1061:, on which Cigeo's facilities could be built, became the symbol of the project's protest. It was occupied by activists while the secret ballot of the municipal council of Mandres authorising its transfer to Andra was challenged for formal defects. The ballot was annulled on 28 February 2017 by the Administrative Court of Nancy, which led the city council to meet again on 18 May to confirm its first decision. However, the forest remained occupied by opponents of the project, who were evicted by the gendarmes on 22 February 2018. As the legal remedies on the transfer of the Lejuc wood have not been exhausted, the legality of this eviction is contested by the lawyers of the opponents of the project. In the days that followed, the materials that the opponents had installed in the woods to prevent access and facilitate occupation were removed.
843:
managed with a degree of security and liquidity sufficient to meet their purpose" and must be assessed annually: if the financial return on provisions is lower than expected, producers must reassess their charges (upwards), which unbalances their expense balance. In this case, "the administrative authority notes an insufficiency or inadequacy in the assessment of the charges, the calculation of the provisions or the amount, prescribe the measures necessary to regularize its situation by setting the deadlines within which it must implement them". Operators are then required to increase provisions to rebalance their long-term expense accounts.
338:
3629:
3495:
3446:
592:, which are not currently recycled). So, the adjournment of the complete recycling of all spent fuels would have a strong impact on the nature of waste to be stocked, but only towards the end of the century. If it were ultimately decided to dispose of untreated spent fuel in Cigéo, the design would have to be adapted accordingly and the footprint would be expected to increase to around 25 km (9.7 sq mi) (from around 15). Additionally, in the case of complete cessation of nuclear operations, separated
3665:
3713:
3604:
3592:
665:
for decades or even centuries could perhaps remain technically recoverable, but the cost of doing so under acceptable safety conditions might be prohibitive. Thus, reversibility is considered in progressive stages, including conditioning in containers, emplacement, closure of cells, end of active operations in a storage gallery, backfilling of the gallery, through to the definitive closure of the centre. Each step taken makes reversal a little more difficult and expensive.
3580:
3641:
3508:
3689:
3677:
3568:
3556:
3544:
3532:
3701:
3470:
3653:
3520:
3458:
661:; they must be discussed during the public debate. After the public debate, the Government will present a bill setting out these conditions, leading to a parliamentary debate; Only then can the authorisation to costruct the storage centre be issued. This authorisation will fix the minimum period during which the reversibility of storage must be ensured; and this duration may not be less than one hundred years
669:
646:
179:
762:)), through agreements with Andra, which will constitute a "fund intended to finance the construction, operation, permanent shutdown, maintenance and monitoring of storage or storage facilities for high- or intermediate-level long-lived waste". For a new nuclear reactor over its entire operating life, this cost represents in the order of 1 to 2% of the total cost of electricity production.
1092:
stressed the importance of in-depth consultation on the rehabilitation of the Nançois-Tronville-Gondrecourt railway line. In
February 2021, the General Secretariat for Investment published a favourable opinion on the Cigéo project, highlighting the "strong prudential and insurance value" of the project, while pointing out the "significant and serious risk of cost drift".
839:
The high discount (5% and/or 3%) for long-term charges allows operators to set aside only €5 billion for the Cigeo project, whereas this project is expected to cost at least seven times more. If the cost is under-estimated or the return on investments over-estimated, the fund would be insufficient to cover the cost.
900:
high-level and long-lived radioactive waste". In particular, the CNE recommends "reversible disposal in deep geological situations" which represents the "reference route" for the definitive management of final waste. It also proposes the continuation of research in the underground laboratory located in Bure.
1103:
for the Cigéo project was published by decree. This DUP will allow the urban planning documents to be brought into compliance and the acquisition by the
National Agency for the Management of Radioactive Waste (Andra) of the necessary land by expropriation. The decree specifies that the expropriations
916:
The public debate was opened on 15 May 2013 by the
National Commission for Public Debate, with 15 public meetings announced (they will take place from 15 May to 15 October 2013 with "interventions by various experts on the subject"). They were to be organised by the Special Committee on Public Debate
899:
In
January 2006, the National Commission for the Evaluation of Research on the Management of Radioactive Waste (CNE), created by the 1991 law, published a global report on the results of 15 years of work in preparation for a future bill "authorising, if necessary, the creation of a storage centre for
875:
This law provides that, at the end of a period which may not exceed fifteen years, the government will submit to parliament a global report evaluating this research, accompanied by a draft law authorizing, if necessary, the creation of a storage centre for high-level and long-lived radioactive waste.
842:
This objection is based on the ability of financial investments to perform over the long term. However, the discount rate used by waste producers is not in fact fixed, but is itself constrained: "it cannot exceed the rate of return, as expected with a high degree of confidence, of the hedging assets,
777:
After the public debate on the project (end of 2013), Andra announced that it wanted to start operating the storage in 2025, with a "pilot industrial phase" "of 5 to 10 years" preceding a long phase of current operation. On this occasion, it announced that it would submit a safety options file to ASN
348:
Safety performance of a geological disposal site is dependant, among other factors, on the characteristics of the host rock. The geological layer planned for the location of the wastes is the "Callovo-Oxfordian". It consists of a layer of clay rock, about 160 million years old, situated at a depth of
1012:
On 23 May and again on 18 June, opponents of the project prevented the debates from taking place, believing that decisions had already been taken. The chairman of the
Committee for the Debate on this project, Claude Bernet, suspended the session after a quarter of an hour, to the regret of the CNDP,
838:
One difficulty raised by opponents of the project is that, as a result of the discounting, the provisions for charges made by waste producers therefore only very partially cover what the future costs of the storage centre will be, with the balance to be made up by the expected return on investments.
817:
on bituminous waste, which represent 16% of the volumes and 18% by number of the packages that Andra plans to store, which would present fire risks. Two solutions are therefore available to Andra with respect to bituminous wastes: treat them to make them inert, for example by a pyrolysis process, or
696:
the concept of the Cigéo project is flexible and evolutionary. If necessary, it could accept untreated spent fuel. The first packages to reach the site will be LL-ILW; the question of the final sealing or not of the first cell arises around 2045. And the storage of the first vitrified packages of HA
688:
These devices and their maintenance obviously have a cost, all the more important as the requirements for reversibility will be onerous. The question of financing this reversibility is part of the global reflection of intergenerational responsibility. The option taken by the actors of the project is
621:
The disposal of wastes from future nuclear installations at Cigéo would be possible, provided they are compatible with the site authorisation (in terms of volume, nature and level of activity. If the inventory to be taken into account exceeds the Cigéo's authorised limits, these should be changed by
895:
From 1999 to 2004, the Bure underground laboratory was built. In 2005, Andra published the "Argile 2005" (Clay 2005) dossier, which took stock of 15 years of research supplemented by experiments carried out in the underground laboratory, and concluded that it was feasible in principle for the waste
730:
In 2009, Andra sent producers a new design dossier and a new estimate (known as "SI 2009") of the cost of deep storage, then estimated at €33.8 billion in 2008 Euros (€35.9 billion in 2010 Euros). The 2009 file includes an increase in the inventory to be stored, and technical developments to better
664:
The notion of « reversibility » is relative: it depends on the containers retaining their integrity and the stores being left accessible, but also on the price one is willing to pay for a retrieval operation. Containers which have been placed hundreds of metres below ground and left there
493:
Having entered the pre-industrial phase in 2011, the Cigéo project could accept its first waste packages in 2025, after a series of stages and a calendar defined by law. It is planned to operate Cigéo for at least 100 years. The underground disposal tunnels will be constructed progressively, as and
252:
of 300–500 metres in vaults dug out in a geological layer that is stable, dense and as impervious as possible (e.g. granite, volcanic tuff, or clay, as is envisaged in France). The hazard of the wastes diminishes as their radioactivity decays; the activity of the majority of these wastes will reach
251:
to reduce, the principal challenge residing in the capacity of the facility to contain the radionuclides for a sufficiently long time by menas of different barriers placed between the waste and ecosystems on the surface. One of the options currently retained consists of storing the waste at a depth
2163:
Avis no 2011-AV-129 du 26 juillet 2011 de l'ASN sur le dossier relatif au stockage réversible profond des déchets de haute et moyenne activité à vie longue déposé par l'Andra conformément à l'article 11 du décret no. 2008-357 du 16 avril 2008 [ASN Opinion no. 2011-AV-129 of 26 July 2011 on the
1064:
The protests, moreover, sometimes took a violent turn (attempt to set fire to the hotel-restaurant located near the
Laboratory, damage to the Court of Bar-le-Duc, threats against parliamentarians and journalists), which led the judiciary to open an investigation into several anti-nuclear activists
734:
In 2013, Andra had to make a new estimate. On the basis of the technical outline refined by Andra at the beginning of 2013, and after an initial optimisation exercise, the estimate amounted to €28 billion (in 2013 Euros) at the end of 2013, excluding research, insurance and tax expenditure, i.e. a
397:
has revealed excellent containment properties: stable for at least 100 million years, homogenous over several hundred km, the region has very low permeability and is resistant to groundwater flow (the principal cause of degradation of waste containers and dispersion of radionuclides), and the clay
986:
For the director of Andra, "the decision to create a storage site in Meuse and Haute-Marne has not yet been taken. On the one hand, it will require the green light from the French
Nuclear Safety Authority (ASN). On the other hand, both departments have agreed to the underground laboratory, but
738:
In
November 2013, Andra stated during a public debate that this re-evaluation would not be submitted to the government until 2014. After collecting the comments of waste producers and the opinion of the Nuclear Safety Authority, the Minister responsible for energy must adopt the assessment of the
505:
the possibility of modifying or adjusting to disposal process, for example by removal of the stored packages if another "mode of management" is planned or if the safety of the site is called into question. It is not, however, planned to make financial provision to cover some or all of the cost of
456:
Andra's work has permitted to show evidence that the properties of the
Callovo-Oxfordian argilites will strongly reduce the mobility of actinides and thus the activity flux out of the host rock formation, by confining them in the near field. The ASN nevertheless underlined the necessity of taking
123:
The principle of geological disposal was put into French law in 2006. After a, which took place in 2013, the commission concluded that it was not urgent to begin disposal and the timescale for implementation envisaged at the time should be revised. The law defines in parallel alternative disposal
1020:
A poll of residents of Meuse and Haute-Marne showed that 83% of them were in favour of opponents of the project participating in the public debate, but 68% agree with the statement that "the debate will be useless, as the conclusions are known in advance", while considering the debate useful to
931:
Before mid-December, the CPDP will publish a report of the debates "and the CNDP (National
Commission for Public Debate) will draw up the report. Andra will then have three months to indicate, by means of a reasoned act, the follow-up it intends to give to its project in the light of the lessons
713:
Evaluation of the total cost of Cigéo must take into account all the costs of storage over more than 100 years: studies, construction of the first structures (surface buildings, shafts, declines (sloped tunnels)), operation (staff, maintenance, energy...), the gradual construction of underground
808:
ASN also insists on knowing Andra's subcontracting policy and on seeing in the file an initial draft of the notice provided for in paragraph II Article 8 of the Decree of 2 November 2007 presenting Andra's technical capabilities for the construction and operation of this facility as defined in
583:
The inventory considered by Andra for the conception of the Cigéo project only takes into account nuclear installations that were authorised (or were on the point of being authorised) on 31 December 2010, for a projected operational period of 50 years. However, for waste coming from the current
2266:
Réversibilité des décisions et récupérabilité des déchets radioactifs, éléments de réflexion pour les programmes nationaux de stockage géologique publié par l'Agence pour l'énergie nucléaire de l'OCDE (AEN) dans le cadre du projet international "Reversibility and Retrievability" mené de 2007 à
2179:
Avis no 2013-AV-0179 de l'Autorité de sûreté nucléaire du 16 mai 2013 sur les documents produits par l'Andra depuis 2009 relatifs au projet de stockage de déchets radioactifs en couche géologique profonde [Opinion No 2013-AV-0179 of the French Nuclear Safety Authority of 16 May 2013 on the
1091:
The public inquiry file was filed on August 3, 2020. On 13 January 2021, the Environmental Authority issued its opinion, in which it recommended the presentation of a detailed programme of additional risk management and monitoring studies, while the National Commission for Public Debate (CNDP)
803:
Waste recoverability requirement "for a specified period of time", addressing common problems of difficulty in the accessibility of waste packages (including after closure of storage cells and access galleries, or in case of loss of integrity of containment of waste containers, and taking into
791:
clear presentation of the objectives, concepts and principles chosen for safety (in operation and in the long term, and at all phases of the life of the installation: design, construction, operation, shutdown, dismantling or closure, maintenance and monitoring, as applicable depending on the
1095:
As the public inquiry file was updated to reflect these recommendations, the inquiry was launched on 9 August 2021 and ran from 15 September to 23 October. On 20 December, the investigating commissioners gave an opinion "unreservedly" in favour of the declaration of public utility and the
1024:
However, Andra declared that "there is no statutory instrument that says that the debate must take the form of public meetings. The National Commission for Public Debate (CNDP) has just proposed alternative solutions, such as adversarial forums on the Internet or a citizens' conference."
960:
The French Nuclear Safety Authority (ASN) monitors the project's compliance with regulatory requirements (radiation protection and safety). It relies on the scientific and technical expertise of the Institute for Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) and on Permanent Groups of
947:
From 2015 to 2018: examination of this request by the competent authorities and collection of opinions from local authorities; Law on the Conditions of Reversibility of Storage; opening of a public inquiry; based on the results of the previous steps, permission to carry out
884:
In 1992, a call for applications was launched for the choice of departments to host underground laboratories. Thirty applications were received from 11 departments. At the end of 1993, four departments were selected by the government: Gard, Vienne, Meuse and Haute-Marne.
812:
ASN's opinion on the safety options case, published on 15 January 2018, confirms the analysis of its technical expert, judging that the project has reached "satisfactory technological maturity". However, it takes up the concerns expressed in the summer of 2017 by the
2665:(18 février 2013). Delphine Batho continuera par la suite à défendre la solution du stockage géologique à grande profondeur (« C'est un constat, les déchets existent déjà et il n'y a pas à ce jour de solution meilleure que le stockage en couche profonde »,
1107:
On 17 January 2023, Andra submitted the application for authorisation to create the Cigéo site to the Ministry of Energy Transition. The Nuclear Safety Authority has five years to examine the file and decide whether or not to authorise the creation of the site.
846:
The State has decided not to cover the CEA's expenses from its own assets, but will ensure its financing through the budget; For operators whose costs are mainly long-term, the deadline for complying with this coverage rule has been extended from 2011 to 2014.
676:
Reversibility must be taken into account in the design of the facility: which must facilitate the safe recovery of waste packages, despite the depth, for as long as the facility is not fully closed. To make this recovery possible "in complete safety":
860:
The Law of 30 December 1991 on research into the management of radioactive waste organises, over a period of 15 years, research on the management of high-level and long-lived radioactive waste and work according to three families of possible methods:
1569:« La zone de transposition est la zone au sein de laquelle la couche du Callovo-Oxfordien présente des propriétés physiques et chimiques similaires à celles observées au niveau du laboratoire souterrain de recherche. Sa superficie est d'environ
452:
The goal of the Meuse/Haute Marne Underground Research Laboratory was the study of the clay layer, with a view to determining if its characteristics are consistent with the safety objectives of a disposal facility located in the transposition zone.
329:(EHESS), Andra has had to retreat little by little from attempting to produce a formal proof of the absolute safety of disposal to instead presenting a body of arguments demonstrating that the evolution of Cigéo is controlled in the very long-term.
1864:
1017:(HCTISN) announced that it deplored "these obstacles to the proper conduct of public meetings of the debate, which debate is organized precisely within the framework of the laws of the Republic in order to guarantee a real exercise of democracy."
826:
In accordance with the 2006 law on radioactive wastes, producers are legally obliged to evaluate the long term costs posed by their wastes and to set aside funds to meet those costs. These expenses are not accounted for in "gross value", but are
983:, went to Bure to visit the underground laboratory. On 6 February, she validated the dossier prepared by Andra to present the project during the public debate, which was to be held from 15 May to 31 July and from 31 August to 15 October 2013.
1028:
On 12 February 2014, the President of the CNDP, Christian Leyrit, proposed to mark out the creation of the industrial centre for the geological disposal of nuclear waste (Cigéo) by starting with a "significant stage" of "pilot storage".
778:
in 2015, prior to the application for authorisation to construct. This file will include "documents relating to technical recoverability options, draft preliminary package acceptance specifications and a master plan for operations".
1857:
2824:
956:
The National Evaluation Commission (CNE) carries out a scientific and technical control to ensure the technical feasibility and performance of the storage method. It reports annually on this control to Parliament and the
3203:
2990:
726:
In 2003, Andra published a first estimate of the cost, based on technical concepts from 2002. Several scenarios were selected, with costs ranging from €15.9 billion to €55 billion depending on the reprocessing options
714:
structures, then their closure, their monitoring, etc. Part of these costs/investments will be the salaries of the workforce employed in the digging, construction and storage work, who, according to Andra, will number
514:
Cigéo was conceived for the disposal of high-level waste, and long-lived intermediate-level (LL-ILW) waste which could not be disposed of in surface or near-surface disposal facilities for reasons of nuclear safety or
2088:
relatif au coût objectif afférent à la mise en œuvre des solutions de gestion à long terme des déchets radioactifs de haute activité et de moyenne activité à vie longue. JORF No. 0014 du 17 janvier 2016. Article
773:
ASN published a safety guide for final geological disposal of radioactive waste in 2008 and issued several opinions on the file before the 2013 public inquiry (whose conclusions were issued at the beginning of 2014).
1044:
On 8 November 2017, at the request of Andra, the CNDP announced the appointment of two guarantors who would support it in the process of informing and involving civil society in the project (Pierre Guinot-Delery and
629:, with an increase in the volume expected in the case of early closure of some power stations. The opponents of the project in the public debate in 2013 demanded the adjournment of debate until after the law on the
1049:). Given the complexity of the case and the resignation of one of the two guarantors, the CNDP decided on 6 June 2018 to appoint three guarantors (Jean-Michel Stievenard, Marie-Line Meaux and Jean-Daniel Vazelle)
3231:
485:
should enable the waste packages to be taken underground or returned to the surface. The design and eventual construction, maintenance and operation of the funicular have been entrusted to the Grenoble-based
3176:
Décision n° 2021/3/SNCF CIGEO (55)/1 du 13 janvier 2021 relative au projet de réhabilitation de la ligne ferroviaire Nançois-Tronville-Gondrecourt-le-Château visant à faciliter la desserte du projet Cigéo
2004:
3412:
2654:
653:
In order to allow future generations the possibility of revisiting the choice for disposal, the law on the radioactive waste programme states that disposal shall be reversible, as a means of precaution.
283:
being very weak in the impermeable region, only certain mobile radionuclides are able to migrate over a period of tens of millennia, potentially reaching the surface only in extremely small quantities.
1041:(constitutional council) censured the inclusion in the Macron law of an article on reversibility. This was finally included in the law setting the framework for the Cigéo project adopted in July 2016.
3681:
3187:
1337:
2164:
dossier relating to reversible deep storage of long-live high- and intermediate- level waste submitted by Andra in accordance with Article 11 of Decree No. 2008-357 of 16 April 2008] (Report).
279:, the radiological impact on people and ecosystems should be evaluated equally in the short or very long term. Underground storage allows the containment of radioactivity over the very long term:
1642:
1065:
who had come to settle in Bure and neighbouring villages for criminal association. To this end, it uses criminal analysis methods. Telephone tapping carried out in this context is presented by
157:
Since 1996, the project has provoked controversies concerning the financing, the reversibility of the process, uncertainties regarding the capability to guarantee containment of the waste for
264:
3584:
800:
the requirement for the adaptability of the installation (so that uses can be reallocated at the time of construction or operation, in order to be able to develop the installations), and
3215:
1854:
1293:
1466:
2194:
Délibération du conseil d'administration de l'Agence nationale pour la gestion des déchets radioactifs du 5 mai 2014 relative aux suites à donner au débat public sur le projet Cigéo
2133:
2672:, 3 mai 2018). Ses successeurs au ministère suivront la même ligne, tel François de Rugy qui qualifie le stockage en grande profondeur de « solution sûre » (interview au
1104:
of land necessary for the realization of the project will be "carried out before 31 December 2037", and those "concerning only the subterranean no later than 31 December 2050".
610:, retreatment, which produces 5 types of wastes (minor actinides, plutonium, spent MOX, reprocessing uranium and spent uranium fuel), should be stopped, storage conditions at the
2724:
2610:
2971:
Plusieurs habitants de la commune demandent au tribunal de grande instance de Bar-le-Duc l'annulation de cette seconde délibération, mais leur demande est jugée irrecevable (
2579:
1972:
2509:
2499:
2369:
Gouverner par le temps. La gestion des déchets radioactifs en France, entre changements organisationnels et construction de solutions techniques irréversibles (1950–2014)
979:
At the beginning of 2013, the National Commission for Public Debate (CNDP) prepared the debate on the storage site project. On 4 February 2013, the Minister of Ecology,
474:
The planned facility is composed of surface facilities, notably for receipt and preparation of waste packages or support services for excavation and construction works.
3657:
1840:
Le stockage en couche géologique profonde de déchets radioactifs est le stockage de ces substances dans une installation souterraine spécialement aménagée à cet effet,
1117:
941:
58:
681:
containers and storage facilities must be so constructed as to be durable for at least the entire life of the storage facility, to allow easy access to waste packages;
2777:
L'opinion des habitants de la Meuse et de la Haute-Marne sur le débat public concernant le centre industriel de stockage profond de déchets radioactifs (CIGEO) à Bure
1341:
1277:
923:
collect opinions on the objectives, modalities, characteristics and impacts of Cigéo according to the actors and people wishing to express themselves on this subject;
814:
276:
2276:
1893:
3066:
2375:
Governing through time : management of radioactive waste in France, organizational changes and the construction of irreversible technical solutions (1950–2014)
831:: dedicated assets are invested and earn financial interest. If, for example, the interest rate is 3.04%, a euro invested today will theoretically yield 1.0304^100=
1046:
967:
Finally, Parliament is monitoring the progress of the project through the Parliamentary Office for the Evaluation of Scientific and Technological Options (OPECST).
751:
2016:
526:
The wastes are conditioned in "parcels" by their producer before being placed in a disposal container. The estimated volumes of wastes for disposal at Cigéo are:
2950:
2113:, or nuclear installation, is a French regulatory denomination for a fixed nuclear facility (as opposed to a mobile facility such as a naval propulsion reactor).
2209:
2205:
61:
is the French national radioactive waste management agency and is responsible for delivery of Cigéo. After more than thirty years of research, including at the
3419:
1949:
3272:
3256:
2866:
584:
operation of the fleet of nuclear power stations, Andra's reference inventory assumes that all spent fuels will ultimately be completely recycled (including
1715:
The Cigéo industrial geological repository project. In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management
735:
substantially identical amount at constant perimeter. Optimisation avenues still need to be investigated between Andra and producers to refine this costing.
3268:
417:
for monitored workers, which is a quarter of the current regulatory limit. For long term, the objective is that the committed dose must remain lower than
2797:
1370:
268:
154:, president of the Haute-Marne departmental council, and the Meuse group is presided over by Jérôme Dumont, president of the Meuse departmental council.
3370:
3103:(29 avril 2020), 29 personnes et lieux ont été mis sur écoutes, 27 ordinateurs et 25 portables saisis et 37 pages d'écoutes téléphoniques retranscrites.
2893:
3347:[Reversibility of decisions and recoverability of radioactive wastes – Food for thought for national geological disposal programmes] (Report).
2838:
1639:
964:
a local information and monitoring committee (CLIS) has the role of reviewing information and consultation processes in general about the storage site.
326:
2073:
1220:
3705:
3462:
3081:
2758:
1133:
684:
the automated devices designed to place waste containers in storage facilities must be equally durable but also capable of removing these containers.
62:
1491:
490:, a specialist in cable lifts, for a cost of 68 M€ and with a potential start of operations in 2025 (if the facility is constructed by that point).
3252:
2635:
2056:
1577:
247:(whether fission products, actinides or activation products) consists of isolating them in places inaccessible to humans for long enough for their
3345:
Réversibilité des décisions et récupérabilité des déchets radioactifs – Éléments de réflexion pour les programmes nationaux de stockage géologique
1492:"Avis délibéré de l'Autorité environnementale concernant le cadrage préalable du projet Cigéo, Avis délibéré No. Ae 2013-62 / No. CGEDD 009060-01"
689:
for current generations to finance the laboratory, construction, operation and closure of Cigéo, since only they have chosen this storage method.
601:
1468:
Enfouir des déchets nucléaires dans un monde conflictuel. Une histoire de la démonstration de sûreté de projets de stockage géologique en France
1423:
Curtis, David; Benjamin, Timothy; Gancarz, Alexander; Loss, Robert; Rosman, Kevin; DeLaeter, John; Delmore, James E.; Maeck, William J. (1989).
1323:
Altération pluriséculaire des systèmes verre/fer en milieu anoxique : apport des analogues archéologiques à la compréhension des mécanismes
3633:
3321:
Critical Review of Andra's Program of Research Conducted in the Underground Laboratory at Bure and in the Transposition Zone to Define the ZIRA
2180:
documents produced by Andra since 2009 relating to the project for the disposal of radioactive waste in a deep geological layer] (Report).
1664:
781:
On 20 January 2015, ASN replied to Andra by informing it by letter of 19 December 2014 of its expectations regarding the safety options case:
345:
The region proposed by Andra for the location of Cigéo is in the East of France, at the boundary of the departments of Meuse and Haute-Marne.
1923:
1077:
as part of an "inordinate intelligence machine on the anti-nuclear movement", the cost of which is estimated to be around one million euros.
742:
In January 2016, the cost was officially set at 25 billion euros by the Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development, in charge of energy.
2651:
1876:
1762:
1086:
2738:
1803:
1067:
672:
Model of a storage container for LL-HLW (1). Ceramic skates (3) are indicated. These are designed to facilitate possible future extraction.
606:
2919:
1128:
2666:
3754:
3311:
3051:
2779:
2711:
318:, where non-volatile fission products have only migrated some centimetres in nearly 2 billion years, was used in preparatory works for
125:
3114:
1246:
1013:
which noted that "many participants had been deprived of their rights to information and expression on the project." Similarly, the
868:
reversible or irreversible storage in deep geological formations, in particular through the construction of underground laboratories;
3319:
Daemen, Prof. Jaak; Danko, Prof. George; Jentzsch, Prof. Gerhard; Kalinina, Elena; Makhijani, Arjun; Wahi, Krishan (9 March 2011).
3163:
3139:
2426:
Dossier 2005 Argile – Les recherches de l'Andra sur le stockage géologique des déchets radioactifs à haute activité et à vie longue
2303:
1769:
1611:
1143:
971:
The application for authorisation to create Cigéo, which was due to be sent to ASN in 2018, was postponed in 2017 until mid-2019.
3608:
2576:
1168:
319:
187:
1980:
1557:
457:
into account the residual uncertainties regarding the homogeneity of the clay layer. These uncertainties have been cited by the
3572:
2686:
2513:
2181:
2165:
2141:
1650:
1100:
917:(CPDP). During this time, the public were also be able to express themselves via a "participatory website". This debate shall:
634:
481:, in a layer of clay rock which should be impermeable and have properties which support confinement over the very long term. A
147:
66:
3013:
3749:
3405:
3352:
3284:
2676:, 13 mars 2021) ou Barbara Pompili qui qualifie Cigéo de nécessaire lors la réunion du Comité de haut niveau le 16 mars 2021.
1727:
889:
3693:
3512:
2557:
2109:
3744:
2535:
143:. Social acceptability is one of the major parameters of the project – one billion Euros have been spent to this effect.
3320:
3717:
271:(ICRP)), the effect is negligible for doses at similar levels to natural background radiation (on the order of a micro-
2253:
1692:
995:
On 15 May 2013, around 40 organisations called for a boycott of the debate, in particular many local groups including
3204:
Déchets nucléaires : avis favorable sur la déclaration d'utilité publique du projet Cigéo d'enfouissement à Bure
3034:
2039:
On the same basis, Andra's 2009 estimate would increase to €29,6 billion in 2013 Euros, and the 2005 estimate by the
1305:
1247:"Un milliard d'euros ont été dépensés pour rendre " socialement acceptable " l'enfouissement de déchets nucléaires"
1038:
1411:Étude d'analogues archéologiques pour la validation des modèles de comportement à long terme des verres nucléaires
3450:
835:
after a century, which makes it possible to balance an expenditure twenty times higher in a hundred years' time.
785:
full coverage of the site, including all installations (surface, underground and surface-underground connections)
770:
In France, any entity planning to establish or operate a nuclear installation must file a "Safety Options Case".
311:
2437:
Dossier 2005 Argile - Synthèse : Evaluation de la faisabilité du stockage géologique en formation argileuse
1520:
Dossier 2005 Argile - Synthèse : Evaluation de la faisabilité du stockage géologique en formation argileuse
1005:
306:
Nevertheless, for the evaluation of performance of geological disposal, migration models do not take credit for
295:
process used to immobilise HLW should by itself be capable of assuring containment of radioactive materials for
3474:
2134:
Guide de sûreté de l'ASN relatif au stockage définitif des déchets radioactifs en formation géologique profonde
1798:
615:
1367:
3378:
1763:"Rapport préalable au débat public sur le projet de stockage géologique profond de déchets radioactifs Cigéo"
3232:
Déchets radioactifs : le projet hors norme d'enfouissement arrive sur la table du gendarme du nucléaire
2293:
Décret No. 2007-243 du 23 février 2007 relatif à la sécurisation du financement des charges nucléaires.
2085:
2894:"Projet Cigéo : la Commission nationale du débat public nomme deux garants jusqu'à l'enquête publique"
2234:
31:
2755:
501:
The law requires that the waste disposal will be reversible for a minimum of 100 years. in order to allow
3759:
3596:
3175:
2292:
1834:
1138:
458:
2053:
1586:
809:
Article 2.1.1 of the Decree of 7 February 2012, and lists other requirements in an annex to the letter.
263:
are poorly quantified for low doses, but according to the international authorities on radioprotection (
3739:
3428:
2304:
LOI No. 91-1381 du 30 décembre 1991 relative aux recherches sur la gestion des déchets radioactifs
637:
recommended, because of these uncertainties, that these "expansion hypotheses" are taken into account.
200:
with very high levels of radioactivity and lifetimes in the tens of millennia. Additionally, there are
191:
1453:
165:, the volume of waste requiring disposal, and whether the public debate has been genuine or illusory.
3086:, 20 mars 2018 ; « Députée menacée de mort : sept mois de prison avec sursis »,
2481:
Dossier 2005 Granite - Synthèse : Intérêt des formations granitiques pour le stockage géologique
1178:
920:
inform the public about Cigéo, its industrial design, safety, reversibility, location and monitoring;
441:, which are both soluble); while staying significantly under the objective the dose would be higher (
2136:[ASN Safety Guide on the final disposal of radioactive waste in deep geological formations]
1544:
3499:
477:
It is envisaged that the wastes will be placed in underground stores situated at a depth of around
3301:
2975:, édition de Bar-le-Duc, 22 novembre 2019). Cette décision est confirmée en appel le 10 mai 2021 (
2839:"Enfouissement des déchets radioactifs : l'Assemblée fixe les modalités de création de Cigéo"
908:
The 2006 law stipulated that the decision whether or not to authorise Cigéo would be preceded by:
2798:"Déchets nucléaires : le débat public sur Cigéo conclut à la nécessité d'un stockage pilote"
1773:
1322:
47:
43:
2871:
1585:. Les Rapports (in French). Châtenay-Malabry: Andra. December 2005. p. XXIV. Archived from
1424:
72:
The Cigéo project is planned for a site several kilometres to the north, at the boundary of the
3336:, prepared for The Local Committee for Information and Monitoring of the Bure Laboratory (CLIS)
2927:
2210: : l'ASN fait part à l'ANDRA de ses attentes sur le contenu du dossier d'options de sûreté
2015:(Communication to the Commission of Inquiry of the National Assembly). May 2014. Archived from
600:
but would rather be a waste) would add to the inventory to be taken into account. According to
139:
Euros. The financing, theoretically the responsibility of waste producers, rests partly on the
3340:
1338:
La gestion des déchets radioactifs : Le stockage en couche géologique profonde en France
896:
to be stored in a geological clay layer, subject to a certain amount of additional research.
622:
a modification of the authorisation, the procedure for which would include a public inquiry.
519:. For high-level wastes, the dose rate at 1 metre from an unshielded package can be multiple
73:
2776:
2396:
3764:
2480:
2469:
2458:
2447:
2436:
2425:
1518:
1398:
1000:
516:
253:
229:
51:
3276:
818:
modify the design of Cigéo to avoid a chain reaction in the event of a fire in a package.
124:
routes: long-term storage of radioactive waste, pending final disposal; or separation and
8:
3188:
Nucléaire : à Bure, le projet de stockage des déchets nucléaires avance à petits pas
2867:"Déchets nucléaires – Bure-Cigéo : les députés adoptent la loi sur la réversibilité"
2360:
1919:
1199:
987:
they have not yet said 'yes' to the storage centre, and we are perfectly aware of this."
702:
589:
3548:
3235:
3219:
3191:
2504:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2280:
1665:"Une étude géologique remet en cause le projet Cigéo de stockage de déchets nucléaires"
1173:
1058:
502:
93:
85:
77:
1837:
regarding the programme for long-term management of radioactive wastes and materials:
865:
separation and transmutation of long-lived radioactive elements present in this waste;
310:
confinement (the containers); only the natural rock is considered. The example of the
30:", or "Industrial Centre for Geological Disposal") is a French project to construct a
3348:
3280:
2705:
2611:"Déchets radioactifs : " Le projet de Bure va se poursuivre sans coup d'arrêt ""
2378:
1622:
1440:
1123:
630:
482:
378:
337:
140:
35:
2690:
2352:
1436:
1399:
The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection
626:
597:
280:
244:
197:
39:
3216:
Le projet d'enfouissement de déchets nucléaires à Bure franchit une étape décisive
421:
for the most affected reference group. Modelled estimates of the dose peak at the
405:
During operation of the facility, Andra is aiming at a maximum acceptable dose of
2783:
2762:
2658:
2583:
2060:
1861:
1646:
1374:
151:
69:, the French nuclear safety authority, for permission to construct the facility.
2739:« Des opposants au projet Cigéo font capoter le premier débat public »
2366:
2007:[The cost of the production of electronuclear electricity, 2014 update]
385:) possess physico-chemical characteristics which tend to limit the migration of
3664:
3397:
3115:"1/3 - La justice a massivement surveillé les militants antinucléaires de Bure"
2332:
1501:. Conseil général de l'environnement et du développement durable. 24 July 2013.
1387:
Recommandations 2007 de la Commission Internationale de Protection Radiologique
980:
204:
that are less radioactive but have lifetimes in the millions of years, such as
101:
2539:
2382:
1653:
du 4 juillet 2013, sur la transmutation des éléments radioactifs à vie longue.
3733:
3712:
3603:
3591:
3140:"2/3 - L'État a dépensé un million d'euros contre les antinucléaires de Bure"
3065:« Le tribunal de Bar-le-Duc dégradé par des militants anti-Bure »,
3014:"L'action du gouvernement à Bure est-elle légale ? Rien n'est moins sûr"
2005:"Le coût de production de l'électricité électronucléaire, actualisation 2014"
1626:
611:
292:
248:
205:
97:
3326:(Report). Institute for Research on Energy and Environmental Research (IEER)
3164:
Avis délibéré de l'Autorité environnementale sur le centre de stockage Cigéo
2459:
Dossier 2005 Argile – Tome Evolution phénoménologique du stockage géologique
821:
3536:
1386:
1368:
http://www.debatpublic-cigeo.org/espaces-expression/questions-reponses.html
1015:
Haut comité pour la transparence et l'information sur la sécurité nucléaire
708:
386:
120:
of long-lived HLW and intermediate-level waste (ILW) – in a layer of clay.
1080:
445:) in the case of hypothetical disposal of "CU1" and "CU2" spent fuel from
3579:
3560:
3344:
2951:"Le projet de stockage de déchets radioactifs à Bure gelé par la justice"
2448:
Dossier 2005 Argile – Tome Architecture et gestion du stockage géologique
2340:
2254:
Cigéo : l'ASN fixe les grandes lignes du dossier d'options de sûreté
828:
438:
354:
260:
217:
89:
81:
3265:
One hundred thousand years. Bure, or the buried scandal of nuclear waste
2652:« Déchets nucléaires : débat sur le stockage géologique »
2561:, CEA / Actualités ; publié le 15 mai 2013, consulté le 15 mai 2013
952:
The solutions proposed by Andra will be subject to independent control:
2825:"Décision n° 2015-715 DC du 5 août 2015 | Conseil constitutionnel"
2307:
795:
reversibility (in the broad sense of the OECD), with dual requirements;
434:
213:
2470:
Dossier 2005 Argile – Tome Evaluation de sûreté du stockage géologique
1278:
Quels sont les enjeux du stockage des déchets nucléaires à Bure ?
871:
processes for conditioning and long-term surface storage of the waste.
765:
265:
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation
1950:"Stockage des déchets nucléaires : le débat s'annonce difficile"
1073:
593:
374:
315:
237:
209:
129:
128:
of nuclear wastes into radioisotopes with weaker activity or shorter
2356:
2122:
article 6 du décret « procédures INB » du 2 novembre 2007,
1456:, U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, March 2006.
1410:
1052:
1281:
614:
should be rediscussed and the project for a spent MOX fuel pool at
399:
382:
362:
288:
212:
of 2.1 million years, fission products with lower activity such as
201:
136:
3251:
3080:« Des activistes anti-Bure menacent des journalistes »,
2538:. Commission Particulière du débat public de Cigéo. Archived from
287:
Two doctoral theses in 2008 and 2011 on archeological glasses and
3688:
3676:
3640:
3567:
3555:
3543:
3531:
3507:
3261:
Cent mille ans. Bure ou le scandale enfoui des déchets nucléaires
3050:« Le restaurant Le Bindeuil près de l'ANDRA saccagé »,
1952:[Storage of nuclear wastes: the debate looks difficult].
1729:
Un funiculaire souterrain pour transporter les déchets nucléaires
520:
408:
272:
233:
216:(half-life of 16 million years), and activation products such as
23:
1713:
Labalette, T., Harman, A., & Dupuis, M. C. (2011, January).
1425:"Fission product retention in the Oklo natural fission reactors"
59:
Agence nationale pour la gestion des déchets radioactifs (Andra)
3700:
3652:
3645:
3628:
3519:
3494:
3469:
3457:
3445:
2320:
815:
Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN)
731:
take into account the requirements of safety and reversibility.
370:
16:
French project of deep geological disposal of radioactive waste
3310:[Cigéo information and resources Centre] (in French).
2991:"Bure : les occupants du bois Lejuc évacués par la force"
2277:
Déchets radioactifs : le « oui, mais » de l'ASN
1926:[An interview in EURACTIV Slovakia in November 2019].
1867:, Andra, Colloque interdisciplinaire Réversibilité, juin 2009.
1799:"Déchets nucléaires : il faut que l'État cesse de mentir"
1717:(p. 1069-1075). American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
112:. It is intended to site the waste – comprising approximately
3669:
3307:
2988:
2661:, sur le blog de Sylvestre Huet, journaliste scientifique de
2328:
2043:(DGEMP) would increase to close to €20 billion in 2013 Euros.
759:
755:
668:
645:
275:
per hour, or 5mSv/year). On the other hand, according to the
178:
150:
have been created. The Haute-Marne group is presided over by
109:
105:
2636:« Déchets nucléaires : l'argile à l'épreuve »
938:
Submission of the application for authorisation to construct
746:
The cost will theoretically be financed by waste producers (
325:
According to a 2017 thesis in the history of science at the
182:
Models of standard containers for HLW (right) and ILW (left)
3318:
3137:
3112:
2596:
2500:"Gestion des déchets nucléaires : de nouvelles pistes"
2324:
487:
366:
322:
to show that confinement over such timescales is possible.
135:
The estimated cost of the project varies between 15 and 36
1454:
Yucca Mountain: The Most Studied Real Estate on the Planet
1221:"Déchets nucléaires à Bure : "Tout n'est pas décidé""
168:
2041:
direction générale de l'Énergie et des Matières premières
1422:
888:
In 1998, after geological and public investigations, the
822:
The problem of discounting and the stability of financing
747:
585:
461:
association in justifying its opposition to the project.
446:
2257:
publié par, rubrique Gestion des risques 21 janvier 2015
1118:
Agence nationale pour la gestion des déchets radioactifs
942:
Agence nationale pour la gestion des déchets radioactifs
709:
Cost of deep geological storage and sources of financing
705:, believe that reversibility leads to undue complexity.
1924:"Un entretien dans Euractiv Slovaquie en novembre 2019"
1169:"Application for French repository accepted for review"
1081:
Prior Opinions and Authorisations and Preparatory Works
2377:] (Thesis) (in French). Sciences Po. p. 237.
1200:
http://www.cigéo.com/la-localisation-des-installations
228:). These elements are non-reusable nuclear wastes. In
3339:
1163:
1161:
1159:
596:(which could no longer be considered as a recyclable
2247:
2245:
2243:
2774:Emmanuel Rivière, Laure Salvaing, Guillaume Caline
2510:
Direction de l'information légale et administrative
1896:[Cigéo or the principle of reversibility].
766:
Safety expectations of the Nuclear Safety Authority
625:The volumes to be stocked are closely dependent on
494:when needed. Their footprint will extend to around
269:
International Commission on Radiological Protection
3308:"Centre d'informations et de ressources sur Cigéo"
2989:Rémi Barroux et Pierre Le Hir (22 February 2018).
2064:, Verbatim du débat public, CNDP 13, novembre 2013
1975:[The costs of the electronuclear sector].
1612:"Jusqu'où s'étend la zone de transposition ?"
1156:
332:
327:School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences
3463:Meuse/Haute Marne Underground Research Laboratory
2502:[Nuclear waste management: new avenues].
2240:
1413:, Aurélie Verney-Carron, thèse de doctorat, 2008.
1134:Meuse/Haute Marne Underground Research Laboratory
1053:Intensification of protests and judicial response
879:
398:has an elevated retention capacity (capacity for
63:Meuse/Haute Marne Underground Research Laboratory
3731:
3427:
3391:Dossier presented for the public debate in 2013.
2864:
389:. The clay layer, with a thickness of more than
3138:Marie Barbier; Jade Lindgaard (29 April 2020).
3113:Marie Barbier; Jade Lindgaard (27 April 2020).
2577:Cigéo, the French geological repository project
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
1918:
1662:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1096:compatibility of the urban planning documents.
640:
2571:
2569:
2567:
1855:Le stockage réversible des déchets radioactifs
1687:
1685:
792:sub-assemblies of the installation concerned);
788:Self-supporting structure of the installations
657:The conditions of reversibility are not fixed
361:depth at the site of the Bure laboratory. The
196:The activities of nuclear facilities generate
3413:
3035:« 150 tonnes de détritus évacuées »
2948:
2787:, TNS Sofres, à la demande du CNDP, juin 2013
2558:Ouverture du débat public sur le projet Cigéo
2551:
2549:
2421:The 2005 Dossier comprises multiple volumes:
1741:Article L542-10-1 du code de l'environnement.
1377:Débat public Cigéo - Les questions du public.
464:
3011:
2768:
2219:
2098:Article L542-12-2 du code de l'environnement
1842:dans le respect du principe de réversibilité
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1205:
974:
926:inform the State on the decision to be made.
892:opted to build a single laboratory in Bure.
509:
2920:"Décision de la CNDP de désigner 3 garants"
2587:, Andra, European nuclear conference, 2012.
2564:
1682:
3420:
3406:
3312:Ministry of Ecological Transition (France)
2546:
2131:
1999:
1997:
1973:"Les coûts de la filière électronucléaire"
1967:
1965:
1963:
1894:"Cigéo ou le principe de la réversibilité"
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1563:
1534:Andra Reference Documents: Le dossier 2005
1318:
1316:
1314:
855:
649:Concrete container for disposal of LL-ILW.
243:The strategy for management of long-lived
2251:Collet, Philippe (2015) article intitulé
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1707:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1473:
1392:
1087:Opération d'intérêt national : Cigéo
990:
1942:
1325:, Anne Michelin, Thèse de doctorat, 2011
1273:
1271:
1269:
1202:Cigéo, la localisation des installations
1167:
1144:Long-term nuclear waste warning messages
667:
644:
336:
177:
173:
28:centre industriel de stockage géologique
1994:
1960:
1819:
1633:
1499:www.cgedd.developpement-durable.gouv.fr
1311:
1149:
320:Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository
188:High-level radioactive waste management
169:Storage of long-lived radioactive waste
3732:
3371:"Le dossier de présentation du projet"
3144:Reporterre, le quotidien de l'écologie
3119:Reporterre, le quotidien de l'écologie
2710:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2364:
1744:
1669:Reporterre, le quotidien de l'écologie
1505:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1333:
1331:
903:
697:waste will not take place before 2075.
469:
341:Geological cross-section of Bure site.
38:. It is conceived for the disposal of
3401:
1835:Loi No. 2006-739 du 28 juin 2006
1796:
1663:Quentin Zinzius (10 September 2020).
1516:
1266:
498:after about 100 years of operations.
3302:Andra's Cigéo website (English page)
3206:, France3-régions, 20 décembre 2021.
2110:installation nucléaire de base (INB)
1380:
2608:
2403:. 1992 - 1999 : les fondements
1621:(in French) (31): 10. Spring 2006.
1346:
1328:
1218:
1101:declaration of public utility (DUP)
913:the organisation of a public debate
804:account aging or structural damage.
108:, at the boundary with that of the
13:
2949:Pierre Le Hir (28 February 2017).
1726:Bati actu (2014), Brève intitulée
1306:Les déchets de haute activité (HA)
1294:Les déchets de haute activité (HA)
523:per hour at the time of disposal.
240:, which are potentially reusable.
14:
3776:
3755:Proposed infrastructure in France
3377:(in French). CNDP. Archived from
3368:
3295:
3012:Marie Astier (23 February 2018).
2865:Nicolas GALMICHE (12 July 2016).
2365:Blanck, Julie (19 October 2017).
1797:Kempf, Hervé (16 February 2018).
1558:La gestion des déchets nucléaires
932:learned from the public debate.".
3711:
3699:
3687:
3675:
3663:
3651:
3639:
3627:
3602:
3590:
3578:
3566:
3554:
3542:
3530:
3518:
3506:
3493:
3468:
3456:
3444:
1021:raise the level of information.
618:should likewise be rediscussed.
312:natural nuclear fission reactors
3451:Underground Research Laboratory
3245:
3225:
3209:
3197:
3181:
3169:
3157:
3131:
3106:
3093:
3074:
3059:
3044:
3028:
3005:
2982:
2965:
2942:
2912:
2886:
2858:
2831:
2817:
2790:
2748:
2732:
2718:
2679:
2645:
2629:
2609:Hir, Pierre Le (17 July 2017).
2602:
2590:
2528:
2512:. 14 March 2006. Archived from
2492:
2415:
2389:
2313:
2297:
2286:
2270:
2260:
2197:
2188:
2172:
2156:
2132:P. BODENEZ (12 February 2008).
2125:
2116:
2101:
2092:
2079:
2067:
2046:
2033:
1912:
1886:
1870:
1848:
1790:
1735:
1720:
1656:
1604:
1551:
1537:
1459:
1447:
1416:
1404:
333:Study of Callovo-Oxfordian Clay
1979:. January 2012. Archived from
1299:
1287:
1239:
1219:Hir, Pierre Le (9 July 2013).
1193:
1032:
880:Developments from 1992 to 2005
722:for at least a hundred years.
1:
2926:. 6 June 2018. Archived from
2900:(in French). 10 November 2017
1401:, ICRP Publication 103, 2007.
1389:, Publication CIPR 103, 2009.
1057:From 2016, the Lejuc wood in
999:, the national federation of
256:in roughly a thousand years.
3750:Nuclear technology in France
3429:Deep geological repositories
2184:. 16 May 2013. 2013-AV-0179.
2182:Autorité de sûreté nucléaire
2168:. 26 July 2011. 2011-AV-129.
2166:Autorité de sûreté nucléaire
2142:Autorité de sûreté nucléaire
1651:Autorité de sûreté nucléaire
1545:"Les documents de référence"
1441:10.1016/0883-2927(89)90058-9
641:Reversibility of emplacement
32:geological disposal facility
7:
2235:Courrier de l'ASN à l'ANDRA
1560:, Olivier Méplan, CNRS 2006
1139:France Nature Environnement
1111:
890:Government of Lionel Jospin
701:Some commentators, such as
506:such a reversal operation.
459:France Nature Environnement
65:, Andra applied in 2023 to
10:
3781:
3745:Waste management in France
3166:(page 3), 13 janvier 2021.
2206:Projet « Cigéo »
2076:du code de l'environnement
1640:Avis No. 2013-AV-0187
1129:Radioactive waste disposal
1084:
850:
571:parcels), on the order of
545:parcels), on the order of
465:Description of the project
402:of radioactive elements).
232:, they are separated from
192:Deep geological repository
185:
3618:
3484:
3475:Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory
3435:
2086:Arrêté du 15 janvier 2016
1807:. Reporterre a/s La Ruche
1179:World Nuclear Association
975:Debates and controversies
739:costs and make it public.
538:conditioned HLW (approx.
510:Wastes destined for Cigéo
46:, including during their
44:French nuclear facilities
3500:Deep Geologic Repository
2597:http://www.clis-bure.com
2617:(in French) (1950–6244)
2140:(Report) (0 ed.).
1900:(in French). 2017-10-23
1877:Déchets-radioactifs.com
1039:Conseil constitutionnel
856:Law of 30 December 1991
84:, within the bounds of
3267:]. Illustrated by
3083:Le Républicain Lorrain
3068:Le Républicain Lorrain
2203:Communiqué ASN :
1845:
1772:. 2013. Archived from
1047:Jean-Michel Stievenard
991:Boycott of the debates
699:
673:
650:
342:
183:
148:Public Interest Groups
3341:Nuclear Energy Agency
2319:The departments were
2054:Coûts et financements
1881:Des choix réversibles
1838:
1099:On July 8, 2022, the
694:
671:
648:
340:
186:Further information:
181:
174:Objectives of storage
2756:Communiqué de presse
1429:Applied Geochemistry
1150:Notes and references
1001:Friends of the Earth
616:Belleville-sur-Loire
517:radiation protection
423:0.0008 mSv/year
230:nuclear reprocessing
52:nuclear reprocessing
3485:Disposal facilities
3381:on 18 December 2013
2399:[History].
2310:, 1er janvier 2012.
2237:du 19 décembre 2014
1956:. 11 February 2013.
1920:Jean-Marc Jancovici
1579:Dossier 2005 Argile
1340:, sur le site de l'
1006:Sortir du nucléaire
904:Law of 28 June 2006
703:Jean-Marc Jancovici
590:reprocessed uranium
470:General description
413:for the public and
353:in the East of the
3760:Meuse (department)
3549:Gorleben salt dome
3375:Débat Public Cigéo
3238:, 17 janvier 2023.
3222:, 10 juillet 2022.
2898:Actu-Environnement
2843:Actu-Environnement
2804:. 14 February 2014
2802:Actu-Environnement
2782:2013-07-02 at the
2761:2014-01-13 at the
2657:2016-03-30 at the
2582:2014-01-13 at the
2345:Meurthe-et-Moselle
2283:, 15 janvier 2018.
2059:2014-01-12 at the
1860:2013-05-14 at the
1645:2013-09-28 at the
1601:C.RP.ADP.09.0035.A
1373:2013-07-10 at the
1174:World Nuclear News
1059:Mandres-en-Barrois
1037:In June 2015, the
674:
651:
503:future generations
443:0.02 mSv/year
419:0.25 mSv/year
393:and at a depth of
343:
291:estimate that the
184:
94:Mandres-en-Barrois
42:(HLW) produced by
3740:Radioactive waste
3727:
3726:
3354:978-92-64-99170-5
3286:978-2-02-145982-1
3273:La Revue dessinée
3088:L'Est Républicain
3053:L'Est Républicain
3041:, 28 février 2018
2977:L'Est républicain
2973:L'Est républicain
2872:L'Est Républicain
2765:du 8 juillet 2013
2642:du 4 février 2013
1693:"Le projet Cigéo"
1124:Geology of France
720:2000 persons
633:programme, while
631:energy transition
483:funicular railway
357:(between 420 and
254:background levels
146:Two departmental
141:government budget
36:radioactive waste
3772:
3716:
3715:
3704:
3703:
3692:
3691:
3680:
3679:
3668:
3667:
3656:
3655:
3644:
3643:
3632:
3631:
3607:
3606:
3595:
3594:
3583:
3582:
3571:
3570:
3559:
3558:
3547:
3546:
3535:
3534:
3523:
3522:
3511:
3510:
3498:
3497:
3473:
3472:
3461:
3460:
3449:
3448:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3399:
3398:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3325:
3315:
3290:
3257:Gaspard d'Allens
3239:
3229:
3223:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3110:
3104:
3097:
3091:
3078:
3072:
3063:
3057:
3048:
3042:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3009:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2986:
2980:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2794:
2788:
2772:
2766:
2752:
2746:
2745:, le 27 mai 2013
2736:
2730:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2709:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2689:. Archived from
2683:
2677:
2649:
2643:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2573:
2562:
2553:
2544:
2543:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2516:on 12 April 2006
2496:
2490:
2487:
2486:(Report). Andra.
2485:
2476:
2475:(Report). Andra.
2474:
2465:
2464:(Report). Andra.
2463:
2454:
2453:(Report). Andra.
2452:
2443:
2442:(Report). Andra.
2441:
2432:
2431:(Report). Andra.
2430:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2317:
2311:
2301:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2249:
2238:
2232:
2217:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2139:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2050:
2044:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2013:Cour des comptes
2010:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1977:Cour des comptes
1969:
1958:
1957:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1890:
1884:
1874:
1868:
1852:
1846:
1832:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1778:
1767:
1759:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1724:
1718:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1660:
1654:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1616:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1591:
1584:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1525:
1514:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1488:
1471:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1365:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1320:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1275:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1216:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1165:
834:
721:
717:
598:nuclear material
578:
576:
570:
569:
564:LL-ILW (approx.
563:
561:
552:
550:
544:
543:
537:
535:
497:
480:
444:
432:
430:
424:
420:
416:
412:
396:
392:
360:
352:
302:
300:
281:groundwater flow
227:
225:
198:fission products
164:
162:
119:
117:
40:High-level waste
3780:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3710:
3698:
3686:
3674:
3662:
3650:
3638:
3626:
3614:
3601:
3589:
3577:
3565:
3553:
3541:
3529:
3517:
3505:
3492:
3480:
3467:
3455:
3443:
3431:
3426:
3395:
3384:
3382:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3306:
3298:
3287:
3269:Cécile Guillard
3248:
3243:
3242:
3230:
3226:
3214:
3210:
3202:
3198:
3194:, 24 mars 2021.
3186:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3158:
3148:
3146:
3136:
3132:
3123:
3121:
3111:
3107:
3098:
3094:
3079:
3075:
3071:, 20 mars 2018.
3064:
3060:
3056:, 22 juin 2017.
3049:
3045:
3033:
3029:
3019:
3017:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2994:
2987:
2983:
2979:, 12 mai 2021).
2970:
2966:
2956:
2954:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2863:
2859:
2848:
2846:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2807:
2805:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2784:Wayback Machine
2773:
2769:
2763:Wayback Machine
2753:
2749:
2737:
2733:
2729:, 18 juin 2013.
2723:
2719:
2703:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2687:"Archived copy"
2685:
2684:
2680:
2659:Wayback Machine
2650:
2646:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2584:Wayback Machine
2574:
2565:
2554:
2547:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2505:Vie-Publique.fr
2498:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2363:, as stated in
2318:
2314:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2287:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2261:
2250:
2241:
2233:
2220:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2137:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2084:
2080:
2074:Article L542-12
2072:
2068:
2061:Wayback Machine
2051:
2047:
2038:
2034:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2008:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1986:
1984:
1971:
1970:
1961:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1875:
1871:
1862:Wayback Machine
1853:
1849:
1833:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1795:
1791:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1725:
1721:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1661:
1657:
1647:Wayback Machine
1638:
1634:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1515:
1506:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1474:
1465:Leny Patinaux,
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1375:Wayback Machine
1366:
1347:
1336:
1329:
1321:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1276:
1267:
1256:
1254:
1253:. 27 March 2018
1245:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1217:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1166:
1157:
1152:
1114:
1089:
1083:
1055:
1035:
997:Bure Zone Libre
993:
977:
915:
906:
882:
858:
853:
832:
824:
768:
719:
715:
711:
643:
574:
572:
567:
565:
559:
557:
548:
546:
541:
539:
533:
531:
512:
495:
478:
472:
467:
442:
428:
426:
422:
418:
415:5 mSv/year
414:
406:
394:
390:
358:
350:
335:
298:
296:
259:The dangers of
223:
221:
194:
176:
171:
160:
158:
152:Nicolas Lacroix
115:
113:
54:of spent fuel.
48:decommissioning
17:
12:
11:
5:
3778:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3708:
3696:
3684:
3672:
3660:
3648:
3636:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3609:Yucca Mountain
3599:
3587:
3575:
3563:
3551:
3539:
3527:
3515:
3503:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3465:
3453:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3425:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3402:
3393:
3392:
3366:
3353:
3337:
3316:
3304:
3297:
3296:External links
3294:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3253:Pierre Bonneau
3247:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3224:
3208:
3196:
3180:
3168:
3156:
3130:
3105:
3092:
3090:, 31 mai 2018.
3073:
3058:
3043:
3027:
3004:
2981:
2964:
2941:
2930:on 2 July 2019
2924:debatpublic.fr
2911:
2885:
2857:
2845:. 12 July 2016
2830:
2816:
2789:
2767:
2747:
2731:
2717:
2678:
2644:
2628:
2601:
2589:
2563:
2545:
2542:on 2013-07-15.
2536:"Debat public"
2527:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2477:
2466:
2455:
2444:
2433:
2414:
2388:
2333:Maine-et-Loire
2312:
2296:
2285:
2269:
2259:
2239:
2218:
2196:
2187:
2171:
2155:
2124:
2115:
2100:
2091:
2078:
2066:
2045:
2032:
1993:
1959:
1941:
1911:
1885:
1869:
1847:
1818:
1789:
1743:
1734:
1719:
1706:
1681:
1655:
1632:
1619:La Vie du Labo
1603:
1562:
1550:
1536:
1517:Andra (2005),
1504:
1472:
1458:
1446:
1415:
1403:
1391:
1379:
1345:
1327:
1310:
1298:
1286:
1265:
1238:
1204:
1192:
1181:. 23 June 2023
1154:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1113:
1110:
1082:
1079:
1054:
1051:
1034:
1031:
992:
989:
981:Delphine Batho
976:
973:
969:
968:
965:
962:
958:
950:
949:
945:
935:
934:
933:
928:
927:
924:
921:
905:
902:
881:
878:
873:
872:
869:
866:
857:
854:
852:
849:
823:
820:
806:
805:
801:
797:
796:
793:
789:
786:
767:
764:
744:
743:
740:
736:
732:
728:
710:
707:
686:
685:
682:
642:
639:
581:
580:
556:approximately
554:
530:approximately
511:
508:
471:
468:
466:
463:
433:(dominated by
425:at the end of
381:stages of the
334:
331:
220:(half-life of
208:, which has a
175:
172:
170:
167:
102:drainage basin
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3777:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:Organisations
3617:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3418:
3416:
3411:
3409:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3356:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3288:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3205:
3200:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3165:
3160:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3096:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3015:
3008:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2974:
2968:
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2022:on 2014-06-29
2018:
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2006:
2000:
1998:
1983:on 2013-08-03
1982:
1978:
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1928:jancovici.com
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1779:on 2013-10-01
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1592:on 2012-06-07
1588:
1581:
1580:
1576:"Glossaire".
1566:
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1284:, 31 mai 2013
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683:
680:
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678:
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662:
660:
655:
647:
638:
636:
632:
628:
627:energy policy
623:
619:
617:
613:
612:la Hague site
609:
608:
603:
599:
595:
591:
588:and enriched
587:
555:
529:
528:
527:
524:
522:
518:
507:
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491:
489:
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410:
403:
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388:
387:radionuclides
384:
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368:
364:
356:
346:
339:
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323:
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313:
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294:
293:vitrification
290:
285:
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266:
262:
257:
255:
250:
249:radiotoxicity
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:neptunium-237
203:
199:
193:
189:
180:
166:
155:
153:
149:
144:
142:
138:
133:
131:
127:
126:transmutation
121:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
70:
68:
64:
60:
55:
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49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
3537:Asse II mine
3524:
3436:Laboratories
3394:
3383:. Retrieved
3379:the original
3374:
3358:. Retrieved
3328:. Retrieved
3264:
3260:
3246:Bibliography
3227:
3211:
3199:
3183:
3171:
3159:
3147:. Retrieved
3143:
3133:
3122:. Retrieved
3118:
3108:
3100:
3095:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3067:
3061:
3052:
3046:
3039:L'Est éclair
3038:
3030:
3018:. Retrieved
3016:. Reporterre
3007:
2995:. Retrieved
2993:. lemonde.fr
2984:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2955:. Retrieved
2953:. lemonde.fr
2944:
2932:. Retrieved
2928:the original
2923:
2914:
2902:. Retrieved
2897:
2888:
2876:. Retrieved
2870:
2860:
2847:. Retrieved
2842:
2833:
2819:
2806:. Retrieved
2801:
2792:
2775:
2770:
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2725:
2720:
2695:. Retrieved
2691:the original
2681:
2673:
2668:
2667:interview à
2662:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2619:. Retrieved
2614:
2604:
2599:CLIS de Bure
2592:
2575:
2556:
2555:CEA (2013),
2540:the original
2530:
2518:. Retrieved
2514:the original
2503:
2494:
2417:
2405:. Retrieved
2400:
2391:
2374:
2370:
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2262:
2252:
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2158:
2148:11 September
2146:. Retrieved
2144:. p. 32
2127:
2118:
2108:
2103:
2094:
2081:
2069:
2052:
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2040:
2035:
2024:. Retrieved
2017:the original
2012:
1985:. Retrieved
1981:the original
1976:
1953:
1944:
1934:11 September
1932:. Retrieved
1927:
1914:
1902:. Retrieved
1897:
1888:
1883:, Andra 2012
1880:
1872:
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1802:
1792:
1781:. Retrieved
1774:the original
1737:
1732:(27/08/2014)
1728:
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1714:
1709:
1697:. Retrieved
1674:11 September
1672:. Retrieved
1668:
1658:
1635:
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1587:the original
1578:
1565:
1553:
1539:
1527:, retrieved
1519:
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1467:
1461:
1449:
1435:(1): 49–62.
1432:
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1418:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1301:
1289:
1255:. Retrieved
1251:Basta !
1250:
1241:
1229:. Retrieved
1224:
1195:
1183:. Retrieved
1172:
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1098:
1094:
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1014:
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996:
994:
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978:
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951:
937:
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841:
837:
825:
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780:
776:
772:
769:
745:
712:
700:
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691:
687:
675:
663:
658:
656:
652:
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620:
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513:
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492:
476:
473:
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242:
195:
156:
145:
134:
122:
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56:
27:
19:
18:
3765:Haute-Marne
3561:Konrad mine
3502:(cancelled)
3385:27 November
3360:27 November
3330:27 November
3020:25 February
2997:25 February
2957:28 February
2904:27 November
2743:enerine.com
2621:27 November
2615:Le Monde.fr
2520:21 November
2407:21 November
2341:Haute-Marne
2215:, consulté
1930:(in French)
1904:27 November
1898:Lesechos.fr
1571:250 km
1231:27 November
1227:(in French)
1225:Le Monde.fr
1033:Law of 2016
957:government;
692:For Andra,
602:Hervé Kempf
579:containers.
553:containers;
439:chlorine-36
431: years
355:Paris basin
301: years
267:(UNSCEAR),
261:irradiation
226: years
218:chlorine-36
163: years
86:Ribeaucourt
82:Haute-Marne
74:departments
3734:Categories
3124:2020-04-30
2849:14 October
2808:14 October
2697:2023-11-27
2669:Reporterre
2663:Libération
2397:"Histoire"
2383:1021185963
2308:Legifrance
2026:2023-11-27
1987:2023-11-27
1804:Reporterre
1783:2023-11-27
1596:2023-11-27
1085:See also:
1068:Reporterre
944:) in 2015;
829:discounted
607:Reporterre
496:15 km
479:500 m
435:iodine-129
407:0.25
395:500 m
391:130 m
365:(a mix of
359:555 m
351:500 m
308:artificial
214:iodine-129
130:half-lives
3573:Morsleben
3236:Les Échos
3220:Les Échos
3192:Les Échos
3101:Mediapart
2640:Le Figaro
2281:Les Échos
1627:1298-3764
1074:Mediapart
1009:Network.
833:20 €
594:plutonium
379:Oxfordian
373:from the
363:argilites
316:Oklo Mine
289:obsidians
238:plutonium
210:half-life
202:actinides
100:, in the
50:, and by
3585:Wolseong
3343:(2012).
3259:(2020).
3149:30 April
2780:Archived
2759:Archived
2754:HCTISN,
2726:Le Monde
2706:cite web
2655:Archived
2580:Archived
2057:Archived
1954:Novethic
1858:Archived
1643:Archived
1371:Archived
1282:Le Monde
1112:See also
1003:and the
961:Experts;
948:storage.
940:(by the
659:a priori
521:Sieverts
400:sorption
383:Jurassic
3369:Andra.
2934:11 June
1865:archive
1811:19 July
1695:. Andra
1529:13 July
1308:, Cigéo
1296:, Andra
1120:(Andra)
851:History
727:chosen.
577: m
562: m
551: m
536: m
375:Callovo
349:around
314:in the
273:Sievert
234:uranium
137:billion
118: m
104:of the
24:acronym
3646:Posiva
3513:Onkalo
3351:
3283:
3099:Selon
2878:7 June
2638:, sur
2381:
2361:Vienne
2357:Vendée
2321:Allier
1770:HCTISN
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1185:4 July
750:, the
371:quartz
98:Bonnet
96:, and
3718:USDOE
3670:Nirex
3658:Andra
3525:Cigéo
3324:(PDF)
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3263:[
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2484:(PDF)
2473:(PDF)
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2451:(PDF)
2440:(PDF)
2429:(PDF)
2401:Andra
2373:[
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2329:Indre
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2138:(PDF)
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1766:(PDF)
1699:1 May
1649:de l'
1615:(PDF)
1590:(PDF)
1583:(PDF)
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760:Orano
758:(now
756:Areva
604:, of
411:/year
110:Meuse
106:Seine
78:Meuse
26:for "
20:Cigéo
3634:NWMO
3597:WIPP
3387:2023
3362:2023
3349:ISBN
3332:2023
3281:ISBN
3177:(55)
3151:2020
3022:2018
2999:2018
2959:2017
2936:2018
2906:2017
2880:2020
2851:2020
2810:2020
2741:sur
2712:link
2623:2017
2522:2023
2409:2023
2379:OCLC
2359:and
2325:Gard
2150:2023
1936:2023
1906:2017
1813:2023
1701:2013
1676:2020
1623:ISSN
1531:2023
1342:IRSN
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1187:2023
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754:and
716:1500
488:Poma
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