Charles Edward Jennings

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such distinction, I consider myself as in duty bound to acquaint the Directory more particularly with that officer. His real name is Tone; that of Smith was assumed to conceal from the English Government his residence in France, and spare to his family in Ireland those persecutions which would infallibly inflict upon them. Obliged, as he had been one of the most zealous and respectable apostles of the cause of liberty in his country, to seek a refuge from its tyrants in North America, he was called from thence, on the demand of the French Government, to co-operate with General Hoche in his first expedition to Ireland. He was then promoted to the rank of Adjutant General and served the Republic in that capacity in the Army of England, where he was known to me in the most advantageous light, and had acquired, by his talents and social qualities, the esteem and friendship of all the Generals with whom he served. He was employed in the expedition of General Hardy, merely as a French officer, and ought to be acknowledged in that character; he had adopted France as his country; his right to be considered as a French prisoner of war is undoubted, and no one can regard him in any other light. I know not what treatment the British Government may reserve for him, but if it were other than such as any French officer, in a similar situation, has a claim to expect, I am clearly of the opinion that the Directory should designate some British prisoner of superior rank to serve as a hostage, and to undergo precisely the same treatment that Adjutant General Smith may suffer from the British Government. By this measure you may save to the Republic one of its most distinguished officers; to liberty, one of her most zealous and most enlightened defenders, and a father to one of the most interesting families which I have ever known.

1165:"Brave and noble Kilmaine, being an excellent cavalry officer, had coolness and foresight, he was well fitted to command a corps of observation, detached upon those arduous or delicate commissions which require spirit, discernment, and sound judgment. He rendered important services to the army, of which he was one of the principal generals notwithstanding the delicacy of his health. He had a great knowledge of the Austrian troops, familiar with their tactics, he did not allow himself to be imposed upon by those rumors which they were in the habit of spreading in the rear of an army, nor to be dismayed by those heads of columns which they were wont to display in every direction, to deceive as to the real strength of their forces. His political opinions were brilliantly moderate." 529:. By December 1792, thanks to the neglect of the Revolutionary Government, these troops were shirtless, shoeless, starving and in rags. Fifteen hundred men deserted. Kilmaine's cavalry were critically short of boots, saddles, weapons and horses. Nearly 6,000 troop and baggage horses died at Lisle and Tongres for want of forage. Honourable testimony has been given to the unceasing efforts of Kilmaine to preserve order among his soldiers amid these horrors. He frequently endeavoured by private contribution to provide subsistence for his men, who roved about in bands, robbing the villages around their cantonments at Aix-la-Chapelle. Many of Kilmaine's soldiers were murdered by vengeful peasants when found straggling alone away from their billets. Kilmaine was named 1176:"Clarke then said there were some Irish officers yet remaining in France, who might go, and he mentioned Jennings, who used to call himself Baron de Kilmaine, God knows why. I answered, that in Ireland we had no great confidence in the officers of the old Irish Brigade, so many of them had either deserted, or betrayed the French cause, that, as to Jennings, he had had the unfortunate misfortune to command after Custine, and had been obliged to break up the famous "Camp de Caesar", that, though this might probably have been no fault of his, it had made an impression, and, as he was at any rate not a fortunate general but a typical Irish soldier of fortune, I thought it would maybe better to have a Frenchman." 1270: 1124: 671: 1014: 618:. Kilmaine, with only 24,000 troops, did not wish to attack due to their smaller numbers. Only 40 leagues lay between Kilmaine's position and Paris. If he fought and lost the day, he could thereafter assume no position of sufficient strength to prevent the allies from penetrating Paris and crushing the convention. Kilmaine's position was untenable. He did not abandon the capital or retire beyond the Loire, as the tides of war and politics were setting in against him. In the 945: 1116: 760: 813: 25: 691:

Carthusian convent and the chapel of Cerese. The brave General Kilmaine made his arrangements for an attack, and advanced in two columns against these two points, but he had scarcely begun to march when the enemy evacuated their camps, their rear having fired only a few musket-shots at him. The advanced posts of General Vaubois have come up with the Austrian division which defends the Tyrol and made one hundred and ten prisoners."

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this circumstance, because General Bonaparte, who is occupied in Romagna annihilating the troops of his Holiness, may probably have been ignorant of this fact when his courier departed. Tho garrison are our prisoners of war and are to be sent into Germany in order to be exchanged. I have not yet received the articles of capitulation, but the commander-in-chief will not fail to send them by the first courier.

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them to believe that the armament was destined for Ireland and so they named him General in Chief of the Armee d'Angleterre, which never existed at all. Even if this was the case Kilmaine didn't know it. The number of transports was soon increased to over a thousand, and all the naval and military resources of Holland were pressed into the French service and managed by Kilmaine.

423:. He was deeply affected by his experiences in America. This, combined with the impressions made upon him during his youth in Ireland and the teachings of his father, caused Jennings to imbibe strongly the revolutionary ideals of the era. He developed strong republican principles and upon his return to France, he became an energetic supporter of the 585:

of Kilmaine, its leaders were destitute of skill, experience, and energy. Quitting the camp of Caesar, they returned to their fortified position at Famars, three miles distant from Valenciennes, the approach to which it covered. Here they were attacked on 23 May, driven back, and obliged to abandon the city to its own garrison under

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hearing of his friend's arrest in Ireland, he strongly urged the French government to intervene in his case and to hold for Tones safety, hostages of equal rank chosen from the British military prisoners then in France. He assembled a petition and wrote a brilliant letter to the President of the Executive Directory, it reads,

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of 1797, great quantities were discovered and seized by the British Government, who, in Leinster and Ulster alone, captured 70,630 pikes, with 48,109 muskets. If the Irish managed their projected rising, one cannot for a moment doubt what the result would be, once Kilmaine's formidable expedition landed in Ireland.

1068:, as they chose to designate Switzerland, reviving the ancient name of the people whom Julius Caesar conquered. The French troops already occupied Lombardy on one side, and the Rhenish provinces on the other. Thus, they never doubted their ability to conquer the Swiss and remodel the Helvetic constitution. 921:

landed in the northwest of the country, at Kilcummin in County Mayo. They joined up to 5,000 local rebels and drove the British from Castlebar, setting up a short-lived "Republic of Connaught". They were defeated at the battle of Ballinamuck, in County Longford, on 8 September 1798. The French troops

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Meanwhile, the condition of France was then absolutely desperate and wild. In April, Kilmaine returned to Paris, after having executed, by order of the government, a survey of all the coasts of France and Holland (then reduced to a province of the former). He was promptly appointed Commander-in-Chief

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Due to his retreat at Caesar's Camp and suspicions regarding his foreign birth and relations abroad, Kilmaine was relieved of his command, discharged from the army and sent into exile to Luxembourg. Regarding his situation, he said "I am ready, to serve the cause of the Republic in whatever rank I am

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Kilmaine married when he was relatively young and had at least one child. There is reason to believe that his wife 'Baroness de Kilmaine' died a few years before he did. There are likely numerous descendants of the Jennings family in Ireland. The Browne de Kilmaine family in France is not related to

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and Kilmaine, were by this time hard at work planning an Irish invasion. They were well acquainted with the extent of the military organization of the United Irishmen and knew that by the close of the preceding year, the people were well provided with arms, and knew the use of them. At the beginning

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In the spring of 1798, the French were preparing to invade Britain and Ireland. In the February of that year, a grand march to the coast of the Channel took place. The invasion force consisted of forty demi-brigades of infantry, thirty-four regiments of cavalry, two regiments of horse artillery, two

710:

I avail myself of a courier which general Bonaparte sends from Romagna (in order to announce to the Directory the defeat of the Papal troops), to acquaint you with the capture of Mantua, the news of which I received yesterday evening by a courier from Mantua itself I thought it necessary to announce

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General Kilmaine, who commands the two divisions which press the siege of Mantua, remained on the 29th ultimo in his former position, and was still in hopes that the enemy would attempt a sortie to carry forage into the place, but instead they took up a position before the gate of Pradello, near the

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Even though he garnered much support from prominent Frenchmen and even Napoleon, his appeal was strangely ignored, much to Kilmaine's profound disapproval. Subsequently, Tone was found guilty and was sentenced to be hanged. He pleaded in virtue of his status as a French officer to die by the musket

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Meanwhile, Kilmaine's health was slowly declining. The duties of a 47-year-old Kilmaine were alike harassing and arduous, as he had to superintend the equipment and organization of this vast force, composed of men of all arms and several nations, and he was repeatedly summoned to Paris, even in the

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Early in December, Wurmser attempted another breakout. The Austrians began their operation just before dawn advancing under a furious cannonade. However, as Bonaparte noted, "Kilmaine made him return, as usual, faster than he came out, and took from him two hundred men, one howitzer, and two pieces

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acted fatally on the Army of the North. It was now reduced to about thirty thousand rank-and-file soldiers. These men remained in a disorderly state, without a proper chief, and without aim or object. The Army's manoeuvrings were committed to chance or directed by ignorance, for, with the exception

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in south-west France. In 1751, when Eleanor became pregnant, she left France for Dublin in order to have her child born in Ireland. Jennings spent his early childhood in Saul's Court with his relatives. When he was 11 years old, he left Ireland and joined his father in France. Jennings was educated

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From the assurances which the executive Directory has given, that the Adjudant General Smith, taken on board the Hoche, shall be claimed in a peremptory manner, it would be superfluous in me to request your interference a second time. But, as Commander in Chief of the Army, in which he served with

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and its expedition were alike completely dissolved, and The Directory turned their ambition totally eastwards and to the Middle East. Napoleon now wished to give Kilmaine command of the forces assembled for the great war in Egypt. But for the present his career finished on the coasts of France and

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In 1798 the Directory began breaking up the Armee d'Angleterre, and withdrew Kilmaine's troops. Kilmaine went to Paris to plead with the government and the Minister of Marine concerning the embarkation of the troops and departure of the fleet. His questions were waived or left unanswered. They had

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French whispers throughout Europe at the time assert that this expedition was destined, not for Britain, but in fact for Egypt, and that Kilmaine received the command of it, not so much for his great military skill, but as to deceive the ministry, supposing that the name of an Irishman would cause

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Kilmaine commanded Dampierre's advance guard in the campaign against the allied powers after the failure of the Congress of Antwerp on 8 April 1793. Dispatches testified to Kilmaine's gallantry during the "murderous affairs of the 1st and 2nd May" in which, according to the official report, he had

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With a sorrow which he could not conceal, he saw that army march which penetrated into the heart of the Swiss mountains and imposed on their hardy inhabitants a constitution in which Bonaparte, under the plausible title of Mediator, secured the cooperation of the valiant descendants of the Celtic

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in command of a larger force of about 3000 men, including Wolfe Tone himself, never had a chance. They attempted to land in County Donegal near Lough Swilly, but were intercepted by a bigger Royal Navy squadron, and eventually surrendered after a three-hour battle without ever landing in Ireland.

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The Directory's outright decision to abandon the project completely shattered all of Kilmaine's hopes of helping to achieve the independence of his native land. For some years an intimate friendship had existed between him and fellow Irishman Wolfe Tone (while the latter lived in Paris) and upon

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Speeches were made expressive of the rapid progress which republicanism had made in their native country, and of the strong desire of the Catholics and Dissenters to throw off the yoke of England, (that yoke which Kilmaine in his boyhood had been taught by his father to abhor and to hate). Irish

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had not been present at the banquet. He was hiding in Paris around this time and had been holding secret meetings with Napoleon (set up through Kilmaine) to discuss an Irish Revolution. Tone detested many of the Irishmen in Paris, describing them as "sad, vulgar wretches, and I have been used to

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was celebrated in Paris by the firing of cannon and the erection of arches in honour of Bonaparte and Kilmaine 'the Irish Commandant of Lombardy', and a grand joy was diffused through every heart in the city on the fall of what they styled the Gibraltar of Italy, while Bonaparte, loaded with the

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For some time all of Britain supposed the troops were led by the commander-in-chief in person and all the press of England and Scotland teemed with blustering or scurrilous remarks on "Paddy Kilmaine and his gang". In truth General Kilmaine never embarked, although he certainly wanted to, as

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regiments of foot artillery, six companies of sappers and pioneers, and six battalions of miners and pontooniers. This task force was led by eighteen distinguished generals of division, and forty-seven generals of brigade the most brave and able in France. Among the former were Kilmaine,

561:. The French were defeated with heavy losses. Dampierre was slain, and Kilmaine was ordered to fight a rearguard action to cover the retreat. The infuriated and disorderly army fell back to the barrier town of Condé, which was at that time under the nominal lordship of the unfortunate 804:

rather better company in all respects", and stayed well away. However, all the corresponding members of the Irish clubs and malcontent parties at home were also present. Many fierce end-stirring political toasts were drunk, amid vociferous enthusiasm, among these, one in particular,

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middle of the night, by couriers who overtook him in his progress, thus, though suffering under severe ill health. The Directory once brought him on the spur from Bruges early in July, and again from Brest about the end of the same month only to bring him back a few days later.

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Within days hundreds of gunboats were ordered to be prepared, and transports were to be collected at Dunkirk, to be protected from the British fleet by a Dutch squadron then at the mouth of the Scheldt. All of Britain was up in arms on hearing of an armament so formidable.

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diamonds of the vanquished corrupt Pope, and the spoils of our Lady of Loretto, pushed on to seek fresh conquests and new laurels. Kilmaine briefly remained in command in Mantua after its capitulation. Upon returning to Paris, he was awarded the title Baron de Kilmaine.

902:, who was the mainspring of the projected movement in favour of Ireland, died. And Bonaparte, to whom Kilmaine, Tone, Shee, and others of the Irish patriots turned, no longer had any sympathy for their cause, as all his efforts were now focused on the war in the East. 638:. There they lived quietly for a few months. When the Reign of Terror began, he and his wife were arrested and imprisoned. Kilmaine escaped the guillotine and was released after the fall of Robespierre in July 1794. He and his wife were released on an order signed by 894:"We are assured that the French republicans shall be able to make a successful descent upon Ireland, the Belgian youth will be employed in that country under General Kilmaine, who, being a native of it, will there have the command of the French and Irish forces." 658:

in the defence of the National Convention against excited mobs of Parisian faubourgs. Kilmaine continued to fight for the convention until the 13th Vendemiaire, 1796, actively cooperating with Napoleon Bonaparte and the Revolutionary Party.

886:"The eagerness with which our troops, both by sea and land, await the moment when, under the brave and brilliant warrior Kilmaine, they will engage the English, is the best pledge of our approaching success, and the defeat of our enemies." 699:

Kilmaine energetically and ably commanded troops involved in the Siege of Mantua for over 5 months. Wurmser finally surrendered on 3 February 1797. In a dispatch notifying the Minister of War about this important victory Kilmaine wrote:

292:. He played a minor role in the Irish independence movement. Jennings was known for being one of the most charismatic Irish generals of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic period. Though he was not ennobled, he is sometimes referred to as 357:

Jennings began his military career in 1764 at the age of 14 when he entered the Austrian army. After seven years' service as a junior officer in Austria, he entered the French army in 1774. In September 1778, Kilmaine was appointed

756:, and others whose names were to become famous in future wars as the marshals of the empire. Headed by bands blaring martial music, the soldiers marched through Paris, displaying black banners inscribed with slogans such as 828:

The future Irish Republic was enthusiastically saluted by Kilmaine that night, and every confidence (though merry) expressed in the accomplishment of his most ardent desire for the magnificent emancipation of Ireland.

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on 10 May and contributed to the victory by leading a cavalry charge. In September, he was appointed Commander of Northern Italy. His actions in this campaign significantly increased his reputation throughout Europe.

686:, attempted to break out and were repulsed with the loss of 1,100 men and five pieces of cannon. Kilmaine played a key role in repulsing them. Bonaparte, in his dispatch to the Directory on 1 October 1796 wrote: 1055:

At the beginning of 1799, Kilmaine's health was further deteriorating. He had also become greatly saddened by the death of his friend, Wolfe Tone. In the spring of 1799, the Directory appointed him supreme

1651: 336:, was a prominent physician who married a cousin, Eleanor Saul, daughter of Laurence Saul, a wealthy Dublin distiller. One of his ancestors, Richard Og MacJonin, was hanged in 1599 for his part in the 610:. Kilmaine's presence for a time appeased the disorder in the army. The Army of the North occupied positions on the banks of the Scheldt, facing a much larger opposing force jointly commanded by the 513:) turned apparent defeat into victory. On the field, he was raised to the rank of Chief Colonel and came to be known as "le brillant et courageux Kilmaine" (The brilliant and courageous Kilmaine). 1656: 553:

two chargers killed from under him as he managed to fight off a determined attack. Six days of incessant skirmishing followed. Kilmaine displayed extraordinary valour on 8 May during the

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instead of the rope. Denied his wish, and before the sentence was carried out, he cheated and attempted suicide by slitting his own throat and died of his severe wounds days later.

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A generous man, he frequently supplemented out of his own private means the rations of his men, who with difficulty were prevented from deserting and more importantly kept alive.

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on 7–8 August Kilmaine withdrew his army rather than wait to be surrounded. Although he carried out a retreat, the Convention styled it (at the time) "completely mutinous."

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commander in Chief, a master tactician and without the blessing of his commander Napoleon, he superintended the departure of 6,000 of his troops from Rochefort and Brest.

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There is a personal portrait of General Kilmaine in the 'Hotel de Ville' (City Hall) at Tonnay-Charente, where his father Dr. Theobald Jennings practiced as a physician.

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Citizen d'Arbois, an officer on Kilmaine's staff, sent a glowing account of Kilmaine's mission to the Paris newspapers, where it was published on 7 August 1798. He wrote:

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A second attempt in September, accompanied by Napper Tandy, came to disaster on the coast of Donegal and was unable to land, before eventually returning to France.

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The 48-year-old Kilmaine accepted the command, and ignored his condition for quite some time, until his rapidly failing health forced him to give up his baton to

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and took the civic oath, sworn by all persons as a pre-condition for French citizenship. This was especially important leading up to and during the

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On St. Patrick's Day, Kilmaine recorded in his memoirs that he hosted a great banquet in Paris. Along with many Irish generals, including Colonel

851:, was now bestowed upon him. As the supreme chief of command of this famous militia force, the eyes of all Europe were now fixed firmly on him. 773: 1641: 1616: 536:

After the defection and flight of Dumouriez in April 1793, Kilmaine adhered to the National Convention, and was rewarded with a promotion to

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Doubts hovered in the minds of the Directory, even if there were none in the hearts of their soldiers and generals, and long delays ensued.

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who surrendered were repatriated to France in exchange for British prisoners of war, but hundreds of captured Irish rebels were executed.

1587: 1631: 825:, and on his right sat Kilmaine, who, immediately after the banquet, had to leave Paris to rejoin his column of the army on the coast. 540:

on 15 May 1793. He now redoubled his energies to restore order in the army, which by the defection of its leader was almost disbanded.

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on the inside triumphal arch, on the Northern pillar, Column 05. Underneath the Arc is the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (World War I).

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took command. He was so ably seconded by Kilmaine, that within one month after he assumed command discipline was completely restored.

89: 1136: 611: 61: 42: 1626: 799:(then a political fugitive and pseudo-anarchist, who had been invited to attend by Kimaine) and General O'Cher. Irish republican 577:. He remained there only a short time before being recalled to the main army, which he found in the most critical circumstances. 475: 541: 521:

Kilmaine continued to serve with the Army of the North, and proved to be one of its capable officers. Following the victory at

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The first attempt, from Brest on 22 August, initially got off to a good start. Approximately 1,000 French soldiers under

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On 21 March 1791, seven months before his 40th birthday, he honourably retired from the army, was given the title of

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The fate of Chief-commander Kilmaine's forces that 'independently' sailed to Ireland was sealed from the onset.

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the general, but to The Hon. Frederick Longworth Browne, son of the 2nd Lord Kilmaine, who settled in France.

679: 651: 490: 411:. On July 18th 1781 Lt. Jennings commanded a detachment of lancers from the legion. The lancers pushed back 1035: 683: 337: 285: 1504: 704:

Kilmaine, General de Division and Commandant of Lombardy, to the Minister of War. Milan, 17 Pluviose, 1797

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of the Volontaires-étrangers de Lauzun (Lauzun's Legion), a mercenary unit owned and commanded by the

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During the summer of 1798, the European press were full of words expressing admiration for Kilmaine.

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service and a revolutionary. He was a supporter of Irish independence and an active supporter of the

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Rue du Général Kilmaine, a street in Tonnay-Charente, was named in his honour in the 19th century.

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rebel leader Napper Tandy, was in the chair for most of the night, on his left sat none other than

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Kilmaine, General in Chief of the Army of England to the President of the Executive Directory

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under his command saved an entire French division from annihilation. In November 1792 at the

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in 1779 and in America under Rochambeau (1780–83) and remained after it was reorganized as a

301: 199: 478:, Jennings rejoined the French Army when war broke out between France and monarchic Europe. 1611: 1606: 753: 573: 494: 404: 634:

Kilmaine returned to Paris undercover and retired with his wife to the Parisian suburb of

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destined for the invasion of the British Isles. The position which had been meant for

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Early in 1796, he set out with Bonaparte on the Italian Campaign. He fought at the

1462: 944: 778: 1486: 1214: 1132: 958: 918: 498: 345: 266: 191: 1541: 1580: 1447: 1335: 1150:"The only officer in whom Napoleon ever placed complete and utter confidence." 788: 670: 663: 510: 391: 321: 1552: 1432: 783:, and all the Irishmen in Paris. Other guests in attendance were Irish rebels 1600: 1576: 1183:

A monument was erected in his memory in Tonnay-Charente in the 19th century.

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In October, Kilmaine was one of Napoleon's subordinate commanders during the

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wrote of Kilmaine in his private journal. One of his diary entries read,

1092: 470:, particularly among foreigners and nobility. He pursued family life and 213: 1591:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 797. 1416: 1224: 1169: 1115: 933: 800: 749: 438: 1104: 759: 937:

Tone was captured, taken prisoner and was tried in a court-martial.

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French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars

1209: 1080: 768:"Descent upon England, long live the Republic! May Britain perish" 525:, the Army of the North comprised 48 infantry battalions and 3,200 522: 453:. A growing military reputation brought him a further promotion to 378: 359: 278: 134: 1525:

Irish Brigades Abroad: from the Wild Geese to the Napoleonic Wars

1509:. London: George Ratledge and Sons. pp. 228–229 – via 1072: 795:, also there was the notorious American radical and intellectual 606:

on 17 July 1793. He rejoined the army with his division from the

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interests for almost a year. In 1792, by personal invitation of

344:. In 1738, Dr. Jennings and Eleanor left Ireland and settled in 1075:, and he was compelled to retire from active service for good. 928:

The third and final attempt, on 12 October 1798, under Admiral

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succeeded Dampierre and sent Kilmaine with his division to the

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French military personnel of the American Revolutionary War

329: 592: 261:(19 October 1751 – 11 December 1799), also referred to as 547: 1485:. Vol. 47. April 1856. p. 471 – via The 997: 808:"Long live the Irish Republic, long live the Republic." 1553:"Kilmaine, Charles Edward Saul Jennings de (1751–1799)" 1559:, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 18 Feb 2008. 419:, New York, this action occurred during the march to 277:

and served as a brigade and division commander under

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of cannon. This is his third unsuccessful attempt."

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in Tonnay-Charente and became proficient in French.

890:Around this time too, a Brussels newspaper stated, 49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1431: 320:. His father, Dr. Theobald Jennings of Polaniran ( 1127:Kilmaine's name on the Northern pillar, Column 05 1083:in his further schemes of conquest and ambition. 273:. Jennings is known to have been an associate of 1598: 300:in reference to the Jennings' ancestral home in 1546:A Biographical Dictionary of Irishmen in France 1400:"General Charles Jennings Kilmaine 1751-1799". 631:placed, and wherever sent I shall do my duty." 516: 441:in command and took control of the regiment of 384: 962:Holland, looking out toward fighting Ireland. 600:Kilmaine was named Commander-in-Chief of the 1442:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1146:, his aide-de-camp, Kilmaine is described as 1366:Irish Soldiers in Europe, 17th-19th Century 625: 580:The fall of de Dampierre and the arrest of 449:. Two years later he attained the rank of 133: 1647:Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe 1314:Learn how and when to remove this message 1248:O'Cher is likely Kilmaine's nickname for 1131:Kilmaine is historically honoured at the 973:27th Brumaire, 7th year of the Republic. 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 1575: 1277:This article includes a list of general 1122: 1114: 943: 811: 758: 669: 312:Jennings was born on 19 October 1751 in 1557:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1439:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1411:(90). Messenger Publications: 301–312. 1334: 1107:on 11 December 1799, at the age of 48. 682:. The Austrians, who were commanded by 476:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette 1599: 1344:(in French). Léon Chailley. p. 57 1230: 1091:In a fragile condition, Kilmaine left 650:Kilmaine was involved in quelling the 548:Battle of Raismes and Retreat to Conde 542:Auguste Marie Henri Picot de Dampierre 1642:18th-century Irish military personnel 1617:Military personnel from Dublin (city) 1499: 1429: 1362: 1159:Charles Tristan, Marquis de Montholon 642:and remained for some time in Paris. 509:, Kilmaine and the Duke of Chartres ( 265:, was a renegade Irish soldier under 1542:"Charles Edward Jennings (Kilmaine)" 1263: 1157:In the Memoirs published by General 1007: 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 674:Dagobert Sigismund Count de Wurmser 645: 13: 1369:. Mercier Press Ltd. p. 106. 1283:it lacks sufficient corresponding 858:Colonel Shee, Wolfe Tone, General 569:François Joseph Drouot de Lamarche 437:In 1786, he was awarded the title 430: 415:Chasseurs defending an outpost at 352: 14: 1673: 1632:Irish soldiers in the French Army 1548:, Dublin: MH Gill & Sons Ltd. 1527:. Dublin: History Press Ireland. 1396: 905: 557:, fought by Dampierre to deliver 489:. He was a Corps Commander under 1582:"Kilmaine, Charles Edward" 1562: 1268: 1012: 952: 870: 501:in September 1792 and a unit of 389:In 1780, Jennings was appointed 23: 1250:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer 582:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine 34:needs additional citations for 1627:French people of Irish descent 1493: 1469: 1423: 1390: 1356: 1328: 1242: 1189: 911:more important plans for him. 860:Henri-Jacques-Guillaume Clarke 370:. He served with this unit in 1: 338:revolt of the Connacht chiefs 307: 1477:"Memoir of General Kilmaine" 1463:UK public library membership 1341:Les guerres de la Révolution 1259: 684:Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser 652:Jacobin Uprising in May 1795 517:Brigade and Division Command 385:American War of Independence 286:American War of Independence 259:Charles Edward Saul Jennings 7: 1637:Irish expatriates in France 1565:"Charles Jennings Kilmaine" 1405:: An Irish Quarterly Review 1220:James Bartholomew Blackwell 1198: 1025:to comply with Knowledge's 785:James Bartholomew Blackwell 10: 1678: 1482:Dublin University Magazine 1142:In the memoirs of Captain 1119:The Arc de Triomphe, Paris 864:Jean Joseph Amable Humbert 724:Commander-in-chief of the 593:Commander-in-Chief of the 491:Charles François Dumouriez 409:American Revolutionary War 246:American Revolutionary War 1523:McGarry, Stephen. (2013) 1430:Scott, Samuel F. (2004). 1386:– via Google Books. 1363:Clark, George B. (2010). 1110: 587:Jean Henri Becays Ferrand 487:French Revolutionary Wars 485:, Jennings served in the 290:French Revolutionary Wars 250:French Revolutionary Wars 237: 227: 219: 205: 187: 170: 149: 141: 132: 125: 58:"Charles Edward Jennings" 16:Irish soldier (1751–1799) 1506:The Cavaliers of Fortune 1235: 1161:, he wrote of Jennings, 1086: 1038:may contain suggestions. 1023:may need to be rewritten 957:By the end of 1798, the 734:Louis Alexandre Berthier 626:Imprisonment and release 405:the Marquis de Lafayette 1588:Encyclopædia Britannica 1298:more precise citations. 620:Battle of Caesar's Camp 612:Duke of York and Albany 368:Armand Louis de Gontaut 284:Jennings served in the 127:Charles Edward Jennings 1448:10.1093/ref:odnb/15543 1178: 1167: 1152: 1128: 1120: 991: 970:Headquarters at Rouen 949: 896: 888: 817: 810: 770: 764: 713: 693: 675: 325: 1662:Deaths from dysentery 1433:"Charles de Kilmaine" 1174: 1163: 1148: 1126: 1118: 968: 947: 892: 884: 815: 806: 766: 762: 702: 688: 673: 656:Jean-Charles Pichegru 302:Kilmaine, County Mayo 220:Years of service 200:First French Republic 1137:his name can be seen 986:Health and respect, 754:Claude Perrin Victor 738:Jean Baptiste Kléber 328:) (Ironpool), near 43:improve this article 1231:Notes and citations 979:Citizen President, 948:Theobald Wolfe Tone 538:general of division 497:. He fought at the 275:Theobald Wolfe Tone 232:General of division 1129: 1121: 950: 840:Armée d'Angleterre 818: 765: 726:Armée d'Angleterre 676: 608:Armée des Ardennes 574:Armée des Ardennes 559:Condé-sur-l'Escaut 531:general of brigade 507:Battle of Jemappes 399:. He served under 342:Elizabethan period 1551:Scott, Samuel F. 1538:Hayes, Richard J. 1461:(Subscription or 1398:Hayes, Richard J. 1324: 1323: 1316: 1053: 1052: 1027:quality standards 746:Jacques MacDonald 707:Citizen Minister, 555:Battle of Raismes 533:on 8 March 1793. 468:French Revolution 425:French Revolution 316:at Saul's Court, 298:Baron de Kilmaine 271:French Revolution 255: 254: 196:Kingdom of France 119: 118: 111: 93: 1669: 1592: 1584: 1572: 1515: 1514: 1511:Internet Archive 1497: 1491: 1490: 1473: 1467: 1466: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1435: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1360: 1354: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1332: 1319: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1299: 1294:this article by 1285:inline citations 1272: 1271: 1264: 1253: 1246: 1135:in Paris, where 1095:and returned to 1065:Armée d'Helvétie 1048: 1045: 1039: 1016: 1008: 1003:Armée d'Helvétie 782: 646:Italian Campaign 616:Prince of Coburg 481:Reinstated as a 242:Senegal Campaign 207: 177: 174:11 December 1799 159: 157: 137: 123: 122: 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1622:French generals 1597: 1596: 1595: 1519: 1518: 1498: 1494: 1487:Wayback Machine 1475: 1474: 1470: 1460: 1452: 1450: 1428: 1424: 1395: 1391: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1361: 1357: 1347: 1345: 1336:Chuquet, Arthur 1333: 1329: 1320: 1309: 1303: 1300: 1290:Please help to 1289: 1273: 1269: 1262: 1257: 1256: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1215:Tonnay-Charente 1201: 1192: 1133:Arc de Triomphe 1113: 1089: 1049: 1043: 1040: 1030: 1017: 1006: 959:Army of England 955: 919:General Humbert 908: 873: 776: 729: 715:The capture of 709: 708: 706: 705: 680:Siege of Mantua 648: 628: 598: 550: 519: 499:Battle of Valmy 483:chef d'escadron 456:chef d'escadron 435: 432:Chef d'Escadron 397:Lauzun's Legion 392:sous-lieutenant 387: 355: 353:Military career 346:Tonnay-Charente 326:Poll an Iarainn 310: 248: 244: 212: 198: 194: 192:United Irishmen 179: 175: 161: 160:19 October 1751 155: 153: 128: 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1675: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1594: 1593: 1579:, ed. (1911). 1577:Chisholm, Hugh 1573: 1569:LibraryIreland 1563:Webb, Alfred. 1560: 1549: 1535: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1492: 1468: 1422: 1389: 1375: 1355: 1326: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1276: 1274: 1267: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1240: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1200: 1197: 1191: 1188: 1144:Jean Landrieux 1112: 1109: 1088: 1085: 1051: 1050: 1020: 1018: 1011: 1005: 996: 954: 951: 907: 906:Paddy Kilmaine 904: 872: 869: 847:, the hero of 789:William Corbet 728: 722: 664:Battle of Lodi 654:. He assisted 647: 644: 627: 624: 597: 591: 563:Duke d'Enghien 549: 546: 518: 515: 511:Louis Philippe 434: 429: 386: 383: 354: 351: 309: 306: 263:Brave Kilmaine 253: 252: 239: 235: 234: 229: 225: 224: 221: 217: 216: 209: 203: 202: 189: 185: 184: 178:(aged 48) 172: 168: 167: 151: 147: 146: 145:Brave Kilmaine 143: 139: 138: 130: 129: 126: 117: 116: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1674: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1602: 1590: 1589: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1502: 1496: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1478: 1472: 1464: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1434: 1426: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1404: 1399: 1393: 1378: 1376:9781856356626 1372: 1368: 1367: 1359: 1343: 1342: 1337: 1331: 1327: 1318: 1315: 1307: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1286: 1280: 1275: 1266: 1265: 1251: 1245: 1241: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1196: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1125: 1117: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1084: 1082: 1076: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1066: 1061: 1060: 1059:generalissimo 1047: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1024: 1021:This section 1019: 1015: 1010: 1009: 1004: 1000: 999:Generalissimo 995: 990: 987: 984: 980: 977: 974: 971: 967: 963: 960: 953:Broken dreams 946: 942: 938: 935: 934:General Hardy 931: 926: 923: 920: 915: 912: 903: 901: 900:General Hoche 895: 891: 887: 883: 880: 877: 871:Irish assault 868: 865: 861: 856: 852: 850: 846: 842: 841: 834: 830: 826: 824: 814: 809: 805: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 780: 775: 769: 761: 757: 755: 751: 747: 743: 742:André Masséna 739: 735: 727: 721: 718: 712: 701: 697: 692: 687: 685: 681: 672: 668: 665: 660: 657: 653: 643: 641: 640:Lazare Carnot 637: 632: 623: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 604: 603:Armée du Nord 596: 595:Armée du Nord 590: 588: 583: 578: 576: 575: 570: 566: 564: 560: 556: 545: 543: 539: 534: 532: 528: 524: 514: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 479: 477: 473: 472:philanthropic 469: 465: 460: 458: 457: 452: 448: 447:Duc de Lauzun 444: 440: 433: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 393: 382: 380: 377: 373: 369: 365: 364:Duc de Lauzun 361: 350: 347: 343: 339: 335: 334:County Galway 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 305: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 282: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 251: 247: 243: 240: 236: 233: 230: 226: 222: 218: 215: 211:Austrian Army 210: 204: 201: 197: 193: 190: 186: 182: 173: 169: 165: 162:Sauls Court, 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 131: 124: 121: 113: 110: 102: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: – 59: 55: 54:Find sources: 48: 44: 38: 37: 32:This article 30: 26: 21: 20: 1586: 1568: 1556: 1545: 1524: 1505: 1501:Grant, James 1495: 1480: 1471: 1451:. 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The 717:Mantua 376:hussar 314:Dublin 267:French 208:branch 164:Dublin 85: 78: 71: 64: 56: 1413:JSTOR 1236:Notes 1205:Passy 1101:Paris 1097:Passy 1087:Death 781:] 636:Passy 464:Baron 322:Irish 181:Paris 90:JSTOR 76:books 1529:ISBN 1455:2016 1384:2019 1371:ISBN 1350:2019 791:and 493:and 403:and 330:Tuam 296:and 228:Rank 171:Died 150:Born 62:news 1444:doi 1099:in 445:of 395:of 45:by 1603:: 1585:. 1567:. 1555:, 1544:, 1479:. 1436:. 1409:23 1407:. 787:, 779:fr 752:, 748:, 744:, 740:, 736:, 589:. 565:. 459:. 427:. 381:. 366:, 332:, 324:: 304:. 281:. 1571:. 1513:. 1489:. 1457:. 1446:: 1419:. 1352:. 1317:) 1311:( 1306:) 1302:( 1288:. 1252:. 1046:) 1042:( 1029:. 158:) 154:( 112:) 106:( 101:) 97:( 87:· 80:· 73:· 66:· 39:.

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