238:
To identify the parallels delineating his climes, Ptolemy gives a geographical location through which they pass. The following is a list of the 33 parallels between the equator and the polar circle (39 parallels between the equator and the pole) of the full system of climes; the reduced system of
186:
But for the purposes of his geographical tables, Ptolemy reduces this list to eleven parallels, dividing the area between the equator and 54°1' N into ten segments, at half-hour intervals reaching from 12 hours to 17 hours. Even later in his work, he reduces this to seven parallels, reaching from
243:
of atmospheric refraction on his calculation of the length of the day. If you account for that and for the drift in orbital parameters since
Ptolemy's time, his values are remarkably accurate, off by less than 30 arcseconds in most cases.
136:
was the first ancient scientist known to have devised the so-called system of seven climes (Almagest 2.12) which, due to his authority, became one of the canonical elements of late antique, medieval
European and Arab geography. In
38:
226:), while in Europe, Aristotle's system of five climes was more successful. This view dominated in medieval Europe, and existence and inhabitability of the Southern temperate zone, the
239:
seven climes is indicated by additional numbers in brackets. Both
Ptolemy's latitude estimates and modern values are provided. Ptolemy never considered the
1357:
1261:. Eine Untersuchung zur Geschichte der Geographie und Astrologie in Altertum und Mittelalter. Heidelberg: Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung. 247 S.
179:) increases in steps of a quarter of an hour from 12 hours at the equator to 18 hours at 58° N, and then, in larger steps, to 24 hours at the
1299:
1265:
The
Itinerary of Alexander through the Seven Climes of Antiquity according to the Aljamiado-Morisco Rrekontamiento del rrey Alisandre.
1277:
Marcotte D. (1998). "La climatologie d'Ératosthène à Poséidonios: genèse d'une science humaine". G. Argoud, J.Y. Guillaumin (eds.).
191:
1186:
1166:
1133:
1352:
240:
824:
17:
1291:
Shcheglov D.A. (2004/2006). "Ptolemy's System of Seven
Climata and Eratosthenes' Geography".
227:
74:
70:
1267:
Santa
Barbara, CA. Fifth Annual Middle East Studies Regional Conference. March 22, 2003.
8:
124:
climes between the frigid and the torrid ones. Different lists of climata were in use in
86:
1279:
Sciences exactes et sciences appliquées à Alexandrie (IIIe siècle av J.C. – Ier ap J.C.)
1210:(even though the latitudes given are too far north for the actual location of Ireland).
1250:
Diller A. (1934). "Geographical
Latitudes in Eratosthenes, Hipparchus and Posidonius".
125:
1182:
1162:
1129:
1088:
1083:
761:
203:
1335:
1318:
Les débuts de l'astronomie de la géographie et de la trigonométrie chez les grecs
1078:
82:
1311:
Das geozentrische
Weltbild. Astronomie, Geographie und Mathematik der Griechen
41:
Diagram showing climatic zone corresponding with those suggested by
Aristotle.
1346:
1148:. Ed. A. F. von Pauly, G. Wissowa et al. Stuttgart. Suppl.-Bd. XIV: 989–1188.
803:
686:
664:
466:
180:
175:, and proceeding north at intervals, chosen so that the longest day (summer
1330:
129:
37:
1300:
Eratosthenes' Parallel of Rhodes and the
History of the System of Climata
1288:. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer Verlag: 43–45, 333–336, 725–733.
1224:
Ptolemy's Geography: An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters
690:
488:
145:
were used to calculate the changing length of daylight through the year.
138:
1281:. Saint Etienne: Publications de l'Université de Saint Etienne: 263–277.
1093:
1058:
596:
574:
1274:. Ed. A. F. von Pauly, G. Wissowa et al. Stuttgart. Bd. XI.1: 838–844.
153:
27:
Divisions of the inhabited portion of the Earth by geographic latitude
1336:
Spiritual Body and Celestial Earth: From Mazdean Iran to Shi'ite Iran
947:
713:
620:
509:
311:
307:
199:
195:
109:
93:
1203:
333:
176:
142:
1320:. Traduit par M. Federspiel. Paris: Libr. philos. J. Vrin. 238 p.
1207:
1073:
368:
341:
285:
172:
168:
149:
133:
117:
100:
2.5,362a32), the Earth was divided into five zones, assuming two
78:
903:
757:
641:
552:
531:
413:
364:
337:
141:, the climes for 15 and 18 hours of longest daylight at summer
105:
925:
735:
444:
440:
417:
391:
31:
190:
Ptolemy's system of seven climes was primarily adopted in
1229:
Dicks D.R. (1955). "The ΚΛΙΜΑΤΑ in the Greek Geography".
1272:
Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft
1146:
Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft
1181:, (New York: Springer Verlag, 1975), pp. 43–5.
69:, meaning "inclination" or "slope") in classical
1344:
1161:, (New York: Springer Verlag, 1975), p. 731.
1128:, (New York: Springer Verlag, 1975), p. 725.
1236:Dicks D.R. (1956). "Strabo and the ΚΛΙΜΑΤΑ".
171:gives a list of parallels, starting with the
187:16°27' N (13 hours) to 48°32' N (16 hours).
1286:A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy
1179:A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy
1159:A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy
1126:A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy
211:
156:are derived from the historical concept of
1358:Climate and weather classification systems
1259:Die sieben Klimata und die πολεις επισημοι
1198:
1196:
1194:
1339:. Princeton University Press. pp. 17-50.
1313:. München: Dt. TaschenbuchVerlag. 377 S.
1245:The Geographical Fragments of Hipparchus
233:
36:
1191:
14:
1345:
884:the northern part of Britannia Minor
846:the southern part of Britannia Minor
112:) around the poles, an uninhabitable
1226:. Princeton University Press. 216 p.
1202:Μικρὰ Βρεττανία, later the name of
865:the middle part of Britannia Minor
24:
1324:
1247:. London: Athlon Press. XI, 214 p.
25:
1369:
1270:Kubitschek W. (1921). "Klima 2".
206:, the author of the 16th-century
1222:Berggren J.L., Jones A. (2000).
1206:but by Ptolemy used to refer to
1216:
1171:
1151:
1138:
1118:
1105:
13:
1:
1099:
1111:H. G. Liddell and R. Scott,
7:
1316:Szabó Á., Maula E. (1986).
1067:
663:the mouths of Borysthenes (
230:, was a matter of dispute.
77:were the divisions of the
10:
1374:
163:
29:
1298:Shcheglov D.A. (2006): "
1144:Abel K. (1974). "Zone".
783:Brigantion in Britannia
30:Not to be confused with
1353:Ancient Greek geography
1113:A Greek English Lexicon
192:Arabo-Persian astronomy
1284:Neugebauer O. (1975).
712:the southern shore of
194:, by authors such as
148:The modern concept of
42:
1257:Honigmann E. (1929).
234:Thirty-nine parallels
202:, and eventually by
152:and the related term
71:Greco-Roman geography
40:
61:, from Greek κλίμα
1238:Classical Quarterly
1231:Classical Quarterly
256:Ptolemy's latitude
87:geographic latitude
65:, plural κλίματα
1293:Geographia Antiqua
1243:Dicks D.R. (1960)
619:the middle of the
43:
1309:Szabó Á. (1992).
1177:Otto Neugebauer,
1157:Otto Neugebauer,
1124:Otto Neugebauer,
1089:Roof of the World
1084:Geographical zone
1065:
1064:
262:longest daylight
79:inhabited portion
16:(Redirected from
1365:
1254:27 (3): 258–269.
1240:6 (50): 243–247.
1233:5 (49): 248–255.
1211:
1200:
1189:
1175:
1169:
1155:
1149:
1142:
1136:
1122:
1116:
1109:
259:actual latitude
247:
246:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
21:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1343:
1342:
1327:
1325:Further reading
1219:
1214:
1201:
1192:
1176:
1172:
1156:
1152:
1143:
1139:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1079:Four continents
1070:
642:Istros (Danube)
236:
223:
220:
217:
214:
166:
139:Medieval Europe
132:time. Claudius
116:clime near the
83:spherical Earth
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1371:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1341:
1340:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1190:
1170:
1150:
1137:
1117:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
991:
987:
986:
984:
981:
978:
975:
973:
969:
968:
966:
963:
960:
957:
955:
951:
950:
944:
941:
938:
935:
933:
929:
928:
923:
920:
917:
914:
912:
908:
907:
901:
898:
895:
892:
890:
886:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
871:
867:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
852:
848:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
833:
829:
828:
825:Katouraktonion
822:
819:
816:
813:
811:
807:
806:
802:the middle of
800:
797:
794:
791:
789:
785:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
770:
766:
765:
756:mouths of the
754:
751:
748:
745:
743:
739:
738:
734:mouths of the
732:
729:
726:
723:
721:
717:
716:
710:
707:
704:
701:
699:
695:
694:
684:
681:
678:
675:
673:
669:
668:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
645:
644:
639:
636:
633:
630:
628:
624:
623:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
601:
600:
593:
590:
587:
584:
582:
578:
577:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
556:
555:
550:
547:
544:
541:
539:
535:
534:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
513:
512:
507:
504:
501:
498:
496:
492:
491:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
470:
469:
464:
461:
458:
455:
453:
449:
448:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
422:
421:
411:
408:
405:
402:
400:
396:
395:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
373:
372:
361:
358:
355:
352:
350:
346:
345:
331:
328:
325:
322:
320:
316:
315:
305:
302:
299:
296:
294:
290:
289:
282:
279:
276:
273:
271:
267:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
235:
232:
165:
162:
92:Starting with
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1370:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1331:Corbin, Henry
1329:
1328:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1188:
1187:0-387-06995-X
1184:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1167:0-387-06995-X
1164:
1160:
1154:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1134:0-387-06995-X
1131:
1127:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1104:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1004:polar circle
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
974:
971:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
956:
953:
952:
949:
945:
942:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
891:
888:
887:
883:
880:
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
864:
861:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
845:
842:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
827:in Britannia
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
812:
809:
808:
805:
804:Great Britain
801:
798:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
782:
779:
776:
773:
771:
768:
767:
763:
759:
755:
752:
749:
746:
744:
741:
740:
737:
733:
730:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
715:
711:
708:
705:
702:
700:
697:
696:
692:
688:
687:Maeotian Lake
685:
682:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
666:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
629:
626:
625:
622:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
602:
598:
594:
591:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
540:
537:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
454:
451:
450:
446:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
423:
419:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
374:
370:
366:
362:
359:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
343:
339:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
313:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
287:
283:
280:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
248:
245:
242:
231:
229:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
184:
182:
181:Arctic Circle
178:
174:
170:
161:
159:
155:
151:
146:
144:
140:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
39:
33:
19:
1334:
1317:
1310:
1306:88: 351–359.
1303:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1217:Bibliography
1178:
1173:
1158:
1153:
1145:
1140:
1125:
1120:
1112:
1107:
237:
221:seven climes
207:
189:
185:
167:
157:
147:
121:
113:
104:climes (the
101:
97:
91:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
44:
691:Sea of Azov
489:Lower Egypt
126:Hellenistic
98:Meteorology
1347:Categories
1295:13: 21–37.
1100:References
1094:Seven Seas
1059:North Pole
995:66°8'40"N
621:Euxine Sea
597:Marseilles
595:Massalia (
575:Hellespont
208:haft iqlīm
120:, and two
49:(singular
1054:6 months
1036:4 months
1033:77°27' N
1030:78°20' N
1019:2 months
1016:68°48' N
1013:69°30' N
1001:24 hours
998:65°44' N
983:23 hours
980:65°33' N
965:22 hours
962:64°59' N
959:65°30' N
948:Scythians
943:21 hours
940:63°59' N
937:64°30' N
922:20 hours
919:62°29' N
897:61°30' N
878:60°21' N
840:57°24' N
818:56°30' N
796:55°32' N
777:54°29' N
750:53°20' N
725:52°50' N
714:Britannia
706:50°45' N
703:51°06' N
680:49°18' N
677:50°04' N
657:47°43' N
654:48°32' N
635:45°59' N
632:46°51' N
610:45°01' N
586:43°04' N
568:39°53' N
565:40°56' N
546:37°29' N
543:38°35' N
525:34°53' N
522:36°00' N
510:Phoenicia
500:33°18' N
479:30°22' N
460:25°48' N
457:27°12' N
434:22°20' N
431:23°51' N
407:18°39' N
404:20°14' N
385:14°46' N
382:16°27' N
357:10°42' N
354:12°00' N
312:Sri Lanka
308:Taprobana
281:12 hours
265:location
250:parallel
228:antipodes
204:Amīn Rāzī
200:al-Idrisi
196:al-Biruni
122:temperate
110:Antarctic
94:Aristotle
75:astronomy
57:, plural
1333:(1977).
1204:Brittany
1068:See also
946:unknown
859:59°0' N
747:54°1' N
728:52°6' N
613:44°7' N
589:42°5' N
503:32°4' N
482:29°3' N
334:Avalites
327:6°31' N
324:8°25' N
301:2°14' N
177:solstice
143:solstice
1208:Ireland
1074:Climate
906:island
760:river (
414:Napaton
394:island
369:Eritrea
363:bay of
342:Somalia
298:4°4' N
286:equator
215:
173:equator
169:Ptolemy
164:Ptolemy
158:climata
150:climate
134:Ptolemy
118:equator
81:of the
67:klimata
59:climata
53:; also
1185:
1165:
1132:
1051:90° N
1048:90° N
977:66° N
916:63° N
904:Ebudes
900:19:30
894:62° N
881:19:00
875:61° N
862:18:30
856:59° N
843:18:00
837:58° N
821:17:45
815:57° N
799:17:30
793:56° N
780:17:15
774:55° N
758:Tanais
753:17:00
731:16:45
709:16:30
683:16:15
660:16:00
638:15:45
616:15:30
592:15:15
571:15:00
553:Smyrna
549:14:45
532:Rhodes
528:14:30
506:14:15
485:14:00
467:Thebes
463:13:45
437:13:30
410:13:15
388:13:00
365:Adulis
360:12:45
338:Saylac
330:12:30
304:12:15
253:clima
241:impact
114:torrid
106:Arctic
102:frigid
47:climes
18:Climes
926:Thule
736:Rhine
665:Dnepr
445:Aswan
441:Syene
418:Nubia
392:Meroe
154:clime
130:Roman
63:klima
55:clima
51:clime
32:Clima
1304:Klio
1252:Klio
1183:ISBN
1163:ISBN
1130:ISBN
1043:39.
990:33.
972:32.
954:31.
932:30.
911:29.
889:28.
870:27.
851:26.
832:25.
810:24.
788:23.
769:22.
742:21.
720:20.
698:19.
672:18.
651:VII
648:17.
627:16.
604:15.
581:14.
559:13.
538:12.
516:11.
495:10.
476:III
212:lit.
198:and
128:and
108:and
89:.
73:and
45:The
1302:".
762:Don
607:VI
519:IV
473:9.
452:8.
428:II
425:7.
399:6.
376:5.
349:4.
319:3.
293:2.
278:0°
275:0°
270:1.
85:by
1349::
1193:^
1061:)
764:)
693:)
667:)
599:)
562:V
447:)
420:)
379:I
371:)
344:)
340:,
314:)
288:)
183:.
160:.
1115:.
1057:(
689:(
443:(
416:(
367:(
336:(
310:(
284:(
224:'
218:'
210:(
96:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
