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signs will be a kind of alphabet. It will be convenient for the signs to be as natural as possible—e.g., for one, a point; for numbers, points; for the relations of one entity with another, lines; for the variation of angles and of extremities in lines, kinds of relations. If these are correctly and ingeniously established, this universal writing will be as easy as it is common, and will be capable of being read without any dictionary; at the same time, a fundamental knowledge of all things will be obtained. The whole of such a writing will be made of geometrical figures, as it were, and of a kind of pictures — just as the ancient
Egyptians did, and the Chinese do today. Their pictures, however, are not reduced to a fixed alphabet... with the result that a tremendous strain on the memory is necessary, which is the contrary of what we propose.
1197:(Cevolatti and Maud, 2004). The Energy Systems Language combines lines and points with "a kind of pictures" manipulated by means of digital computers and software packages like EXTEND (Odum, Odum, and Peterson 1995), and Valyi's Emergy Simulator. It was designed to provide a general systems language affording quantitative accounting and mathematical simulation of qualitative energy relationships between ecological entities: "that science in which are treated the forms or formulas of things in general, that is, quality in general". A general algebra known as the
34:
238:...practical uses rather than scientific utility, that is, for being chiefly artificial languages intended for international communication and not philosophical languages that would express the logical relations of concepts. He favors, and opposes to them, the true "real characteristic", which would express the composition of concepts by the combination of signs representing their simple elements, such that the correspondence between composite ideas and their symbols would be natural and no longer conventional.
562:
had application and good will could, if not accompany the greatest minds, then at least follow them. For one could always say: let us calculate, and judge correctly through this, as much as the data and reason can provide us with the means for it. But I do not know if I will ever be in a position to carry out such a project, which requires more than one hand; and it even seems that mankind is still not mature enough to lay claim to the advantages which this method could provide.
375:
his, yet no one has attempted a language or characteristic which includes at once both the arts of discovery and judgement, that is, one whose signs and characters serve the same purpose that arithmetical signs serve for numbers, and algebraic signs for quantities taken abstractly. Yet it does seem that since God has bestowed these two sciences on mankind, he has sought to notify us that a far greater secret lies hidden in our understanding, of which these are but the shadows.
2101:
686:
837:, and convinced himself that some sort of systematic and conspiratorial censoring had taken place, a belief that became obsessional. Gödel may have failed to appreciate the magnitude of the task facing the editors of Leibniz's manuscripts, given that Leibniz left about 15,000 letters and 40,000 pages of other manuscripts. Even now, most of this huge
269:. According to Couturat, "In May 1676, he once again identified the universal language with the characteristic and dreamed of a language that would also be a calculus—a sort of algebra of thought" (1901, chp 3.). This characteristic was a universalisation of the various "real characteristics". Couturat wrote that Leibniz gave Egyptian and Chinese
532:
bar labeled "possible combination"; the diagonals joining them are labeled "impossible combination". Starting from the top, fire is formed from the combination of dryness and heat; air from wetness and heat; water from coldness and wetness; earth from coldness and dryness. This diagram is reproduced in several texts including
1299:. Its membership consists of the national standards bodies of 164 of the UN Member States. Based on the work of its over 250 technical committees, the ISO has issued over 20,000 standards for scientific terminology, names and abbreviations, weights and measures, and safety-related and other pictographs.
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would be difficult, fixing the time required for devising it as follows: "I think that some selected men could finish the matter in five years" (Loemker 1969: 224), later remarking: "And so I repeat, what I have often said, that a man who is neither a prophet nor a prince can ever undertake any thing
580:
and others about my general algebra, but they have paid no more attention to it than if I had told them about a dream of mine. I should have to support it too by some obvious application, but to achieve this it would be necessary to work out at least a part of my characteristic, a task which is not
463:
in which all truths of reason would be reduced to a kind of calculus. At the same time, this would be a kind of universal language or writing, though infinitely different from all such languages which have thus far been proposed; for the characters and the words themselves would direct the mind, and
374:
And although learned men have long since thought of some kind of language or universal characteristic by which all concepts and things can be put into beautiful order, and with whose help different nations might communicate their thoughts and each read in his own language what another has written in
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Logistic may be defined as the science which deals with types of order as such. It is not so much a subject as a method. Although most logistic is either founded upon or makes large use of the principles of symbolic logic, still a science of order in general does not necessarily presuppose or begin
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We have spoken of the art of complication of the sciences, i.e., of inventive logic... But when the tables of categories of our art of complication have been formed, something greater will emerge. For let the first terms, of the combination of which all others consist, be designated by signs; these
1010:
Palko, Gy Bulcsu (1986) considered structured analysis for analyzing and designing hierarchic systems by using an iconic language, and suggested that such was an application of the universal characteristics
Leibniz's project to the language of structured analysis and the formalization of an iconic
561:
It is true that in the past I planned a new way of calculating suitable for matters which have nothing in common with mathematics, and if this kind of logic were put into practice, every reasoning, even probabilistic ones, would be like that of the mathematician: if need be, the lesser minds which
531:
These four elements make up the four corners of a diamond (see picture). Opposing pairs of these are joined by a bar labeled "contraries" (earth-air, fire-water). At the four corners of the superimposed square are the four qualities defining the elements. Each adjacent pair of these is joined by a
211:
the
Leibniz project is not a matter of logic but rather one of knowledge representation, a field largely unexploited in today's logic-oriented epistemology and philosophy of science. It is precisely this one-sided orientation of these disciplines, which is responsible for the distorted picture of
296:
Elsewhere
Leibniz even includes among the types of signs musical notes and astronomical signs (the signs of the zodiac and those of the planets, including the sun and the moon). It should be noted that Leibniz sometimes employs planetary signs in place of letters in his algebraic
441:) by use of which any item of information whatever can be recorded in a natural and systematic way, and (2) a means of manipulating the knowledge thus recorded in a computational fashion, so as to reveal its logical interrelations and consequences (the
319:
by relating it to the "elementary theory of the ordering of the reals," defining it as "a precisely definable system for making statements of science" (Rogers 1963: 934). Universal language projects like
Esperanto, and formal logic projects like
281:
This shows that the real characteristic was for him an ideography, that is, a system of signs that directly represent things (or, rather, ideas) and not words, in such a way that each nation could read them and translate them into its own
486:. He hoped his pictorial algebra would advance the scientific treatment of qualitative phenomena, thereby constituting "that science in which are treated the forms or formulas of things in general, that is, quality in general" (
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are not commonly concerned with the epistemic synthesis of empirical science, mathematics, pictographs and metaphysics in the way
Leibniz described. Hence scholars have had difficulty in showing how projects such as the
925:, and believed necessary for world understanding and unbiased communications so that "war may eventually be eliminated and that a worldwide organism of peaceful human beings may gradually be established" (Piper Ibid.).
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the errors — excepting those of fact — would only be calculation mistakes. It would be very difficult to form or invent this language or characteristic, but very easy to learn it without any dictionaries.
657:
Symbolism for the exact and systematic expression of all present knowledge, making possible a "logistic" treatment of science in general. This symbolism could also be expanded to accommodate future knowledge;
514:(see picture), the diagrams in Leibniz's work warrant close study. On at least two occasions, Leibniz illustrated his philosophical reasoning with diagrams. One diagram, the frontispiece to his 1666
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was launched in 2020. It aims to "promote interdisciplinary research about philosophies developed between the 17th and 19th centuries, emphasising classical German philosophy (from Kant to Hegel)."
524:
200:. The global expansion of European commerce in Leibniz's time provided mercantilist motivations for a universal language of trade so that traders could communicate with any natural language.
1069:(1928, English translation 1967) and of its successor, Goodman (1977), are Leibnizian in their sweep and ambition, although Leibniz would have taken strenuous exception to Carnap's resolute
1350:
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or
Blissymbolics, presently used as an 'alternative and augmentative language' for disabled people but originally intended as an International 'Auxlang', is said to be in the mold of the
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is a constructed language created by John
Quijada, designed to express deeper levels of human cognition briefly yet overtly and clearly, particularly with regard to human categorization.
1244:, a pasigraphy designed to allow the "calculation of truth" through manipulation of given facts following basic principles much like those used in mathematics, was inspired by Leibniz's
753:, and a lack of specifics in both English language translations and modern English language interpretations of Leibniz's writings render a clear exposition difficult. As with Leibniz's
1209:, suggested as the fourth law of thermodynamics. If this ancestral claim is granted, then simulation software like EXTEND and Valyi's Emergy Simulator can be seen as combining the
1306:(UML) is a general-purpose, developmental modeling language in the field of software engineering that is intended to provide a standard way to visualize the design of a system.
499:
865:
384:
Hauptschriften zur
Grundlegung der Philosophie. Philosophische Werke Band 1. page 30-31. Translated by Artur Buchenau. Reviewed and with introduction and notes published by
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Bennett, John G.; Bortoft, Henri; and Pledge, Kenneth: "Towards an
Objectively Complete Language: An Essay in Objective Description as Applied to Scientific Procedure,"
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of greater good to mankind of more fitting for divine glory" (Loemker 1969: 225). But later in life, a more sober note emerged. In a March 1706 letter to the Electress
1295:(ISO), with a history going back to the 1920s, was founded under its current name in 1947 as a non-governmental organization with general consultative status with the
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two different schools of philosophical thought have come to emphasise two different aspects that can be found in Leibniz's writing. The first point of view emphasizes
520:(On the Art of Combinations), represents the Aristotelian theory of how all material things are formed from combinations of the elements earth, water, air, and fire.
455:
Near the end of his life, Leibniz wrote that combining metaphysics with mathematics and science through a universal character would require creating what he called:
623:. In setting out these criteria, Cohen made reference to the concept of "logistic". This concept is not the same as that used in statistical analysis. In 1918,
599:, Leibniz arrived at what he felt was a discovery of a link that would thereby create his characteristica universalis. It eventually created the foundations of
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C. J. Cohen (1954) set out three criteria which any project for a philosophical language would need to meet before it could be considered a version of the
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International Language and Science: Considerations on the Introduction of an International Language into Science", Constable and Company Limited, London.
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was feasible, and that its development would revolutionize mathematical practice (Dawson 1997). He noticed, however, that a detailed treatment of the
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The following attempts to recast parts of theoretical science as axiomatic first-order theories can be viewed as attempts to develop parts of the
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easy, especially in my present condition and without the advantage of discussions with men who could stimulate and help me in work of this nature.
1685:
Radnitzky, Gerard, 1981. "Analytic philosophy as the confrontation between Wittgensteinians and Popper" in Agassi, J. & Cohen, R. S. (eds.),
1282:, while still in their relative infancy, could be considered to be an early stage in the organic development of a universal logographic language.
1292:
885:), and an "algebra of thought", allowing rule-based manipulation. The philosophers and linguists who undertook such projects often belonged to
811:. This was to be a calculus which would cover all thought, and replace controversy by calculation. The ideal now seems absurdly optimistic..."
207:, and these aspects appear to be a source of the aforementioned vagueness and inconsistency in modern interpretations. According to Jaenecke,
999:. Some people other than Fearnley-Sander working in the area of "universal algebra", the study of the mathematical and logical properties of
707:
1657:
Odum, E. C., Odum, H. T. and Peterson, N. S., 1995. "Using Simulation to Introduce the Systems Approach in Education" in Hall, C.S., ed.,
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had a metaphysical bias which prevented it from reflecting reality faithfully. Gode emphasized that Leibniz established certain goals or
1169:
627:, the first English-speaking logician to translate and discuss some of Leibniz's logical writings, elaborated on "logistic" as follows:
1537:
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to form diagrams or pictures, depicting any system at any scale, and understood by all regardless of native language. Leibniz wrote:
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and the like, see the following texts in Loemker (1969): 165–66, 192–95, 221–28, 248–50, and 654–66.
1708:
Unified symbolism for world understanding in science: Including Bliss symbols (semantography) and logic, cybernetics and semantics
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need not be numbers. Moreover, a fair bit of philosophy and theoretical science can be formalized as axiomatic theories embodying
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1848:
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The objectives of the 'Symbolator' or 'idea-computer' (Goppold 1994) resemble in some respects a less ambitious version of the
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was conspicuously absent from Leibniz's publications. It appears that Gödel assembled all of Leibniz's texts mentioning the
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Leibniz's views about the systematic character of all knowledge are linked with his plans for a universal symbolism, a
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on the border of physics and metaphysics seems grounded in metaphysical presuppositions similar to those of Leibniz's
170:, as Europeans understood these characters in the seventeenth century. From this perspective it is common to find the
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1997:
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19:"Universal characteristic" redirects here. For the concept of the "three universal characteristics" in Buddhism, see
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concepts. Leibniz thus hoped to create a language usable within the framework of a universal logical calculation or
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The universal "representation" of knowledge would therefore combine lines and points with "a kind of pictures" (
1980:
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1448:, see Rutherford (1995) and the still-classic discussion in Couturat (1901: chpts. 3,4). Also relevant to the
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Lewis 1960: 3, 7–9 (Lewis here echoed the thinking of his teacher Josiah Royce; see "Order" in the 1951
437:) for coordinating all human knowledge into a systematic whole comprises two parts: (1) a universal notation (
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Leibniz talked about his dream of a universal scientific language at the very dawn of his career, as follows:
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The Promise of Scientific Humanism Toward a Unification of Scientific, Religious, Social and Economic Thought
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is a recurring concept in the writings of Leibniz. When writing in French, he sometimes employed the phrase
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Piper, R. F. 1957. "Review of 'Unified Symbolism for World Understanding in Science' by Oliver L. Reiser,"
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Systematics: The Journal of the Institute for the Comparative Study of History, Philosophy and the Sciences
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in operational detail, many philosophers have deemed it an absurd fantasy. In this vein, Parkinson wrote:
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Lingua Universalis vs. Calculus Ratiocinator. An ultimate presupposition of Twentieth-century philosophy
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Bulcsu P. G., 1986. "Formalization of the Iconic Language for Structured Analysis and Symbolic Logic,"
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could be used to reason about qualitative and non-numerical phenomena. Specifically, the members of the
1926:
889:(universal knowledge) and scientific knowledge groups in London and Oxford, collectively known as the "
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Cevolatti, D., and Maud, S., 2004. "Realising the Enlightenment: H. T. Odum's Energy Systems Language
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775:. The second point of view is more in tune with Couturat's views as expressed above, which emphasize
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These criteria together with the notion of logistic reveal that Cohen and Lewis both associated the
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Others, such as Jaenecke, for example, have observed that Leibniz also had other intentions for the
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Brown, M. T., 2004. "A picture is worth a thousand words: energy systems language and simulation,"
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have emerged over the past 150 years which may be seen as supporting some of Leibniz's intuitions.
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20:
2019:
1970:
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405:"interested Leibniz in connection with his own attempts to invent a universal language" (1940).
1975:
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A philosophy for world unification: Scientific humanism as an ideology for cultural integration
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Wiener, Philip P., 1940. "Leibniz's Project of a Public Exhibition of Scientific Inventions,"
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Leibniz, letter to Nicolas Remond, 10 January 1714, in Loemker 1969: 654. Translation revised.
1951:
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Fearnley-Sander, Desmond, 1982. "Hermann Grassmann and the Prehistory of Universal Algebra,"
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388:. Hamburg: Felix Meiner. 1966. (Unless stated otherwise, all Leibniz quotations are from his
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1964:
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has been employed to formalize and reason about such emphatically nonnumerical subjects as
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Following from this Cohen stipulated that the universal character would have to serve as:
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of ecological relations. In particular it afforded the discovery and demonstration of the
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8:
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995:). Fearnley-Sander suggested that this combination had "come to pass" with the rise of
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2007:
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as a first step towards a universal language. He intended to add to his thesaurus an
853:, attempted similar philosophical and linguistic projects, some under the heading of
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540:, Reihe VI, Band 1: 166, Loemker 1969: 83, 366, Karl Popp and Erwin Stein 2000: 33).
167:
113:
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654:" enabling individuals speaking different languages to communicate with one another;
1957:
1946:
1800:. Includes bibliography, links to online papers, and passages from the writings of
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787:. Either or both of these aspects Leibniz hoped would guide human reasoning like
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and with his plans for an encyclopaedia as a compendium of all human knowledge.
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1986:
1911:
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emerged from the repeated use of this language in modelling and simulating the
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as a combination of the algebra of logic (which Fearnley-Sander defined as the
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223:
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1941:
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Kluge, E. H. W., 1980. "Frege, Leibniz and the notion of an ideal language,"
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generally, do not believe that universal algebra has anything to do with the
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The characteristic has also been claimed as an ancestor of the pictographic
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Many Leibniz scholars writing in English seem to agree that he intended his
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in the late 19th century as a standardized representation of the sounds of
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as translated in Loemker 1969: 221–25. This passage is from p. 222.)
2002:
1465:. 3rd enlarged edition. Sydney: Semantography-Blissymbolics Publications.
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P. P. Weiner raised an example of a large scale application of Leibniz's
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to the same effect. The concept is sometimes paired with his notion of a
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Rutherford, Donald, 1995, "Philosophy and language" in Jolley, N., ed.,
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Jaenecke, P., 1996. "Elementary principles for representing knowledge,"
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166:. This was to be based on a rationalised version of the 'principles' of
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Cohen, C. Jonathan, 1954. "On the project of a universal character,"
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and thereby suggest solutions to many of humanity's urgent problems.
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1992:
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Raymond F. Piper (1957; 432–433) claimed that O.L. Reiser's
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is Mates's (1986: 183–88) discussion of what he called the
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Fearnley-Sander (1986) went one step further, defining Leibniz's
783:. This point of view is associated with synthetic philosophy and
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596:
258:
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The Logical Structure of the World: Pseudoproblems in Philosophy
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Interlingua-English: A Dictionary of the International language
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Engines of Logic: Mathematicians and the Origin of the Computer
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1251:
1198:
1152:, by Suppes (1957: 291–305) and others during the 1950s.
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An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language
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Leibniz and the Two Sophies: The Philosophical Correspondence
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Leibniz: Language, Signs and Thought, A Collection of Essays
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in the 19th century proved correct Leibniz's intuition that
1140:, and others during the 1920s (Carnap 1958: 197–212);
1496:. University of California Press. Translation of his 1928
335:
and Esperanto embody the full vision Leibniz had for his
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and modern philosophy, specifically the predicate-based
595:
digits again from Chinese works, which was now from the
1659:
Maximum Power: The Ideas and Applications of H. T. Odum
1830:, (Philosophical Studies Series). Kluwer: 50–81.
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to climatic science. A weather-forecaster invented by
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Language as Calculus vs. Language as Universal Medium
572:
In another 1714 letter to Nicholas Remond, he wrote:
257:, a universal symbolic language (characteristic) for
1647:. Synthese Historical Library. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.
1538:
Donald Rutherford's English translation in progress.
915:
Unified Symbolism for World Understanding in Science
226:
wrote, Leibniz criticized the linguistic systems of
1767:, 1967. "Logic as calculus and logic as language,"
1313:, Vol. 3, No. 3, (December 1965), pp. 185–229.
248:
1575:Logical Dilemmas: The Life and Work of Kurt Gödel
1051:has yet to be explored in the English literature.
976:. But these approaches have yet to result in any
421:, 1666, translated in Parkinson 1966: 10–11
2115:
1689:(pp. 239–286). Dordrecht: Springer Verlag.
1487:Introduction to Symbolic Logic with Applications
844:
544:Leibniz retraces his steps and makes a discovery
366:In the domain of science, Leibniz aimed for his
675:
1771:: 324–330. Reprinted in Hintikka (1997).
1293:International Organization for Standardization
1262:, and intended for use in human communication.
991:) and the algebra of geometry (defined as the
429:, reviewing Cohen's 1954 article, wrote that:
149:
116:able to express mathematical, scientific, and
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1849:
1258:) are both artificial languages derived from
1117:system, and "international picture language".
660:An instrument of discovery and demonstration.
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1730:, 1963. "An Example in Mathematical Logic,"
1680:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 17
1664:Parkinson, G. H. R., ed. and trans., 1966.
794:
714:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1842:
1297:United Nations Economic and Social Council
433:Leibniz's program of a universal science (
315:emphasised the metaphysical aspect of the
1645:Leibniz: Philosophical Papers and Letters
734:Learn how and when to remove this message
158:or "universal character" to be a form of
78:Learn how and when to remove this message
1671:—, and Mary Morris, trans., 1973.
877:(an organisational scheme, similar to a
522:
497:
41:This article includes a list of general
1718:On the Project of a Universal Character
1170:International auxiliary language policy
900:
825:, on the other hand, believed that the
502:Basic elements of Leibniz's pictograms.
212:Leibniz's work found in the literature.
2116:
1643:Loemker, Leroy, ed. and trans., 1969.
1437:On Leibniz's lifelong interest in the
557:, the spouse of his patron, he wrote:
548:Leibniz rightly saw that creating the
234:for this reason since they focused on
1837:
1661:. Colorado Univ. Press: 346–52.
1427:"Characteristica Universalis Journal"
893:" and now seen as forerunners of the
16:Leibnizian universal language concept
1732:The American Mathematical Monthly 70
1582:The American Mathematical Monthly 89
1376:"Isotype and FUTURE books - Neurath"
849:Others in the 17th century, such as
799:Because Leibniz never described the
712:adding citations to reliable sources
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482:) to be manipulated by means of his
27:
1351:Characteristica Universalis Journal
668:with the methods and objectives of
639:Collected Logical Writings of Royce
488:On Universal Synthesis and Analysis
13:
1739:The Cambridge Companion to Leibniz
1334:International Phonetic Association
1100:et al., bears comparison with the
921:(1946), was inspired by Leibniz's
919:A Philosophy for World Unification
273:and chemical signs as examples of
253:Leibniz said that his goal was an
47:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2150:
2057:New Essays on Human Understanding
1998:Transcendental law of homogeneity
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1776:Journal of the History of Ideas 1
1353:focusing on Modern and Classical
614:
527:Leibniz's diagrammatic reasoning.
190:, and formal logic projects like
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2099:
1024:was consciously inspired by the
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652:international auxiliary language
112:and formal language imagined by
32:
1817:Grazer Philosophische Studien 6
1783:The axiomatic method in biology
1696:, Haldeman-Julius Publications.
1673:Leibniz: Philosophical Writings
1560:. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
1500:. Leipzig: Felix Meiner Verlag.
1318:International Phonetic Alphabet
538:Saemtliche Schriften und Briefe
534:Saemtliche Schriften und Briefe
490:, 1679, in Loemker 1969: 233).
382:Zur allgemeinen Charakteristik.
292:In a footnote, Couturat added:
249:A universal language of science
1419:
1390:
1368:
1084:movement of the 1930s, led by
354:first, and then developed the
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1:
2086:Leibniz–Clarke correspondence
1785:, Cambridge University Press.
1692:Reiser, Oliver Leslie, 1946.
1596:. New York: Storm Publishers.
1577:. Wellesley MA: A. K. Peters.
1361:
845:Related 17th century projects
390:On the General Characteristic
174:associated with contemporary
1828:Language, Truth and Ontology
1722:Journal of Symbolic Logic 19
1498:Der Logische Aufbau der Welt
1463:Semantography: Blissymbolics
1164:Connections with the Jewish
1061:The first-order theories of
917:(1955), an expansion of his
676:A common scientific language
510:is diagrammatic and employs
358:to fulfill those functions.
7:
1906:Characteristica universalis
1888:Best of all possible worlds
1824:Characteristica Universalis
1813:An Essay in Formal Ontology
1687:Scientific Philosophy Today
1604:The Structure of Appearance
1546:, O. Jespersen, R. Lorenz,
1509:Characteristica Universalis
1344:
1159:characteristica universalis
1026:characteristica universalis
923:characteristica universalis
827:characteristica universalis
809:Characteristica Universalis
801:characteristica universalis
621:characteristica universalis
591:Eventually, by discovering
508:characteristica universalis
439:characteristica universalis
317:characteristica universalis
205:characteristica universalis
172:characteristica universalis
156:characteristica universalis
150:International communication
131:characteristica universalis
97:characteristica universalis
10:
2155:
1927:Identity of indiscernibles
1781:Woodger, Joseph H., 1937.
1638:A Survey of Symbolic Logic
1573:Dawson, Jr., J. W., 1997.
993:characteristica geometrica
494:His diagrammatic reasoning
361:
100:, commonly interpreted as
18:
2124:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
2097:
2028:
1871:
1865:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
1652:The Philosophy of Leibniz
1621:Knowledge Organization 23
1461:Bliss, Charles K., 1978.
1304:Unified Modeling Language
1014:Kluge (1980) argued that
875:alphabet of human thought
767:, and is associated with
419:On The Art of Combination
255:alphabet of human thought
2047:Discourse on Metaphysics
1741:. Cambridge Univ. Press.
1710:, Semantography Pub. Co.
1550:and L. Pfaundler, 1910.
1513:Ecological Modelling 178
1470:Ecological Modelling 178
1332:. It was devised by the
859:. A notable example was
795:Gödel alleges conspiracy
346:suggested that Leibniz'
102:universal characteristic
21:Three marks of existence
2020:Well-founded phenomenon
1971:Pre-established harmony
1883:Alternating series test
1666:Leibniz: Logical Papers
1536:. Paris: Felix Alcan. (
1328:based primarily on the
1254:(and its older version
1207:maximum power principle
1181:Energy Systems Language
302:Couturat, 1901, chpt. 3
287:Couturat, 1901, chpt. 3
243:Couturat, 1901, chpt. 3
144:
62:more precise citations.
2139:Classification systems
1796:Corazzon, Raul, 2010,
1526:: 249, pp. 49–63.
1477:Meres es Automatika 34
1234:(Radnitzky 1981: 246).
1082:unification of science
1033:Charles Sanders Peirce
819:
670:general systems theory
644:
589:
570:
528:
503:
472:
453:
424:
395:
305:
290:
246:
220:
1899:Calculus ratiocinator
1826:in K. Mulligan, ed.,
1759:Introduction to Logic
1668:. Oxford Univ. Press.
1654:. Oxford Univ. Press.
1650:Mates, Benson, 1986.
1628:Studia Leibnitiana 12
1534:La Logique de Leibniz
1221:calculus ratiocinator
1216:calculus ratiocinator
989:calculus ratiocinator
907:constructed languages
841:remains unpublished.
805:
756:calculus ratiocinator
629:
625:Clarence Irving Lewis
576:I have spoken to the
574:
559:
526:
501:
484:calculus ratiocinator
457:
443:calculus ratiocinator
431:
410:
372:
294:
279:
236:
209:
139:calculus ratiocinator
123:calculus ratiocinator
2134:Intellectual history
2129:Engineered languages
2037:De Arte Combinatoria
1965:Mathesis universalis
1893:Calculus controversy
1811:Smith, Barry, 1978,
1765:van Heijenoort, Jean
1751:. Toronto: Iter Inc.
1728:Rogers, Jr., Hartley
1720:by Jonathan Cohen,"
1242:Transcendent Algebra
1203:energetic principles
1176:have also been made.
1001:algebraic structures
901:More recent projects
883:Dewey decimal system
856:mathesis universalis
708:improve this section
632:with symbolic logic.
578:Marquis de l'HĂ´pital
567:Strickland 2011: 355
517:De Arte Combinatoria
435:scientia universalis
275:real characteristics
164:ideographic language
1806:Jean Van Heijenoort
1716:, 1954. "Review of
1675:. London: J M Dent.
1507:G. W. v. Leibniz's
1454:lingua philosophica
1054:Several aspects of
769:analytic philosophy
605:Analytic Philosophy
184:auxiliary languages
106:universal character
1952:Leibniz's notation
1556:Dascal, M., 1987.
1398:"Emergy Simulator"
1130:Special relativity
1056:logical positivism
1045:existential graphs
905:A wide variety of
816:Parkinson 1973: ix
529:
504:
403:Athanasius Kircher
176:universal language
168:Chinese characters
135:spécieuse générale
2111:
2110:
2089:(1715–1716)
2008:Universal science
1981:Sufficient reason
1937:Law of continuity
1745:Strickland, Lloyd
1714:Rescher, Nicholas
1355:German Philosophy
1326:phonetic notation
1094:Charles W. Morris
997:universal algebra
974:natural languages
954:first-order logic
938:algebraic methods
891:Invisible College
744:
743:
736:
586:Loemker 1969: 656
555:Sophia of Hanover
114:Gottfried Leibniz
108:in English, is a
88:
87:
80:
2146:
2103:
2102:
2090:
2082:
2072:
2062:
2052:
2042:
1958:Lingua generalis
1858:
1851:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1778:: 232–240.
1610:Hintikka, Jaakko
1431:
1430:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1372:
1266:Charles K. Bliss
1185:Emergy Synthesis
1134:Hans Reichenbach
1058:, specifically:
960:. Note also how
930:Boolean algebras
863:, the author of
817:
789:Ariadne's thread
739:
732:
728:
725:
719:
688:
680:
642:
587:
568:
470:
451:
427:Nicholas Rescher
422:
393:
342:The writings of
303:
288:
244:
218:
83:
76:
72:
69:
63:
58:this article by
49:inline citations
36:
35:
28:
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2024:
1876:
1874:
1873:Mathematics and
1867:
1862:
1822:—, 1990,
1802:Jaakko Hintikka
1793:
1788:
1757:, 1999 (1957).
1755:Suppes, Patrick
1734:: 929–45.
1699:—, 1940.
1682:: 432–33.
1636:, 1960 (1918).
1630:: 140–54.
1623:: 88–102.
1602:, 1977 (1951).
1600:Goodman, Nelson
1588:Gode, Alexander
1584:: 161–66.
1548:Wilhelm Ostwald
1544:Couturat, Louis
1530:Couturat, Louis
1515:: 279–92.
1492:—, 1967.
1483:Carnap, Rudolph
1479:: 315–22.
1472:: 83–100.
1450:characteristica
1446:characteristica
1439:characteristica
1435:
1434:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1407:. 16 April 2013
1396:
1395:
1391:
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1374:
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1369:
1364:
1347:
1338:spoken language
1274:characteristica
1260:predicate logic
1246:characteristica
1232:characteristica
1211:characteristica
1194:Systems Ecology
1183:and associated
1124:characteristica
1102:characteristica
1096:, and later by
1041:characteristica
1035:, a founder of
1021:Begriffsschrift
1011:control system.
1005:characteristica
985:characteristica
946:Boolean algebra
903:
851:George Dalgarno
847:
835:characteristica
831:characteristica
818:
815:
797:
740:
729:
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689:
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666:characteristica
643:
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550:characteristica
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356:characteristica
348:characteristica
337:characteristica
333:Begriffsschrift
327:Begriffsschrift
310:
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228:George Dalgarno
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197:Begriffsschrift
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54:Please help to
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2023:
2022:
2017:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1987:Salva veritate
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1961:
1954:
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1929:
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1912:Compossibility
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1820:
1819:: 39–62.
1809:
1792:
1791:External links
1789:
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1772:
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1752:
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1735:
1725:
1711:
1706:– 1955.
1704:
1703:, Oskar Piest.
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1098:Edward Haskell
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869:, who wrote a
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616:
615:Three criteria
613:
601:symbolic logic
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545:
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466:
459:... a kind of
447:
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386:Ernst Cassirer
377:
363:
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344:Alexander Gode
313:Hartley Rogers
309:
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224:Louis Couturat
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178:projects like
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1947:Leibniz's gap
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1932:Individuation
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1576:
1572:
1570:. W W Norton.
1569:
1565:
1564:Davis, Martin
1562:
1559:
1555:
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1549:
1545:
1542:
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1278:
1276:(Bliss 1978).
1275:
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1138:Rudolf Carnap
1135:
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1090:Rudolf Carnap
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1063:Rudolf Carnap
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928:The study of
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748:
747:Inconsistency
738:
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693:This section
691:
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1634:Lewis, C. I.
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1421:
1409:. Retrieved
1401:
1392:
1380:. Retrieved
1370:
1330:Latin script
1320:(IPA) is an
1310:
1273:
1245:
1231:
1226:The work of
1220:
1214:
1210:
1192:
1174:Baháʼà Faith
1158:
1149:
1143:
1129:
1123:
1108:Otto Neurath
1101:
1086:Otto Neurath
1066:
1040:
1031:Even though
1025:
1019:
1018:'s landmark
1004:
992:
988:
984:
978:pictographic
962:model theory
934:group theory
922:
918:
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861:John Wilkins
854:
848:
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721:
706:Please help
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2003:Rationalism
1769:Synthese 17
1403:SourceForge
1378:. June 2003
1270:Blissymbols
1228:Mario Bunge
1075:metaphysics
887:pansophical
781:engineering
773:rationalism
476:pictographs
308:Metaphysics
267:metaphysics
263:mathematics
188:Interlingua
60:introducing
2118:Categories
2077:Monadology
1917:Difference
1875:philosophy
1362:References
1324:system of
1322:alphabetic
1168:, and the
980:notations.
970:pragmatics
958:set theory
823:Kurt Gödel
785:empiricism
724:April 2011
512:pictograms
506:Since the
160:pasigraphy
68:April 2021
43:references
2067:Théodicée
1976:Plenitude
1616:. Kluwer.
1606:. Reidel.
1150:Mechanics
1115:pictogram
1071:hostility
1049:semiotics
1037:semiotics
966:semantics
879:thesaurus
871:thesaurus
751:vagueness
695:does not
480:logograms
380:Leibniz,
352:functions
282:language.
277:writing:
180:Esperanto
110:universal
2105:Category
2014:Vis viva
1993:Theodicy
1922:Dynamism
1761:. Dover.
1640:. Dover.
1612:, 1997.
1590:, 1951.
1566:, 2001.
1532:, 1901.
1489:. Dover.
1485:, 1958.
1345:See also
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1444:On the
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1172:of the
1166:Cabbala
1144:Biology
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362:Science
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1132:, by
1016:Frege
950:group
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186:like
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