Religion in Germany

4488: 445: 7844: 115: 7852: 4243: 7289: 835: 809:" of Catholics highly loyal to Rome. A sharp controversy broke out in 1837–38 in the largely Catholic Rhineland over the religious education of children of mixed marriages, where the mother was Catholic and the father Protestant. The government passed laws to require that these children always be raised as Protestants, contrary to Napoleonic law that had previously prevailed and allowed the parents to make the decision. It put the Catholic Archbishop under house arrest. In 1840, the new King Frederick William IV sought reconciliation and ended the controversy by agreeing to most of the Catholic demands. 824: 4738: 3208: 936: 7696: 4820: 3363: 1182: 3239: 2927: 3270: 7513: 4575: 2958: 469: 3955: 3394: 3936: 3757: 913:. Following negotiations with Leo XIII, peace was restored: the bishops returned, and the jailed clerics were released. Laws were toned down or taken back (Mitigation Laws 1880–1883 and Peace Laws 1886/87), but the Jesuits Law and the Pulpit Law were not repealed until 1917 and 1953, respectively. The changes concerning schools, civil registry, marriage and religious disaffiliation remain in place today. The Center Party gained strength and became an ally of Bismarck, especially when he attacked socialism. 4401: 3862: 3726: 2797: 2372: 2779:, and based on data from the European Social Survey 2014–2016, among 16 to 29 years-old Germans 47% were Christians (24% Protestant, 20% Catholic, 2% Orthodox and 1% other Christian), 7% were Muslims, 1% were of other religions, and 45% were not religious. The data was obtained from two questions, one asking "do you consider yourself as belonging to any particular religion or denomination?" to the full sample of 900 people, and the other one asking "which one?" to the sample who answered "yes". 242:. 60% of German residents say that they believe there is a God, 9% say that they believe there is a higher power or spiritual force and 27% say that they do not believe there is a God, higher power or spiritual force. In another survey, 44% said that they believe there is a God, 25% said that they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force and 27% said that they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force. 35% of residents identify with their religion or belief. 4926: 2348: 4253: 3177: 2360: 2989: 7664: 7674: 7641: 3425: 1046: 658: 3301: 5137: 3020: 3115: 3083: 3051: 3332: 5123: 3146: 7594: 3457: 307: 599: 5948: 5109: 5282: 735: 874:

Germans could now change their religious affiliation through the civil registry. Other German states followed through with similar measures. Nearly all Catholic bishops, clergy, and laymen rejected the legality of the new laws, and were defiant facing the increasingly heavy penalties and imprisonments imposed by Bismarck's government. Historian Anthony Steinhoff reports the casualty totals:

3698:, with around 44.9 million members, was the largest religion in Germany (52.7% of the population) Consequently, a majority of the German people belong to a Christian community, although many of them take no active part in church life. About 1.9% of the population was Orthodox Christian in 2021, and about 1.1% followed other forms of Christianity (including other Protestant churches, 7544: 7569: 1173:

stands at 45 million or 53%, demographers predict that based on current trends it will fall to 23 million by 2060. In 2020 it was reported that the Catholic church in Germany had a 402,000 loss in membership, the largest ever single year decrease up to that point. The Protestant churches in Germany also had a large drop in membership of about 440,000.

1169:(31 October) a permanent official holiday. This initiative began after the day had been held as a nationwide holiday in 2017, due to the 500th Reformation anniversary of the Reformation, and also due to the fact that the northern German states have significantly fewer holidays than the southern ones. 795:

From the religious point of view of the typical Catholic or Protestant, major changes were underway in terms of a much more personalised religiosity that focused on the individual more than the church or the ceremony. Opposing the rationalism of the late 18th century, there was a new emphasis on the

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it was not primarily a religious war. Religion certainly provided a powerful focus for identity, but it had to compete with political, social, linguistic, gender and other distinctions. most contemporary observers spoke of imperial, Bavarian, Swedish, or Bohemian troops, not Catholic or Protestant,

2728:

found that 71% of German adult population consider themselves Christians when asking about their current religion (irrespective of whether they are officially members of a particular Christian church). The same survey shows that most of Christians in Germany are non-practicing (defined as people who

1193:

are predominant in the south and west, while unaffiliated people are concentrated in the east, where they make up the majority of the population, and are also significant in the north and west of the country, were they make up the majority of the population in metropolitan areas. With the decline of

1172:

In 2019 the Catholic News Agency reported that the Catholic church in Germany had a net loss of 216,078 members the previous year. The Protestant churches in Germany had a similar net loss of membership of about 220,000 members. While the total of Catholic and Protestant church membership as of 2019

878:

As of 1878, only three of eight Prussian dioceses still had bishops, some 1,125 of 4,600 parishes were vacant, and nearly 1,800 priests ended up in jail or in exile. ...Finally, between 1872 and 1878, numerous Catholic newspapers were confiscated, Catholic associations and assemblies were dissolved,

7017:

According to the German Bishops' Conference, the Catholic Church in the country declined by 216,078 members last year. Protestant churches saw a similar drop, with 220,000 members leaving during that time period. Some 53% of the country's population remains either Catholic or Protestant, according

900:

Bismarck underestimated the resolve of the Catholic Church and did not foresee the extremes that this struggle would entail. The Catholic Church denounced the harsh new laws as anti-catholic and mustered the support of its rank and file voters across Germany. In the following elections, the Center

2743:

found that 64.5% of Germans declared themselves to be affiliated to a Christian denomination, 30.5% were Catholics, 29.6% were members of the Evangelical Church, 1.7% were members of the Evangelical Free Church, 1.4% were Orthodox and 1.3% were other Christians. Non religious people comprised the

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outlawed Luther, but the Reformation spread rapidly. Luther translated the Bible from Latin to German, establishing the basis of the modern German language. A curious fact is that Luther spoke a dialect which had minor importance in the German language of that time. After the publication of his

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Data from 1910 to 1939 included non-religious Germans, non-religious Jews, and people of non-Christian religions, while religious Jews were counted separately. From 1939 onwards non-religious people were counted separately. Data from 1946 to the 1960s included Jews, who otherwise did not have a

873:

drove this order out of German territory. In 1873, Bismarck, as prime minister of Prussia, launched further anti-church measures: Public schools and the registration of births, marriages and deaths were transferred from religious authorities (including the Protestant state church) to the state.

2751:

found that 72.6% of the adult population were Christians, the largest Christian denomination being Protestantism, comprising 33.1% of the population, followed by Catholicism with 31.1%, and Eastern Orthodoxy with 0.9%, and unspecified other forms of Christianity with 7.5%. A further 2.2% were

861:

Catholics, although about a third of the national population, were seldom allowed to hold major positions in the Imperial government or the Prussian government. After 1871, there was a systematic purge of Catholics; in the powerful interior ministry, which handled all police affairs, the only

895:

The German Bishops who were politically powerless in Germany and theologically in opposition to the Pope in Rome – have now become powerful political leaders in Germany and enthusiastic defenders of the now infallible Faith of Rome, united, disciplined, and thirsting for martyrdom, thanks to

1289:

churches. A further 2.6% was affiliated to any other Christian denomination. Jews were 83,430 people or 0.1%, and 4,137,140 or 5.2% were members of other religions. The remaining 22,223,010 people, or 27.9% of the total German population, were not believers in or not members of any religion

4952:(literally "so-called sects and psychic groups"), which in 1998 delivered an extensive report on the situation in Germany regarding NRMs. In 2002, the Federal Constitutional Court upheld the governmental right to provide critical information on religious organisations being referred to as 677:. It restored Catholicism to many areas, including Bavaria. The Holy Roman Empire became religiously diverse; for the most part, the states of northern and central Germany became Protestant (chiefly Lutheran, but also Calvinist/Reformed) while the states of southern Germany and the 1276:

The census in 2011 found that Christianity was the religion of 53,257,550 people or 66.8% of the total population, among whom 24,869,380 or 31.2% were Catholics, 24,552,110 or 30.8% were Protestants of the Protestant Church in Germany, 714,360 or 0.9% were members of Protestant

629:

detailing 95 assertions which Luther believed showed corruption and misguidance within the Catholic Church. The Reformation demonstrated Luther's disagreement both with the way in which the higher clergy used and abused power, and with the very idea of a papacy. In 1521 the

1004:("movement to leave the church"). Although there was no top-down official directive to revoke church membership, some Nazi Party members started doing so voluntarily and put other members under pressure to follow their example. Those who left the churches were designated as 1107:(statutory corporations). This gives them certain privileges – for example, being able to give religious instruction in state schools (as enshrined in the German constitution, though some states are exempt from this) and having membership fees collected (for a fee) by the 4227:

According to a survey among German youths (aged 12 to 24) in the year 2006, most German youths are non-religious (51%). 30% of German youths stated belief in a personal god, 19% believe in some kind of supernatural power, 23% share agnostic views and 28% are atheists.

771:

was formed, bringing together the more numerous Lutherans and the less numerous Reformed Protestants. The government of Prussia now had full control over church affairs, with the king himself recognised as the leading bishop. Opposition to unification came from the

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2010 found that 44% of German citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", 25% responded that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 27% responded that "they don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force". 4% gave no

757:

Two main developments reshaped religion in Germany after 1814. There was a movement to unite the larger Lutheran and the smaller Reformed Protestant churches. The churches themselves brought this about in Baden, Nassau, and Bavaria. However, in Prussia King

766:

the Protestant churches, and to impose a single standardised liturgy, organisation, and even architecture. The long-term goal was to have fully centralised royal control of all the Protestant churches. In a series of proclamations over several decades the

2736:, found that 34.2% of the adult population entitled to vote were Protestants, 31.9% were Catholics, 28.8% were unaffiliated, 2.5% were Muslims, 0.02% were Jews and 1.8% were affiliated with another religion. A further 0.9% did not answer to the question. 8647: 1095:

system which actively tried to reduce the influence of religion in society; the government restricted Christian churches and discriminated against Christians. In the 21st century, eastern German states, including the area of the former eastern capital,

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Only certain religious group publish updated figures on their official membership, and this kind of data is collected in order to levy taxes on the registered membership of those churches, which corresponds to 9% of the total income tax (8% in

7997:

German Protestantism has been overwhelmingly a mixture of Lutheran, Reformed (i.e. Calvinist), and United (Lutheran & Reformed/Calvinist) churches, with Baptists, Pentecostals, Methodists, and various other Protestants being only a recent

7925: 714:(1618–1648), one of the most destructive conflicts in European history, played out primarily in German lands, but involved most of the countries of Europe. It was to some extent a religious conflict, involving both Protestants and Catholics. 850:("culture war") against the power of the pope and the Catholic Church. This gained strong support from German liberals, who saw the Catholic Church as the bastion of reaction and their greatest enemy. The Catholic element, in turn, saw the 4169:

strongholds. Because of this, Protestantism is now strongest in two strips of territory in the former West Germany, one extending from the Danish border to Hesse, and the other extending northeast–southwest across southern Germany.

4309:

Between 2010 and 2016, the number of Muslims living in Germany increased from 3.3 million (4.1% of the population) to nearly 5 million (6.1%). The most important factor in the growth of Germany's Muslim population is immigration.

2283:

According to other estimates, Orthodox Christianity has 1.6 million members or 1.9% of the population. Other minor Christian religions counted together have approximately 0.8 million members, forming 1.1% of the total population.

3488:

According to a survey by Pew Research Center in 2017, 60% of German adult population believe in God, while 36% do not believe in God (9% don't believe in God but in a higher power, 27% do not believe in God or any higher power):

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and keep 48 temples in Germany and form one of the largest Buddhist community of Buddhists of Asian origin in Germany. A large portion of Buddhists in Eastern Germany are part of the Vietnamese community. Most of the different

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According to these church stats, Christianity is the largest religious group in Germany, with around 44.9 million adherents (52.7%) in 2021 of whom 21.6 million are Catholics (26.0%) and 19.7 million are Protestants (23.7%).

776:" in Prussia and Silesia who followed the theological and liturgical forms they had followed since the days of Luther. The government attempted to crack down on them, so they went underground. Tens of thousands migrated 6500:

which are anachronistic labels used for convenience since the nineteenth century to simplify accounts. The war was religious only to the extent that faith guided all early modern public policy and private behaviour.

7307: 2752:

Muslims, 0.4% were Buddhists, 0.1% were Jews and 1.3 belonged to other religions. A further 23.5% of the population were not religious, comprising 12.8% who were atheists and 10.7% who were agnostics. The

800:

were common among Protestants. Among Catholics there was a sharp increase in popular pilgrimages. In 1844 alone, half a million pilgrims made a pilgrimage to the city of Trier in the Rhineland to view the

7020:

However, the University of Freiburg predicted that membership in both churches will be cut in half by 2060, dropping from a combined total of 45 million currently to below 23 million in the next 40 years.

805:, said to be the robe that Jesus wore on the way to his crucifixion. Catholic bishops in Germany had historically been largely independent of Rome, but now the Vatican exerted increasing control, a new " 7151: 6941:

the SED's basic outlook towards the churches remained constant, even though the New Course had forced a premature end to the first phase of the party's efforts to restrict religious influence over youth.

7929: 4149:. Before World War II, about two-thirds of the German population was Protestant and one-third was Roman Catholic. In the north and northeast of Germany especially, Protestants dominated. In the former 1185:

Predominant denominations in Germany as revealed by the 2022 Census: yellow: roman-catholic majority, violet: protestant majority, green: non-religious / unaffiliated plurality; dark: absolute majority

6203: 4996: 6181: 6112: 1261:

In modern Germany, several censuses have been carried out. From the reformation until the 1960s, the majority of the German population was Protestant (mainly Lutherans belonging to the

7828: 7775: 4769:

handed down a judgment affirming the status of the Bahá'í Faith as a religion in Germany. Continued development of youth oriented programs included the Diversity Dance Theater (see

4212:

In what used to be East Germany both religious observance and affiliation are much lower than in the rest of the country, after forty years of Communist rule. The government of the

2272:). According to a study, nearly 29 % of the persons who unregistered from their church in 2022 did so in order to avoid paying the church tax. According to a 2017 study by the 7726: 4266:

Islam is the largest non-Christian religion in the country. There are between 3.0 and 4.7 million Muslims, around 3.6% of the population. The majority of Muslims in Germany are of

6414: 2729:

identify as Christians, but attend church services no more than a few times per year). 5% of people questioned state they have a non-Christian religion and 24% are of no religion.

6609:

Margaret Lavinia Anderson, and Kenneth Barkin. "The myth of the Puttkamer purge and the reality of the Kulturkampf: Some reflections on the historiography of Imperial Germany."

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can be referred to as a free church as well. The free churches are not only granted the tax-free status of a non-profit organisation, but many of them have additional rights as

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written in 1981. Since its publication the Protestant Church in Germany has revised its own relationship to the German Bahá'í Community. Former member of the federal parliament

6224: 4153:

between 1945 and 1990, which contained nearly all of Germany's historically Catholic areas, Catholics have had a small majority since the 1980s. Due to a generation behind the

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akin to Christian confirmation which all young people were encouraged to attend. The number of christenings, religious weddings, and funerals is also lower than in the West.

8849: 6297: 190:

In 2023, around 48% of the population were Christians, among them 46% members of the two large Christian churches. About half of Christians in Germany are Catholics, mostly

8492:

Final Report of the Enquete Commission on 'So-called Sects and Psychogroups': New Religious and Idealogical Communities and Psychogroups in the Federal Reputblic of Germany

4691:

community in Germany, estimated to be numbering around 100,000 people. This makes the German Yazidi community one of the largest Yazidi communities in the Yazidi diaspora.

2764:(WIN/GIA) poll, 34% of adult citizens said that they are religious, 42% said that they are not religious and 17% said that they are convinced atheists. 7% gave no response. 901:

Party won a quarter of the seats in the Imperial Diet. The conflict ended after 1879 for two reasons: Pope Pius IX died in 1878 and was succeeded by the more conciliatory

7318: 7396: 1010:: they believed in a higher power, often a creator-God with a special interest in the German nation, but did not belong to any church, nor were they atheists. Many were 3691:; in 2021 its membership was 26.0%. Other faiths have existed in the state, but never achieved the demographic significance and cultural impact of these denominations. 5649: 4111: 3993: 4446:

and the Baltic states with Jewish heritage, and the fact that today's Germans are seen as more significantly accepting of Jews than many people in ex-Soviet regions.

2291:, with around 3.0–4.7 million adherents (3.6–5.7% of the population), almost all of whom have full or partial foreign background. Smaller religious groups include 7057: 4663:

in the north of India, as well as from Pakistan and Afghanistan. Germany has the third highest Sikh population in Europe after United Kingdom and Italy. The city

7478: 7452: 4380: 838:

The religious situation in the German Empire about 1895. Tan, purple, and pink areas are predominantly Protestant, lilac and blue areas predominantly Catholic.

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psychology and feeling of the individual, especially in terms of contemplating sinfulness, redemption, and the mysteries and the revelations of Christianity.

7864: 7700: 7669: 7649: 7527: 6960: 5644: 4601:(around 42,000 to 45,000); from India are around 35,000 to 40,000; of German or European origin are around 7,500 and around 5,000 Hindus are originally from 8351: 6079: 6023: 4487: 7495: 6774: 5895: 4790: 2107:

The censuses were carried out in different years; that of West Germany was done on 6 June 1961 while that of East Germany was done on 31 December 1964.

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is the term for religious groups which do not see themselves as part of a major religion (but perhaps as the only real believers of a major religion).

7951: 7032: 6982: 621:

in the Catholic Church) occasioned much discontent, and a general desire for reform emerged. In 1517 the Reformation began with the publication of

5629: 3913: 9016: 8859: 4621: 4028: 3703: 6116: 2782:

A 2023 IPSOS religion survey found that 24% of Germans identified as Protestant/Evangelical or other christian while 20% identified as Catholic.

4449:

Recently, antisemitic abuse against Jews in Germany has increased. The Central Council of Jews has urged Jewish Germans to avoid wearing their

1029:

were increasingly marginalised, expelled and persecuted for a combination of religious, racial and economic reasons. From 1941 to the fall of

9221: 4209:, only 19.7% belong to the two main denominations of the country. This is the state where Martin Luther was born and lived most of his life. 4022: 3788: 1058: 199: 693:

in 1555 brought recognition of the Lutheran faith. But the treaty also stipulated that the religion of a state was to be that of its ruler (

9768: 7782: 5978: 5005: 7733: 7515:

Eurobarometer 90.4: Attitudes of Europeans towards Biodiversity, Awareness and Perceptions of EU customs, and Perceptions of Antisemitism

7000: 7137: 6680:"The Political Alignment of the Centre Party in Wilhelmine Germany: A Study of the Party's Emergence in Nineteenth-Century Württemberg" 3838: 2676: 1485: 249:. Demographics of religion in Germany vary greatly by region and age, with sharp divides that reflect both the country's history as an 6524:

Christopher Clark, "Confessional policy and the limits of state action: Frederick William III and the Prussian Church Union 1817–40."

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commended the ideas of the German Bahá'í community on social integration, which were published in a statement in 1998, and Chancellor

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Jews whose religious status is not ascertained — 90,000. They come from Eastern Europe and have no membership in any Jewish community.

8136:"REMID — Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst – Mitgliederzahlen: Orthodoxe, Orientalische und Unierte Kirchen" 7973: 5310: 3978: 729: 9507: 8747: 8440: 8415: 8261: 7750: 6872:

Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "antisemitisme §2. Oorzaken"; "holocaust". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.

6303: 444: 9688: 6074: 6018: 5885: 5614: 4766: 4411:

Jewish communities in German speaking regions go back to the fourth century. In 1910, about 600,000 Jews lived in Germany. After

3825: 1000:, Protestantism was brought under state control. Following a "gradual worsening of relations" in late 1936, the Nazis supported 993: 17: 6317: 6882: 951:. Earlier, these freedoms were mentioned only in state constitutions. Protestants and Catholics were equal before the law, and 8674:

Christianity in a Revolutionary Age, IV: The Twentieth Century in Europe: The Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Churches

8490: 8290: 7404: 1103:

Religious communities which are of sufficient size and stability and which are loyal to the constitution can be recognised as

8981: 6679: 5659: 4814: 4754: 2571: 7776:"Europe's Young Adults and Religion: Findings from the European Social Survey (2014–16) to inform the 2018 Synod of Bishops" 9288: 8312: 4463: 4059: 3940: 8642:

Harrington, Joel F., and Helmut Walser Smith. "Confessionalization, community, and state building in Germany, 1555–1870."

8213:

Thomas Gensicke: Jugend und Religiosität. In: Deutsche Shell Jugend 2006. Die 15. Shell Jugendstudie. Frankfurt a.M. 2006.

4862: 4442:. This is mainly due to a German government policy which effectively grants an immigration opportunity to anyone from the 1025:; the overwhelming majority of 94.5% remained Protestant or Catholic, and only 1.5% did not profess any faith. From 1933, 9896: 9135: 9118: 8951: 8082: 5619: 4802: 4136: 2772: 7974:"Being Christian in Western Europe Topline (survey among 24,599 adults (age 18+) across 15 countries in Western Europe)" 9826: 9026: 8991: 8936: 8720:"Conservative Revolutionaries": Protestant and Catholic Churches in Germany after Radical Political Change in the 1990s 8392: 5155: 4469: 4443: 4161:

were much more affected by secularism than predominantly Catholic areas. The predominantly secularised states, such as

4065: 781: 8684: 9475: 9379: 9216: 7145: 6927: 6850: 6816: 6745: 6579:

Douglas W. Hatfield, "Kulturkampf: The Relationship of Church and State and the Failure of German Political Reform,"

6485: 5305: 4850: 4071: 643: 7799: 4302:. Muslims first came to Germany as part of the diplomatic, military, and economic relations between Germany and the 2831:

for adults who are entitled to vote (18+), as reported in the table below. Christianity is the dominant religion of

1198:, the northeastern states of Germany are now mostly not religious (70%), with many of the people living there being 1194:

Christianity in the late 20th and early 21st century, accentuated in the east by the official atheism of the former

1083:. West Germany, officially known as the Federal Republic of Germany, adopted a constitution in 1949 which protected 9761: 8600:

Eberle, Edward J. "Free Exercise of Religion in Germany and the United States." Tulane Law Review 78 (2003): 1023+.

8465: 8027: 7781:. St Mary's University's Benedict XVI Centre for Religion and Society; Institut Catholique de Paris. Archived from 6401: 5971: 5855: 4712: 4438:

from the former Eastern Bloc, mostly from ex-Soviet Union countries, have settled in Germany since the fall of the

906: 851: 434: 8054: 9341: 8941: 8666:

Christianity in a Revolutionary Age, I: The Nineteenth Century in Europe: Background and the Roman Catholic Phase

1273:, the religious landscape was significantly changed, as found by the 2011 Census, the first one since the 1960s. 884: 7620:"Being Christian in Western Europe (survey among 24,599 adults (age 18+) across 15 countries in Western Europe)" 7136:: Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (German: Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge), an agency of the 5689: 4732: 10140: 10033: 9846: 9324: 9140: 8824: 7198: 6418: 5865: 5860: 5669: 5594: 5476: 4745:

A 1997–8 estimate is of 4000 Bahá'ís in Germany. In 2002 there were 106 Local Spiritual Assemblies. The 2007-8

4723:

religion encompasses aspects of Islam, Hinduism, Christianity, Judaism and Greek philosophy, among influences.

4395: 4221: 2091: 1250: 922: 352: 79: 8670:

Christianity in a Revolutionary Age, II: The Nineteenth Century in Europe: The Protestant and Eastern Churches

7208:. Deutsche Geschichte in Dokumenten und Bildern (in German). Washington, DC: Deutschen Historischen Instituts. 6625:

Anthony J. Steinhoff, "Christianity and the creation of Germany," in Sheridan Gilley and Brian Stanley, eds.,

10099: 9871: 9618: 9394: 9256: 9160: 9059: 8014: 7382: 5639: 5571: 3930: 682: 319: 198:(EKD) predominant in the northern regions, and the rest to several small Christian denominations such as the 6225:"Eastern and Western Europeans Differ on Importance of Religion, Views of Minorities, and Key Social Issues" 10161: 9638: 9366: 9236: 8740: 5850: 5634: 5624: 5604: 5183: 5038: 4979: 4960: 4794: 4758: 4583: 4557: 4509: 4424: 3926: 3896: 3851: 3819: 3767: 3684: 3673: 2776: 2740: 2666: 2646: 2533: 2173: 1481: 1262: 1127: 1054: 896:

Bismarck's uncalled for antiliberal declaration of War on the freedom they had hitherto peacefully enjoyed.

195: 179:. In the 17th and 18th centuries, German cities also became hubs of heretical and sometimes anti-religious 114: 1091:

in West Germany proceeded slowly. East Germany, officially known as the German Democratic Republic, had a

147:

and other Germanic tribes converted to Christianity from the fifth century onwards. The area became fully

10114: 10066: 9958: 9953: 9754: 9433: 9346: 8798: 7619: 6346: 5964: 5747: 5199: 4344: 4166: 4084: 378: 194:; Catholicism is stronger in the southern and the western part of the country. About half belongs to the 148: 7343: 6983:"Reformationstag: Norddeutschland soll einen neuen Feiertag bekommen - DER SPIEGEL - Job & Karriere" 6397: 6374: 2276:, around 20% of people who are not registered to any church nonetheless consider themselves Christians. 1209:

Immigrations in the late 20th and early 21st century have brought new religions into Germany, including

9356: 9268: 9246: 9165: 9150: 8966: 8946: 8788: 8010: 7378: 5927: 5890: 5203: 5169: 4213: 3679:

At its foundation in 1871, about two-thirds of the population of the German Empire belonged to a state

2656: 2163: 1195: 1108: 956: 768: 723: 762:

was determined to handle unification entirely on his own terms, without consultation. His goal was to

139:. It was introduced to the area of modern Germany by 300 AD, while parts of that area belonged to the 10071: 9918: 9608: 8793: 7181: 4629: 4053: 4036: 989: 695: 613:

Roman Catholicism was the sole established religion in the Holy Roman Empire until the advent of the

6113:"Zensusdatenbank – Ergebnisse des Zensus 2011 –Personen nach Religion (ausführlich) für Deutschland" 879:

and Catholic civil servants were dismissed merely on the pretence of having Ultramontane sympathies.

507:), early Christianity was introduced and began to flourish after the fourth century. Although pagan 10076: 10038: 9585: 9547: 9384: 9155: 5845: 5326: 5179: 4242: 4013: 3832: 3715: 930: 707: 430: 344: 6956: 834: 10018: 9721: 9595: 9575: 9552: 9532: 9492: 9455: 9404: 9278: 9241: 9011: 8733: 7712: 6762:

The failure of Bismarck's Kulturkampf: Catholicism and state power in imperial Germany, 1871–1887

5922: 5725: 5711: 5334: 4987: 4856: 4833: 4117: 4007: 4001: 3959: 2686: 1644: 1282: 1210: 997: 545: 475: 386: 374: 340: 203: 8326: 6885:[Worship signs now for all religious communities] (in German). Apd.info. 20 October 2008 6182:"BAMF-Forschungszentrum: Neue Studie Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland 2020 zeigt mehr Vielfalt" 4737: 4667:

is also known to the Sikhs, as Mini Punjab, because of a great Sikh Population, residing there.

4431:, four years later, around 6 million Jews had been killed by the National Socialist government. 2307:(0.1%) and others (0.4%). At the end of 2021, 34.9 million or 41.9% of the country's population 823: 9988: 9948: 9928: 9908: 9811: 9522: 9497: 9460: 9319: 9251: 9080: 8971: 8961: 8713:

Christians and Jews in Germany: religion, politics, and ideology in the Second Reich, 1870–1914

8629: 8330: 8032: 5721: 5599: 5415: 5399: 5395: 5227: 4945: 4911: 4708: 4617: 4505: 4472:— 23 national associations of 108 communities comprising approximately 100,500 members in 2014. 4420: 4260: 4246: 4202: 4105: 4047: 3699: 3243: 3238: 3212: 3207: 855: 802: 639: 614: 606: 585: 207: 8571: 8247:"REMID — Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst – Mitgliederzahlen: Islam" 6806: 6737: 10104: 9923: 9683: 9502: 9487: 9450: 7883: 6840: 5808: 5761: 5654: 5560: 5236: 5128: 4929: 4750: 4130: 3984: 2895: 2308: 974: 887:

reported to London in October 1872 how Bismarck's plans were backfiring by strengthening the

759: 647: 286: 278: 257:. Non-religious people typically represent the majority in Germany's major cities, including 246: 49: 8387: 10124: 10109: 10056: 10003: 9998: 9973: 9831: 9465: 9409: 9293: 9231: 9226: 9196: 9128: 9106: 9054: 8956: 8586:

Büttner, Manfred. "On the history and philosophy of the geography of religion in Germany."

8516: 7263: 7036: 7004: 6347:"Gods, Heroes, and Mythologists: Romantic Scholars and the Pagan Roots of Europe's Nations" 5609: 5540: 5459: 5378: 4762: 4099: 3274: 3269: 1270: 1230: 1138:

communities. There has been much discussion about allowing other religious groups (such as

1011: 785: 763: 751: 711: 670: 662: 593: 414: 330: 311: 250: 10094: 8149: 6167: 6010: 2931: 2926: 2269: 905:. Bismarck was also looking for greater parliamentary support after his alliance with the 8: 10028: 9978: 9938: 9891: 9886: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9836: 9821: 9816: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9648: 9517: 9512: 9389: 9334: 9273: 9179: 8910: 8844: 7570:"International Social Survey Programme: Social Networks and Social Resources – ISSP 2017" 6596:

John C.G. Roehl, "Higher civil servants in Germany, 1890–1900" in James J. Sheehan, ed.,

6228: 5840: 5679: 5674: 5535: 5463: 5349: 5150: 4893: 4837: 4819: 4613: 4569: 4553: 4516: 4482: 3792: 2898:, which was the least religious region amongst 30 countries surveyed in a study in 2012. 2725: 2273: 1226: 1124: 1084: 948: 910: 717: 686: 589: 579: 370: 122: 89: 69: 9006: 8704:

Spohn, Willfried. "Religion and Working-Class Formation in Imperial Germany 1871–1914."

8272: 7908: 7757: 7237: 4801:

sent a congratulatory message to the 1992 ceremony marking the 100th Anniversary of the

3875:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

3739:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

2810:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

2744:

32.4% of the population, Muslims were the 2.6% and 0.5% were members of other religions.

935: 10119: 10061: 10023: 10013: 9993: 9983: 9968: 9963: 9943: 9913: 9881: 9866: 9841: 9777: 9714: 9707: 9562: 9527: 9414: 9399: 9329: 9307: 9283: 9211: 9145: 9075: 8986: 8905: 8874: 8783: 8760: 7909:"Belief about God across Time and Countries, Tom W. Smith, University of Chicago, 2012" 6710: 6702: 6666:

Fighting for the Soul of Germany: The Catholic Struggle for Inclusion after Unification

6379: 6066: 5909: 5684: 5550: 5525: 5471: 5435: 5300: 5292: 5272: 5160: 4903: 4676: 4656: 4646: 4140: 3943: 3398: 3393: 2852: 2249: 1286: 1181: 1154: 1119:): a surcharge of between 8 and 9% of the income tax. The status mainly applies to the 986: 870: 573: 537: 406: 348: 99: 7177: 6266: 3994:

Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of the Russian Tradition in Western Europe

1015: 10008: 9933: 9903: 9668: 9643: 9590: 9537: 9351: 9123: 8915: 7141: 6923: 6846: 6812: 6741: 6730: 6481: 6383: 6328: 6241: 5813: 5774: 5732: 5391: 5359: 5165: 5025:) is the term generally applied to Protestant organisations outside of the EKD, e.g. 4956:, but stated that "defamatory, discriminating, or falsifying accounts" were illegal. 4536: 4491: 4271: 3947: 2828: 2183: 2095: 1218: 1146: 843: 777: 690: 504: 500: 410: 362: 326: 118: 8528: 7222: 6714: 4848:

for its peculiar German forms) has many organisations in the country, including the

4574: 1294:

Religion in Germany according to the censuses 1910–2011 The source for the years in

9730: 9678: 9673: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9480: 9445: 9419: 9091: 8895: 8864: 8819: 8814: 8499: 8307: 6694: 6369: 6361: 5832: 5818: 5803: 5795: 5785: 5742: 5664: 5545: 5520: 5354: 5344: 5263: 4890: 4532: 4237: 2887: 2860: 2840: 2827:

In 2016, the survey Politbarometer provided data regarding religion in each of the

2340:

Distribution of religious and irreligious populations in Germany (2011 Church data)

1222: 1018: 703: 674: 651: 549: 544:(r. 768–814). Religious structures built during the Carolingian period include the 59: 3935: 2264:

German major religious bodies publish yearly updated records of their membership.

869:(1871), which made it a crime for any cleric to discuss political issues, and the 468: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9570: 8996: 8444: 8419: 8369: 7426: 6917: 6775:"Atheist Hall Converted: Berlin Churches Establish Bureau to Win Back Worshipers" 6475: 5932: 5917: 5555: 5530: 5483: 5410: 5405: 5386: 5142: 5000: 4875: 4660: 4404: 3902: 3756: 2832: 2069: 1266: 1166: 1120: 1026: 982: 978: 944: 789: 418: 356: 334: 164: 7869: 4986:), and the Orthodox Churches. The churches are not only granted the status of a 4836:

religions have been public in Germany at least since the 19th century. Nowadays

4632:. However, the total number of these followers in Germany is comparatively low. 635:

Bible translation, his dialect evolved into what is now standard modern German.

511:

existed beforehand, Christian religious structures were soon built, such as the

9735: 9613: 9600: 9263: 9021: 8135: 5952: 5737: 5703: 5510: 5502: 5114: 4886: 4400: 4303: 3954: 3024: 3019: 2733: 2609: 2314:

Demographers estimate that in Germany there are around 100,000 religious Jews (

1088: 1072: 888: 806: 565: 523: 520: 191: 184: 8550: 6698: 4867: 2875: 1006: 417:

were instead practised in western and southern parts of modern Germany, while

10155: 8976: 8657:

Kastoryano, Riva. "Religion and incorporation: Islam in France and Germany."

6913: 5769: 5515: 5488: 5440: 5244: 5223: 5175: 5094: 5042: 4879: 4716: 4362: 4206: 4194: 3680: 3367: 3362: 2871: 2856: 2844: 2753: 2748: 2495: 2457: 2371: 2052: 1034: 902: 773: 743: 631: 622: 617:

changed this drastically. In the early 16th century abuses (such as selling

602: 530: 527: 512: 451: 230:. The rest of the population is not affiliated with any church, and many are 160: 8188: 7109: 5067:(church whose canonical jurisdiction extends over one or several states, or 4925: 4495: 4415:

assumed power in 1933, he began systematically persecuting Jews in Germany.

2150:

Religion in Germany (2023 Estimation using official church membership data)

673:

began in Germany. Much of its impetus came from the newly founded (in 1540)

9361: 9036: 9031: 9001: 8900: 8854: 8269:

State Policies Towards Muslim Minorities: Sweden, Great Britain and Germany

8189:"Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland: Kirchenmitgliederzahlen am 31.12.2004" 7290:"Population change – Demographic balance and crude rates at national level" 5364: 5248: 5209: 5085:

delegate) from whom information about religious movements may be obtained.

5034: 4983: 4978:(churches) is the term generally applied to the Roman Catholic Church, the 4778: 4770: 4720: 4579: 4428: 4412: 4252: 4154: 4150: 3804: 3695: 3181: 3176: 2087: 1404: 1150: 1076: 1068: 1064: 1030: 967: 926: 788:, offered a general amnesty and allowed the Old Lutherans to form separate 564:

Territories of the present-day Germany, like much of Europe, were entirely

540:, Christianity spread throughout Germany, particularly during the reign of 508: 492: 366: 290: 282: 180: 140: 129: 39: 8246: 6115:. Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder. 9 May 2011. Archived from 2347: 183:, challenging the influence of religion and contributing to the spread of 9371: 9085: 8920: 8869: 5445: 5213: 5189: 5022: 4827: 4798: 4625: 4602: 4439: 4320: 4283: 4217: 4186: 3760: 3646: 3088: 3056: 2993: 2988: 2868: 2864: 2848: 2359: 1564: 1290:(including atheists, agnostics and believers in unrecognised religions). 1278: 1238: 1199: 1190: 1131: 1097: 1080: 952: 847: 818: 747: 553: 541: 239: 172: 156: 152: 7807: 6584: 6302:. Young Historians Conference. Portland State University. Archived from 1249:

and other sect minorities. Moreover, Germany has Europe's third-largest

9580: 9201: 8651: 7751:"Losing our religion? Two thirds of people still claim to be religious" 7308:"Pressekonferenz "Zensus 2011 – Fakten zur Bevölkerung in Deutschland"" 6706: 6614: 6529: 6461: 5716: 5218: 5030: 4746: 4715:

entered Germany to seek refugee status. Druze in Germany are mostly of

4275: 4257: 4146: 3963: 3508: 2891: 1246: 1112: 1045: 1021:, remained relatively small and by 1939, 3.5% of Germans identified as 971: 866: 657: 618: 168: 8352:"Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution" 7033:"Catholic Church in Germany lost a record number of members last year" 4711:. The number of Druze has increased in recent years with thousands of 4556:

and organisation in Germany are members of the non-profit association

2135:

Included members of any non-Christian religion living in East Germany.

2126:

Excluded members of any non-Christian religion living in East Germany.

1087:

and adopted the regulations of the Weimar Constitution; consequently,

846:

would not tolerate any base of power outside Germany and launched the

750:

commemorating the 1821 union of Lutheran and Reformed churches in the

718:

Post-Thirty Years' War period and Protestant church unions (1648–1871)

580:

Reformation, Counter-Reformation and the Thirty Years' War (1517–1648)

9746: 9191: 8839: 7665:"Allgemeine Bevölkerungsumfrage der Sozialwissenschaften ALLBUS 2016" 7545:"Allgemeine Bevölkerungsumfrage der Sozialwissenschaften ALLBUS 2018" 7133: 6845:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 85–87. 5232: 5194: 4963:(EKD) use a three-level hierarchy of "churches", "free churches" and 4959:

When classifying religious groups, the Roman Catholic Church and the

4899: 4664: 4598: 4548: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4416: 4368: 4295: 4286:. This figure includes the different denominations of Islam, such as 4198: 3810: 3798: 3778: 3429: 3424: 2883: 1092: 1049:

Road signs inform visitors about the usual timing of church services.

734: 678: 626: 254: 176: 8612:

The German Center Party, 1870–1933: A Study in Political Catholicism

8262:"Islam and Muslims in Germany: Muslims in German History until 1945" 7110:"REMID — Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst" 4504:

are the third largest group of believers in Germany after different

977:, it sought to assert state supremacy over all sectors of life. The 8725: 6365: 5136: 5026: 4871: 4682: 4544: 4501: 4356: 4338: 3784: 3688: 3305: 3300: 2886:(Northern Bavaria)), in contrast to the almost entirely Protestant 2859:

have the largest percentage of self-reported Lutherans in Germany.

2331: 2327: 2300: 2292: 2239: 2219: 960: 943:

The national constitution of 1919 determined that the newly formed

739: 598: 459: 382: 306: 235: 227: 223: 215: 7018:

to DW. Both churches currently have more than 20 million members.

5281: 4407:(originally built 1034) is the oldest extant synagogue in Germany. 4216:

encouraged a state atheist worldview through institutions such as

1040: 963:, before the organisation was shut down by the Nazis in May 1933. 650:(1529) and rejection of the Lutheran "Augsburg Confession" at the 9470: 8890: 8834: 8756: 8466:"Dating Druze: The struggle to find love in a dwindling diaspora" 8191:[Protestant Church in Germany: Membership on 31.12.2004] 7839: 7837: 6480:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 9. 6324: 5339: 5010: 4786: 4774: 4688: 4332: 4326: 4314: 4299: 4174: 4162: 4158: 3774: 3687:

was the faith of 23.7%. In 1871, one-third of the population was

3624: 3602: 3456: 3119: 3114: 2962: 2957: 2836: 2761: 2315: 2304: 2296: 2229: 2209: 1242: 1203: 1158: 1139: 797: 301: 274: 262: 231: 219: 214:

vary between 3.6% and 6.7%, while much smaller religions include

211: 135: 4512:. There are around 270,000 Buddhists who are living in Germany. 812: 4704: 4594: 4450: 4350: 4267: 4190: 4182: 4178: 3672:"German Christians" redirects here. For the Nazi movement, see 3336: 3331: 3082: 3050: 2768: 2323: 1234: 1162: 1135: 916: 569: 496: 293:

are more religious, and some rural areas are highly religious.

270: 266: 258: 144: 7834: 4936:

The German government provides information and warnings about

3623:

Do not believe in God or any higher power or spiritual force (

2762:

Worldwide Independent Network/Gallup International Association

8850:

Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples

8829: 8531:[Free Church: Old Catholic Church]. uni-protokolle.de 6883:"Gottesdienstschilder jetzt für alle Religionsgemeinschaften" 6299:

The Most Godless Region of the World: Atheism in East Germany

5009:), which means they have the right to employ civil servants ( 4907: 4700: 4606: 4590: 4374: 4287: 3150: 3145: 2879: 2708: 2288: 2199: 1214: 516: 455: 424: 402: 398: 315: 8617:

Evans, Richard J. "Religion and society in modern Germany."

7881: 7697:

Special Eurobarometer 84.3, Discrimination in the EU in 2015

6842:

Nazi Germany's New Aristocracy: The SS Leadership, 1925–1939

6051:

Confessing the faith: reformers define the Church, 1530–1580

992:("German Christians movement") and the forced merger of the 8605:

The Pity of It All: A History of Jews in Germany, 1743–1933

7845:"Konfession, Bundesland – weighted (Kumulierter Datensatz)" 7001:"Catholic Church in Germany lost 200,000 members last year" 6808:

The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945

4941: 4937: 4652: 4435: 4291: 4279: 2319: 394: 390: 8028:"Union of Evangelical Free Churches (Baptists) in Germany" 8011:

Numbers and Facts about Church Life in the EKD 2020 Report

7732:. RED C Research & Marketing Ltd. 2012. Archived from 7379:

Numbers and Facts about Church Life in the EKD 2021 Report

6456:

Lewis W. Spitz, "Particularism and Peace Augsburg: 1555,"

4270:

origin, followed by those from Pakistan, countries of the

8498:. Bonner Universitäts-Buchdruckerei. 1998. Archived from 7829:

Global Religion 2023 - Religious Beliefs Across the World

7756:. WIN Gallup International. 13 April 2015. Archived from 7705: 7397:"What Is German Church Tax And How Do I Avoid Paying It?" 6732:

Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947

4540: 8370:"Germany's Jews urged not to wear kippahs after attacks" 8295:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

8195:(in German). Protestant Church in Germany. December 2005 7926:"WHY EASTERN GERMANY IS THE MOST GODLESS PLACE ON EARTH" 7457:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

2775:'s Benedict XVI Centre for Religion and Society and the 1265:) while approximatively one-third of the population was 8260:

Anwar, Muhammad; Blaschke, Jochen; Sander, Åke (2004).

6922:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 99. 3807:(Bund Freikirchlicher Pfingstgemeinden) — 51,896 (2015) 2072:

borders, i.e. German state borders of 31 December 1937.

568:

with religious break-offs being suppressed by both the

491:

In the territories of Germany under the control of the

6811:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 219. 6627:

Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 8: 1814–1914

4543:

from Japan, as well. Around 59,000 Buddhists are from

1217:. Orthodox Christianity is practised among immigrated 8699:

Protestants, Catholics and Jews in Germany, 1800–1914

8626:

Muslims and the state in Britain, France, and Germany

8515:

Decision of the German Federal Constitutional Court:

7199:"Bevölkerung nach Religionszugehörigkeit (1910–1939)" 6961:

Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs

6919:

Politics and Popular Opinion in East Germany, 1945–68

4917: 4703:

living in Germany, with the largest concentration in

4145:

As of 2021, 34.9 million or 41.9% of the Germans are

3990:

Ukrainian Orthodox Eparchy of Western Europe — 10,000

2142: 559: 8553:[Sects: Definitions] (in German). hilfe24.de 5104: 4741:

Bahá'í House of Worship in Langenhain near Frankfurt

3899:— 22,600,000 (2019) — 27.2% of the German population 3770:— 20,713,000 (2019) — 24.9% of the German population 8259: 7634: 5013:), do official duties, or issue official documents. 3816:

Bund Freier evangelischer Gemeinden — 41,203 (2017)

2767:In 2018, according to a study jointly conducted by 792:associations with only nominal government control. 8271:. editionParabolis. pp. 65–67. Archived from 8130: 8128: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8118: 8116: 7654:The survey was based on a sample of 30,599 people. 7178:"In Nazi cradle, Germany marks Jewish renaissance" 6729: 5645:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany 4948:. In 1997, the parliament set up a commission for 4165:or the East German states, used to be Lutheran or 959:attained about 500,000 members, many of whom were 8543: 8114: 8112: 8110: 8108: 8106: 8104: 8102: 8100: 8098: 8096: 7952:"East Germany the "most atheistic" of any region" 7670:GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences 5097:scored Germany 4 out of 4 for religious freedom. 1100:, are less religious than western German states. 10153: 8241: 8239: 7727:"Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism – 2012" 3971:Orthodox Christians — around 1.6 million (1.9%) 891:(pro-papal) position inside German Catholicism: 163:in the early 16th century, many people left the 8237: 8235: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8223: 8221: 8219: 7642:"Konfession – weighted (Kumulierter Datensatz)" 4112:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 4029:Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Moscow Patriarchate 3704:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 2309:were not affiliated with any church or religion 1041:Cold War and contemporary period (1945–present) 830:, Bismarck (left) confronts Pope Pius IX, 1875. 661:Religious fragmentation at the outbreak of the 8517:BVerfG, Urteil v. 26.06.2002, Az. 1 BvR 670/91 8093: 6951: 6949: 6804: 6415:Historic Illustrations of Art and Architecture 6231:, October 29, 2018. Retrieved August 10, 2020. 4761:) estimated some 11,743 Bahá'ís.Following the 3601:Believe in a higher power or spiritual force ( 302:Paganism and Roman settlement (1000 BC–300 AD) 9762: 8741: 7595:"Politbarometer 2017 (Kumulierter Datensatz)" 7235: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7084: 6291: 6289: 6287: 5972: 4914:adheres to new religions or esoteric groups. 4023:Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kyiv Patriarchate 3789:Union of Evangelical Free Churches in Germany 2082: 2080: 2078: 1059:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc 1033:in 1945, they were actively massacred during 813:Kulturkampf and the German Empire (1871–1918) 780:and the United States, where they formed the 200:Union of Evangelical Free Churches in Germany 8216: 7471: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7064: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6375:11245.1/5020749c-8808-435e-9251-137e66636e33 6162: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6069:[Membership of churches 1953-2023]. 6061: 6059: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5052: 5016: 4973: 4964: 4910:groups. As of 2006, 1% of the population of 4609:in Germany however this number is very low. 4345:Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat Deutschland K.d.ö.R. 917:Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany (1918–1945) 654:(1530), a separate Lutheran church emerged. 253:hub and its later experiences with post-war 8860:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) 8681:Religion and Culture in Germany:(1400-1800) 8624:Fetzer, Joel S., and J. Christopher Soper. 8572:Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08 8316:, 29 August 2001, Retrieved 27 January 2016 8313:Moschee in Wilmersdorf: Mit Kuppel komplett 8291:"The Growth of Germany's Muslim Population" 8176:Betrayal: German churches and the Holocaust 6946: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6134: 5650:Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 4157:, Protestant areas of the former states of 155:in the eighth and ninth century. After the 9769: 9755: 8748: 8734: 8722:(2004); focus on merger of GDR after 1990. 8637:The Jews of Germany: A Historical Portrait 8083:"Evangelical Lutheran Free Church—Germany" 8006: 8004: 7496:"Special Eurobarometer 493, pages 229-230" 7453:"A Look at Church Taxes in Western Europe" 7374: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7206:Band 6. Die Weimarer Republik 1918/19–1933 7138:Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany) 6916:(2000). "The churches' basis challenged". 6677: 6284: 5979: 5965: 4866:(Association for Germanic Heathenry), the 4753:estimated 5–6,000 Bahá'ís in Germany. The 2287:The second largest religion in Germany is 2075: 425:Late Roman and Carolingian eras (300–1000) 8690:Scribner, Robert W., and C. Scott Dixon. 8441:"Drusentum - Die geheime Religion (2020)" 8416:"Drusentum - Die geheime Religion (2020)" 7944: 7800:"European Social Survey, Online Analysis" 7773: 7061: 6793: 6655:Vol. 43, No. 3 (Oct., 1957), pp. 328–330. 6373: 6318:"Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism" 6096: 6056: 5998: 5311:List of German inventions and discoveries 3979:Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople 2065: 2063: 2061: 1189:As per the most recent census (May 2022) 1067:, two states emerged in Germany in 1949: 909:ended over Bismarck's tariff changes and 689:, an alliance of Protestant rulers. The 281:of what between 1949 and 1990 used to be 8288: 8207: 7851:: Question V312.F1. 2016. Archived from 7264:"Zahlen und Daten zu Kirchenmitgliedern" 6912: 6413:Regents of the University of Michigan. " 6344: 6204:"Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland 2020" 6131: 6013:[Religious denominations 2023]. 4924: 4818: 4736: 4573: 4486: 4399: 4251: 4241: 3953: 3934: 3755: 1281:, and 1,050,740 or 1.3% were members of 1180: 1044: 1014:. This movement, especially promoted by 934: 833: 822: 769:Evangelical Church of the Prussian Union 733: 656: 597: 305: 113: 8001: 7966: 7918: 7884:"Kirchenmitgliederzahlen am 31.12.2010" 7743: 7713:Eurobarometer Biotechnology report 2010 7539: 7537: 7361: 7193: 7191: 7116: 6980: 6838: 6832: 6345:Leerssen, Joep Leerssen (Spring 2016). 4767:Federal Constitutional Court of Germany 4713:Syrian refugees of the Syrian Civil War 4558:Deutsche Buddhistische Union e.V. (DBU) 4506:religious denominations of Christianity 3920: 3826:Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church 2839:, which has a non-religious plurality. 1253:(after France and the United Kingdom). 994:German Evangelical Church Confederation 681:largely remained Catholic. In 1547 the 277:and the absolute majority of 70–80% in 14: 10154: 9776: 8327:"Germany: Virtual Jewish History Tour" 7767: 7506: 6477:The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy 6473: 6295: 5088: 4719:descent, and they practice Druzism, a 4527:. Furthermore, there are followers of 2058: 985:as a political force. Through the pro- 911:Social-Democrats emerged as new threat 289:of what in the same period used to be 9750: 8729: 8676:(1959); multiple chapters on Germany. 8390:[Central Council – Members]. 8289:Mitchell, Travis (29 November 2017). 7648:: Question V312.F1. 2016 – via 7394: 7217: 7215: 7175: 6736:. Harvard University Press. pp. 6727: 6568:A History of Modern Germany 1648–1840 6542:A History of Modern Germany 1648–1840 5630:Catholic Diocese of the Old Catholics 4990:, but they have additional rights as 4815:Neopaganism in German-speaking Europe 4755:Association of Religion Data Archives 4699:In 2020, there were more than 10,000 4457:Total religious Jews — 100,000 (0.1%) 4173:There is a non-religious majority in 3892:Catholic churches in full communion: 2572:International Social Survey Programme 2392:Percentage of the population (right) 730:Saxon Lutheran immigration of 1838–39 8755: 8628:(Cambridge University Press, 2005). 7534: 7225:(in German). FOWID. 15 January 2018. 7188: 6396:Pohlsander, Hans A. (4 Sep 2012) . " 6045: 6043: 5006:Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts 4593:living in Germany. Most of them are 4464:Union of Progressive Jews in Germany 3855: 3719: 2851:. The two northernmost provinces of 2843:has traditionally been dominated by 2790: 2786: 947:had no state church, and guaranteed 605:(1483–1546) was responsible for the 210:. Estimations for the percentage of 32:Religion in Germany (2023 estimate) 8529:"Freikirche: Altkatholische Kirche" 7500:European Union: European Commission 7344:"ZENSUS2011 – Übersicht Fragebogen" 6767: 6678:Blackbourn, David (December 1975). 6296:Goddyn, Sophie L. (29 April 2014). 6174: 4950:Sogenannte Sekten und Psychogruppen 4854:(Communion of Germanic Faith), the 4137:Humanistischer Verband Deutschlands 3493:Personal Beliefs in Germany (2017) 3483: 2874:population (especially in Northern 1105:Körperschaften öffentlichen Rechtes 738:Glass window in the town church of 24: 8679:Roper, Lyndal and R. W. Scribner. 8393:Central Council of Jews in Germany 7979:. Pew Research Center. 29 May 2018 7882:Evangelische Kirche Deutschlands. 7622:. Pew Research Center. 29 May 2018 7282: 7256: 7229: 7212: 7176:Blake, Mariah (10 November 2006). 6390: 6053:(Concordia Publishing House, 1991) 5156:Heathenry (new religious movement) 4885:Other Pagan religions include the 4635: 4515:Most of them are followers of the 4470:Central Council of Jews in Germany 4444:Commonwealth of Independent States 4066:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church 3583:Believe in God, not at all certain 3529:Believe in God, absolutely certain 2143:Church figures and other estimates 1241:, but there are a small number of 854:as its worst enemy and formed the 560:Pre-Reformation period (1000–1517) 385:by the first century AD. It had a 25: 10173: 8595:German Protestantism since Luther 8150:"Kirchenmitglieder: 49,7 Prozent" 7673:(in German). 2016. Archived from 7479:"Study of BAMF 14. December 2016" 7125:Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland 6040: 4863:Verein für germanisches Heidentum 4851:Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft 4072:Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church 4048:Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch 2867:majority, but also a significant 2322:with no religion, around 100,000 784:. Finally, in 1845 the new king, 556:during the reign of Charlemagne. 526:), completed during the reign of 8565: 8521: 8509: 8483: 8458: 8433: 8408: 8380: 8362: 8344: 8319: 8301: 8282: 8253: 7928:. Die Welt. 2012. Archived from 6805:Steigmann-Gall, Richard (2003). 6613:(1982): 647–686. esp. pp 657–62 6402:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 5946: 5280: 5135: 5121: 5107: 5073:) and Catholic episcopacy has a 4898:grassroots worship practiced in 4589:There are approximately 100,000 4222:secular coming-of-age ceremonies 3897:Roman Catholic Church in Germany 3860: 3839:Evangelical Lutheran Free Church 3724: 3709: 3455: 3423: 3392: 3361: 3330: 3299: 3268: 3237: 3206: 3175: 3144: 3113: 3081: 3049: 3018: 2987: 2956: 2925: 2795: 2645:Religion in Germany 2016 by the 2370: 2358: 2346: 1298:is the church membership count. 467: 443: 435:State church of the Roman Empire 8952:German revolutions of 1848–1849 8921:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation) 8181: 8168: 8142: 8075: 8047: 8020: 7991: 7901: 7875: 7822: 7792: 7719: 7689: 7657: 7612: 7587: 7562: 7488: 7445: 7419: 7388: 7336: 7300: 7223:"Deutschland: Die Konfessionen" 7169: 7051: 7025: 6993: 6974: 6906: 6897: 6875: 6866: 6754: 6721: 6671: 6658: 6653:The Catholic Historical Review, 6645: 6632: 6619: 6603: 6590: 6573: 6560: 6547: 6534: 6518: 6505: 6466: 6450: 6437: 6424: 6407: 6338: 6310: 6259: 6168:"Religionszugehörigkeiten 2021" 6011:"Religionszugehörigkeiten 2023" 4726: 3667: 3565:Believe in God, not too certain 2724:In 2017, a survey conducted by 2318:), and a further 90,000 ethnic 2129: 2120: 2110: 2101: 2046: 1176: 642:of the Lutheran princes at the 548:, a surviving component of the 185:secular thinking about morality 8937:Early modern period, 1500–1800 8825:List of early Germanic peoples 8659:International Migration Review 6981:SPIEGEL, DER (February 2018). 6445:Counter-reformation, 1559–1610 6419:University of Michigan Library 6398:Constantine I (306 – 337 A.D.) 6234: 6218: 6196: 5670:History of the Jews in Germany 4882:, and Thuringian Firne Sitte. 4808: 4694: 4396:History of the Jews in Germany 4124: 3845: 3547:Believe in God, fairly certain 2384: 2377:Non-religious and unaffiliated 2092:Democratic Republic of Germany 923:Freedom of religion in Germany 862:Catholic was a messenger boy. 353:Continental Germanic mythology 285:. By contrast, rural areas of 13: 1: 9060:History of Germany since 1990 8614:(Southern Illinois UP, 1981). 8015:Evangelical Church of Germany 7870:Description of study's sample 7383:Evangelical Church of Germany 7317:. 31 May 2013. Archived from 7236:Bischofskonferenz, Deutsche. 7140:. June 2009. pp. 97–80. 6474:Wilson, Peter Hamish (2009). 6067:"Kirchenmitglieder 1953-2023" 5254: 4605:. There are also Hindus from 4019:Ukrainian Orthodox — 143,000 3931:Oriental Orthodoxy in Germany 2695: Other Christians (1.3%) 2636:1.6 (incl. other Christians) 2612:(2017) entitled to vote only 2192: Other Christians (1.0%) 865:The German Empire passed the 479: 462:constructed during 306–337 AD 320:Pommern, Rhineland-Palatinate 8701:(Bloomsbury Academic, 2001). 7954:. Dialog International. 2012 7695:European Commission (2015). 6839:Ziegler, Herbert F. (2014). 6638:Quoted in Edward Crankshaw, 5184:Protestant Church in Germany 4980:Protestant Church in Germany 4961:Protestant Church in Germany 4795:Ernst Ulrich von Weizsaecker 4791:Protestant Church in Germany 4759:World Christian Encyclopedia 4655:are living in Germany. Many 4425:invasion of the Soviet Union 3927:Eastern Orthodoxy in Germany 3852:Roman Catholicism in Germany 3820:Seventh-day Adventist Church 3768:Protestant Church in Germany 3685:Protestant Church in Germany 3674:German Christians (movement) 2777:Institut Catholique de Paris 2741:German General Social Survey 2717: Other religions (0.5%) 2701: No affiliation (32.4%) 2647:German General Social Survey 2534:German General Social Survey 2258: Other religions (0.3%) 1263:Protestant Church in Germany 1233:and other communities. Most 1142:) into this system as well. 1128:Protestant Church in Germany 1055:Christianity in East Germany 975:seized power in January 1933 683:Holy Roman Emperor Charles V 196:Protestant Church in Germany 108: other religions (0.3%) 7: 8694:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2003). 8664:Latourette, Kenneth Scott. 8017:. Retrieved 13 August 2020. 7774:Bullivant, Stephen (2018). 7385:. Retrieved 3 January 2022. 6728:Clark, Christopher (2006). 6581:Journal of Church and State 6528:39.04 (1996) pp: 985–1004. 5615:Evangelical-Lutheran Church 5200:United and uniting churches 5100: 4921:and new religious movements 4783:Making the Crooked Straight 4670: 4563: 4476: 4085:Assyrian Church of the East 4044:Oriental Orthodox Churches 3652: 3630: 3608: 3586: 3568: 3550: 3532: 3514: 2088:Federal Republic of Germany 2037: 2034: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1972: 1969: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1907: 1904: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1842: 1839: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1777: 1774: 1707: 1704: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1635: 1632: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1555: 1552: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1473: 1470: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1256: 939:Religion in the 1925 census 421:was practised in the east. 187:across Germany and Europe. 10: 10178: 8967:North German Confederation 8947:Confederation of the Rhine 8697:Smith, Helmut Walser, ed. 8661:38#3 (2004) pp: 1234–1255. 8619:European History Quarterly 8593:Drummond, Andrew Landale. 5640:Oriental Orthodox Churches 5204:Prussian Union of churches 5170:Catholic Church in Germany 4812: 4730: 4680: 4674: 4651:Between 10,000 and 20,000 4644: 4640: 4567: 4480: 4393: 4389: 4317:— 3.0–4.7 million (3.6%): 4235: 4214:German Democratic Republic 4205:. In the eastern state of 4134: 4128: 3974:Eastern Orthodox Churches 3962:diocesan Cathedral of the 3924: 3849: 3713: 3671: 3655: 3633: 3611: 3589: 3571: 3553: 3535: 3517: 2202:, excluding Alevism (3.8%) 2156: Unaffiliated (46.2%) 1196:German Democratic Republic 1052: 957:German Freethinkers League 920: 816: 727: 724:Prussian Union of churches 721: 583: 428: 407:northern Germanic paganism 338: 324: 296: 10133: 10085: 10047: 9784: 9701: 9561: 9441: 9432: 9315: 9306: 9187: 9178: 9114: 9105: 9068: 9047: 8929: 8883: 8807: 8776: 8767: 8644:Journal of Modern History 8388:"Zentralrat – Mitglieder" 8156:(in German). 27 June 2022 7395:James (5 November 2017). 7182:Christian Science Monitor 6699:10.1017/s0018246x00008906 6611:Journal of Modern History 5635:Eastern Orthodox Churches 5041:and others. However, the 5033:, independent Lutherans, 4860:(Heathen Communion), the 4630:Transcendental Meditation 4547:who follow the school of 4381:Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement 4093: 4054:Armenian Apostolic Church 4037:Bulgarian Orthodox Church 3909:Church not in communion: 3869:This section needs to be 3733:This section needs to be 3500: 2804:This article needs to be 2635: 2623: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2086:Aggregated data from the 1336: 1331: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1109:German revenue department 990:Deutsche Christenbewegung 696:cuius regio, eius religio 519:(then the capital of the 405:, and others shared with 9119:Administrative divisions 8174:Ericksen & Heschel, 6781:. 14 May 1933. p. 2 6664:Rebecca Ayako Bennette, 6583:(1981) 23#3 pp. 465–484 6460:(1956) 25#2 pp. 110–126 5180:Protestantism in Germany 4826:altar with offerings in 4803:Ascension of Bahá'u'lláh 4785:was written to refute a 4535:as well as followers of 4231: 4220:(youth consecrations) — 4014:Romanian Orthodox Church 3950:in Waldsolms-Kröffelbach 3716:Protestantism in Germany 2904:Religion by state, 2016 2404:Christian denominations 1002:Kirchenaustrittsbewegung 931:Religion in Nazi Germany 431:Carolingian architecture 345:List of Germanic deities 8178:, p.10, Fortress Press. 7699:, Question sd3.F1, via 6421:. Accessed 15 May 2018. 6404:. Accessed 15 May 2018. 4988:non-profit organisation 4946:new religious movements 4857:Heidnische Gemeinschaft 4733:Baháʼí Faith in Germany 4618:New religious movements 4612:In addition, there are 4118:The Christian Community 4008:Russian Orthodox Church 4002:Serbian Orthodox Church 3781:Groups — 290,000 (2007) 2677:Evangelical Free Church 1071:under the aegis of the 998:Protestant Reich Church 883:The British ambassador 828:Between Berlin and Rome 546:Palatine Chapel, Aachen 476:Palatine Chapel, Aachen 341:Common Germanic deities 245:Nearly half of Germans 204:Eastern Orthodox Church 18:Christianity in Germany 9827:Bosnia and Herzegovina 9380:Science and technology 9081:History of Brandenburg 8972:Unification of Germany 8962:Frankfurt Constitution 8706:Politics & Society 8551:"Sekten: Definitionen" 8356:encyclopedia.ushmm.org 8331:Jewish Virtual Library 8033:Baptist World Alliance 7804:nesstar.ess.nsd.uib.no 7238:"Kirchliche Statistik" 7130:Muslim Life in Germany 6432:The German Reformation 5600:Protestant Reformation 5306:Science and Technology 5228:Protestant Reformation 5081: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5053: 5047:statutory corporations 5039:Seventh-day Adventists 5017: 5004: 4992:statutory corporations 4974: 4965: 4933: 4912:North Rhine-Westphalia 4842:Germanisches Heidentum 4830: 4742: 4709:North Rhine-Westphalia 4659:have their roots from 4586: 4539:mainly from Japan and 4531:, also referred to as 4498: 4434:About ninety thousand 4421:German-occupied Europe 4417:Systematic mass murder 4408: 4263: 4261:Islamic Centre Hamburg 4249: 4247:Cologne Central Mosque 4203:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 4060:Coptic Orthodox Church 3967: 3951: 3763: 3649:) or refused to answer 3244:North Rhine-Westphalia 3213:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1186: 1050: 940: 898: 881: 839: 831: 803:Seamless robe of Jesus 754: 666: 615:Protestant Reformation 610: 607:Protestant Reformation 586:Protestant Reformation 369:religion practised in 322: 126: 9017:Flight and expulsions 8708:19#1 (1991): 109–132. 8621:12#3 (1982): 249–288. 8610:Evans, Ellen Lovell. 7518:. European Commission 6443:Marvin R. O'Connell, 6354:History of Humanities 6306:on 30 September 2016. 5561:List of German dishes 5237:Protestant work ethic 5129:European Union portal 4930:Church of Scientology 4928: 4822: 4740: 4681:Further information: 4622:Hare Krishna movement 4616:who are followers of 4577: 4490: 4403: 4306:in the 18th century. 4255: 4245: 4131:Irreligion in Germany 3985:Greek Orthodox Church 3957: 3938: 3759: 2687:Orthodox Christianity 2624:included in "others" 1645:Orthodox Christianity 1211:Orthodox Christianity 1184: 1053:Further information: 1048: 938: 893: 876: 837: 826: 760:Frederick William III 737: 660: 601: 429:Further information: 415:Gallo-Roman syntheses 339:Further information: 309: 117: 9689:World Heritage Sites 9367:German states by GDP 8957:German Confederation 8718:Thériault, Barbara. 8715:(Cornell U.P. 1975). 8590:10#1 (1980): 86–119. 8505:on 15 December 2005. 8278:on 28 December 2004. 8055:"MWC World Map 2022" 7037:Catholic News Agency 7005:Catholic News Agency 6511:Christopher Clark, 5886:World Heritage Sites 5610:New Apostolic Church 5541:Ore Mountain cuisine 4982:'s member churches ( 4773:) which traveled to 4763:German reunification 4423:began with the 1941 4100:New Apostolic Church 3921:Eastern Christianity 3683:church; in 2021 the 3275:Rhineland-Palatinate 2773:St Mary's University 2760:According to a 2015 2732:In 2016, the German 1271:German reunification 1063:In the aftermath of 786:Frederick William IV 752:Grand Duchy of Baden 331:Gallo-Roman religion 10162:Religion in Germany 10048:States with limited 9778:Religion in Europe 9325:Automobile industry 8911:Carolingian dynasty 8845:History of the Huns 7849:Politbarometer 2016 7810:on 17 February 2019 7646:Politbarometer 2016 7324:on 15 November 2013 7132:] (in German). 6668:(Harvard U.P. 2012) 6651:John K. Zeender in 6553:Christopher Clark, 6430:John Lotherington, 6229:Pew Research Center 5595:Freedom of Religion 5536:Lower Saxon cuisine 5151:Religion by country 5089:Freedom of religion 4838:Germanic Heathenism 4578:Sri Kamadchi Ampal 4570:Hinduism in Germany 4483:Buddhism in Germany 4106:Jehovah's Witnesses 4081:Church of the East 3914:Old Catholic Church 3793:Baptists in Germany 3700:Jehovah's Witnesses 3494: 2726:Pew Research Center 2431:Other denominations 2274:Pew Research Center 1299: 1085:freedom of religion 949:freedom of religion 687:Schmalkaldic League 671:Counter-Reformation 590:Counter Reformation 552:built by architect 387:pantheon of deities 371:prehistoric Germany 208:Jehovah's Witnesses 123:World Heritage Site 9395:Telecommunications 9076:History of Prussia 8992:Revolution of 1918 8987:War guilt question 8906:Carolingian Empire 8875:Sack of Rome (410) 8784:History of Germany 8692:German Reformation 8249:(in German). 2017. 8138:(in German). 2017. 7739:on 12 August 2012. 7431:Kirchenaustritt.de 7112:(in German). 2017. 6903:Basic Law Art. 140 6779:The New York Times 6687:Historical Journal 6600:(1976) pp 128–151 6526:Historical Journal 6084:. 4 September 2024 5953:Germany portal 5551:Pomeranian cuisine 5472:Germanic mythology 5301:History of Germany 5273:Culture of Germany 5161:History of Germany 5076:Sektenbeauftragter 4934: 4906:association), and 4831: 4777:in February 1997. 4743: 4677:Yazidis in Germany 4647:Sikhism in Germany 4587: 4499: 4409: 4264: 4250: 4141:Party of Humanists 3968: 3952: 3764: 3492: 3399:Schleswig-Holstein 2894:is predominant in 2878:and some parts of 2853:Schleswig-Holstein 2754:Eurobarometer Poll 2117:separate category. 1293: 1187: 1155:Schleswig-Holstein 1051: 1012:Germanic neopagans 941: 871:Jesuits Law (1872) 840: 832: 798:Pietistic revivals 778:to South Australia 755: 667: 611: 574:Holy Roman Emperor 538:Carolingian period 403:Balder/Phol/Baldag 349:Germanic mythology 323: 312:Gallo-Roman temple 287:the western states 279:the eastern states 143:, and later, when 127: 10149: 10148: 9744: 9743: 9697: 9696: 9428: 9427: 9342:Chemical Triangle 9302: 9301: 9289:Political parties 9237:Foreign relations 9174: 9173: 9101: 9100: 9012:Allied occupation 8916:Holy Roman Empire 7932:on 26 August 2012 7788:on 22 March 2018. 7763:on 30 April 2015. 7502:. September 2019. 7427:"Umfrageergebnis" 7407:on 26 August 2019 7401:Live Work Germany 7348:www.zensus2011.de 6570:(1964) pp 498–509 6334:on 2 August 2017. 6170:. 24 August 2022. 5989: 5988: 5729: 5625:Roman Catholicism 5605:Protestant Church 5166:Roman Catholicism 5061:Every Protestant 4789:supported by the 4687:There is a large 4614:Hindus in Germany 4537:Nichiren Buddhism 4492:Japanese Buddhist 4272:former Yugoslavia 4167:United Protestant 3905:Catholics — 6,000 3890: 3889: 3795:) — 80,195 (2020) 3754: 3753: 3665: 3664: 3481: 3480: 2932:Baden-Württemberg 2829:states of Germany 2825: 2824: 2787:Religion by state 2667:Protestant Church 2640: 2639: 2460:(September 2019) 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2270:Baden-Württemberg 2096:Saar Protectorate 2042: 2041: 1718: 1648: 1568: 1488: 1287:Oriental Orthodox 1251:Jewish population 907:National Liberals 852:National Liberals 844:Otto von Bismarck 712:Thirty Years' War 702:In 1608/1609 the 691:Peace of Augsburg 663:Thirty Years' War 594:Thirty Years' War 505:Germania Inferior 501:Germania Superior 363:Germanic paganism 327:Germanic paganism 119:Cologne Cathedral 16:(Redirected from 10169: 10086:Dependencies and 9785:Sovereign states 9771: 9764: 9757: 9748: 9747: 9724: 9717: 9710: 9674:Prussian virtues 9439: 9438: 9347:Economic history 9313: 9312: 9207: 9185: 9184: 9136:Cities and towns 9112: 9111: 9092:Baden Revolution 8896:Treaty of Verdun 8865:Marcomannic Wars 8820:Migration Period 8815:Germanic peoples 8799:Military history 8774: 8773: 8750: 8743: 8736: 8727: 8726: 8646:(1997): 77–101. 8574: 8569: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8558: 8547: 8541: 8540: 8538: 8536: 8525: 8519: 8513: 8507: 8506: 8504: 8497: 8487: 8481: 8480: 8478: 8476: 8462: 8456: 8455: 8453: 8451: 8437: 8431: 8430: 8428: 8426: 8412: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8401: 8384: 8378: 8377: 8376:. 24 April 2018. 8366: 8360: 8359: 8348: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8337: 8323: 8317: 8308:Der Tagesspiegel 8305: 8299: 8298: 8286: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8266: 8257: 8251: 8250: 8243: 8214: 8211: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8200: 8194: 8185: 8179: 8172: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8161: 8146: 8140: 8139: 8132: 8091: 8090: 8079: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8068: 8059: 8051: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8040: 8024: 8018: 8008: 7999: 7995: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7984: 7978: 7970: 7964: 7963: 7961: 7959: 7948: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7937: 7922: 7916: 7915: 7913: 7905: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7894: 7888: 7879: 7873: 7868: 7862: 7860: 7855:on 14 April 2020 7841: 7832: 7826: 7820: 7819: 7817: 7815: 7806:. Archived from 7796: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7780: 7771: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7755: 7747: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7731: 7723: 7717: 7709: 7703: 7693: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7661: 7655: 7653: 7638: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7627: 7616: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7591: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7580: 7566: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7541: 7532: 7531: 7525: 7523: 7510: 7504: 7503: 7492: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7475: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7423: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7403:. Archived from 7392: 7386: 7376: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7340: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7329: 7323: 7312: 7304: 7298: 7297: 7286: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7260: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7233: 7227: 7226: 7219: 7210: 7209: 7203: 7195: 7186: 7185: 7173: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7157:on 30 April 2011 7156: 7150:. Archived from 7120: 7114: 7113: 7106: 7059: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7029: 7023: 7022: 7014: 7012: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6978: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6953: 6944: 6943: 6938: 6936: 6910: 6904: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6879: 6873: 6870: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6802: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6771: 6765: 6760:Ronald J. Ross, 6758: 6752: 6751: 6735: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6684: 6675: 6669: 6662: 6656: 6649: 6643: 6636: 6630: 6623: 6617: 6607: 6601: 6598:Imperial Germany 6594: 6588: 6577: 6571: 6564: 6558: 6557:(2006) pp 419–21 6551: 6545: 6544:(1964) pp 485–91 6538: 6532: 6522: 6516: 6515:(2006) pp 412–19 6509: 6503: 6502: 6496: 6494: 6470: 6464: 6454: 6448: 6441: 6435: 6428: 6422: 6411: 6405: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6377: 6351: 6342: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6327:. Archived from 6322: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6293: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6238: 6232: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6164: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6109: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6083: 6063: 6054: 6047: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6028:. 28 August 2024 6027: 6007: 5981: 5974: 5967: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5719: 5546:Palatine cuisine 5521:Bavarian cuisine 5284: 5275: 5259: 5258: 5202:(especially the 5168:(especially the 5145: 5140: 5139: 5131: 5126: 5125: 5124: 5117: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5056: 5020: 4999: 4977: 4968: 4904:Celtic religious 4657:Sikhs in Germany 4554:Buddhist schools 4533:Tibetan Buddhism 4523:especially from 4427:. By the end of 4238:Islam in Germany 4102:— 341,202 (2015) 3977:Churches of the 3960:Serbian Orthodox 3885: 3882: 3876: 3864: 3863: 3856: 3833:African Churches 3749: 3746: 3740: 3728: 3727: 3720: 3658: 3636: 3614: 3592: 3574: 3556: 3538: 3520: 3507:Believe in God ( 3501:% of population 3495: 3491: 3484:Personal beliefs 3460: 3459: 3428: 3427: 3397: 3396: 3366: 3365: 3335: 3334: 3304: 3303: 3273: 3272: 3242: 3241: 3211: 3210: 3180: 3179: 3149: 3148: 3118: 3117: 3086: 3085: 3054: 3053: 3023: 3022: 2992: 2991: 2961: 2960: 2930: 2929: 2901: 2900: 2888:Northern Germany 2861:Southern Germany 2841:Northern Germany 2820: 2817: 2811: 2799: 2798: 2791: 2716: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2684: 2674: 2664: 2654: 2498:(December 2018) 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410:Other religions 2389: 2388: 2374: 2362: 2350: 2257: 2247: 2237: 2227: 2217: 2207: 2197: 2191: 2181: 2171: 2161: 2155: 2136: 2133: 2127: 2124: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2099: 2094:, excluding the 2084: 2073: 2067: 2056: 2050: 1978:Total population 1716:Other Christians 1713: 1641: 1561: 1479: 1300: 1292: 1283:Eastern Orthodox 1019:Heinrich Himmler 981:neutralized the 955:flourished. The 704:Protestant Union 652:Diet of Augsburg 550:Palace of Aachen 484: 481: 471: 447: 247:have no religion 107: 97: 87: 77: 67: 57: 47: 37: 21: 10177: 10176: 10172: 10171: 10170: 10168: 10167: 10166: 10152: 10151: 10150: 10145: 10129: 10087: 10081: 10067:Northern Cyprus 10049: 10043: 9959:North Macedonia 9780: 9775: 9745: 9740: 9727: 9720: 9713: 9706: 9693: 9557: 9508:Life expectancy 9424: 9298: 9269:Law enforcement 9205: 9170: 9097: 9064: 9043: 9027:Divided Germany 8997:Weimar Republic 8925: 8891:Frankish Empire 8879: 8803: 8769: 8763: 8754: 8581:Further reading 8578: 8577: 8570: 8566: 8556: 8554: 8549: 8548: 8544: 8534: 8532: 8527: 8526: 8522: 8514: 8510: 8502: 8495: 8489: 8488: 8484: 8474: 8472: 8464: 8463: 8459: 8449: 8447: 8445:Deutschlandfunk 8439: 8438: 8434: 8424: 8422: 8420:Deutschlandfunk 8414: 8413: 8409: 8399: 8397: 8386: 8385: 8381: 8368: 8367: 8363: 8350: 8349: 8345: 8335: 8333: 8325: 8324: 8320: 8306: 8302: 8287: 8283: 8275: 8264: 8258: 8254: 8245: 8244: 8217: 8212: 8208: 8198: 8196: 8192: 8187: 8186: 8182: 8173: 8169: 8159: 8157: 8148: 8147: 8143: 8134: 8133: 8094: 8081: 8080: 8076: 8066: 8064: 8057: 8053: 8052: 8048: 8038: 8036: 8026: 8025: 8021: 8009: 8002: 7996: 7992: 7982: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7971: 7967: 7957: 7955: 7950: 7949: 7945: 7935: 7933: 7924: 7923: 7919: 7911: 7907: 7906: 7902: 7892: 7890: 7886: 7880: 7876: 7858: 7856: 7843: 7842: 7835: 7831:, Ipsos, Paris. 7827: 7823: 7813: 7811: 7798: 7797: 7793: 7785: 7778: 7772: 7768: 7760: 7753: 7749: 7748: 7744: 7736: 7729: 7725: 7724: 7720: 7710: 7706: 7694: 7690: 7680: 7678: 7663: 7662: 7658: 7640: 7639: 7635: 7625: 7623: 7618: 7617: 7613: 7603: 7601: 7599:zacat.gesis.org 7593: 7592: 7588: 7578: 7576: 7574:zacat.gesis.org 7568: 7567: 7563: 7553: 7551: 7549:zacat.gesis.org 7543: 7542: 7535: 7521: 7519: 7512: 7511: 7507: 7494: 7493: 7489: 7481: 7477: 7476: 7472: 7462: 7460: 7459:. 30 April 2019 7451: 7450: 7446: 7436: 7434: 7425: 7424: 7420: 7410: 7408: 7393: 7389: 7377: 7362: 7352: 7350: 7342: 7341: 7337: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7310: 7306: 7305: 7301: 7288: 7287: 7283: 7273: 7271: 7262: 7261: 7257: 7247: 7245: 7234: 7230: 7221: 7220: 7213: 7201: 7197: 7196: 7189: 7174: 7170: 7160: 7158: 7154: 7148: 7122: 7121: 7117: 7108: 7107: 7062: 7056: 7052: 7042: 7040: 7031: 7030: 7026: 7019: 7010: 7008: 6999: 6998: 6994: 6979: 6975: 6965: 6963: 6955: 6954: 6947: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6911: 6907: 6902: 6898: 6888: 6886: 6881: 6880: 6876: 6871: 6867: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6837: 6833: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6803: 6794: 6784: 6782: 6773: 6772: 6768: 6759: 6755: 6748: 6726: 6722: 6682: 6676: 6672: 6663: 6659: 6650: 6646: 6642:(1981) pp 308–9 6637: 6633: 6624: 6620: 6608: 6604: 6595: 6591: 6578: 6574: 6565: 6561: 6552: 6548: 6539: 6535: 6523: 6519: 6510: 6506: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6471: 6467: 6455: 6451: 6442: 6438: 6429: 6425: 6412: 6408: 6395: 6391: 6349: 6343: 6339: 6331: 6320: 6316: 6315: 6311: 6294: 6285: 6275: 6273: 6267:"Eurobarometer" 6265: 6264: 6260: 6250: 6248: 6242:"Eurobarometer" 6240: 6239: 6235: 6223: 6219: 6209: 6207: 6202: 6201: 6197: 6187: 6185: 6180: 6179: 6175: 6166: 6165: 6132: 6122: 6120: 6111: 6110: 6097: 6087: 6085: 6077: 6065: 6064: 6057: 6048: 6041: 6031: 6029: 6021: 6009: 6008: 5999: 5985: 5947: 5945: 5938: 5937: 5933:Deutschlandlied 5928:National anthem 5913: 5912: 5901: 5900: 5896:Monuments Lists 5881: 5880: 5871: 5870: 5836: 5835: 5824: 5823: 5799: 5798: 5780: 5779: 5765: 5764: 5753: 5752: 5707: 5706: 5695: 5694: 5585: 5584: 5566: 5565: 5556:Swabian cuisine 5531:Hessian cuisine 5526:Hamburg cuisine 5506: 5505: 5494: 5493: 5480: 5467: 5466: 5451: 5450: 5431: 5430: 5421: 5420: 5382: 5381: 5370: 5369: 5330: 5329: 5318: 5317: 5314: 5296: 5295: 5271: 5257: 5143:Religion portal 5141: 5134: 5127: 5122: 5120: 5113: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5091: 4995: 4923: 4876:Artgemeinschaft 4817: 4811: 4765:in 1989–91 the 4735: 4729: 4697: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4649: 4643: 4638: 4636:Other religions 4582:in the city of 4572: 4566: 4517:Buddhist school 4485: 4479: 4466:— 5,000 members 4405:Worms Synagogue 4398: 4392: 4240: 4234: 4143: 4133: 4127: 4120:— 20,000 (2010) 4096: 3941:Coptic Orthodox 3933: 3925:Main articles: 3923: 3903:Maronite Church 3886: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3848: 3835:— 30,000 (2005) 3828:— 33,175 (2014) 3822:— 34,811 (2014) 3813:— 51,771 (2022) 3801:— 52,031 (2016) 3750: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3712: 3706:, and others). 3677: 3670: 3661: 3656: 3639: 3634: 3617: 3612: 3595: 3590: 3577: 3572: 3559: 3554: 3541: 3536: 3523: 3518: 3486: 3454: 3422: 3391: 3360: 3329: 3298: 3267: 3236: 3205: 3174: 3143: 3112: 3080: 3048: 3017: 2986: 2955: 2924: 2896:Eastern Germany 2833:Western Germany 2821: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2800: 2796: 2789: 2721: 2720: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2712: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2690: 2682: 2680: 2672: 2670: 2662: 2660: 2657:Catholic Church 2652: 2451:Other religions 2387: 2382: 2381: 2380: 2379: 2378: 2375: 2367: 2366: 2363: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2342: 2341: 2262: 2261: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2253: 2245: 2243: 2235: 2233: 2225: 2223: 2215: 2213: 2205: 2203: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2187: 2179: 2177: 2169: 2167: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2145: 2140: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2085: 2076: 2070:Weimar Republic 2068: 2059: 2051: 2047: 1259: 1179: 1167:Reformation Day 1121:Catholic Church 1079:as part of the 1061: 1043: 1027:Jews in Germany 1016:Reichsführer-SS 983:Catholic Church 979:Reichskonkordat 945:Weimar Republic 933: 921:Main articles: 919: 821: 815: 732: 726: 720: 708:Catholic League 596: 584:Main articles: 582: 562: 495:(the provinces 489: 488: 487: 486: 485: 482: 472: 464: 463: 448: 437: 427: 419:Slavic paganism 411:Celtic paganism 381:territories of 359: 357:Norse mythology 337: 335:Slavic paganism 325:Main articles: 304: 299: 238:, or otherwise 192:Roman Catholics 165:Catholic Church 151:by the time of 132:is the largest 112: 111: 110: 109: 105: 103: 95: 93: 85: 83: 75: 73: 65: 63: 55: 53: 45: 43: 35: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10175: 10165: 10164: 10147: 10146: 10144: 10143: 10141:European Union 10137: 10135: 10134:Other entities 10131: 10130: 10128: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10091: 10089: 10088:other entities 10083: 10082: 10080: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10053: 10051: 10045: 10044: 10042: 10041: 10036: 10034:United Kingdom 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9847:Czech Republic 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9788: 9786: 9782: 9781: 9774: 9773: 9766: 9759: 9751: 9742: 9741: 9739: 9738: 9733: 9726: 9725: 9718: 9711: 9703: 9702: 9699: 9698: 9695: 9694: 9692: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9605:Cultural icons 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9567: 9565: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9484: 9483: 9478: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9442: 9436: 9430: 9429: 9426: 9425: 9423: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9385:Stock exchange 9382: 9377: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9338: 9337: 9327: 9322: 9316: 9310: 9304: 9303: 9300: 9299: 9297: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9260: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9199: 9194: 9188: 9182: 9176: 9175: 9172: 9171: 9169: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9132: 9131: 9126: 9115: 9109: 9103: 9102: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9095: 9089: 9083: 9078: 9072: 9070: 9066: 9065: 9063: 9062: 9057: 9051: 9049: 9045: 9044: 9042: 9041: 9040: 9039: 9034: 9024: 9022:Denazification 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8933: 8931: 8927: 8926: 8924: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8887: 8885: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8811: 8809: 8805: 8804: 8802: 8801: 8796: 8794:Historiography 8791: 8786: 8780: 8778: 8771: 8765: 8764: 8753: 8752: 8745: 8738: 8730: 8724: 8723: 8716: 8709: 8702: 8695: 8688: 8683:(Brill, 2001) 8677: 8662: 8655: 8640: 8633: 8622: 8615: 8608: 8601: 8598: 8591: 8576: 8575: 8564: 8542: 8520: 8508: 8482: 8457: 8432: 8407: 8379: 8361: 8343: 8318: 8300: 8281: 8252: 8215: 8206: 8180: 8167: 8141: 8092: 8074: 8046: 8019: 8000: 7990: 7965: 7943: 7917: 7900: 7874: 7833: 7821: 7791: 7766: 7742: 7718: 7704: 7688: 7677:on 26 May 2020 7656: 7633: 7611: 7586: 7561: 7533: 7505: 7487: 7470: 7444: 7418: 7387: 7360: 7335: 7299: 7281: 7255: 7228: 7211: 7187: 7168: 7146: 7115: 7060: 7050: 7039:. 26 June 2020 7024: 7007:. 22 July 2019 6992: 6973: 6945: 6928: 6914:Allinson, Mark 6905: 6896: 6874: 6865: 6851: 6831: 6817: 6792: 6766: 6753: 6746: 6720: 6693:(4): 821–850. 6670: 6657: 6644: 6631: 6618: 6602: 6589: 6572: 6559: 6546: 6540:Hajo Holborn, 6533: 6517: 6504: 6486: 6465: 6458:Church History 6449: 6436: 6423: 6406: 6389: 6366:10.1086/685061 6337: 6309: 6283: 6258: 6233: 6217: 6195: 6173: 6130: 6119:on 5 June 2013 6095: 6055: 6039: 5996: 5995: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5983: 5976: 5969: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5940: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5882: 5878: 5877: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5714: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5511:German cuisine 5507: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5474: 5468: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5389: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5308: 5303: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5277: 5276: 5268: 5267: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5251: 5247:in the former 5242: 5241: 5240: 5230: 5221: 5216: 5207: 5197: 5192: 5173: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5132: 5118: 5115:Germany portal 5102: 5099: 5090: 5087: 5059: 5058: 5050: 5014: 4922: 4916: 4813:Main article: 4810: 4807: 4781:et al.'s 2001 4731:Main article: 4728: 4725: 4696: 4693: 4675:Main article: 4672: 4669: 4645:Main article: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4568:Main article: 4565: 4562: 4481:Main article: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4467: 4461: 4458: 4394:Main article: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4386: 4385: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4333:Twelver Shi'as 4330: 4324: 4304:Ottoman Empire 4276:Arab countries 4236:Main article: 4233: 4230: 4129:Main article: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4095: 4092: 4091: 4090: 4089: 4088: 4079: 4078: 4077: 4076: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4042: 4041: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4032: 4026: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3997: 3991: 3988: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3907: 3906: 3900: 3888: 3887: 3868: 3866: 3859: 3850:Main article: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3842: 3841:— 1,300 (2017) 3836: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3782: 3771: 3752: 3751: 3732: 3730: 3723: 3714:Main article: 3711: 3708: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3659: 3654: 3651: 3641: 3640: 3637: 3632: 3629: 3619: 3618: 3615: 3610: 3607: 3597: 3596: 3593: 3588: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3575: 3570: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3557: 3552: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3539: 3534: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3521: 3516: 3513: 3503: 3502: 3499: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3450: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3401: 3388: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3357: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3326: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3311: 3308: 3295: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3280: 3277: 3264: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3249: 3246: 3233: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3202: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3184: 3171: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3153: 3140: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3077: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3045: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3027: 3014: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2983: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2968: 2965: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2937: 2934: 2921: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2913:Not religious 2911: 2908: 2905: 2823: 2822: 2803: 2801: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2783: 2780: 2765: 2758: 2745: 2737: 2734:Politbarometer 2730: 2713: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2681: 2671: 2661: 2651: 2643: 2642: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610:Politbarometer 2606: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2568: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2492: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2396: 2394:Source (left) 2386: 2383: 2376: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2330:, and 270,000 2254: 2244: 2234: 2224: 2214: 2204: 2194: 2188: 2178: 2168: 2158: 2152: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2128: 2119: 2109: 2100: 2074: 2057: 2044: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1338: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1258: 1255: 1178: 1175: 1130:, a number of 1089:secularisation 1073:Western Allies 1042: 1039: 918: 915: 817:Main article: 814: 811: 807:ultramontanism 782:Missouri Synod 722:Main article: 719: 716: 669:From 1545 the 581: 578: 566:Roman Catholic 561: 558: 524:Gallia Belgica 521:Roman province 473: 466: 465: 449: 442: 441: 440: 439: 438: 426: 423: 389:that included 303: 300: 298: 295: 104: 94: 84: 74: 64: 54: 44: 34: 30: 29: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10174: 10163: 10160: 10159: 10157: 10142: 10139: 10138: 10136: 10132: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10100:Faroe Islands 10098: 10096: 10093: 10092: 10090: 10084: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10072:South Ossetia 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10054: 10052: 10046: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9919:Liechtenstein 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9789: 9787: 9783: 9779: 9772: 9767: 9765: 9760: 9758: 9753: 9752: 9749: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9728: 9723: 9719: 9716: 9712: 9709: 9705: 9704: 9700: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9568: 9566: 9564: 9560: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9548:Social issues 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9476:Ethnic groups 9474: 9473: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9443: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9431: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9374: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9336: 9333: 9332: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9317: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9305: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9244: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9204: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9189: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9177: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9121: 9120: 9117: 9116: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9104: 9093: 9090: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9073: 9071: 9067: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9055:Reunification 9053: 9052: 9050: 9046: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8977:German Empire 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8934: 8932: 8928: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8882: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8812: 8810: 8806: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8775: 8772: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8751: 8746: 8744: 8739: 8737: 8732: 8731: 8728: 8721: 8717: 8714: 8710: 8707: 8703: 8700: 8696: 8693: 8689: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8660: 8656: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8638: 8634: 8631: 8627: 8623: 8620: 8616: 8613: 8609: 8606: 8602: 8599: 8596: 8592: 8589: 8585: 8584: 8583: 8582: 8573: 8568: 8552: 8546: 8530: 8524: 8518: 8512: 8501: 8494: 8493: 8486: 8471: 8467: 8461: 8446: 8442: 8436: 8421: 8417: 8411: 8395: 8394: 8389: 8383: 8375: 8371: 8365: 8357: 8353: 8347: 8332: 8328: 8322: 8315: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8296: 8292: 8285: 8274: 8270: 8263: 8256: 8248: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8234: 8232: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8210: 8190: 8184: 8177: 8171: 8155: 8151: 8145: 8137: 8131: 8129: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8113: 8111: 8109: 8107: 8105: 8103: 8101: 8099: 8097: 8088: 8084: 8078: 8063: 8056: 8050: 8035: 8034: 8029: 8023: 8016: 8012: 8007: 8005: 7994: 7975: 7969: 7953: 7947: 7931: 7927: 7921: 7910: 7904: 7885: 7878: 7871: 7866: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7840: 7838: 7830: 7825: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7795: 7784: 7777: 7770: 7759: 7752: 7746: 7735: 7728: 7722: 7715: 7714: 7708: 7702: 7698: 7692: 7676: 7672: 7671: 7666: 7660: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7637: 7621: 7615: 7600: 7596: 7590: 7575: 7571: 7565: 7550: 7546: 7540: 7538: 7529: 7517: 7516: 7509: 7501: 7497: 7491: 7480: 7474: 7458: 7454: 7448: 7432: 7428: 7422: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7391: 7384: 7380: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7349: 7345: 7339: 7320: 7316: 7309: 7303: 7295: 7291: 7285: 7269: 7265: 7259: 7243: 7239: 7232: 7224: 7218: 7216: 7207: 7200: 7194: 7192: 7183: 7179: 7172: 7153: 7149: 7147:9783981211511 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7126: 7119: 7111: 7105: 7103: 7101: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7058: 7054: 7038: 7034: 7028: 7021: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6988: 6984: 6977: 6962: 6958: 6952: 6950: 6942: 6931: 6929:9780719055546 6925: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6909: 6900: 6884: 6878: 6869: 6854: 6852:9781400860364 6848: 6844: 6843: 6835: 6820: 6818:9780521823715 6814: 6810: 6809: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6780: 6776: 6770: 6763: 6757: 6749: 6747:9780674023857 6743: 6739: 6734: 6733: 6724: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6681: 6674: 6667: 6661: 6654: 6648: 6641: 6635: 6628: 6622: 6616: 6612: 6606: 6599: 6593: 6586: 6582: 6576: 6569: 6563: 6556: 6555:Iron Kingdom 6550: 6543: 6537: 6531: 6527: 6521: 6514: 6513:Iron Kingdom 6508: 6501: 6489: 6487:9780674036345 6483: 6479: 6478: 6469: 6463: 6459: 6453: 6446: 6440: 6433: 6427: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6403: 6399: 6393: 6385: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6360:(1): 71–100. 6359: 6355: 6348: 6341: 6330: 6326: 6319: 6313: 6305: 6301: 6300: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6272: 6268: 6262: 6247: 6243: 6237: 6230: 6226: 6221: 6205: 6199: 6183: 6177: 6169: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6118: 6114: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6081: 6076: 6073:(in German). 6072: 6068: 6062: 6060: 6052: 6049:Robert Kolb, 6046: 6044: 6025: 6020: 6017:(in German). 6016: 6012: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5982: 5977: 5975: 5970: 5968: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5875: 5874: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5763: 5757: 5756: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5620:Danish Church 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5516:Baden cuisine 5514: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5490: 5489:German legend 5487: 5485: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5454: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5425: 5424: 5417: 5416:North Frisian 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5400:Lower Sorbian 5397: 5396:Upper Sorbian 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5312: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5260: 5250: 5246: 5245:State atheism 5243: 5238: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5224:Martin Luther 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5176:Protestantism 5174: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5133: 5130: 5119: 5116: 5105: 5098: 5096: 5095:Freedom House 5086: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5055: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5043:Old Catholics 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5023:free churches 5019: 5015: 5012: 5008: 5007: 5002: 4998: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4984:Landeskirchen 4981: 4976: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4883: 4881: 4880:Armanen-Orden 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4852: 4847: 4846:Deutschglaube 4843: 4839: 4835: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4816: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4747:German Census 4739: 4734: 4724: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4692: 4690: 4684: 4678: 4668: 4666: 4662: 4661:Punjab region 4658: 4654: 4648: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4311: 4307: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4262: 4259: 4254: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4229: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4208: 4207:Saxony-Anhalt 4204: 4200: 4196: 4195:Saxony-Anhalt 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4138: 4132: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4038: 4035: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3969: 3966:in Düsseldorf 3965: 3961: 3956: 3949: 3948:St. Antonious 3945: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3910: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3894: 3893: 3884: 3872: 3867: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3762: 3758: 3748: 3736: 3731: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3710:Protestantism 3707: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3650: 3648: 3643: 3642: 3628: 3626: 3621: 3620: 3606: 3604: 3599: 3598: 3584: 3581: 3580: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3530: 3527: 3526: 3512: 3510: 3505: 3504: 3497: 3496: 3490: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3368:Saxony-Anhalt 3364: 3359: 3358: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3084: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3052: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2847:, especially 2846: 2845:Protestantism 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2819: 2807: 2802: 2793: 2792: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2749:Eurobarometer 2746: 2742: 2739:In 2016, the 2738: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2722: 2710: 2688: 2678: 2668: 2658: 2650: 2648: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2496:Eurobarometer 2494: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2458:Eurobarometer 2456: 2455: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2413: 2401: 2400:Christianity 2395: 2390: 2373: 2361: 2349: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2251: 2241: 2231: 2221: 2211: 2201: 2185: 2175: 2174:Protestantism 2165: 2151: 2132: 2123: 2113: 2104: 2097: 2093: 2090:and from the 2089: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2071: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2054: 2053:German Empire 2049: 2045: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 1977: 1976: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1912: 1911: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1847: 1846: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1782: 1781: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1712: 1711: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1647: 1646: 1640: 1639: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1567: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1487: 1486:Free Churches 1483: 1478: 1477: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1334: 1329: 1301: 1297: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1279:free churches 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1183: 1174: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1132:free churches 1129: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1117:Kirchensteuer 1114: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1060: 1056: 1047: 1038: 1036: 1035:the Holocaust 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 988: 984: 980: 976: 973: 969: 964: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 937: 932: 928: 924: 914: 912: 908: 904: 903:Pope Leo XIII 897: 892: 890: 886: 880: 875: 872: 868: 863: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 836: 829: 825: 820: 810: 808: 804: 799: 793: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 774:Old Lutherans 770: 765: 761: 753: 749: 745: 744:Martin Luther 741: 736: 731: 725: 715: 713: 710:formed. The 709: 705: 700: 698: 697: 692: 688: 685:defeated the 684: 680: 676: 672: 664: 659: 655: 653: 649: 645: 644:Imperial Diet 641: 636: 633: 632:Diet of Worms 628: 624: 623:Martin Luther 620: 616: 608: 604: 603:Martin Luther 600: 595: 591: 587: 577: 575: 571: 567: 557: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 534: 532: 531:Constantine I 529: 528:Roman emperor 525: 522: 518: 514: 513:Aula Palatina 510: 509:Roman temples 506: 502: 498: 494: 477: 470: 461: 457: 453: 452:Aula Palatina 446: 436: 432: 422: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 377:, as well as 376: 372: 368: 364: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 336: 332: 328: 321: 318:, rebuilt in 317: 314:dedicated to 313: 308: 294: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 251:Enlightenment 248: 243: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 188: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 161:Martin Luther 158: 154: 150: 149:Christianized 146: 142: 138: 137: 131: 124: 120: 116: 101: 91: 81: 71: 61: 51: 41: 33: 27: 19: 10077:Transnistria 10039:Vatican City 9876: 9722:Bibliography 9596:Coat of arms 9576:Architecture 9553:Trade unions 9542: 9533:Prostitution 9493:Homelessness 9456:Demographics 9405:Trade unions 9372: 9362:German model 9335:Central bank 9279:Conservatism 9242:Human rights 9227:Court system 9222:Constitution 9202: 9048:Contemporary 9037:West Germany 9032:East Germany 9007:World War II 9002:Nazi Germany 8942:18th-century 8901:East Francia 8855:Cimbrian War 8719: 8712: 8711:Tal, Uriel. 8705: 8698: 8691: 8680: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8658: 8643: 8636: 8625: 8618: 8611: 8604: 8603:Elon, Amos. 8594: 8587: 8580: 8579: 8567: 8555:. 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Retrieved 6014: 5991: 5990: 5923:Coat of arms 5856:Horse Racing 5712:Architecture 5690:Baháʼí Faith 5589: 5581: 5365:Afro-Germans 5335:Demographics 5249:East Germany 5210:Landeskirche 5178:(especially 5092: 5064:Landeskirche 5060: 5046: 5035:Pentecostals 4991: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4935: 4918: 4902:, Celtoi (a 4895:Matronenkult 4894: 4884: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4832: 4823: 4782: 4779:Udo Schaefer 4771:Oscar DeGruy 4757:(relying on 4744: 4727:Baháʼí Faith 4721:monotheistic 4698: 4686: 4650: 4611: 4597:Hindus from 4588: 4580:Hindu temple 4541:Zen Buddhism 4514: 4500: 4448: 4433: 4429:World War II 4413:Adolf Hitler 4410: 4308: 4265: 4226: 4218:Jugendweihen 4211: 4172: 4155:Iron Curtain 4151:West Germany 4144: 3908: 3891: 3881:January 2022 3878: 3870: 3831:Independent 3805:Pentecostals 3745:January 2022 3742: 3734: 3696:Christianity 3694:As of 2021, 3693: 3678: 3668:Christianity 3645:Don't know ( 3644: 3622: 3600: 3582: 3564: 3546: 3528: 3506: 3487: 3453: 3440: 3403: 3378: 3347: 3313: 3282: 3251: 3223: 3186: 3182:Lower Saxony 3155: 3130: 3099: 3067: 3029: 3004: 2970: 2939: 2907:Protestants 2857:Lower Saxony 2835:, excluding 2826: 2813: 2805: 2644: 2407:No religion 2399: 2393: 2313: 2295:(0.2–0.3%), 2286: 2282: 2278: 2266: 2263: 2149: 2131: 2122: 2112: 2103: 2048: 1715: 1643: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1563: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1405:Christianity 1332: 1327: 1295: 1275: 1269:. After the 1260: 1208: 1188: 1177:Demographics 1171: 1151:Lower Saxony 1145:In 2018 the 1144: 1116: 1104: 1102: 1077:East Germany 1069:West Germany 1065:World War II 1062: 1031:Nazi Germany 1022: 1005: 1001: 968:Adolf Hitler 965: 942: 927:Kirchenkampf 899: 894: 889:ultramontane 882: 877: 864: 860: 856:Center Party 841: 827: 794: 756: 701: 694: 675:Jesuit order 668: 640:protestation 637: 612: 563: 535: 493:Roman Empire 490: 395:Wuotan/Wodan 391:Donar/Thunar 367:polytheistic 360: 291:West Germany 283:East Germany 244: 189: 181:freethinking 141:Roman Empire 134:religion in 133: 130:Christianity 128: 40:Christianity 31: 26: 10115:Isle of Man 10050:recognition 10019:Switzerland 9954:Netherlands 9523:Pornography 9498:Immigration 9461:Drug policy 9373:Mittelstand 9320:Agriculture 9284:Nationalism 9257:Transgender 9141:Earthquakes 9088:, 1583-1588 9086:Cologne War 8982:World War I 8884:Middle Ages 8870:Gothic Wars 8635:Gay, Ruth. 8396:(in German) 8336:22 February 7463:4 September 7433:(in German) 7411:4 September 7353:5 September 7328:5 September 7270:(in German) 7244:(in German) 6987:Der Spiegel 6966:28 December 6935:27 December 6276:26 December 6251:26 December 6206:(in German) 6184:(in German) 6088:9 September 6078: [ 6032:9 September 6022: [ 5660:Neopaganism 5477:Continental 5446:Oktoberfest 5190:Lutheranism 5018:Freikirchen 4868:Nornirs Ætt 4828:Nettersheim 4809:Neopaganism 4799:Helmut Kohl 4695:Druze Faith 4626:Bhakti yoga 4603:Afghanistan 4453:in public. 4440:Berlin Wall 4419:of Jews in 4323:— 2,640,000 4284:Afghanistan 4187:Brandenburg 4147:irreligious 4125:No religion 3846:Catholicism 3761:Ulm Minster 3647:Agnosticism 3089:West Berlin 3057:East Berlin 2994:Brandenburg 2876:Württemberg 2849:Lutheranism 2421:Protestants 2416:Catholicism 2385:Survey data 2353:Protestants 2164:Catholicism 2098:until 1956. 2029:82,259,540 2023:79,112,831 1913:No religion 1565:Catholicism 1098:East Berlin 1081:Soviet bloc 1023:Gottgläubig 1007:Gottgläubig 953:freethought 885:Odo Russell 848:Kulturkampf 842:Chancellor 819:Kulturkampf 790:free church 748:John Calvin 619:indulgences 554:Odo of Metz 542:Charlemagne 536:During the 533:(306–337). 399:Frouwa/Frua 375:Scandinavia 240:irreligious 167:and became 159:started by 157:Reformation 153:Charlemagne 50:No religion 9989:San Marino 9949:Montenegro 9929:Luxembourg 9909:Kazakhstan 9812:Azerbaijan 9684:Television 9669:Philosophy 9644:Literature 9503:Irreligion 9488:Healthcare 9451:Corruption 9217:Chancellor 9206:(military) 9203:Bundeswehr 8470:www.cbc.ca 8039:22 October 7859:24 October 7268:www.ekd.de 7161:4 December 6858:23 January 6824:23 January 6123:23 October 5866:Volleyball 5861:Motorsport 5809:Television 5775:Philosophy 5762:Literature 5655:Irreligion 5429:Traditions 5255:References 5219:Anabaptism 5214:Freikirche 5031:Methodists 4496:Düsseldorf 4494:temple in 4135:See also: 3981:— 570,000 3964:Saint Sava 3811:Mennonites 3799:Methodists 3681:Protestant 3509:Monotheism 2910:Catholics 2892:Irreligion 2872:Protestant 2816:March 2021 2326:, 130,000 2035:79,652,360 2017:73,178,431 2011:69,187,072 2005:63,169,844 1999:69,314,000 1993:65,218,000 1987:62,411,000 1981:64,926,000 1970:22,223,010 1775:2,070,960 1633:24,869,380 1624:26,288,000 1614:28,525,000 1607:26,161,237 1601:24,540,460 1595:22,732,894 1589:23,024,000 1583:21,172,000 1577:20,193,000 1571:23,821,000 1553:25,266,470 1544:26,454,000 1534:29,422,000 1527:39,293,907 1521:40,974,217 1515:37,240,625 1509:42,103,000 1503:40,865,000 1497:40,015,000 1491:39,991,000 1471:53,257,550 1462:52,742,000 1452:57,947,000 1445:65,455,144 1439:65,514,677 1433:59,973,519 1427:65,127,000 1421:62,037,000 1415:60,208,000 1409:63,812,000 1113:church tax 972:Nazi Party 867:Pulpit Law 728:See also: 483: 800 413:and later 169:Protestant 10105:Gibraltar 9924:Lithuania 9639:Libraries 9619:Festivals 9466:Education 9410:Transport 9375:companies 9294:President 9232:Elections 9197:Bundesrat 9192:Bundestag 9161:Mountains 9129:Districts 9107:Geography 8840:Visigoths 8777:Overviews 8450:5 January 8425:5 January 8160:15 August 8087:celc.info 7604:26 August 7579:26 August 7554:26 August 7437:18 August 7274:27 August 7248:27 August 7134:Nuremberg 7011:22 August 6957:"Germany" 6566:Holborn, 6472:Compare: 6384:191884337 6271:europa.eu 6246:europa.eu 5879:Monuments 5572:Festivals 5460:Mythology 5379:Languages 5233:Max Weber 5195:Calvinism 5093:In 2023, 4997:‹See Tfd› 4932:in Berlin 4900:Rhineland 4665:Frankfurt 4599:Sri Lanka 4549:Theravada 4529:Vajrayana 4525:Sri Lanka 4521:Theravada 4502:Buddhists 4335:— 225,500 4329:— 500,000 4199:Thuringia 4108:— 168,763 4050:— 100,000 4039:— 130,000 4025:— 110,000 4016:— 150,000 4010:— 270,000 4004:— 337,000 3987:— 410,000 3944:Monastery 3779:Mennonite 3430:Thuringia 2884:Franconia 2757:response. 2747:In 2015, 2365:Catholics 2332:Buddhists 2184:Orthodoxy 1952:7,459,914 1946:3,438,020 1940:2,572,369 1934:1,190,629 1905:4,137,140 1887:1,089,673 1869:3,966,000 1863:2,681,000 1857:1,639,000 1705:1,050,740 1303:Religion 1231:Romanians 1200:agnostics 1191:Catholics 1093:communist 996:into the 679:Rhineland 638:With the 627:95 Theses 310:Martberg 255:communism 177:Calvinist 171:, mainly 10156:Category 10125:Svalbard 10110:Guernsey 10057:Abkhazia 10004:Slovenia 9999:Slovakia 9974:Portugal 9832:Bulgaria 9731:Category 9649:Internet 9634:Language 9624:Folklore 9543:Religion 9518:Pensions 9513:Naturism 9390:Taxation 9274:Lobbying 9247:Intersex 9180:Politics 8789:Timeline 8768:General 8761:articles 8672:(1959); 8668:(1959); 8588:Religion 8400:31 March 8374:BBC News 8154:fowid.de 8067:1 August 7522:9 August 7315:DESTATIS 7294:Eurostat 6715:39447688 6640:Bismarck 6615:in JSTOR 6585:in JSTOR 6530:in JSTOR 6462:in JSTOR 6210:28 April 6188:28 April 6071:fowid.de 6015:fowid.de 5851:Handball 5841:Football 5726:painters 5680:Hinduism 5675:Buddhism 5590:Religion 5582:Religion 5484:Folklore 5464:folklore 5350:Russians 5264:a series 5262:Part of 5226:and the 5182:and the 5101:See also 5027:Baptists 4891:Germanic 4872:Eldaring 4834:Neopagan 4824:Matronen 4751:sampling 4683:Yazidism 4671:Yazidism 4620:such as 4564:Hinduism 4545:Thailand 4477:Buddhism 4363:Ismailis 4353:— 10,000 4347:— 35,000 4341:— 70,000 4339:Alawites 4114:— 38,739 4087:— 10,000 4074:— 15,000 4068:— 20,000 4062:— 22,000 4056:— 35,000 4031:— 33,000 3916:— 15,715 3787:(mostly 3785:Baptists 3689:Catholic 3306:Saarland 2916:Muslims 2869:Lutheran 2865:Catholic 2446:Buddhism 2426:Orthodox 2303:(0.1%), 2301:Hinduism 2299:(0.1%), 2293:Buddhism 2240:Hinduism 2220:Buddhism 2055:borders. 1267:Catholic 1257:Censuses 1227:Russians 1204:atheists 1125:mainline 961:atheists 740:Wiesloch 706:and the 572:and the 478:, built 460:basilica 383:Germania 361:Ancient 236:agnostic 228:Yazidism 224:Hinduism 216:Buddhism 173:Lutheran 100:Yazidism 90:Hinduism 70:Buddhism 10029:Ukraine 9979:Romania 9939:Moldova 9897:Ireland 9892:Iceland 9887:Hungary 9877:Germany 9872:Georgia 9862:Finland 9857:Estonia 9852:Denmark 9837:Croatia 9822:Belgium 9817:Belarus 9807:Austria 9802:Armenia 9797:Andorra 9792:Albania 9708:Outline 9614:Fashion 9601:Cuisine 9563:Culture 9528:Poverty 9471:Germans 9434:Society 9415:Welfare 9400:Tourism 9357:Exports 9330:Banking 9308:Economy 9212:Cabinet 9151:Islands 9146:Geology 9069:Regions 8835:Teutons 8808:Ancient 8770:History 8757:Germany 8639:(1992). 8630:excerpt 8607:(2002). 8597:(1951). 8557:8 April 8535:8 April 8199:8 April 8062:MWC-CMM 7626:27 June 7043:27 June 6889:8 April 6764:(1998). 6738:568–576 6707:2638516 6493:16 June 5910:Symbols 5891:Castles 5748:Theatre 5738:Fashion 5722:artists 5685:Sikhism 5503:Cuisine 5436:Culture 5392:Sorbian 5340:Germans 5293:History 5011:Beamter 4975:Kirchen 4787:polemic 4775:Albania 4641:Sikhism 4451:kippahs 4390:Judaism 4365:— 1,900 4359:— 9,700 4357:Salafis 4315:Muslims 4268:Turkish 4175:Hamburg 4163:Hamburg 4159:Prussia 3871:updated 3775:Baptist 3735:updated 3625:Atheism 3603:Ietsism 3498:Belief 3461:Germany 3120:Hamburg 3087:former 3055:former 2963:Bavaria 2919:Others 2837:Hamburg 2806:updated 2669:(29.6%) 2659:(30.5%) 2574:(2017) 2536:(2018) 2441:Judaism 2324:Yazidis 2316:Judaism 2305:Yazidis 2297:Judaism 2230:Judaism 2210:Alevism 2176:(21.9%) 2166:(24.0%) 1881:752,575 1875:623,956 1851:498,000 1804:222,000 1798:500,000 1792:564,000 1786:615,000 1783:Judaism 1396:Number 1390:Number 1384:Number 1378:Number 1372:Number 1366:Number 1360:Number 1354:Number 1348:Number 1342:Number 1296:italics 1235:Muslims 1159:Hamburg 1140:Muslims 665:in 1618 297:History 275:Cologne 263:Hamburg 232:atheist 220:Judaism 212:Muslims 206:or the 136:Germany 80:Judaism 52:(46.2%) 42:(48.4%) 10120:Jersey 10062:Kosovo 10024:Turkey 10014:Sweden 9994:Serbia 9984:Russia 9969:Poland 9964:Norway 9944:Monaco 9914:Latvia 9882:Greece 9867:France 9842:Cyprus 9736:Portal 9591:Cinema 9571:Anthem 9538:Racism 9352:Energy 9166:Rivers 9124:States 9094:, 1848 8930:Modern 8759: 8685:online 8648:online 7983:22 May 7958:24 May 7936:24 May 7893:13 May 7814:14 May 7242:dbk.de 7144: 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