406:. By this time the main gates were too narrow for the increasing traffic, so they were all rebuilt with wider arches. The gates had also prevented an unobstructed perambulation of the walls, and the opportunity was taken to carry the walkway over the new gates. Eastgate was replaced in 1768, Bridgegate in 1781, and Watergate in 1788. Other measures were taken to improve the accessibility for walkers; these included the building of Recorder's Steps in 1720 on the southern part of the walls, and the Wishing Steps in 1785 on a steeply inclined section to the east of the Recorder's Steps. Between 1808 and 1810 Northgate was rebuilt. This gate had contained the city gaol, and a new gaol was built in the south of the city. The gaol yard extended southwards towards the river and this necessitated removing Shipgate, thus creating a permanent breach in the wall.
304:
191:
206:
386:
223:
238:
323:. Parts of the Roman walls were still present, as they continue to stand today. The Anglo-Saxons certainly repaired the northern and eastern sections of the Roman walls. At some time Roman stones, including tombstones, were used in repairs, but it is uncertain whether this was during this period or later. There is evidence, including the discovery of a Saxon U-shaped ditch, that the wall was extended from the southeast corner of the Roman wall to the river, forming an L-shaped defence, but whether this would have been a stone or an earth defence is unknown. There is a reference to repairing the walls in the
31:
1533:
300:. The east gate formed the main entry to the fortress, and was particularly impressive, possibly with three storeys. The stone was quarried locally from the immediate area of the fortress. Although started in about 100 AD, the rebuilding of the walls was abandoned in the early part of the 2nd century, perhaps with the walls incomplete, and was not finished until over 100 years later. The walls continued to be maintained throughout the Roman occupation, with major repairs undertaken during the 4th century.
443:
261:
for the rampart was obtained from digging the ditch. It was set on a base of logs and held together by branches and brushwood. At intervals of about 160 m (520 ft) along the ramparts were wooden towers with a square base of about 4.5 m (15 ft); they were probably about 7.5 m (25 ft) high. On each of the four sides was a main gate with timber towers. The gates on the north and east sides stood on the present sites of
545:
1362:
167:, and were damaged during the war. Following this they ceased to have a defensive purpose, and were developed for leisure and recreation. The walls are now a major tourist attraction, and form an almost complete circuit of the former medieval city, with a total walkway length of 2.95 kilometres (1.8 mi). Upkeep and repair of the walls continues to be a problem.
433:
was built to allow the traffic to pass and to take the walkway over the road; this opened in 1938. Following the Second World War traffic increased further and in the 1960s the Inner Ring Road was built to take traffic from
Grosvenor Bridge to the west of the city centre, causing a substantial breach
393:
After the end of the Civil War, the walls ceased to have any military or defensive function, and increasingly became used for recreational purposes. In 1707 the City
Assembly made a grant of £1,000 (equivalent to £210,000 in 2023) to repair and re-flag the walls to make a walkway with an unfortified
532:
Upkeep and repair of the walls is an ongoing conservation project. In 2008 part of the wall collapsed near the
Eastgate. After repairs, the section was reopened in 2010. There have been several fatal accidents of people falling from the walls. Since 2011, a section of wall between Morgan's Mount and
260:
established a fortress in
Chester. The fortress was initially defended by an earth rampart surmounted by a wooden palisade and surrounded by a ditch with a sharp V-shaped profile. It is likely that the rampart was about 3 m (10 ft) high on a base of about 6 m (20 ft). The earth
368:
granted by the king, duties levied on merchandise passing into and out of the city. The main gates were under the control of hereditary sergeants who collected tolls and organised watches on the walls. During the 15th century the granting of murages was delegated to the city authorities, but
457:
Chester city walls comprise the most complete Roman and medieval defensive town walls in
Britain. The circuit, which measures almost 2 miles (3.2 km) in circumference, is now a major tourist attraction for visitors to the city. The walls are recognised as a
352:
itself, gates, towers and a ditch. The Saxon ditch has been filled in, and the medieval ditches were dug further from the walls. The earlier ditch had been shallow, probably no more than 1 m (3 ft) deep. However, following a siege of
369:
keeping up with the necessary repairs was a continuing problem. Breaches occurred in 1569, 1608 and 1629, and in both 1589 and in 1641 the walls were described as being "ruinous". In the expectation of the coming
314:
Nothing is known about the condition of the walls between the end of the Roman occupation in the late 4th century and the refounding of
Chester by Æthelflæd as a burgh in 907 as part of the reconquest of
335:
arrived in
Chester in 1069–70, and the king ordered that a castle should be built. This was constructed outside the site of the Roman fortress, to the southwest in an elevated position overlooking the
421:
was built, cutting the walls and passing through arches under the northwest corner. By the 1930s road traffic had increased and was causing severe congestion in the middle of the city, particularly at
1199:
533:
Northgate Bridge has been closed because it was found to be moving and had to be propped up. In
January 2020 a SE section of wall collapsed while development work was being carried out nearby.
340:. This necessitated the extension of the walls to the west and south to incorporate the castle, leading to the circuit of the walls currently present. Three new gates were built, the
1389:
1113:
473:
The walk is approximately rectangular in plan, on a continuous elevated walkway, apart from a short section on the south of the city. It incorporates medieval structures, including
409:
Improvements in transport in the 19th and 20th centuries have resulted in further alterations to the walls. Until the early 19th century the only bridge over the Dee had been the
1419:
558:
373:, repairs were carried out in the early 1640s, and further fortifications were added to the walls and in the outer suburbs. The walls were heavily damaged during the
348:. The latter two gates were certainly built by the 1120s, and it is thought that the medieval circuit of the walls was complete by 1162. They then consisted of the
568:
1001:
563:
273:, who started a programme of rebuilding, including the improvement of the walls. Starting in about 100 AD the earth walls were reconstructed using
501:
on the east section of the walls, and the base of a drum tower on the south section. It crosses roads on the four major medieval gates to the city,
144:, but were not completed until over 100 years later. Following the Roman occupation nothing is known about the condition of the walls until
1692:
1682:
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109:
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296:. The gates and towers were also rebuilt in stone. It is thought that the north gate was a single arch, while the others had twin
1646:
1089:
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in the walls. Where it breached the north wall a concrete footbridge, named St Martin's Gate, was built and opened in 1966.
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425:. A new road was created to the south of the centre of the city, breaching the east wall to the west of the
277:. A wall of stone was added to the earth rampart. This consisted of large square blocks of stone built on a
152:
in 907. The defences were improved, although the precise nature of the improvement is not known. After the
1621:
418:
349:
284:
up to a walkway about 4.9 m (16 ft) above the base. It was surmounted by an elaborately carved
163:
Maintenance of the structure of the walls was an ongoing concern. They were further fortified before the
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474:
266:
237:
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426:
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222:
153:
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1119:
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470:, the only exception being the section between Bridgegate and the County Hall (listed at Grade II*).
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1552:
687:, vol. 5, no. 2, University of London & History of Parliament Trust, pp. 213–225
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422:
270:
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between 70 and 80 . It originated with a rampart of earth and turf surmounted by a wooden
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city. The circuit was probably complete by the middle of the 12th century.
97:
361:
in 1265, a larger ditch was dug, this one being over 2 m (6 ft) deep.
1631:
1434:
830:
826:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
410:
403:
354:
244:
145:
921:
449:, on the northern section of walls, was built for Royalist cannons during the
442:
1666:
1616:
1511:
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197:
125:
1601:
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1586:
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The finance required for the upkeep of the walls was mainly by a series of
320:
254:
133:
417:
was built, passing through the walls at the southwest corner. In 1846 the
399:
157:
602:"The walls, towers, gates and posterns of the City of Chester (1006785)"
1651:
1063:"The walls, tower, gates and posterns of the City of Chester (1006785)"
398:. Notable people walking the walls in the early 18th century included
1474:
1374:
1200:"Chester's ancient walls to reopen next week after repairs completed"
1090:"Part of city wall from Bridgegate to County Hall, Chester (1376173)"
377:
274:
141:
1516:
1283:
544:
137:
395:
289:
285:
278:
121:
75:
559:
List of sections of
Chester city walls and associated structures
1558:
1361:
1350:
365:
316:
281:
129:
120:
consist of a defensive structure built to protect the city of
149:
124:
in Cheshire, England. Their construction was started by the
389:
The Wishing Steps in the south east corner of the city walls
462:, and almost every section of the walls is recorded in the
1177:
1150:
1420:
Sections of Chester city walls and associated structures
1356:'Treasure Hunt taking you around the Chester City Walls'
140:. From about 100 CE they were reconstructed using
569:
Grade II* listed buildings in Cheshire West and Chester
413:
immediately to the south of Bridgegate. In the 1820s
564:
Grade I listed buildings in Cheshire West and Chester
540:
525:
on the eastern section of the walls, and passes the
1087:
1057:
596:
1228:"Woman dies after falling from Chester City Walls"
35:The grey line indicates the present day city walls
1664:
1280:"City's Roman wall collapses after digging work"
307:The south east section of the medieval walls by
269:. From about 90 AD Chester was occupied by
96:with most of the walls, towers, and gates being
1390:
1236:, Trinity Mirror North West & North Wales
1208:, Trinity Mirror North West & North Wales
521:and St Martin's Gate. The walk also crosses
1351:'Chester: a Virtual Stroll Around the Walls'
1325:
964:
812:
674:
675:Thacker, A. T.; Lewis, C. P., eds. (2005),
1397:
1383:
1003:Heritage Trails: Chester City Walls Trail
822:inflation figures are based on data from
441:
384:
302:
1030:
1028:
910:
908:
677:"Major buildings: City walls and gates"
579:List of town walls in England and Wales
344:in the west wall, and the Shipgate and
1665:
1404:
1225:
1197:
1040:, Cheshire Historic Environment Record
742:
740:
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823:
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660:
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654:
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631:
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183:Chester city walls over two millennia
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1693:Grade I listed buildings in Chester
1683:Buildings and structures in Chester
1326:Morris, Richard; Hoverd, K (1993),
1226:Porter, Garry (16 September 2011),
737:
698:
590:
574:List of cities with defensive walls
489:on the north section of the walls,
380:
13:
1445:Pemberton's Parlour (Goblin Tower)
1259:www.chester.yourwestcheshire.co.uk
1255:"Repairs to Northgate steps begin"
1094:National Heritage List for England
1068:National Heritage List for England
920:, Discover Chester, archived from
681:A History of the County of Chester
641:
626:
607:National Heritage List for England
464:National Heritage List for England
14:
1729:
1344:
1173:Restoration of Roman walls begins
453:(pictured from St Martin's Gate).
110:www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk
18:Fortification in Chester, England
1708:City walls in the United Kingdom
1531:
1413:Chester city walls and buildings
1360:
983:, Chester: B&W Picture Place
976:
543:
236:
221:
204:
189:
29:
1688:Tourist attractions in Cheshire
1673:Scheduled monuments in Cheshire
1647:Town walls in England and Wales
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1219:
1191:
1164:
1146:City wall closed after collapse
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437:
175:
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713:
614:
253:In about 74 or 75 AD the
228:Georgian promenade walls near
1:
1548:Ancient Roman defensive walls
1198:Holmes, David (25 May 2010),
584:
466:as a designated Grade I
419:Chester and Holyhead Railway
7:
1607:Listed buildings in Chester
536:
517:, and more modern roads on
196:Original Roman walls along
10:
1734:
1718:1st-century fortifications
1582:Chester Roman Amphitheatre
1312:, Chichester: Phillimore,
980:An Introduction to Chester
170:
128:when they established the
1540:
1529:
1473:
1412:
1120:Cheshire West and Chester
1008:Cheshire West and Chester
481:at the northwest corner,
211:Walls repaired after the
108:
103:
89:
81:
71:
61:
53:
45:
40:
28:
23:
1430:Bonewaldesthorne's Tower
1328:The Buildings of Chester
1115:Chester City Walls Trail
965:Morris & Hoverd 1993
917:Chester's Historic Walls
475:Bonewaldesthorne's Tower
271:Legio XX Valeria Victrix
1477:and other related gates
1330:, Stroud: Alan Sutton,
1010:Council, archived from
824:Clark, Gregory (2017).
685:Victoria County History
148:refounded Chester as a
1713:Roman walls in England
1637:Shropshire Union Canal
947:, Chester City Council
529:on the south section.
454:
390:
311:
445:
388:
333:William the Conqueror
306:
1698:Grade I listed walls
1503:other related gates
1369:at Wikimedia Commons
1308:Ward, Simon (2009),
1014:on 28 September 2011
944:City Gates and Walls
1180:, 29 September 2009
902:, pp. 110–111.
483:Pemberton's Parlour
62:Architectural style
41:General information
1703:History of Chester
1612:History of Chester
1406:Chester city walls
1367:Chester city walls
1310:Chester: A History
1126:on 19 October 2011
1088:Historic England,
1037:Chester City Walls
866:, pp. 79, 81.
820:Retail Price Index
477:, attached to the
460:Scheduled Monument
455:
391:
359:Second Barons' War
312:
118:Chester city walls
94:Scheduled monument
49:Open to the public
24:Chester city walls
1660:
1659:
1565:Chester Cathedral
1527:
1526:
1460:Thimbleby's Tower
1365:Media related to
1319:978-1-86077-499-7
1286:. 17 January 2020
1233:Chester Chronicle
1205:Chester Chronicle
878:, pp. 83–85.
809:, pp. 68–69.
761:, pp. 31–33.
495:Thimbleby's Tower
451:English Civil War
375:siege of the city
258:Legio II Adiutrix
213:English Civil War
115:
114:
1725:
1678:Walls in England
1642:Siege of Chester
1622:Minerva's Shrine
1541:Related articles
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1455:Recorder's Steps
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1515:
1513:
1512:Kaleyard Gate
1510:
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1497:
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1450:Phoenix Tower
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1337:0-7509-0255-8
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1305:
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1013:
1009:
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1004:
997:
982:
981:
977:Howe, Steve,
973:
967:, p. 43.
966:
961:
946:
945:
938:
923:
919:
918:
911:
909:
901:
896:
890:, p. 90.
889:
884:
877:
872:
865:
860:
854:, p. 79.
853:
848:
833:
832:
827:
821:
815:
808:
803:
797:, p. 40.
796:
791:
785:, p. 37.
784:
779:
773:, p. 34.
772:
767:
760:
755:
749:, p. 31.
748:
743:
741:
734:, p. 22.
733:
728:
722:, p. 12.
721:
716:
710:, p. 11.
709:
704:
702:
686:
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541:
534:
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523:Kaleyard Gate
520:
516:
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508:
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500:
496:
492:
491:Phoenix Tower
488:
484:
480:
476:
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469:
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448:
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435:
432:
428:
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423:Chester Cross
420:
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372:
367:
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207:
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198:Chester Canal
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64:
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57:Fortification
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
32:
27:
22:
16:
1602:Deva Victrix
1592:Chester Weir
1587:Chester Rows
1557:
1405:
1372:
1327:
1309:
1302:Bibliography
1301:
1300:
1288:. Retrieved
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1258:
1249:
1238:, retrieved
1231:
1221:
1210:, retrieved
1203:
1193:
1182:, retrieved
1172:
1166:
1155:, retrieved
1145:
1139:
1128:, retrieved
1124:the original
1114:
1108:
1097:, retrieved
1093:
1083:
1072:, retrieved
1066:
1053:
1042:, retrieved
1036:
1018:23 September
1016:, retrieved
1012:the original
1002:
996:
985:, retrieved
979:
972:
960:
949:, retrieved
943:
937:
926:, retrieved
922:the original
916:
895:
883:
871:
859:
847:
835:. Retrieved
829:
814:
802:
790:
778:
766:
754:
727:
715:
689:, retrieved
680:
638:, p. 7.
623:, p. 6.
616:
605:
592:
531:
472:
456:
438:Conservation
427:Amphitheatre
408:
392:
363:
350:curtain wall
331:the army of
321:Anglo-Saxons
313:
255:Roman legion
252:
176:Military use
162:
134:Deva Victrix
117:
116:
90:Designations
72:Town or city
15:
1627:Nine Houses
1465:Water Tower
479:Water Tower
400:John Wesley
357:during the
1667:Categories
1652:Via Devana
1494:Bridgegate
1475:City gates
1290:17 January
585:References
511:Bridgegate
346:Bridgegate
292:topped by
243:Victorian
230:Bridgegate
1597:River Dee
1499:Watergate
1484:Northgate
900:Ward 2009
888:Ward 2009
876:Ward 2009
864:Ward 2009
852:Ward 2009
807:Ward 2009
795:Ward 2009
783:Ward 2009
771:Ward 2009
759:Ward 2009
747:Ward 2009
732:Ward 2009
720:Ward 2009
708:Ward 2009
636:Ward 2009
621:Ward 2009
515:Watergate
503:Northgate
371:Civil War
342:Watergate
338:River Dee
294:capstones
279:chamfered
275:sandstone
263:Northgate
165:Civil War
146:Æthelflæd
142:sandstone
1517:Shipgate
1489:Eastgate
1284:BBC News
537:See also
507:Eastgate
288:, and a
267:Eastgate
158:medieval
138:palisade
130:fortress
66:Medieval
1507:Newgate
1212:14 July
1184:14 July
1157:14 July
1130:14 July
1099:8 April
1074:8 April
1044:14 July
987:14 July
951:14 July
928:14 July
691:15 July
519:Newgate
431:Newgate
396:parapet
366:murages
319:by the
298:portals
290:parapet
286:cornice
171:History
122:Chester
104:Website
85:England
82:Country
76:Chester
1559:Castra
1334:
1316:
1264:23 May
1240:20 May
513:, and
317:Mercia
282:plinth
126:Romans
46:Status
837:7 May
150:burgh
1332:ISBN
1314:ISBN
1292:2020
1266:2020
1242:2012
1214:2011
1186:2011
1159:2011
1132:2011
1101:2012
1076:2012
1046:2011
1020:2011
989:2011
953:2011
930:2011
839:2024
693:2011
497:and
485:and
402:and
265:and
54:Type
1178:BBC
1151:BBC
818:UK
429:.
132:of
1669::
1282:.
1257:.
1230:,
1202:,
1176:,
1149:,
1118:,
1092:,
1065:,
1061:,
1027:^
1006:,
907:^
828:.
739:^
700:^
683:,
679:,
643:^
628:^
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600:.
509:,
505:,
493:,
1398:e
1391:t
1384:v
1294:.
1268:.
841:.
610:.
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