic erythroderma
647:
562:
539:Psoriasis of the scalp
527:Psoriasis of the palms
483:
436:cardiovascular disease
10684:with lichen sclerosus
10570:Pityriasis amiantacea
10203:Loose anagen syndrome
10130:Necrobiosis lipoidica
10066:Actinic/solar purpura
9740:Insect bite reactions
9529:Seborrheic dermatitis
9352:Merkel-cell carcinoma
9332:Molluscum contagiosum
9099:"Psoriatic arthritis"
8856:Evans C (June 2016).
8654:107.2 (1975): 87-105.
6004:10.2340/00015555-3387
4327:10.1056/NEJMra0804595
3779:10.1684/ejd.2011.1569
3652:10.1684/ejd.2016.2932
3636:"Childhood psoriasis"
2347:, elevated levels of
2262:
2215:eicosapentaenoic acid
2020:monoclonal antibodies
1935:injectable treatments
1908:
1627:
1556:
1325:
1258:Deoxyribonucleic acid
1088:Staphylococcus aureus
813:whitening of the nail
802:
794:
722:seborrheic dermatitis
642:
560:
481:
426:an increased risk of
10826:Cutaneous conditions
10769:Lichenoid dermatitis
10026:Annulare centrifugum
9549:Glucagonoma syndrome
9347:Basal-cell carcinoma
9322:Seborrheic keratosis
9085:on 29 February 2016.
9040:on 27 September 2013
8868:(8 Suppl): s238–43.
8429:. BBC. August 2011.
7304:29 June 2017 at the
4970:Clinical dermatology
4846:10.1038/jid.2012.194
3439:10.3390/ijms20061475
3376:Autoimmunity Reviews
3036:10.1038/jid.2012.339
2973:(10053): 1545–1602.
2614:rheumatoid arthritis
2455:basal cell carcinoma
2219:docosahexaenoic acid
2100:natural killer cells
1943:liver function tests
1855:herpes simplex virus
1387:Epidermal thickening
1268:innate immune system
1163:, and paradoxically
1003:gene located in the
898:Classic genome-wide
687:regulate temperature
503:Plaques of psoriasis
385:psychological stress
10821:Autoimmune diseases
10521:Digitate dermatosis
10451:Psoriatic arthritis
10271:Aphthous stomatitis
10208:Lichen planopilaris
10183:Androgenic alopecia
9989:Fixed drug eruption
9564:Pemphigus foliaceus
9464:Granular cell tumor
8915:10.1155/2013/980419
7953:10.2147/CCID.S44843
6936:10.1038/jid.2011.53
5943:Advances in Therapy
5704:10.1155/2012/147413
5604:10.2147/CCID.S35312
5420:10.1155/2009/979258
4884:. Rice University.
4174:10.1155/2013/613086
4161:Autoimmune Diseases
3969:10.2147/DDDT.S31658
3239:10.2147/DDDT.S32713
2681:axis, particularly
2620:Society and culture
2584:, which contains a
2478:million Americans.
2357:atrial fibrillation
2184:phosphodiesterase 4
2170:fumaric acid esters
1911:psoriatic arthritis
1862:mechanism of action
1657:Vitamin D analogues
1475:Psoriatic arthritis
1426:Psoriasis Vulgaris
757:Psoriatic arthritis
752:Psoriatic arthritis
428:psoriatic arthritis
313:, pink, or purple,
292:79.7 million / 2–4%
213:Psoriatic arthritis
10565:Pityriasis rotunda
10291:Pemphigus vulgaris
10120:Granuloma annulare
9984:Carcinoid syndrome
9869:Tuberous sclerosis
9828:Coccidioidomycosis
9702:Bullous pemphigoid
9697:Pemphigus vulgaris
9629:Secondary syphilis
9519:Contact dermatitis
9207:External resources
8908:(980419): 980419.
8716:10.1007/bf02949688
8575:The New York Times
5865:10.5070/D318W9J736
5826:"Psoriasis Update"
5697:(147413): 147413.
5286:10.5070/D33N39N8XM
5143:Trends in Genetics
4749:10.5070/D34SF63339
4167:(613086): 613086.
3543:"Napkin psoriasis"
2767:. Merriam-Webster.
2660:insulin resistance
2561:missed out on the
2426:multiple sclerosis
2418:ulcerative colitis
2402:metabolic syndrome
2268:
2133:, ixekizumab, and
2106:may also be used.
2036:certolizumab pegol
1919:
1630:
1559:
1391:stratum granulosum
1372:secondary syphilis
1329:
1245:regulatory T cells
841:Koebner phenomenon
805:
797:
648:
566:Pustular psoriasis
563:
553:Pustular psoriasis
484:
469:Signs and symptoms
327:Koebner phenomenon
309:. These areas are
303:autoimmune disease
10786:
10785:
10782:
10781:
10484:
10483:
10466:Inverse psoriasis
10446:Guttate psoriasis
10419:Pustular bacterid
10338:
10337:
10334:
10333:
10178:Telogen effluvium
10142:
10141:
10138:
10137:
10099:
10098:
10095:
10094:
10040:
10039:
9892:
9891:
9760:Lichen spinulosus
9755:Keratosis pilaris
9634:Mycosis fungoides
9534:Stasis dermatitis
9524:Atopic dermatitis
9487:
9486:
9362:Trichoepithelioma
9337:Actinic keratosis
9257:
9256:
9078:978-92-4-156518-9
9021:978-0-9551603-2-5
9008:Baker BS (2008).
8537:(12): 1390–1403.
8221:978-0-323-08037-8
8206:Habif TP (2010).
7095:(Suppl 3): 3–11.
7045:10.1111/ced.12062
6903:978-92-4-151259-6
6566:10.1111/ijd.12790
6259:10.1111/bjd.12276
6158:(9583): 272–284.
5804:10.1002/acr.20577
5481:978-0-07-138076-8
4980:978-1-4443-0009-3
4929:10.1586/egh.12.64
4591:10.1111/jdv.12162
3918:10.1111/jop.12840
3886:978-1-55009-345-2
3599:(Suppl 1): 7–12.
3559:10.1111/ped.12916
3527:978-0-07-166904-7
3310:978-0-7216-2921-6
3282:978-0-7020-3084-0
3193:978-0-323-03622-1
3162:978-1-4419-0524-6
3071:978-1-4860-1440-8
2938:. 12 April 2017.
2744:978-3-12-539683-8
2582:Fowler's solution
2536:leprosa graecorum
2513:tumah and taharah
2447:pancreatic cancer
2284:; a high rate of
2161:lymphocytes, and
2005:hepatitis B virus
1970:dimethyl fumarate
1923:topical treatment
1830:pyrimidine dimers
1759:actinic elastosis
1501:
1500:
1493:Inverse psoriasis
1465:Guttate psoriasis
1352:seborrheic eczema
1217:white blood cells
1071:17 helper T cells
1031:cigarette smoking
995:nuclear factor κB
707:geographic tongue
660:Guttate psoriasis
651:Guttate psoriasis
645:guttate psoriasis
635:Guttate psoriasis
629:inverse psoriasis
621:napkin dermatitis
605:inframammary fold
581:Inverse psoriasis
576:Inverse psoriasis
411:ultraviolet light
383:. Infections and
371:than if they are
305:characterized by
296:
295:
271:ultraviolet light
251:Based on symptoms
247:Diagnostic method
167:vascular medicine
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
10838:
10803:
10802:
10801:
10794:
10764:Lichen sclerosus
10759:Kraurosis vulvae
10679:overlap synromes
10586:
10585:
10555:Pityriasis rosea
10471:Napkin psoriasis
10385:
10384:
10365:
10358:
10351:
10342:
10341:
10276:Oral candidiasis
10153:
10152:
10051:
10050:
9979:Erythema nodosum
9923:
9922:
9912:
9911:
9905:
9904:
9849:Tinea versicolor
9687:Bullous impetigo
9624:Pityriasis rosea
9559:Lichen sclerosus
9544:Darier's disease
9509:
9508:
9498:
9497:
9454:Kaposi's sarcoma
9300:
9299:
9284:
9277:
9270:
9261:
9260:
9123:
9122:
9118:
9106:
9086:
9081:. Archived from
9049:
9047:
9045:
9036:. Archived from
9025:
8994:
8993:
8983:
8951:
8938:
8937:
8927:
8917:
8893:
8882:
8881:
8853:
8847:
8834:
8828:
8827:
8791:
8782:
8781:
8745:
8736:
8735:
8699:
8693:
8692:
8672:
8655:
8648:
8642:
8641:
8613:
8607:
8606:
8604:
8602:
8587:
8581:
8578:
8567:Lay summary in:
8564:
8554:
8531:JAMA Dermatology
8522:
8516:
8515:
8487:
8481:
8480:
8444:
8435:
8434:
8423:
8417:
8416:
8380:
8371:
8370:
8334:
8328:
8327:
8304:JAMA Dermatology
8299:
8290:
8289:
8279:
8247:
8238:
8237:
8235:
8233:
8203:
8192:
8191:
8163:
8157:
8156:
8146:
8136:
8112:
8106:
8105:
8077:
8071:
8070:
8060:
8028:
8019:
8018:
7982:
7976:
7975:
7965:
7955:
7931:
7925:
7924:
7914:
7904:
7880:
7874:
7873:
7863:
7853:
7829:
7818:
7817:
7807:
7783:
7774:
7773:
7771:
7769:
7743:
7717:
7708:
7702:
7701:
7691:
7659:
7653:
7652:
7642:
7610:
7604:
7603:
7601:
7599:
7564:
7558:
7557:
7547:
7515:
7509:
7508:
7498:
7466:
7460:
7459:
7449:
7417:
7406:
7405:
7395:
7363:
7357:
7356:
7346:
7329:(11): CD010017.
7314:
7308:
7296:
7290:
7289:
7252:
7246:
7245:
7235:
7203:
7197:
7196:
7171:(Suppl 3): 1–2.
7160:
7151:
7150:
7148:
7146:
7127:
7121:
7120:
7084:
7065:
7064:
7028:
7019:
7018:
6998:
6992:
6991:
6963:
6957:
6956:
6938:
6929:(7): 1547–1558.
6914:
6908:
6907:
6877:
6871:
6870:
6860:
6828:
6819:
6818:
6808:
6791:(10): CD009481.
6776:
6770:
6769:
6759:
6735:
6724:
6721:
6715:
6714:
6704:
6672:
6666:
6665:
6637:
6626:
6625:
6597:
6586:
6585:
6549:
6543:
6542:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6502:
6496:
6459:
6450:
6449:
6439:
6407:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6393:
6387:
6372:
6346:
6337:
6328:
6327:
6309:
6285:
6279:
6278:
6242:
6233:
6232:
6222:
6190:
6184:
6183:
6147:
6132:
6131:
6121:
6104:(6): 1493–1502.
6089:
6080:
6079:
6069:
6052:(11): adv00609.
6037:
6026:
6025:
6015:
5983:
5977:
5976:
5966:
5949:(5): 2017–2033.
5934:
5923:
5922:
5886:
5877:
5876:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5840:on 2 March 2011.
5830:Skin & Aging
5822:
5816:
5815:
5786:
5780:
5779:
5769:
5736:
5727:
5726:
5716:
5706:
5682:
5676:
5675:
5665:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5616:
5606:
5582:
5573:
5572:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5519:
5495:
5486:
5485:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5432:
5422:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5338:
5328:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5269:
5258:
5257:
5221:
5212:
5211:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5166:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5117:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5050:
5037:
5036:
5008:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4964:
4949:
4948:
4912:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4893:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4857:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4808:
4774:
4765:
4764:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4711:
4701:
4677:
4666:
4665:
4655:
4623:
4612:
4611:
4593:
4569:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4537:
4514:
4505:
4496:
4495:
4485:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4436:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4386:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4329:
4305:
4270:
4269:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4206:
4197:
4196:
4186:
4176:
4152:
4131:
4130:
4094:
4085:
4084:
4074:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4025:
4001:
3992:
3991:
3981:
3971:
3947:
3938:
3937:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3829:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3762:
3753:
3752:
3734:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3687:
3672:
3671:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3588:
3579:
3578:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3513:
3500:
3499:
3475:
3462:
3461:
3451:
3441:
3417:
3400:
3399:
3371:
3350:
3349:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3296:
3287:
3286:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3251:
3241:
3217:
3202:
3201:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3146:
3123:
3122:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3038:
3014:
3001:
3000:
2990:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2928:
2899:
2898:
2873:(9997): 983–94.
2862:
2821:
2820:
2796:
2769:
2768:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2727:
2709:inhibitors, and
2703:protein kinase C
2648:
2644:
2563:Battle of Midway
2551:Cornelius Celsus
2477:
2374:
2366:
2353:oxidative stress
2341:
2332:
2282:social isolation
2237:gluten-free diet
2124:immune tolerance
1962:hydroxycarbamide
1769:and exposure to
1415:
1414:
1356:pityriasis rosea
1175:. Withdrawal of
1100:Candida albicans
1047:cellular signals
970:cornified layers
900:linkage analysis
777:sacroiliac joint
625:plaque psoriasis
616:Napkin psoriasis
611:Napkin psoriasis
536:
524:
512:
500:
474:Plaque psoriasis
179:gastroenterology
135:
134:
131:
130:
127:
122:
121:
118:
113:
112:
109:
104:
103:
100:
95:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
70:
47:
35:
34:
21:
10846:
10845:
10841:
10840:
10839:
10837:
10836:
10835:
10811:
10810:
10809:
10799:
10797:
10789:
10787:
10778:
10729:Lichen striatus
10712:
10574:
10540:
10480:
10434:
10374:
10369:
10339:
10330:
10262:
10255:
10222:
10188:Alopecia areata
10166:
10148:
10134:
10091:
10070:
10046:
10036:
9993:
9952:
9938:Viral exanthems
9916:
9900:
9898:
9888:
9859:Pityriasis alba
9837:
9779:
9721:
9658:
9578:
9574:Zinc deficiency
9504:
9502:
9483:
9411:
9402:
9366:
9357:Nevus sebaceous
9291:
9288:
9258:
9253:
9252:
9202:
9201:
9134:
9109:
9097:
9094:
9089:
9079:
9043:
9041:
9028:
9022:
9003:
9001:Further reading
8998:
8997:
8952:
8941:
8894:
8885:
8854:
8850:
8844:Wayback Machine
8835:
8831:
8792:
8785:
8746:
8739:
8700:
8696:
8673:
8658:
8649:
8645:
8614:
8610:
8600:
8598:
8589:
8588:
8584:
8568:
8523:
8519:
8488:
8484:
8445:
8438:
8425:
8424:
8420:
8381:
8374:
8335:
8331:
8300:
8293:
8262:(12): 1148–53.
8248:
8241:
8231:
8229:
8222:
8204:
8195:
8164:
8160:
8113:
8109:
8078:
8074:
8029:
8022:
7983:
7979:
7932:
7928:
7881:
7877:
7830:
7821:
7784:
7777:
7767:
7765:
7715:
7709:
7705:
7660:
7656:
7625:(3): CD011571.
7611:
7607:
7597:
7595:
7565:
7561:
7530:(8): CD010497.
7516:
7512:
7467:
7463:
7432:(7): CD011535.
7418:
7409:
7364:
7360:
7315:
7311:
7306:Wayback Machine
7297:
7293:
7253:
7249:
7204:
7200:
7161:
7154:
7144:
7142:
7129:
7128:
7124:
7085:
7068:
7029:
7022:
6999:
6995:
6964:
6960:
6915:
6911:
6904:
6878:
6874:
6829:
6822:
6777:
6773:
6736:
6727:
6722:
6718:
6687:(5): CD011941.
6673:
6669:
6638:
6629:
6598:
6589:
6550:
6546:
6514:
6510:
6500:
6498:
6494:
6460:
6453:
6422:(2): CD009687.
6408:
6401:
6391:
6389:
6385:
6355:(3): CD005028.
6344:
6338:
6331:
6286:
6282:
6243:
6236:
6205:(4): CD011541.
6191:
6187:
6148:
6135:
6090:
6083:
6038:
6029:
5984:
5980:
5935:
5926:
5887:
5880:
5849:
5845:
5824:
5823:
5819:
5787:
5783:
5737:
5730:
5683:
5679:
5634:
5630:
5583:
5576:
5537:
5533:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5468:
5464:
5459:on 9 July 2006.
5451:
5450:
5446:
5399:
5395:
5356:
5352:
5305:
5301:
5270:
5261:
5222:
5215:
5184:
5180:
5135:
5131:
5086:
5082:
5061:(11): 524–528.
5051:
5040:
5009:
5000:
4990:
4988:
4981:
4965:
4952:
4913:
4904:
4891:
4889:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4826:
4822:
4775:
4768:
4729:
4725:
4678:
4669:
4638:(7): CD011972.
4624:
4615:
4570:
4551:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4512:
4506:
4499:
4454:
4450:
4404:
4400:
4369:(7564): 380–4.
4355:
4351:
4306:
4273:
4242:
4238:
4207:
4200:
4153:
4134:
4095:
4088:
4043:
4039:
4002:
3995:
3948:
3941:
3898:
3894:
3887:
3873:
3869:
3830:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3798:
3794:
3763:
3756:
3711:
3707:
3688:
3675:
3632:
3628:
3589:
3582:
3539:
3535:
3528:
3514:
3503:
3476:
3465:
3418:
3403:
3372:
3353:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3269:
3265:
3218:
3205:
3194:
3178:
3174:
3163:
3149:Jain S (2012).
3147:
3126:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3072:
3056:
3052:
3015:
3004:
2959:
2955:
2945:
2943:
2930:
2929:
2902:
2863:
2824:
2797:
2772:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2656:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2627:rheumatologists
2622:
2499:
2475:
2467:
2429:increased risk
2410:
2368:
2360:
2335:
2326:
2307:
2249:
2207:
2195:
1990:corticosteroids
1903:
1901:Systemic agents
1788:in the form of
1783:
1781:UV phototherapy
1724:finger tip unit
1717:
1680:petroleum jelly
1639:
1622:
1614:type 2 diabetes
1610:
1608:Type 2 diabetes
1601:
1592:
1583:
1551:
1521:
1418:Psoriasis Type
1413:
1408:
1385:on microscopy.
1320:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1277:
1264:Dendritic cells
1225:interleukin-36γ
1209:dendritic cells
1189:
1187:Pathophysiology
1177:corticosteroids
1113:
1079:
1070:
1062:
1054:
1039:
1019:
868:
862:
853:
829:
789:
754:
715:
703:Fissured tongue
695:
683:glucocorticoids
676:
637:
613:
578:
555:
547:
540:
537:
528:
525:
516:
513:
504:
501:
476:
471:
440:Crohn's disease
407:
361:genetic disease
267:
239:Genetic disease
153:
139:
124:
115:
106:
97:
67:
63:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10844:
10834:
10833:
10828:
10823:
10808:
10807:
10784:
10783:
10780:
10779:
10777:
10776:
10771:
10766:
10761:
10756:
10751:
10746:
10741:
10736:
10731:
10726:
10724:Lichen nitidus
10720:
10718:
10714:
10713:
10711:
10710:
10709:
10708:
10703:
10693:
10692:
10691:
10686:
10676:
10675:
10674:
10669:
10664:
10659:
10649:
10648:
10647:
10642:
10637:
10632:
10627:
10622:
10612:
10611:
10610:
10605:
10594:
10592:
10583:
10576:
10575:
10573:
10572:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10551:
10549:
10542:
10541:
10539:
10538:
10528:
10514:
10509:
10494:
10492:
10486:
10485:
10482:
10481:
10479:
10478:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10458:
10453:
10448:
10442:
10440:
10436:
10435:
10433:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10411:Acropustulosis
10408:
10393:
10391:
10382:
10376:
10375:
10368:
10367:
10360:
10353:
10345:
10336:
10335:
10332:
10331:
10329:
10328:
10323:
10318:
10313:
10311:Coxsackievirus
10308:
10303:
10298:
10293:
10288:
10283:
10278:
10273:
10267:
10265:
10257:
10256:
10254:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10232:
10230:
10224:
10223:
10221:
10220:
10215:
10210:
10205:
10200:
10195:
10190:
10185:
10180:
10174:
10172:
10168:
10167:
10165:
10164:
10161:
10159:
10150:
10144:
10143:
10140:
10139:
10136:
10135:
10133:
10132:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10107:
10105:
10101:
10100:
10097:
10096:
10093:
10092:
10090:
10089:
10084:
10078:
10076:
10072:
10071:
10069:
10068:
10063:
10057:
10055:
10048:
10042:
10041:
10038:
10037:
10035:
10034:
10028:
10023:
10021:Gyratum repens
10018:
10013:
10007:
10001:
9999:
9995:
9994:
9992:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9966:
9960:
9958:
9954:
9953:
9951:
9950:
9945:
9943:Toxic erythema
9940:
9935:
9933:Drug eruptions
9929:
9927:
9920:
9909:
9902:
9894:
9893:
9890:
9889:
9887:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9845:
9843:
9839:
9838:
9836:
9835:
9830:
9825:
9820:
9815:
9810:
9805:
9800:
9795:
9789:
9787:
9781:
9780:
9778:
9777:
9772:
9770:Lichen nitidus
9767:
9762:
9757:
9752:
9747:
9742:
9737:
9731:
9729:
9723:
9722:
9720:
9719:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9672:Herpes simplex
9668:
9666:
9660:
9659:
9657:
9656:
9651:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9594:
9588:
9586:
9580:
9579:
9577:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9561:
9556:
9551:
9546:
9541:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9521:
9515:
9513:
9506:
9495:
9489:
9488:
9485:
9484:
9482:
9481:
9476:
9471:
9466:
9461:
9456:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9436:
9431:
9426:
9421:
9415:
9413:
9404:
9403:
9401:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9374:
9372:
9368:
9367:
9365:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9349:
9344:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9308:
9306:
9297:
9293:
9292:
9287:
9286:
9279:
9272:
9264:
9255:
9254:
9251:
9250:
9223:
9211:
9210:
9208:
9204:
9203:
9200:
9199:
9188:
9177:
9166:
9151:
9135:
9130:
9129:
9127:
9126:Classification
9120:
9119:
9107:
9093:
9092:External links
9090:
9088:
9087:
9077:
9050:
9026:
9020:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8996:
8995:
8939:
8883:
8848:
8829:
8783:
8737:
8710:(351): 141–2.
8694:
8656:
8643:
8608:
8582:
8580:
8579:
8517:
8482:
8436:
8418:
8372:
8329:
8291:
8239:
8220:
8193:
8158:
8107:
8088:(4): 343–351.
8072:
8020:
7993:(10): 561–71.
7977:
7926:
7895:(2): 227–242.
7875:
7819:
7775:
7703:
7654:
7605:
7559:
7510:
7461:
7407:
7358:
7309:
7291:
7264:(52): 52ra72.
7247:
7198:
7152:
7122:
7066:
7020:
6993:
6958:
6909:
6902:
6872:
6820:
6771:
6725:
6716:
6667:
6648:(2): 186–200.
6627:
6587:
6544:
6508:
6451:
6399:
6329:
6300:(4): 311–319.
6280:
6253:(5): 954–967.
6234:
6185:
6133:
6081:
6027:
5978:
5924:
5878:
5843:
5817:
5781:
5728:
5677:
5628:
5574:
5531:
5510:(6): 787–801.
5487:
5480:
5462:
5444:
5393:
5350:
5299:
5259:
5213:
5178:
5129:
5080:
5038:
4998:
4979:
4950:
4902:
4869:
4820:
4766:
4723:
4667:
4613:
4549:
4497:
4448:
4419:(5): 796–808.
4398:
4349:
4320:(5): 496–509.
4271:
4236:
4198:
4132:
4086:
4037:
3993:
3939:
3912:(5): 365–372.
3892:
3885:
3867:
3819:
3804:. DermNet NZ.
3792:
3754:
3705:
3673:
3646:(6): 537–548.
3626:
3580:
3553:(5): 420–422.
3533:
3526:
3501:
3463:
3401:
3382:(4–5): 490–5.
3351:
3316:
3309:
3288:
3281:
3263:
3203:
3192:
3172:
3161:
3124:
3089:
3070:
3050:
3002:
2953:
2900:
2822:
2811:(5): 826–850.
2770:
2750:
2743:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2655:
2652:
2638:
2635:
2621:
2618:
2571:Chester Nimitz
2559:William Halsey
2555:Thomas Bateman
2525:dermatologists
2521:Willan's lepra
2498:
2495:
2466:
2463:
2422:celiac disease
2409:
2408:Other diseases
2406:
2386:hyperlipidemia
2359:is 1.31 times
2306:
2303:
2266:with psoriasis
2248:
2245:
2233:celiac disease
2206:
2203:
2194:
2191:
2061:. In 2017 the
2040:decoy receptor
1902:
1899:
1881:(but not with
1782:
1779:
1715:
1708:desoximetasone
1692:salicylic acid
1638:
1637:Topical agents
1635:
1621:
1618:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1581:Co-morbidities
1579:
1550:
1547:
1520:
1517:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1406:Classification
1404:
1348:discoid eczema
1319:
1316:
1308:interleukin-17
1303:
1299:
1293:
1275:
1249:interleukin-10
1241:interleukin-22
1233:interleukin-1β
1188:
1185:
1181:rebound effect
1165:TNF inhibitors
1112:
1109:
1078:
1075:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1038:
1035:
1018:
1015:
966:corneodesmosin
932:is located on
880:Identical twin
872:family history
861:
858:
852:
849:
837:Auspitz's sign
828:
825:
788:
785:
753:
750:
714:
711:
694:
691:
675:
672:
636:
633:
612:
609:
577:
574:
554:
551:
546:
543:
542:
541:
538:
531:
529:
526:
519:
517:
514:
507:
505:
502:
495:
475:
472:
470:
467:
459:, "itch", and
405:
400:steroid creams
294:
293:
290:
286:
285:
265:
260:Steroid creams
257:
253:
252:
249:
243:
242:
236:
232:
231:
228:
224:
223:
220:
216:
215:
210:
204:
203:
197:
191:
190:
147:
141:
140:
138:
137:
60:
58:
54:
53:
49:
48:
40:
39:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10843:
10832:
10829:
10827:
10824:
10822:
10819:
10818:
10816:
10806:
10796:
10795:
10792:
10775:
10772:
10770:
10767:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10752:
10750:
10747:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10721:
10719:
10715:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10699:
10698:
10697:
10694:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10681:
10680:
10677:
10673:
10670:
10668:
10665:
10663:
10660:
10658:
10655:
10654:
10653:
10650:
10646:
10643:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10621:
10618:
10617:
10616:
10613:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10600:
10599:
10598:configuration
10596:
10595:
10593:
10591:
10590:Lichen planus
10587:
10584:
10582:
10577:
10571:
10568:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10552:
10550:
10548:
10543:
10536:
10532:
10529:
10526:
10522:
10518:
10515:
10513:
10510:
10507:
10503:
10499:
10496:
10495:
10493:
10491:
10490:Parapsoriasis
10487:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10447:
10444:
10443:
10441:
10437:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10420:
10416:
10412:
10409:
10406:
10402:
10398:
10395:
10394:
10392:
10390:
10386:
10383:
10381:
10377:
10373:
10366:
10361:
10359:
10354:
10352:
10347:
10346:
10343:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10319:
10317:
10314:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10281:Lichen planus
10279:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10268:
10266:
10264:
10258:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10236:Onychomycosis
10234:
10233:
10231:
10229:
10225:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10198:Tinea capitis
10196:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10181:
10179:
10176:
10175:
10173:
10169:
10163:
10162:
10160:
10158:
10154:
10151:
10147:Miscellaneous
10145:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10112:
10109:
10108:
10106:
10102:
10088:
10085:
10083:
10080:
10079:
10077:
10073:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10058:
10056:
10052:
10049:
10045:Nonblanchable
10043:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10008:
10006:
10003:
10002:
10000:
9996:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9965:
9962:
9961:
9959:
9955:
9949:
9946:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9936:
9934:
9931:
9930:
9928:
9924:
9921:
9919:
9913:
9910:
9906:
9903:
9895:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9846:
9844:
9842:Hypopigmented
9840:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9819:
9816:
9814:
9811:
9809:
9806:
9804:
9801:
9799:
9796:
9794:
9793:Acne vulgaris
9791:
9790:
9788:
9786:
9782:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9756:
9753:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9745:Lichen planus
9743:
9741:
9738:
9736:
9733:
9732:
9730:
9728:
9724:
9718:
9715:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9677:Herpes zoster
9675:
9673:
9670:
9669:
9667:
9665:
9661:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9649:Parapsoriasis
9647:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9589:
9587:
9585:
9581:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9516:
9514:
9510:
9507:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9490:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9416:
9414:
9409:
9405:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9375:
9373:
9369:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9309:
9307:
9305:
9301:
9298:
9294:
9285:
9280:
9278:
9273:
9271:
9266:
9265:
9262:
9249:
9245:
9241:
9237:
9233:
9229:
9228:
9224:
9222:
9218:
9217:
9213:
9212:
9209:
9205:
9198:
9194:
9193:
9189:
9187:
9183:
9182:
9178:
9176:
9172:
9171:
9167:
9165:
9161:
9160:
9156:
9152:
9150:
9146:
9145:
9141:
9137:
9136:
9133:
9128:
9124:
9116:
9112:
9108:
9104:
9100:
9096:
9095:
9084:
9080:
9074:
9070:
9066:
9062:
9058:
9057:
9051:
9039:
9035:
9031:
9027:
9023:
9017:
9013:
9012:
9006:
9005:
8991:
8987:
8982:
8977:
8973:
8969:
8965:
8961:
8957:
8950:
8948:
8946:
8944:
8935:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8907:
8903:
8899:
8892:
8890:
8888:
8879:
8875:
8871:
8867:
8863:
8859:
8852:
8845:
8841:
8838:
8833:
8825:
8821:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8802:(5): 267–71.
8801:
8797:
8790:
8788:
8779:
8775:
8771:
8767:
8763:
8759:
8755:
8751:
8744:
8742:
8733:
8729:
8725:
8721:
8717:
8713:
8709:
8705:
8698:
8690:
8686:
8682:
8678:
8671:
8669:
8667:
8665:
8663:
8661:
8653:
8647:
8639:
8635:
8631:
8627:
8624:(6): 555–62.
8623:
8619:
8612:
8596:
8592:
8586:
8576:
8572:
8566:
8565:
8562:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8544:
8540:
8536:
8532:
8528:
8521:
8513:
8509:
8505:
8501:
8498:(5): 1076–9.
8497:
8493:
8486:
8478:
8474:
8470:
8466:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8443:
8441:
8432:
8428:
8422:
8414:
8410:
8406:
8402:
8398:
8394:
8390:
8386:
8379:
8377:
8368:
8364:
8360:
8356:
8352:
8348:
8344:
8340:
8333:
8325:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8309:
8305:
8298:
8296:
8287:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8269:
8265:
8261:
8257:
8253:
8246:
8244:
8227:
8223:
8217:
8213:
8209:
8202:
8200:
8198:
8189:
8185:
8181:
8177:
8173:
8169:
8162:
8154:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8126:
8122:
8118:
8111:
8103:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8076:
8068:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8038:
8034:
8027:
8025:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7996:
7992:
7988:
7981:
7973:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7945:
7941:
7937:
7930:
7922:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7894:
7890:
7886:
7879:
7871:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7843:
7839:
7835:
7828:
7826:
7824:
7815:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7798:(2): 103–15.
7797:
7793:
7789:
7782:
7780:
7763:
7759:
7755:
7751:
7747:
7742:
7741:2027.42/96289
7737:
7733:
7729:
7726:(2): 237–42.
7725:
7721:
7714:
7707:
7699:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7681:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7665:
7658:
7650:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7609:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7563:
7555:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7537:
7533:
7529:
7525:
7521:
7514:
7506:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7488:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7472:
7465:
7457:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7439:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7423:
7416:
7414:
7412:
7403:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7378:(3): 256–65.
7377:
7373:
7369:
7362:
7354:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7336:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7320:
7313:
7307:
7303:
7300:
7295:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7251:
7243:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7209:
7202:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7170:
7166:
7159:
7157:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7126:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7083:
7081:
7079:
7077:
7075:
7073:
7071:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7039:(6): 573–88.
7038:
7034:
7027:
7025:
7016:
7012:
7009:(7): 772–82.
7008:
7004:
6997:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6974:(5): 936–49.
6973:
6969:
6962:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6913:
6905:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6876:
6868:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6827:
6825:
6816:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6775:
6767:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6750:(6): 652–61.
6749:
6745:
6741:
6734:
6732:
6730:
6720:
6712:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6671:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6651:
6647:
6643:
6636:
6634:
6632:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6608:(5): 546–53.
6607:
6603:
6596:
6594:
6592:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6560:(4): 383–92.
6559:
6555:
6548:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6525:(4): 643–59.
6524:
6520:
6512:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6474:(5): 817–24.
6473:
6469:
6465:
6458:
6456:
6447:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6406:
6404:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6343:
6336:
6334:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6284:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6241:
6239:
6230:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6189:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6138:
6129:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6088:
6086:
6077:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6023:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5982:
5974:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5885:
5883:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5847:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5821:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5785:
5777:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5735:
5733:
5724:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5681:
5673:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5648:(3): 424–36.
5647:
5643:
5639:
5632:
5624:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5581:
5579:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5547:(2): 258–62.
5546:
5542:
5535:
5527:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5494:
5492:
5483:
5477:
5473:
5466:
5458:
5454:
5448:
5440:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5397:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5366:(2): 166–72.
5365:
5361:
5354:
5346:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5303:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5232:(5): 327–30.
5231:
5227:
5220:
5218:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5182:
5174:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5149:(9): 415–23.
5148:
5144:
5140:
5133:
5125:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5100:(2): 342–50.
5099:
5095:
5091:
5084:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5019:(6): 435–41.
5018:
5014:
5007:
5005:
5003:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4899:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4824:
4816:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4773:
4771:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4727:
4719:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4663:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4523:(7): 468–73.
4522:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4502:
4493:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4468:(5): 784–95.
4467:
4463:
4459:
4452:
4444:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4402:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4353:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4240:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4217:(6): 606–15.
4216:
4212:
4205:
4203:
4194:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4105:(6): 375–88.
4104:
4100:
4093:
4091:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4057:(2): 108–12.
4056:
4052:
4048:
4041:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4016:(1): 98–106.
4015:
4011:
4007:
4000:
3998:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3944:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3888:
3882:
3878:
3871:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3807:
3803:
3796:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3773:(2): 167–71.
3772:
3768:
3761:
3759:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3719:Br J Dermatol
3716:
3709:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3630:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3585:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3529:
3523:
3519:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3497:
3493:
3490:(9): 626–33.
3489:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3332:(2): 279–88.
3331:
3327:
3320:
3312:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3293:
3284:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3093:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2754:
2746:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2722:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2617:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2540:psora leprosa
2537:
2533:
2529:
2528:Robert Willan
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2494:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2414:Crohn disease
2412:The rates of
2405:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2364:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2330:
2323:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2299:comorbidities
2294:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1891:birth defects
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1811:erythemogenic
1806:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1734:balneotherapy
1730:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
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1648:
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1626:
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1605:
1596:
1587:
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1570:
1568:
1564:
1555:
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1538:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1510:
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1490:
1486:
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1478:
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1472:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1411:Morphological
1403:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1284:ultraviolet A
1281:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:interleukin-6
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1201:keratinocytes
1198:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:beta blockers
1108:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1074:
1072:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1002:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
987:
982:
981:chromosome 5q
978:
973:
971:
967:
963:
962:
957:
953:
952:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
922:
919:
915:
911:
907:
906:
901:
896:
894:
890:
884:
881:
877:
873:
867:
857:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
833:medical signs
827:Medical signs
824:
822:
818:
814:
809:
801:
793:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
710:
708:
704:
700:
699:lichen planus
690:
688:
684:
680:
671:
668:
664:
661:
657:
656:streptococcal
652:
646:
641:
632:
630:
626:
622:
617:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
573:
571:
567:
559:
550:
535:
530:
523:
518:
511:
506:
499:
494:
493:
492:
490:
480:
466:
464:
463:
458:
457:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
401:
396:
394:
390:
389:immune system
386:
382:
378:
377:beta blockers
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
346:erythrodermic
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
291:
287:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
261:
258:
254:
250:
248:
244:
240:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
214:
211:
209:
208:Complications
205:
201:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
183:endocrinology
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:(primarily);
151:
148:
146:
142:
133:
62:
61:
59:
57:Pronunciation
55:
50:
46:
41:
36:
30:
19:
10695:
10678:
10672:Vulvovaginal
10667:Peno-ginival
10651:
10620:Hypertrophic
10614:
10597:
10379:
10251:Ingrown nail
10240:
9823:Dermatophyte
9818:Gonococcemia
9803:Folliculitis
9591:
9444:Neurofibroma
9412:subcutaneous
9225:
9214:
9190:
9179:
9168:
9153:
9138:
9114:
9102:
9083:the original
9069:10665/204417
9055:
9042:. Retrieved
9038:the original
9010:
8963:
8959:
8905:
8901:
8865:
8861:
8851:
8832:
8799:
8795:
8756:(4): 193–8.
8753:
8749:
8707:
8703:
8697:
8680:
8676:
8651:
8646:
8621:
8617:
8611:
8599:. Retrieved
8585:
8574:
8534:
8530:
8520:
8495:
8491:
8485:
8455:(5): 394–8.
8452:
8448:
8421:
8388:
8384:
8342:
8338:
8332:
8310:(1): 84–91.
8307:
8303:
8259:
8255:
8230:. Retrieved
8211:
8174:(1): 66–71.
8171:
8167:
8161:
8124:
8120:
8110:
8085:
8081:
8075:
8043:(2): 350–8.
8040:
8036:
7990:
7986:
7980:
7943:
7939:
7929:
7892:
7888:
7878:
7841:
7837:
7795:
7791:
7766:. Retrieved
7723:
7719:
7706:
7674:(6): 482–6.
7671:
7667:
7657:
7622:
7618:
7608:
7598:17 September
7596:. Retrieved
7579:(1): 37–49.
7576:
7572:
7562:
7527:
7523:
7513:
7478:
7474:
7464:
7429:
7425:
7375:
7371:
7361:
7326:
7322:
7312:
7294:
7261:
7257:
7250:
7218:(1): 25–37.
7215:
7211:
7201:
7168:
7164:
7143:. Retrieved
7134:
7125:
7092:
7088:
7036:
7032:
7006:
7002:
6996:
6971:
6967:
6961:
6926:
6922:
6912:
6894:10665/255695
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6843:(1): 37–51.
6840:
6836:
6788:
6784:
6774:
6747:
6743:
6719:
6684:
6680:
6670:
6645:
6641:
6605:
6601:
6557:
6553:
6547:
6522:
6518:
6511:
6499:. Retrieved
6471:
6467:
6419:
6415:
6390:. Retrieved
6381:. CD005028.
6352:
6348:
6297:
6293:
6283:
6250:
6246:
6202:
6198:
6188:
6155:
6151:
6101:
6097:
6049:
6045:
5998:(3): 81–87.
5995:
5991:
5981:
5946:
5942:
5897:(1): 27–34.
5894:
5890:
5856:
5852:
5846:
5838:the original
5833:
5829:
5820:
5795:
5791:
5784:
5749:
5745:
5694:
5690:
5680:
5645:
5641:
5631:
5594:
5590:
5544:
5540:
5534:
5507:
5503:
5471:
5465:
5457:the original
5447:
5410:
5406:
5396:
5363:
5359:
5353:
5316:
5312:
5302:
5277:
5273:
5229:
5225:
5194:(3): 277–9.
5191:
5187:
5181:
5146:
5142:
5132:
5097:
5093:
5083:
5058:
5054:
5016:
5012:
4989:. Retrieved
4969:
4920:
4916:
4897:
4890:. Retrieved
4881:
4872:
4840:(1): 17–26.
4837:
4833:
4823:
4788:
4782:
4740:
4736:
4726:
4689:
4685:
4635:
4631:
4581:
4577:
4540:. Retrieved
4520:
4516:
4465:
4461:
4451:
4416:
4412:
4401:
4366:
4362:
4352:
4317:
4313:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4214:
4210:
4164:
4160:
4102:
4098:
4054:
4050:
4040:
4013:
4009:
3959:
3955:
3909:
3905:
3895:
3876:
3870:
3837:
3833:
3810:. Retrieved
3795:
3770:
3766:
3725:(6): 891–4.
3722:
3718:
3708:
3691:
3643:
3639:
3629:
3596:
3592:
3550:
3546:
3536:
3517:
3487:
3483:
3429:
3425:
3379:
3375:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3300:
3272:
3266:
3229:
3225:
3182:
3175:
3151:
3109:(6): 735–9.
3106:
3102:
3092:
3080:. Retrieved
3060:
3053:
3026:
3022:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2944:. Retrieved
2935:
2870:
2866:
2808:
2804:
2762:
2753:
2734:
2725:
2705:inhibitors,
2672:
2664:antioxidants
2658:The role of
2657:
2640:
2623:
2590:carcinogenic
2579:
2567:World War II
2547:Ancient Rome
2544:
2539:
2535:
2520:
2509:Hebrew Bible
2502:
2500:
2489:People with
2488:
2480:
2468:
2465:Epidemiology
2443:liver cancer
2411:
2370:
2362:
2349:endothelin 1
2337:
2328:
2324:
2320:Methotrexate
2308:
2295:
2269:
2250:
2230:
2223:
2208:
2196:
2188:
2178:
2174:methotrexate
2167:
2135:risankizumab
2128:
2108:
2072:
2056:FDA-approved
2013:
2001:
1994:
1954:methotrexate
1951:
1933:by mouth or
1927:phototherapy
1920:
1895:liver damage
1859:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1786:Phototherapy
1784:
1755:poikiloderma
1747:folliculitis
1731:
1728:
1712:fluocinonide
1684:calcipotriol
1673:
1669:
1661:paricalcitol
1655:
1640:
1631:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1571:
1560:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1522:
1519:Pathogenetic
1502:
1421:ICD-10 Code
1376:
1368:misdiagnosed
1341:
1337:erythematous
1330:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1197:wound repair
1190:
1153:interleukins
1114:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1083:strep throat
1080:
1040:
1027:skin dryness
1020:
1008:
1004:
998:
990:
984:
976:
974:
959:
949:
945:
941:
937:
934:chromosome 6
929:
925:
923:
909:
903:
897:
885:
869:
854:
830:
806:
787:Nail changes
781:sacroiliitis
755:
716:
696:
677:
669:
665:
649:
614:
579:
564:
548:
485:
460:
454:
448:
419:methotrexate
397:
391:reacting to
373:nonidentical
358:
331:
298:
297:
279:methotrexate
159:rheumatology
29:
27:Skin disease
10306:Herpesvirus
10286:Leukoplakia
10111:Scleroderma
9998:Specialized
9926:Generalized
9901:involvement
9813:Candidiasis
9505:involvement
9479:Myxoid cyst
9327:Acrochordon
9246:, pustular
9216:MedlinePlus
9115:MedlinePlus
9111:"Psoriasis"
8683:(1): 30–4.
7768:3 September
7481:(1): 1–12.
7135:www.aad.org
6448:. CD009687.
5752:(1): 1–10.
4991:19 November
4923:(1): 41–8.
4892:21 December
4791:(1): 6–12.
4664:. CD011972.
4510:"Psoriasis"
4310:"Psoriasis"
3800:Stanway A.
3692:StatPearls
3480:"Psoriasis"
3432:(6): 1475.
2759:"Psoriasis"
2668:polyphenols
2226:nightshades
2139:secukinumab
2131:bimekizumab
2091:endothelial
2085:subunit of
2059:ustekinumab
1958:ciclosporin
1931:medications
1771:ultraviolet
1767:salt bathes
1763:liver spots
1714:, vitamin D
1700:Coconut oil
1676:mineral oil
1360:nail fungus
1266:bridge the
1213:macrophages
1157:interferons
1133:terbinafine
1111:Medications
956:coiled coil
821:onycholysis
773:spondylitis
643:Example of
545:Other forms
354:Fingernails
219:Usual onset
187:haematology
150:Dermatology
10815:Categories
10635:Ulcerative
10615:morphology
10547:pityriasis
10246:Paronychia
10087:Vasculitis
10011:Multiforme
10009:Erythema (
9964:Cellulitis
9915:Blanchable
9664:Blistering
9654:Ichthyosis
9512:Eczematous
9424:Hemangioma
9238:, guttate
9192:DiseasesDB
8391:(1): 1–7.
7989:(Review).
7946:: 119–32.
7942:(Review).
7844:(5): 743.
6945:6757253389
6392:6 November
5597:: 233–44.
5413:: 979258.
4882:Connexions
3962:: 339–48.
3840:(1): 1–5.
3232:: 201–10.
2717:References
2569:. Admiral
2278:depression
2273:depression
2217:(EPA) and
2180:Apremilast
2147:guselkumab
2143:brodalumab
2120:etanercept
2104:Apremilast
2075:efalizumab
2067:guselkumab
2048:ixekizumab
2044:etanercept
2028:adalimumab
2024:infliximab
1915:infliximab
1851:cold sores
1839:blistering
1834:cell cycle
1794:nanometers
1620:Management
1599:Depression
1312:neutrophil
1207:involving
1173:adalimumab
1169:infliximab
1097:spp., and
1094:Malassezia
891:(MHC) and
864:See also:
769:dactylitis
746:skin folds
597:panniculus
585:skin folds
444:depression
417:, such as
393:skin cells
175:hepatology
171:nephrology
163:cardiology
155:immunology
10831:Psoriasis
10645:Pigmented
10581:lichenoid
10380:Psoriasis
10241:Psoriasis
10149:disorders
10104:Indurated
10005:Urticaria
9957:Localized
9899:epidermal
9682:Varicella
9592:Psoriasis
9503:epidermal
9469:Leiomyoma
9371:Pigmented
9304:Epidermal
9232:emerg/489
9227:eMedicine
8966:(1): 16.
8824:199596315
8413:207482092
6324:169036303
5280:(10): 1.
4945:207210831
4344:203791161
3926:1600-0714
3660:1167-1122
3567:1328-8067
2895:208793879
2586:poisonous
2486:equally.
2247:Prognosis
2079:alefacept
2065:approved
2032:golimumab
1996:Biologics
1982:vitamin A
1974:retinoids
1966:fumarates
1947:Pregnancy
1887:acitretin
1720:retinoids
1704:dithranol
1665:vitamin D
1643:retinoids
1333:diagnosis
1327:(arrows).
1318:Diagnosis
1145:glyburide
1141:captopril
1017:Lifestyle
914:mutations
761:arthritis
744:, and in
432:lymphomas
404:vitamin D
369:identical
299:Psoriasis
289:Frequency
283:biologics
264:vitamin D
256:Treatment
230:Long-term
222:Adulthood
145:Specialty
38:Psoriasis
10805:Medicine
10625:Atrophic
10389:Pustular
10316:Syphilis
10263:membrane
9918:Erythema
9854:Vitiligo
9808:Impetigo
9785:Pustular
9750:Miliaria
9598:Corporis
9449:Xanthoma
9398:Melanoma
9378:Freckles
9248:derm/366
9244:derm/363
9242:, nails
9240:derm/361
9236:derm/365
8990:23205338
8934:23935446
8878:Archived
8874:27356195
8840:Archived
8816:23872545
8770:23669809
8732:27467338
8724:14353580
8689:15072746
8638:18021892
8595:Archived
8561:31617868
8512:23062896
8477:12519829
8469:21233693
8431:Archived
8405:23329076
8367:23724435
8359:23249828
8324:23407990
8286:25149424
8226:Archived
8188:23245976
8153:16756666
8102:23806151
8067:24780176
8015:15561525
8007:26260366
7972:24790463
7921:28526915
7870:27455297
7814:20228538
7762:Archived
7758:11572308
7750:22901242
7698:24283892
7649:30835819
7593:26089047
7554:26258748
7505:26714681
7456:37436070
7447:10337265
7402:20400861
7353:26598969
7302:Archived
7286:10132276
7278:20926833
7242:26910853
7193:42598571
7185:23082809
7145:26 March
7139:Archived
7117:22462278
7109:23082810
7061:11207097
7053:23837932
7015:21720660
6988:21429620
6953:21412260
6867:25735439
6815:24151011
6806:11076274
6766:21079308
6711:32368795
6662:22503590
6622:18755374
6574:25601579
6539:19217694
6492:Archived
6488:23399460
6446:26915340
6383:Archived
6379:23543539
6370:11227123
6316:31138038
6275:21979785
6267:23413913
6229:30958563
6172:17658398
6128:33385400
6076:34806760
6022:31971602
5973:32314303
5919:21793052
5911:27426230
5873:15530297
5859:(2): 7.
5812:22588772
5776:20857129
5723:22754278
5672:22348323
5623:24101875
5569:45917573
5561:17223864
5526:24204077
5439:19884985
5388:42148834
5380:22278173
5345:29713318
5294:23122008
5254:24119451
5246:22509827
5208:22507041
5173:20692714
5124:25585875
5094:Cytokine
5075:23124421
5033:21106435
4985:Archived
4937:23265148
4886:Archived
4864:22673731
4815:23364144
4761:Archived
4757:17498423
4743:(2): 4.
4718:21261982
4692:(5): 5.
4662:31309536
4600:23845148
4533:Archived
4529:21743850
4492:22521418
4443:22521419
4393:16916825
4336:19641206
4266:15968269
4231:18021899
4193:24069534
4119:22784035
4081:24278057
4032:22286649
3988:23620660
3934:30739339
3862:33434341
3854:21927905
3812:16 March
3806:Archived
3787:22321651
3749:27381477
3741:11899141
3700:29494104
3668:27900946
3613:19209948
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