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Although people seem to possess certain qualities in greater abundance than their neighbours, the explanation for this comes 'from above' – it is caused by education, law and government. "If we commonly meet in London, with knowing men, who are with much more difficulty found in France," this is because it is a country where "every citizen has a share in the management of affairs in general." "The art of forming men," he concludes, "is in all countries strictly connected to the form of the government", and thus education via governmental intervention is the method of reform.
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338:
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368:
495:
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40:
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disciples, he regarded the human mind as a blank slate, but free not only from innate ideas but also from innate natural dispositions and propensities. Physiological constitution was at most a peripheral factor in men's characters or capabilities. Any apparent inequalities were independent of natural
363:
After 10 years, when he thought his fortune sufficient, he gave up the post of farmer-general, and retired to a country estate in France, where he employed his fortune in the relief of the poor, the encouragement of agriculture and the development of industries. For this he won the admiration of many
550:
Self-interest, founded on the love of pleasure and the fear of pain, is the sole spring of judgment, action, and affection. Human beings are motivated solely by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. "These two," he says, "are, and always will be, the only principles of action in man."
618:
Since all men have the same natural potential, Helvétius argued, they all have the same ability to learn. Thus, education is the method by which to reform society, and there are few limits to the drastic social improvements that could be brought about by the appropriate distribution of education.
592:
This natural equality applied to all men in all nations, and thus the differences in national characteristics were not the result of innate differences between the people therein, but rather a byproduct of the system of education and government. "No nation," wrote Helvétius, "has reason to regard
467:
condemned the book, while the priests persuaded the court that it was full of the most dangerous doctrines. The book was declared to be heretical – so atheistic that it was condemned by Church and State and was burned. Helvétius, terrified at the storm he had raised, wrote three
271:, a tax-collecting post worth 100,000 crowns a year. Thus provided for, he proceeded to enjoy life to the utmost, with the help of his wealth and liberality, his literary and artistic tastes - he attended, for example, the progressive
585:
organization, and had their cause in the unequal desire for instruction. This desire springs from passions, of which all men commonly well organized are susceptible to the same degree. We thus owe everything to education.
267:, queen of France. Claude Adrien was trained for a financial career, apprenticed to his maternal uncle in Caen, but he occupied his spare time with poetry. Aged twenty-three, at the queen's request, he was appointed as a
2461:
566: – man is a system deterministically controllable by a suitable combination of reward and punishment, and the ends of government are to ensure the maximization of pleasure.
522:
260:
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1128:
626:
has a utilitarian basis, and he insisted strongly on the importance of culture and education in national development. His thinking can be described as unsystematic.
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252:
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784:
551:
Self-sacrifice is prompted by the fact that the sensation of pleasure outweighs the accompanying pain and is thus the result of deliberate calculation.
518:
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840:
650:
states that he was largely inspired by Helvétius in his attempt to modify penal laws. Helvétius also exerted some influence on the utilitarian
1495:
1233:
752:, found among his manuscripts, was published after his death. There is a complete edition of the works of Helvétius, published at Paris, 1818.
1606:
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This great publicity resulted in the book being translated into almost all the languages of Europe. Voltaire said that it lacked originality.
709:
558:
between good and evil. There is no such thing as absolute right – ideas of justice and injustice change according to customs.
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2618:
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468:
separate and humiliating retractions. In spite of his protestations of orthodoxy, the book was publicly burned by the Paris hangman.
292:
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448:
1268:
740:, 1773), in which he develops the idea that true happiness is only to be found in making the interest of one person that of all.
1686:
1358:
586:
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647:
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580:"All men," Helvétius maintained, "have an equal disposition for understanding." As one of the French Enlightenment's many
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510:
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and the new Pope, began to fear the spread of atheism and wanted to clamp down on the 'modern thought' hard and quickly.
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1726:
318:, and that the only real motive is self-interest, therefore there is no good and evil, only competitive pleasures. Its
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1226:
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737:
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547:, even memory, comparison, judgment. Our only difference from the lower animals lies in our external organization.
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1651:
444:, with Helvétius arguing strongly against Montesquieu's theory that climate influenced the character of nations.
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768:
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The work attracted immediate attention and aroused the most formidable opposition, especially from the dauphin
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20:
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251:
known as "Helvetius", was a Dutch physician and alchemist, of German extraction. His grandfather
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felt that Helvétius had raised such a storm by saying openly what everyone thought in secret.
464:
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1942:
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and later called the materialism of Helvétius and d'Holbach "the social basis of communism".
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275:. As he grew older, he began to seek more lasting distinctions, stimulated by the success of
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534:
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145:
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642:, neither of which gained general acceptance, though both were prominent in the system of
8:
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854:
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For an estimate of his work and his place among the philosophers of the 18th century see
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as one of the six "enemies of freedom" who constituted the ideological basis for modern
268:
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2011:
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1980:
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713:
264:
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2016:
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1965:
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claimed that all the good things in the book had been picked up in her own salon.
314:(On Mind), which claimed that all human faculties are attributes of mere physical
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declared that the very benevolence of the author gave the lie to his principles.
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434:(On Mind). It was first published in 1758 and was intended to be the rival of
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1960:
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1137:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 254–255.
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756:
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563:
514:
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230:
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Helvétius' philosophical studies ended in the production of his famous book
334:
publicly burned it in 1759, forcing Helvétius to issue several retractions.
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2006:
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736:(published posthumously, with an account of Helvétius's life and works, by
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In 1764 Helvétius visited
England, and the next year, at the invitation of
345:
589:
is therefore an enterprise unconstrained by the natural abilities of men.
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1932:
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233:, and was descended from a family of physicians, originally surnamed
212:
1741:
1336:
1329:
886:
in
Biographisch woordenboek der Nederlanden, vol 8, (1867), p. 509.
871:
Helvetius: His Life and Place in the
History of Educational Thought
856:
Helvetius: His Life and Place in the
History of Educational Thought
284:
243:
1118:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
596:
This radically egalitarian aspect of Helvétius' philosophy caused
1195:
A Treatise on Man: His
Intellectual Faculties & His Education
597:
484:
979:, transl. W. Hooper, M. D., (London: Albion Press, 1810), p. 146
1412:
793:
Le idee filosofiche specialmente pedagogiche de C. A. Helvétius
750:
De l'homme, de ses facultés intellectuelles et de son éducation
623:
604:
might just as well have been written by Helvétius' dog keeper.
412:
De l'homme, de ses facultés intellectuelles et de son éducation
357:
137:
64:
937:
Contribution of the
Ideologues to French Revolutionary Thought
593:
itself superior to others by virtue of its innate endowment."
181:
1298:
990:
De l'esprit or, Essays on the Mind, and Its
Several Faculties
977:
Treatise on Man: His
Intellectual Faculties and his Education
674:
401:
60:
1208:- English translation by William Mudford, 1807, Google Books
1204:
De l'Esprit, or Essays on the Mind and Its
Several Faculties
299:, maintained a salon attended by the leading figures of the
1034:
288:
187:
169:
1090:
1088:
513:
thought that all the ideas in the book were borrowed from
184:
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917:
915:
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911:
909:
907:
952:
Helvetius himself was a Deist – a most indifferent Deist
689:
vigorously opposed Helvétius's rationalistic doctrines.
471:
It had far-reaching negative effects on the rest of the
1085:
1199:- English translation by W. Hooper, 1777, Google Books
904:
190:
901:
by David Warner Smith, Clarendon Press Oxford, 1965.
569:
539:
Helvétius' philosophy belongs to the Egoist school:
178:
172:
957:
894:
892:
819:, ed. Henry Hardy, (Oxford, 2002), pp. 11–26.
657:The materialistic aspects of Helvétius, along with
207:; 26 January 1715 – 26 December 1771) was a French
175:
166:
1080:Freedom and Betrayal: Six Enemies of Human Liberty
722:Freedom and Betrayal: Six Enemies of Human Liberty
634:The original ideas in his system are those of the
1067:Johann Georg Hamann and the Enlightenment Project
732:His poetic ambitions resulted in the poem called
2580:
889:
817:Freedom and Its Betrayal: Six Enemies of Liberty
422:
543:All man's faculties may be reduced to physical
483:. The religious authorities, particularly the
306:In 1758 Helvétius published his philosophical
297:Anne-Catherine de Ligniville, Madame Helvétius
2462:
1227:
1356:
1327:
1313:
841:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
498:Cover page of a 1759 English translation of
1422:
1069:, University of Toronto Press, 2011, p. 34.
607:
2469:
2455:
1234:
1220:
360:, where the king paid him much attention.
330:doctrines raised a public outcry, and the
38:
2639:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
1185:Works by or about Claude Adrien Helvétius
805:Le teorie psicologiche de C. A. Helvétius
801:Beiträge zur Geschichte des Materialismus
1241:
1123:
1094:
1040:
963:
921:
673:, who studied the ideas of Helvétius in
622:The crux of his thought was that public
493:
366:
336:
528:
407:He died in Paris on December 26, 1771.
385:Helvétius' family lived alternately on
2581:
393:) and their Parisian townhouse at the
2450:
1472:
1253:
1215:
933:
775:(1862), pp. 537 seq.; J Morley,
202:
491:became almost a scapegoat for this.
371:Helvétius was one of several French
229:Claude Adrien Helvétius was born in
940:. Johns Hopkins Press. p. 55.
479:, and the work he was doing on the
404:, albeit a "most indifferent" one.
13:
1082:(Princeton University Press, 2003)
934:Duzer, Charles Hunter Van (1935).
410:A work found in his papers called
14:
2665:
2489:Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach
1142:
899:Helvetius: A Study in Persecution
636:natural equality of intelligences
570:Natural equality of intelligences
414:(On Man), was published in 1773.
2619:18th-century French philosophers
2614:18th-century French male writers
2567:
2514:Guillaume Thomas François Raynal
2430:
2429:
1111:
1054:Karl Marx: The Story of His Life
803:(Stuttgart, 1896); L Limentani,
600:to remark that if it were true,
162:
1072:
1059:
1046:
1021:
1008:
995:
982:
874:, Routledge, 2013, pp. 115–132.
777:Diderot and the Encyclopaedists
743:
377:who spent time at the court of
2519:Jean-François de Saint-Lambert
969:
927:
877:
862:
847:
829:
809:Helvétius, sa vie et son œuvre
779:(London, 1878); DG Mostratos,
738:Jean François de Saint-Lambert
16:French philosopher (1715–1771)
1:
822:
696:listed Helvétius, along with
562:This view of man was largely
417:
400:Religiously, Helvétius was a
204:[klodadʁijɛ̃ɛlvesjys]
1473:
1359:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
1176:How to use archival material
789:Le Salon de Madame Helvétius
680:
629:
295:as a philosopher. His wife,
261:Jean Claude Adrien Helvétius
7:
2609:18th-century French writers
2529:François-Jean de Chastellux
2524:Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Suard
1328:
781:Die Pädagogik des Helvétius
381:of Prussia (depicted above)
249:Johann Friedrich Schweitzer
10:
2670:
2644:Enlightenment philosophers
1254:
988:Helvétius, Claude Adrien,
975:Helvétius, Claude Adrien,
611:
573:
532:
241:" in German; Latinized as
21:Helvetius (disambiguation)
18:
2565:
2484:
2416:
2370:
2272:
2229:
2208:
2155:
2124:
2108:
2055:
1989:
1941:
1905:
1872:
1791:
1750:
1594:
1483:
1479:
1468:
1373:Methodological skepticism
1264:
1260:
1249:
1158:
727:
247:). His great-grandfather
151:
131:
111:
101:
91:
87:
71:
46:
37:
30:
2624:French atheism activists
1129:Helvétius, Claude Adrien
1056:(Routledge, 2003) pg. 75
992:, (London: 1759), p. 286
859:, Routledge, 2013, p. 7.
807:(Verona, 1902); A Keim,
640:omnipotence of education
608:Omnipotence of education
2554:Claude Adrien Helvétius
2504:Jean-François Marmontel
1134:Encyclopædia Britannica
761:Philosophie sensualiste
455:. The Advocate General
389:(Collines des Perches,
344:(Collines des Perches,
303:for over five decades.
277:Pierre Louis Maupertuis
263:was first physician to
224:
158:Claude Adrien Helvétius
96:18th-century philosophy
32:Claude Adrien Helvétius
2509:Charles-Georges Le Roy
1423:
1357:
1323:Enlightened absolutism
1314:
1065:Robert Alan Sparling,
765:Résumés philosophiques
667:historical materialism
661:, had an influence on
502:
441:The Spirit of the Laws
382:
349:
255:introduced the use of
2604:18th-century atheists
2544:Jacques-André Naigeon
1289:Counter-Enlightenment
614:Nature versus nurture
612:Further information:
574:Further information:
533:Further information:
497:
463:in January 1759. The
370:
364:of the philosophers.
340:
2629:Atheist philosophers
1243:Age of Enlightenment
692:British philosopher
556:no freedom of choice
535:Psychological egoism
529:Psychological egoism
459:condemned it in the
146:Political philosophy
19:For other uses, see
2478:D'Holbach's Coterie
2249:Feijóo y Montenegro
2200:Vorontsova-Dashkova
1043:, pp. 254–255.
763:(1863); PL Lezaud,
687:Johann Georg Hamann
685:German philosopher
523:Madame de Graffigny
379:Frederick the Great
2589:Writers from Paris
2549:Ferdinando Galiani
1388:Natural philosophy
884:Helvetius, Adriaan
791:(1894); A Piazzi,
665:, the theorist of
587:Social engineering
503:
461:Parlement of Paris
383:
350:
273:Club de l'Entresol
122:French materialism
106:Western philosophy
2654:French Freemasons
2634:Fermiers généraux
2576:
2575:
2444:
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2412:
2411:
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2407:
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1437:Scientific method
1294:Critical thinking
1181:
1180:
1170:
1169:
947:978-0-598-51150-8
815:, "Helvétius" in
773:Modern Philosophy
519:Madame du Deffand
475:, in particular,
426:and its reception
265:Marie Leszczyńska
253:Adriaan Helvetius
155:
154:
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2649:French ethicists
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1189:Internet Archive
1166:
1164:Helvétius Papers
1156:
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1092:
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1078:Berlin, Isaiah,
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1052:Mehring, Franz,
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797:Georgi Plekhanov
783:(Berlin, 1891);
718:authoritarianism
644:John Stuart Mill
310:, a work called
206:
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75:26 December 1771
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2499:Baron von Grimm
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2116:Carvalho e Melo
2104:
2051:
1985:
1937:
1901:
1868:
1787:
1746:
1590:
1475:
1456:
1442:Spanish America
1316:Encyclopédistes
1279:Civil liberties
1256:
1245:
1240:
1162:
1145:
1127:, ed. (1911). "
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863:
852:
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834:
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795:(Milan, 1889);
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730:
683:
659:Baron d'Holbach
648:Cesare Beccaria
632:
616:
610:
578:
572:
537:
531:
428:
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395:rue Sainte-Anne
387:Château de Voré
342:Château de Voré
227:
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57:26 January 1715
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2539:André Morellet
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36:
29:
26:
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2420:
2165:Catherine II
1661:
1617:Beaumarchais
1447:Universality
1418:Reductionism
1365:
1342:Human rights
1206:by Helvétius
1203:
1197:by Helvétius
1194:
1132:
1105:Attribution:
1104:
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749:
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744:Bibliography
733:
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579:
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480:
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409:
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391:Loir-et-Cher
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354:Frederick II
351:
346:Loir-et-Cher
341:
311:
305:
242:
234:
228:
216:
157:
156:
141:
77:(1771-12-26)
25:
2599:1771 deaths
2594:1715 births
2559:Jean Darcet
2422:Romanticism
2244:Charles III
2085:Poniatowski
2022:Leeuwenhoek
2002:de la Court
1990:Netherlands
1834:Mendelssohn
1829:Lichtenberg
1707:Montesquieu
1425:Sapere aude
1408:Rationalism
1403:Rationality
1393:Objectivity
1150:Archives at
1029:De l'esprit
1027:Helvétius,
1016:De l'esprit
1014:Helvétius,
1003:De l'esprit
1001:Helvétius,
836:"Helvétius"
710:Saint-Simon
602:De l'esprit
576:Tabula rasa
500:De l'Esprit
489:De l'esprit
473:philosophes
436:Montesquieu
432:De l'esprit
424:De l'esprit
374:philosophes
328:egalitarian
324:utilitarian
312:De l'esprit
308:magnum opus
293:Montesquieu
257:ipecacuanha
218:littérateur
209:philosopher
2583:Categories
2264:Villarroel
2259:Jovellanos
2195:Radishchev
2142:Micu-Klein
2080:Niemcewicz
2047:Swammerdam
2037:Nieuwentyt
2027:Mandeville
1882:Farmakidis
1768:Burlamaqui
1677:La Mettrie
1652:Fontenelle
1607:d'Argenson
1602:d'Alembert
1526:Harrington
1452:Utopianism
1352:Liberalism
1309:Empiricism
1284:Classicism
1274:Capitalism
823:References
785:A Guillois
769:FD Maurice
734:Le Bonheur
418:Philosophy
356:, went to
237:(meaning "
235:Schweitzer
126:Sensualism
53:1715-01-26
2385:Jefferson
2327:Hutcheson
2216:Obradović
2185:Lomonosov
2180:Kheraskov
2090:Śniadecki
1854:Weishaupt
1849:Thomasius
1839:Pufendorf
1682:Lavoisier
1667:d'Holbach
1662:Helvétius
1642:Descartes
1637:Condorcet
1632:Condillac
1566:Priestley
1383:Modernity
1304:Democracy
1018:, p. 100.
771:, in his
681:Criticism
671:communism
663:Karl Marx
630:Influence
564:Hobbesian
545:sensation
320:atheistic
316:sensation
291:, and of
244:Helvétius
213:freemason
2435:Category
2380:Franklin
2347:Playfair
2317:Ferguson
2274:Scotland
2221:Mrazović
2175:Kantemir
2170:Fonvizin
2109:Portugal
2075:Krasicki
2070:Konarski
2065:Kołłątaj
2017:Koerbagh
1966:Genovesi
1951:Beccaria
1913:Berkeley
1844:Schiller
1809:Humboldt
1783:Saussure
1778:Rousseau
1742:Voltaire
1697:Maréchal
1672:Jaucourt
1627:Châtelet
1622:Chamfort
1571:Reynolds
1474:Thinkers
1378:Midlands
1367:Lumières
1337:Humanism
1330:Haskalah
1031:, p. 325
811:(1907);
767:(1853);
706:Rousseau
638:and the
554:We have
507:Rousseau
465:Sorbonne
453:Louis XV
332:Sorbonne
285:Voltaire
2390:Madison
2362:Stewart
2302:Burnett
2297:Boswell
2282:Beattie
2254:Moratín
2239:Cadalso
2190:Novikov
2125:Romania
2100:Wybicki
2095:Staszic
2042:Spinoza
2012:Huygens
2007:Grotius
1961:Galvani
1956:Galiani
1906:Ireland
1887:Feraios
1859:Wieland
1824:Lessing
1819:Leibniz
1792:Germany
1773:Prévost
1758:Abauzit
1722:Quesnay
1712:Morelly
1702:Meslier
1687:Leclerc
1647:Diderot
1536:Johnson
1511:Collins
1506:Bentham
1491:Addison
1484:England
1432:Science
1269:Atheism
1187:at the
1122::
1005:, p. 21
714:Maistre
598:Diderot
582:Lockean
515:Diderot
485:Jesuits
200:French:
2342:Newton
2332:Hutton
2312:Cullen
2209:Serbia
2157:Russia
2147:Șincai
2057:Poland
1997:Bekker
1971:Pagano
1933:Toland
1897:Korais
1892:Kairis
1874:Greece
1804:Herder
1799:Goethe
1763:Bonnet
1751:Geneva
1737:Turgot
1727:Raynal
1717:Pascal
1657:Gouges
1595:France
1581:Tindal
1576:Sidney
1551:Newton
1546:Milton
1521:Godwin
1516:Gibbon
1413:Reason
1255:Topics
1159:Source
1116:
944:
728:Poetry
702:Fichte
624:ethics
358:Berlin
144:
142:·
140:
138:Ethics
113:School
102:Region
65:France
2400:Paine
2395:Mason
2357:Smith
2307:Burns
2292:Blair
2287:Black
2231:Spain
2137:Maior
2032:Meyer
1976:Verri
1943:Italy
1928:Swift
1923:Burke
1918:Boyle
1864:Wolff
1692:Mably
1612:Bayle
1561:Price
1541:Locke
1531:Hooke
1501:Bacon
1299:Deism
698:Hegel
675:Paris
511:Grimm
449:Louis
402:Deist
287:as a
283:, of
279:as a
239:Swiss
61:Paris
2352:Reid
2337:Mill
2322:Hume
1981:Vico
1814:Kant
1732:Sade
1556:Pope
942:ISBN
712:and
669:and
326:and
289:poet
225:Life
215:and
72:Died
47:Born
1131:".
759:'s
646:.
438:'s
92:Era
2585::
1087:^
950:.
906:^
891:^
838:.
799:,
787:,
724:.
708:,
704:,
700:,
654:.
517:.
397:.
322:,
221:.
211:,
198:;
182:iː
63:,
2470:e
2463:t
2456:v
2424:→
1235:e
1228:t
1221:v
966:.
844:.
348:)
194:/
191:s
188:ə
185:ʃ
179:v
176:ˈ
173:l
170:ɛ
167:h
164:/
160:(
55:)
51:(
23:.
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