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490:(a small portable anvil, usually of cylindrical shape). The nail is cut off just proud of the rove and the cut end clenched over the rove while the dolly is used to hold the nail in place. In planking up clinker work, one man can hold both dolly and clenching hammer. Although this is common where sawn frames are to be used, boats intended for steamed timbers are usually nailed but not clenched until the timbering out is complete. As timbering is a two-handed job it is more efficient to leave the clenching until help is at hand, and then the helper dollies up, whilst the builder sits inside the hull and clenches up.
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of the strake where it meets the stem or stern-post. This allows the end of the strake to be screwed to the apron with the outside of the planking mutually flush at that point and flush with the stem. This means that the boat's passage through the water will not tend to lift the ends of the planking away from the stem. Before the next plank is laid up, the face of the land on the lower strake is bevelled to suit the angle at which the next strake will lie in relation with it. This varies all along the land.
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501:, used to be found in Scandinavian-built boats, but even iron nails on the lands were usually properly clenched over roves. Nails fastening timbers were sometimes turned over, particularly where removable bottom boards were to rest on the timbers. However, it was possible to tread the bottom boards onto the clenched nails and, where marks were left, gouge out recesses to accommodate the clenched nails.
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some preservative on the planking behind the timbers. Similarly, it is best to have the varnishing done after the fittings are fitted but before they are shipped. Thus, the keel band will be shaped and drilled and the screw holes drilled in the wood of keel and stem then the band will be put aside while the varnishing is done.
527:
planking, and the lands were glued with no fastenings, except that the ends and garboards were still screwed to the apron and hog. Since plywood would not split, no timbers were used. Except for a light gunwale and wide rubbing strake, the longitudinals were omitted too, and a short thwart rising and
522:
and grease. During the world wars of the 20th century, new techniques and materials were developed by the aircraft industry. By the mid-1950s, these were well infiltrated into the boatbuilding trade. New boats in classes of racing dinghy with clinker hulls were built as glued clinker boats. The basic
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At stages along the way, painters will have been called in to prime the timber, particularly immediately before the timbering is done. The boatbuilder will clean up the inside of the planking and the painter will prime it and probably more, partly because it is easier that way and partly so as to put
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are planked up, held together along their ‘lands’ – the areas of overlap between neighbouring strakes – by copper rivets. At the stem and, in a double-ended boat, the sternpost, geralds are formed. That is, in each case, the land of the lower strake is tapered to a feather edge at the end
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to reduce plank widths amidships, where their girth is greatest, while clinker planks, needing sufficient lap to accept their clench fastenings, must be wider in proportion to their thickness. In all other areas of construction, including framing, deck, etc., clinker is as capable as carvel. Clinker
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is similarly bent in along the line of the sheer. This part of the work is finished by fitting the breast hook and quarter knees. Swivel or crutch chocks are fitted as appropriate to the gunwale, the thwarts fitted down onto the rising and held in position by knees up to the gunwale and perhaps down
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Once the shell of planking is assembled, transverse battens of oak, ash, or elm, called timbers, are steam-bent to fit the internal, concave side. Elm species are not durable where the boat is used frequently in fresh water. As the timbers are bent in, they are copper-riveted to the shell, through
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is usually fitted round the inside of each bilge to strengthen it. In a small boat, this is usually arranged to serve also as a means of retaining the bottom boards. These are removable assemblies, shaped to lie over the bottom timbers and be walked upon. They spread the stresses from the crew's
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There is an upper limit to the size of clinker-built vessels, which could be and was exceeded by several orders of magnitude in later large sailing vessels incorporating carvel-built construction. Clinker building requires relatively wide planking stock compared to carvel, as carvel can employ
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rollers so long as the vessel was small in overall displacement. Increasing the beam, due to the light nature of the method, did not commensurately increase the vessel's survivability under the torsional forces of rolling waves, and greater beam widths may have made the resultant vessels more
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and the other end is upset over the washer in the same way as the head. Until well into the nineteenth century, this is what held the great ships of the world together, though some such bolts may have been of iron. Until the late 1950s, the centre-line assembly of
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dinghy showing some of the basic structural details. The single rowing thwart supports the aft end of the centre-board case. The pairs of knees at each end of the thwart can be seen; also the longitudinal stringer (rising) on which the thwart
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Apron: a curved piece of timber fastened on the inside of the stem and onto the top of the front part of the keel; sometimes similarly to the sternpost and after part of the keel. The ends of the hull planks are fastened to the
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may be used for fixing the ends of the strakes to the apron and transom. In later times, they also fixed knees to the gunwale and thwarts, but, traditionally, this last would be done with a clench bolt or a large copper nail,
437:
and thwart knees greatly stiffens and strengthens the shell and turns it into a boat. There are several ways of fixing the rubbing strake, but, in a clinker boat, it is applied to the outside of the sheer strake.
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knees were glued to the planking. Their decks made such boats sufficiently stiff. So that the liquid glue could be laid onto the land before the next plank was assembled onto it, the boats were built upside down.
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construction, where plank edges are butted smoothly, seam to seam, supplanted clinker construction in large vessels as the demand for capacity surpassed the limits of clinker construction, such as in the larger
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Additionally, the clinker building method as used by the
Vikings created a vessel which could twist and flex relative to the line extending length of the vessel, bow to stern. This gave it an advantage in
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are called risings. They are fastened through the timbers. Bilge keels are often added to the outside of the land on which the boat would lie on a hard surface to stiffen it and protect it from wear. A
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In the last few years of wooden boat construction, glue and screws took over, but until the 1950s, the keel, hog, stem, apron, deadwoods, sternpost, and perhaps transom would be fastened together by
624:(pronounced trennels). They were like clench bolts but made of wood, and instead of being clenched, they had a hardwood wedge knocked into each end to spread it. The surplus was then sawn off.
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Finally, the fittings such as swivels or crutch plate, painter ring, stretchers, keel and stem band are fitted and fixed with screws. In a sailing dinghy, there would be more fittings, such as
518:. Traditionally, lands were not glued nor was anything used to bed them. The garboard was bedded onto the hog and keel and the ends of the strakes onto the stem and apron with a mixture of
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planks. Clinker is the most common
English term for this construction in both British and American English, though in American English the method is sometimes also known as
339:
731:. This distribution of relative efficiency between the two forms of construction is an illusion because for given hull strength, the clinker boat is lighter.
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and a dish-shaped washer called a rove. The land is pierced, the nail knocked through from the outside, the rove punched on while the head is held up by a
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but is usually much longer than the normal rivet; in a wooden ship, perhaps a metre or more. For a shipwright's use, it is of copper. A head is formed by
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nails with the pointed nail ends protruding on the inside of the boat, bent over and back into the wood in the form of a hook. This technique, called
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Hog: a longitudinal piece of timber fastened directly on top of the keel; the garboard planks (those closest to the keel) are fastened to the hog.
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Examples of clinker-built boats that are directly descended from those of the early medieval period are seen in the traditional round-bottomed
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is knocked. The taper is in effect a straight thread. In conjunction with a washer, this draws the bolt tight, as a nut does on a screw bolt.
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was used especially before the 20th century to side buildings, where the right angles of the structure lend themselves to quick assembly.
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243:, is the oldest preserved clinker-built boat. Clinker-built ships were a trademark of Northern European navigation throughout the
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planks overlap each other. Where necessary in larger craft, shorter planks can be joined end to end, creating a longer
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to fit the lands. Sometimes the timbers in larger archaic craft were also joggled before being steamed in.
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With the timbers all fitted, longitudinal members are bent in. The ones that run on the underside of the
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On many clinker-built craft, e.g. in
Scandinavia and in Thames skiffs and larger working craft like the
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Some people pronounce this word as "clinched," an example of regional variation in boatbuilding terms.
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are used to hold the new strake in position on the preceding one before the fastening is done.
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2002:
1137:"Nordic clinker boat tradition inscribed to UNESCO List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage".
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construction remains to this day a valuable method of construction for small wooden vessels.
362:. In normal practice, this will be the same way up as they will be in use. From the hog, the
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dated to 190 AD, are boat fragments which were found in excavations at the site of the
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Zori, Davide (2007). "Nails, Rivers, and Clench Bolts: A Case for
Typological Clarity".
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The smoother surface of a carvel boat gives the impression at first sight that it is
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expansion. Although overlapping seems to already appear in the 4th-century BC
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1060:"The Newport Medieval Ship, Wales, United Kingdom: The Newport Medieval Ship"
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In building a simple pulling boat, workers assemble and securely set up the
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is an example of a clinker-built vessel that was built in the Basque region
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100:, displaying the overlapping planks that characterize clinker construction
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The Spoils of
Victory – the north in the shadow of the Roman Empire
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on
December 14, 2021, as the first joint Nordic application to the list.
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244:
139:
127:
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Storgaard, Birger; Thomsen, Lone
Gebauer (2003). Jørgensen, Lars (ed.).
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2012:
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1003:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 527.
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more efficient. The lands of the planking are not there to disturb the
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construction was the same as before, but they were built with decks of
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1198:
Clenched Lap or
Clinker: An Appreciation of a Boatbuilding Technique
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64:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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The
Vikings used the clinker form of construction to build their
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Where suitable metal was not available, it was possible to use
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403:, sawn frames are used, assembled from floors and top timbers,
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259:. Clinker-built vessels were constructed as far South as the
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450:, horse, shroud plates, mast step, toe straps and so on.
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twenty-five foot motor cutters were fastened in this way.
627:
255:
raiders and traders, as well as the trading cogs of the
757:
The Nordic clinker boat tradition was inscribed to the
752:
532:
1951:
1168:
467:
The planks may be fastened together in several ways:
433:
onto the stringer. The structure of gunwale, rising,
1155:. London: Adam and Charles Black Publishers Ltd.
931:"Clinker and Carvel – different types of planking"
330:A comparison of clinker and carvel building styles
228:, the oldest evidence for a clinker-built vessel,
1099:
1097:
1095:
4138:
1166:Greenhill, Basil, and Morrison, John S. (1995).
1031:
545:and grease. There are three kinds of bolt used:
759:UNESCO List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage
1092:
1058:Nayling, Nigel; Jones, Toby (September 2014).
1403:
1219:
1064:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
170:, and the larger (originally) cargo-carrying
1057:
1051:
206:shipbuilding tradition as distinct from the
666:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
378:
3945:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle
3892:International Congress of Maritime Museums
3872:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology
3164:
1410:
1396:
1226:
1212:
202:The technique of clinker developed in the
4005:
3960:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology
1075:
686:Learn how and when to remove this message
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
4152:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
1017:. Danish National Museum. Archived from
987:
428:Inboard of the sheer strake the heavier
382:
325:
142:. It was used in the vessels known as
91:
3930:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
14:
4139:
3882:European Association of Archaeologists
1200:. Greenwich: National Maritime Museum.
216:technique which was introduced to the
4004:
3163:
3138:Pompey's campaign against the pirates
3096:
2966:
2965:
2348:
1950:
1429:
1417:
1391:
1259:Shipbuilding in the American colonies
1207:
885:"Clinker Boat History & Building"
628:Comparison between clinker and carvel
161:Comparison between clinker and carvel
1254:Shipbuilding in the early modern era
1117:
1107:(1941 ed.). London: HMSO. 1937.
664:adding citations to reliable sources
631:
420:weight across the bottom structure.
194:word, meaning “to fasten together”.
29:
3877:Archaeological Institute of America
935:Traditional Maritime Skills project
753:UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
533:Fastening the centre-line structure
366:, bottom, bilge, topside and sheer
24:
25:
4163:
3887:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
3277:Coastal defence and fortification
2652:Roman circumnavigation of Britain
1952:Navigation, and ports and harbors
1170:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
4121:
3987:
3912:Society for American Archaeology
3146:
3079:
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2331:
1933:
1233:
1145:
882:
636:
423:
302:
287:
268:
34:
3344:Phoenician discovery of America
1249:Ancient shipbuilding techniques
1130:
1111:
856:
844:
236:. The Nydam Boat itself, built
3036:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1105:Admiralty Manual of Seamanship
1040:
1036:. Nationalmuseet. p. 299.
1025:
1015:"The conservation of the boat"
1007:
981:
952:
923:
899:
876:
831:
595:has some of the features of a
13:
1:
3955:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa
2630:Phoenician maritime expansion
869:
462:
294:Clinkered prow of the Viking
237:
3897:Nautical Archaeology Society
573:, is by far the most common.
453:
220:of the north in the wake of
177:
126:The technique originated in
7:
3950:Museum of Ancient Seafaring
3327:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion
3133:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar
2990:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
2349:
1430:
1331:Water tunnel (hydrodynamic)
764:
441:
396:the lands of the planking.
321:
60:the claims made and adding
10:
4168:
3806:Phoenician Ship Expedition
3097:
2647:Pytheas' voyage to Britain
2640:Circumnavigation of Africa
697:
130:, and was employed by the
4119:
4011:
4000:
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3920:
3862:
3665:
3649:
3397:
3332:Samothrace temple complex
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1609:
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1377:Archaeology of shipwrecks
1339:
1303:
1267:
1241:
1151:Greenhill, Basil (1976).
889:Wootton Bridge Industries
197:
2620:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
824:
379:Timbering or framing out
3902:RPM Nautical Foundation
3639:Surviving ancient ships
3558:Marsala Punic shipwreck
1153:Archaeology of the Boat
1077:10.1111/1095-9270.12053
1000:Encyclopædia Britannica
960:"Clinker Boat Building"
482:consisting of a square
309:Clinker-built medieval
27:Method of boat building
3935:Giza Solar boat museum
3389:Underwater exploration
3384:Underwater archaeology
3349:Pre-Columbian theories
3204:John Sinclair Morrison
3165:Research and education
2615:Austronesian Expansion
1181:Leather, John (1990).
1120:Archaeologia Islandica
964:Hobby.net.au Australia
781:Dragon Harald Fairhair
392:
331:
247:, particularly of the
115:in which the edges of
107:-built (also known as
101:
4006:Legend and literature
3964:Viking ship museums:
3940:Grand Egyptian Museum
3700:Austronesian replicas
3675:Heyerdahl expeditions
3585:Caligula's Giant Ship
3445:Dover Bronze Age Boat
2107:Berenice Troglodytica
839:Newport Medieval Ship
386:
329:
230:dendrochronologically
95:
3907:Sea Research Society
3309:Maritime archaeology
3118:Ameinias the Phocian
3113:Mediterranean piracy
1196:McKee, Eric (1972).
1183:Clinker Boatbuilding
660:improve this section
275:Clinker hull of the
3000:Maritime Jade Route
2153:Kaveri Poompattinam
911:Danenberg Boatworks
3548:Bajo de la Campana
3250:Peter Throckmorton
3235:Jean-Yves Empereur
3209:William L. Rodgers
3030:Maritime Silk Road
1367:Naval architecture
1357:Marine engineering
1047:"The Nydam Boats".
393:
332:
241: 320 AD
146:, employed by the
102:
45:possibly contains
4134:
4133:
4130:
4129:
3996:
3995:
3983:
3982:
3603:Madrague de Giens
3322:Temple of Isthmia
3318:Maritime temples
3304:Marine navigation
3263:
3262:
3255:Shelley Wachsmann
3245:J. Richard Steffy
3155:
3154:
3088:
3087:
2957:
2956:
2944:
2943:
2895:
2894:
2625:Ocean exploration
2340:
2339:
2327:
2326:
1986:Rutter (nautical)
1942:
1941:
1929:
1928:
1785:Mortise and tenon
1419:Ancient seafaring
1385:
1384:
1362:Marine propulsion
1295:Mortise and tenon
1191:978-0-7136-3643-7
1176:978-1-55750-039-7
1161:978-0-7136-1645-3
696:
695:
688:
614:British Admiralty
226:Hjortspring boats
211:mortise and tenon
111:) is a method of
90:
89:
82:
47:original research
16:(Redirected from
4159:
4125:
4124:
4019:Ark of bulrushes
4002:
4001:
3991:
3990:
3629:Oldest surviving
3339:Nusantao network
3214:Chester G. Starr
3179:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3161:
3160:
3150:
3149:
3123:Cilician pirates
3094:
3093:
3083:
3082:
3020:Sa Huynh-Kalanay
3015:Iron Age Britain
2963:
2962:
2952:
2951:
2670:
2669:
2359:
2358:
2346:
2345:
2335:
2334:
2249:Ptolemais Theron
1959:
1958:
1948:
1947:
1937:
1936:
1529:Single-outrigger
1440:
1439:
1427:
1426:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1372:Maritime history
1326:Ship model basin
1228:
1221:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1185:. Adlard Coles.
1139:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1090:
1089:
1079:
1055:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1011:
1005:
1004:
996:
985:
979:
978:
976:
975:
966:. Archived from
956:
950:
949:
947:
946:
937:. Archived from
927:
921:
920:
918:
917:
903:
897:
896:
891:. Archived from
880:
863:
860:
854:
848:
842:
835:
725:hydrodynamically
691:
684:
680:
677:
671:
640:
632:
603:one end using a
565:bolt), with its
349:
341:
306:
291:
272:
257:Hanseatic League
242:
239:
172:Norfolk wherries
148:Hanseatic League
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
62:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
4167:
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4162:
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4137:
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4135:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4007:
3992:
3988:
3979:
3922:
3916:
3864:
3863:Institutes and
3858:
3813:Viking replicas
3754:Balangay Voyage
3667:
3661:
3645:
3400:
3393:
3269:
3259:
3218:
3166:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3099:
3084:
3080:
3075:
2971:
2953:
2949:
2940:
2891:
2848:
2701:
2661:
2606:
2599:
2400:
2353:
2336:
2332:
2323:
2199:Mueang Phra Rot
2053:
2044:
1953:
1938:
1934:
1925:
1879:
1853:Triangular sail
1814:
1751:
1725:Sail components
1636:
1605:
1579:Tessarakonteres
1434:
1421:
1416:
1386:
1381:
1335:
1299:
1263:
1237:
1232:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1131:
1116:
1112:
1103:
1102:
1093:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1041:
1030:
1026:
1013:
1012:
1008:
994:"Clinker"
986:
982:
973:
971:
958:
957:
953:
944:
942:
929:
928:
924:
915:
913:
905:
904:
900:
883:Webb, Michael.
881:
877:
872:
867:
866:
861:
857:
851:
849:
845:
836:
832:
827:
822:
767:
755:
702:
692:
681:
675:
672:
657:
641:
630:
535:
465:
456:
444:
426:
381:
324:
317:
307:
298:
292:
283:
273:
240:
200:
180:
123:or hull plank.
86:
75:
69:
66:
51:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4165:
4155:
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4149:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4120:
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4116:
4115:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4055:
4045:
4044:
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4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4021:
4012:
4009:
4008:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3962:
3957:
3952:
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3856:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3832:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3796:
3788:Mediterranean
3786:
3785:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3751:
3744:
3741:Alingano Maisu
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3684:
3671:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3590:De Meern ships
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3516:
3508:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3460:Cape Gelidonya
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3405:
3403:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
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3334:
3329:
3324:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3223:Archaeologists
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3189:David Blackman
3185:
3183:
3176:
3168:
3167:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3128:Jewish pirates
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2954:
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2945:
2942:
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2916:
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2897:
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2889:
2884:
2879:
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2864:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2814:Lake Trasimene
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2715:Mediterranean:
2711:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
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2456:
2451:
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2441:
2436:
2431:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2355:
2354:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2018:Maritime pilot
2015:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1983:
1981:Portolan chart
1978:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1855:
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1840:
1830:
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1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
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1729:
1728:
1727:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
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1680:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1554:Oared warships
1551:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1489:
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1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1436:
1435:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1340:Related topics
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1179:
1164:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1129:
1110:
1091:
1070:(2): 239–278.
1050:
1039:
1024:
1021:on 2005-08-28.
1006:
991:, ed. (1911).
989:Chisholm, Hugh
980:
951:
922:
898:
895:on 2008-12-02.
874:
873:
871:
868:
865:
864:
855:
843:
829:
828:
826:
823:
821:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
793:Montagu whaler
790:
785:
777:
768:
766:
763:
754:
751:
737:North Atlantic
694:
693:
644:
642:
635:
629:
626:
618:
617:
589:
574:
534:
531:
530:
529:
509:
502:
491:
464:
461:
455:
452:
443:
440:
425:
422:
380:
377:
323:
320:
319:
318:
308:
301:
299:
293:
286:
284:
274:
267:
261:Basque country
199:
196:
179:
176:
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4164:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4089:Metamorphoses
4086:
4084:
4082:
4081:The Histories
4078:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4059:The Histories
4056:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4003:
3999:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3861:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3774:Marumaru Atua
3771:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3734:Samudra Raksa
3731:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3720:Te Au o Tonga
3717:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3580:Blackfriars I
3578:
3576:
3575:Arles Rhône 3
3573:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3379:Thalassocracy
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3364:Shell middens
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3314:Naval warfare
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3266:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3194:Lionel Casson
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3158:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3095:
3091:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
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3037:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3025:Incense trade
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
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2930:
2929:South America
2927:
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2910:
2909:
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2898:
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2877:Sailing ships
2875:
2873:
2872:Oared vessels
2870:
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2865:
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2858:
2855:
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2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:Cape Hermaeum
2792:
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2608:
2605:Migration and
2602:
2596:
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2583:
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2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2412:Ancient Egypt
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:Civilizations
2403:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
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2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
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1994:
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1989:
1987:
1984:
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1979:
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1798:
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1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1780:Clinker built
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1765:Boat building
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1754:
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1733:
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1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:Navis lusoria
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1480:
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1468:
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1373:
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1368:
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1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1347:Boat building
1345:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
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1224:
1222:
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1215:
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1199:
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1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1146:Other sources
1138:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1069:
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1061:
1054:
1048:
1043:
1035:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1002:
1001:
995:
990:
984:
970:on 2023-01-21
969:
965:
961:
955:
941:on 2015-02-11
940:
936:
932:
926:
912:
908:
902:
894:
890:
886:
879:
875:
859:
847:
840:
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830:
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816:
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811:
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747:
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738:
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730:
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721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
701:
690:
687:
679:
669:
665:
661:
655:
654:
650:
645:This section
643:
639:
634:
633:
625:
623:
615:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
587:
583:
579:
575:
572:
568:
564:
561:
560:
555:
553:
548:
547:
546:
544:
540:
526:
521:
517:
513:
510:
506:
503:
500:
496:
492:
489:
485:
481:
478:
474:
470:
469:
468:
460:
451:
449:
439:
436:
431:
424:Longitudinals
421:
418:
413:
408:
406:
402:
397:
389:
388:Clinker built
385:
376:
374:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
345:
337:
328:
316:
312:
305:
300:
297:
290:
285:
282:
278:
271:
266:
265:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
212:
209:
208:Mediterranean
205:
195:
193:
189:
185:
175:
173:
169:
168:Thames skiffs
164:
162:
158:
153:
149:
145:
141:
140:Scandinavians
137:
133:
129:
124:
122:
118:
114:
113:boat building
110:
106:
99:
94:
84:
81:
73:
70:November 2021
63:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
18:Clinker built
4147:Shipbuilding
4110:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4072:
4067:On the Ocean
4065:
4058:
4050:
4047:Literature:
3835:
3817:
3798:
3791:
3781:Aotearoa One
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3691:
3687:
3679:
3666:Experimental
3634:Museum ships
3601:
3594:
3567:
3539:Phoenician:
3530:
3525:Leontophoros
3523:
3487:Butuan boats
3482:Pontian boat
3420:Dufuna canoe
3359:Shipbuilding
3270:and theories
3240:Boris Rankov
3034:
2967:Economy and
2867:Incendiaries
2714:
2501:Indus Valley
2469:Tarumanagara
2396:Ubaid period
2314:Wadi al-Jarf
2229:Ostia Antica
1833:Fore-and-aft
1800:Shipbuilding
1779:
1775:Carvel built
1757:Construction
1715:Steering oar
1596:Sailing ship
1519:Obelisk ship
1477:Dugout canoe
1284:
1235:Shipbuilding
1197:
1182:
1167:
1152:
1132:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1104:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1042:
1033:
1027:
1019:the original
1009:
998:
983:
972:. Retrieved
968:the original
963:
954:
943:. Retrieved
939:the original
934:
925:
914:. Retrieved
910:
901:
893:the original
888:
878:
858:
846:
833:
780:
773:Classic Boat
772:
756:
742:
740:vulnerable.
733:
722:
713:
703:
700:Carvel built
682:
673:
658:Please help
646:
619:
592:
581:
577:
557:
550:
536:
466:
457:
445:
427:
409:
398:
394:
358:and perhaps
333:
296:Oseberg ship
201:
187:
183:
181:
174:of England.
165:
132:Anglo-Saxons
125:
108:
104:
103:
76:
67:
44:
4074:Argonautica
4061:(Herodotus)
4024:Flood myths
3921:Museums and
3865:conferences
3830:Vital Alsar
3668:archaeology
3477:Austronesia
3470:Hjortspring
3465:Rochelongue
3415:Pesse canoe
3369:Ship burial
3354:Sea Peoples
3287:Lighthouses
3282:Grave goods
3230:George Bass
3010:Spice trade
2607:exploration
2429:Philippines
2424:Austronesia
2417:Old Kingdom
2294:Trincomalee
2244:Prosphorion
2189:Myos Hormos
2033:Micronesian
2024:By region:
1996:Lighthouses
1804:By region:
1569:Quinquereme
1494:Kunlun ship
1487:Penteconter
1472:Dragon boat
1290:Strip-built
907:"Lapstrake"
729:stream line
593:clench bolt
582:cotter bolt
245:Middle Ages
190:, a common
128:Scandinavia
4141:Categories
4083:(Polybius)
3727:Hawaiʻiloa
3609:Nemi ships
3494:Black Sea
3440:Khufu ship
3401:and relics
3299:Marine art
3292:Alexandria
3199:Fik Meijer
3182:Historians
3069:Indo-Roman
2882:Greek navy
2784:Salamis II
2774:Hellespont
2734:Artemisium
2724:Nile Delta
2687:Achaemenid
2580:Achaemenid
2449:Langkasuka
2444:Micronesia
2362:Prehistory
2289:Sounagoura
2117:Chittagong
2092:Barbarikon
2071:Alexandria
2013:Pilot boat
1963:Navigation
1795:Sewn-plank
1790:Lashed-lug
1668:Figurehead
1641:Components
1610:Propulsion
1564:Quadrireme
1545:Polyremes
1524:Outriggers
1321:Mould Loft
1304:Facilities
974:2011-02-23
945:2015-02-10
916:2020-02-13
870:References
775:(magazine)
710:split wood
698:See also:
543:white lead
520:white lead
514:, notably
463:Fastenings
277:Nydam Boat
234:Nydam Boat
54:improve it
4096:Geography
4034:Gilgamesh
3923:memorials
3847:Viracocha
3760:Faʻafaite
3713:Sarimanok
3619:Yassi Ada
3532:Syracusia
3455:Canaanite
3430:Moor Sand
2900:By region
2862:Grappling
2834:Naulochus
2824:Myonessus
2779:Echinades
2764:Arginusae
2759:Cynossema
2744:Naupactus
2739:Eurymedon
2573:Classical
2548:Phoenicia
2543:Mycenaean
2506:Tamilakam
2489:Polynesia
2479:Srivijaya
2274:Satingpra
2234:Palembang
2218:Cattigara
2160:(Kadaram)
2143:Jambukola
2137:Guangzhou
2078:(Podouke)
2076:Arikamedu
2038:Polynesia
1971:Celestial
1884:Armaments
1870:Spritsail
1828:Crab claw
1770:Careening
1737:Sternpost
1591:Reed boat
1534:Catamaran
1509:Multihull
1352:Sail plan
1086:108922370
788:Gableboat
714:lapstrake
706:longships
647:does not
622:treenails
601:upsetting
508:clenched.
499:clinching
454:Finishing
448:fairleads
356:sternpost
352:deadwoods
315:Stralsund
249:longships
218:provinces
178:Etymology
163:below.).
109:lapstrake
96:A Viking
58:verifying
4112:Tākitimu
4015:Legend:
3973:Roskilde
3852:Tangaroa
3793:Olympias
3767:Gaualofa
3706:Hōkūleʻa
3681:Kon-Tiki
3514:Ashkelon
3450:Uluburun
3409:Earliest
3175:Scholars
3057:shipping
2857:Boarding
2769:Mytilene
2754:Syracuse
2719:Alashiya
2682:Egyptian
2666:Military
2657:Timeline
2635:Sardinia
2558:Carthage
2474:Kalingga
2434:Sa Huỳnh
2369:Timeline
2319:Zanzibar
2269:Sarapion
2264:Rhacotis
2194:Martaban
2139:(Canton)
2132:Godavaya
2127:Giao Chỉ
2097:Barygaza
2087:Avalites
2008:Piloting
1896:Catapult
1891:Ballista
1865:Mast-aft
1678:Planking
1617:Paddling
1574:Hexareme
1539:Trimaran
1504:Longship
1452:Balangay
1316:Dry dock
1311:Shipyard
1126:: 32–47.
798:Longship
765:See also
746:stealers
718:lapboard
676:May 2017
578:pin bolt
563:threaded
512:Adhesive
442:Fittings
417:stringer
364:garboard
322:Planking
214:planking
192:Germanic
136:Frisians
98:longship
4052:Odyssey
4029:Genesis
3826:Others
3625:Lists:
3614:Marausa
3564:Roman:
3554:Punic:
3519:Kyrenia
3510:Greek:
3506:Marsala
3499:Sinop D
3374:Tacking
3108:History
2995:Meluhha
2985:Fishing
2980:Whaling
2887:Ramming
2809:Aegates
2804:Drepana
2799:Ecnomus
2729:Salamis
2717:
2707:Battles
2585:Nabatea
2568:Archaic
2538:Nuragic
2528:Somalia
2379:Oceania
2374:Britain
2351:History
2284:Socotra
2254:Qandala
2239:Piraeus
2209:Muziris
2179:Madurai
2174:Manthai
2112:Canopus
2082:Arsinoe
2054:harbors
2003:History
1991:Coastal
1921:Sambuca
1906:Dolphin
1820:Rigging
1632:Poling
1622:Sailing
1559:Trireme
1499:Liburna
1462:Coracle
1432:Vessels
1285:Clinker
1268:Methods
1242:Periods
808:Oselvar
803:Naglfar
668:removed
653:sources
541:set in
430:gunwale
412:thwarts
405:joggled
368:strakes
360:transom
281:Jutland
251:of the
159:. (See
105:Clinker
52:Please
4103:Aeneid
3819:Viking
3800:Regina
3569:Alkedo
3425:Abydos
3399:Wrecks
3268:Topics
3098:Piracy
3052:Greece
2912:Odisha
2844:Actium
2839:Mycale
2674:Navies
2563:Greece
2553:Olmecs
2521:Pandya
2496:Minoan
2459:Champa
2439:Lapita
2384:Remote
2304:Tyndis
2259:Quilon
2204:Muscat
2169:Lothal
2164:Korkai
2148:Jeddah
2122:Essina
2066:Adulis
1976:Charts
1911:Harpax
1901:Corvus
1875:Square
1843:Settee
1838:Lateen
1747:Tiller
1742:Strake
1710:Rudder
1700:Paddle
1648:Anchor
1627:Towing
1549:Bireme
1482:Galley
1457:Bangka
1280:Carvel
1275:Dugout
1189:
1174:
1159:
1084:
853:apron.
783:(ship)
586:cotter
571:washer
505:Screws
480:rivets
473:copper
435:thwart
391:rests.
373:Gripes
253:Viking
204:Nordic
198:Origin
188:clench
184:clinch
152:Carvel
138:, and
121:strake
4039:Greek
3842:Abora
3836:Ivlia
3748:Saina
3692:Ra II
3650:Sites
3435:Dokos
3047:Egypt
2969:trade
2934:Rafts
2919:Japan
2907:India
2819:Chios
2789:Mylae
2749:Olpae
2697:Roman
2692:Greek
2590:Aksum
2516:Chera
2511:Chola
2484:Sunda
2464:Kutai
2454:Kedah
2299:Tulum
2279:Sidon
2224:Opone
2214:Óc Eo
2184:Malao
2158:Kedah
2102:Basra
2050:Ports
2028:Inuit
1848:Tanja
1808:Egypt
1658:Cabin
1601:Tomol
1444:Types
1082:S2CID
825:Notes
813:Rivet
708:from
609:dolly
605:swage
597:rivet
552:screw
539:bolts
516:epoxy
493:With
488:dolly
471:With
401:coble
348:apron
313:from
279:from
222:Roman
186:, or
182:From
157:hulks
3968:Oslo
3690:and
3596:Isis
3543:Gozo
3064:Rome
3042:Maya
2924:Rome
2829:Nile
2595:Rome
2533:Maya
2389:Near
2309:Tyre
2061:Aden
1860:Junk
1732:Stem
1720:Sail
1705:Rope
1690:Mast
1685:Keel
1673:Hull
1663:Deck
1586:Raft
1467:Dhow
1187:ISBN
1172:ISBN
1157:ISBN
837:The
818:Yoal
651:any
649:cite
591:The
576:The
569:and
559:i.e.
554:bolt
549:The
495:iron
484:nail
477:iron
344:stem
336:keel
144:cogs
117:hull
3005:Tin
2052:and
1916:Ram
1695:Oar
1653:Bow
1072:doi
662:by
580:or
567:nut
525:ply
475:or
340:hog
311:cog
56:by
4143::
3688:Ra
3657:H3
3411::
1122:.
1094:^
1080:.
1068:43
1066:.
1062:.
997:.
962:.
933:.
909:.
887:.
716:;
354:,
350:,
346:,
342:,
338:,
263:.
238:c.
150:.
134:,
2220:)
2216:(
1411:e
1404:t
1397:v
1227:e
1220:t
1213:v
1193:.
1178:.
1163:.
1124:6
1088:.
1074::
977:.
948:.
919:.
689:)
683:(
678:)
674:(
670:.
656:.
556:(
83:)
77:(
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20:)
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