327:, but "behind" on a lesser thoroughfare, the Burgwal. There would be no parking of sleds on the Jodenbreestraat. There was to be no "waiting for another person" on the street after services. The priest was responsible for seeing that no beggars came to ask the worshipers for alms. Services were timed so that there would be no chance of Roman Catholics offending Protestants by meeting them in the streets on their way to Dutch Reformed churches. And, finally, the Catholics must not walk to church in groups, nor carry prayer books, rosaries, or "other offensive objects" in a manner that made them visible to Protestant eyes. Kaplan regards these requirements as typical of those in effect across Europe wherever clandestine churches were permitted.
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312:"). It is into this last category that clandestine churches fall. These churches were characterized by group religious services carried out by clergy "in their own houses or in other houses designated for the purpose," and not "in churches at set hours." Kaplan writes that the pretense of clandestinity "enabled Europeans to accommodate dissent without confronting it directly, to tolerate knowingly what they could not bring themselves to accept fully."
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together in total secrecy, risking punishment by the state. However, such a regime was frequently difficult to enforce, and as a result, while many jurisdictions permitted only one form of worship, authorities knowingly permitted members of minority faiths to worship privately. In others, the law permitted public worship by minority faiths, but only if it was more or less invisible to the general public.
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only, by a custom long established in this province, when there are seven Jewish families in one locale, those who compose them assemble, without scandal, in a house of their sect for readings and prayers." A line was crossed when an actual building was erected as a prayer house, as the Jews of
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as a way for governments to permit a degree of religious toleration for minority
Christian denominations and Jews. Both political and religious considerations frequently led governments to ban all worship not sanctioned by the state, and in many countries, members of minority religions worshiped
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Although early clandestine churches were makeshift spaces, by the 17th century some, usually
Catholic, churches had constructed elaborately decorated baroque interiors. Artists who painted works commissioned by clandestine churches include
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Some are freestanding buildings constructed in rear courtyards. What they share is that they are not readily recognizable as houses of worship by passersby. Such churches were built in large numbers during the time of the
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as a "semi-clandestine church", is a house of worship used by religious minorities whose communal worship is tolerated by those of the majority faith on condition that it is discreet and not conducted in public spaces.
457:, Scotland, the first openly Catholic church to be built in Scotland after the Reformation, whose proud Italian Baroque façade with the date in Latin, "DEO 1788", announces its Catholicism to the world.
438:. In cities schuilkerken were especially established in houses and warehouses, whereas in the countryside such churches generally had the appearance of a shed and so became known as Schuurkerken (
442:). All clandestine churches of necessity lacked exterior markers that would identify them as churches; they had no bells, towers, steeples, crosses, icons or exterior architectural splendor.
386:, the Austrian Empire for the first time instituted limited legal toleration of minority faiths, permitting them to conduct "private religious exercises" in clandestine churches. Emperor
398:, a synagogue built in 1825 with an extremely handsome interior, is an excellent surviving example. It is completely concealed in the interior of a block of residential buildings.
453:, Scotland, is a typical, rural clandestine Catholic church. Built in 1755, it resembles a long, low barn. It is a dramatic contrast with its replacement,
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582:"The Artist's Religion: Paintings Commissioned for Clandestine Catholic Churches in the Northern Netherlands, 1600-1800," Xander van Eck,
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are commonly built inside houses or other buildings, and do not show a public façade to the street. They were an important advance in
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Patent specified that these clandestine churches might not ring a bell or build bell towers or any public entrance on the street.
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is not as public as one would have you believe. There is no synagogue
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is a house church on the top three floors of this canal house in
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Simiolus: Netherlands
Quarterly for the History of Art,
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Harvard
University Press, 2007, Chapter 8, pp. 198. ff.
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16:Secret places of worship by religious minorities
73:The examples and perspective in this article
155:introducing citations to additional sources
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
626:Xander van Eck, Waanders Publishers (2008)
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382:In 1781, under the
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396:Stadttempel
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349:Wintzenheim
321:Franciscans
294:Reformation
278:Reformation
634:Categories
523:References
436:Mennonites
261:schuilkerk
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39:improve it
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432:Lutherans
424:Catholics
245:Amsterdam
147:talk page
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501:See also
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