1788:
Congo have done this. Research found that many
Congolese leave farming because they need money quickly and cannot wait for crops to grow. Farming also presents its own obstacles. For example, the lack of roads in the Congolese interior makes it extremely difficult to transport produce to market and a harvest can be seized by militias or the military. With their food gone, people resort to mining to survive. But organized mines may be run by corrupt groups such as militias. The Congolese mine coltan with few tools, no safety procedures, and often no mining experience. No government aid or intervention is available in many unethical and abusive circumstances. Miners consider coltan mining a way to provide for themselves in the face of widespread war and conflict and a government that has no concern for their welfare.
1569:
22:
84:
5200:
2126:
coltan production. Some of the increased production came from eastern DC where there are "rebel groups and unscrupulous business people" forcing farmers and their families to leave land where the rebels wanted to mine, "forcing them to work in artisanal mines...widespread destruction of agriculture and devastating social effects occurred, which in a number of instances were akin to slavery."
1766:
the
Democratic Republic of the Congo) can use them for their own benefit. The resources generate wealth, which the leaders use to stay in power "... either through legal means, or coercive ones (e.g. funding militias)". The increased importance of coltan in electronics "occurred as warlords and armies in the eastern Congo converted
2068:, a prized delicacy in western Africa, and threatened by logging, slash-and-burn agriculture and armed conflict, the gorilla population was critically endangered, they said. The population of Grauer's gorillas were particularly threatened by changes in their environment, with a population in January 2018 of only about 3,800.
1860:
and the smuggling and illegal coltan mines. A United
Nations committee investigating the plunder of gems and minerals from the Congo, listed in its final report in 2003 approximately 125 companies and individuals whose business activities breach international norms. Companies accused of irresponsible
1989:
controlled most of the trans-Balkan trade route. This export pipeline mostly carries unprocessed coltan mined in unsafe artisanal mines, so this market hinders development of safer extraction infrastructure in the DRC. The Balkan trade route, therefore, poses a long-term threat to the DRC's economy;
1913:
Many of the corporations participating in the 1999-2000 business stampede caused by $ 400 coltan were in fact participants in the conflict. The
Rwandan army, as Rwanda Metals, exported at least 100 tons per month. A UN panel estimated that the Coltan extraction causes problems that adjoin or overlap
192:, updated in 2017, does not mention either coltan or tantalum. A Rwandan official discussing prospective mines in his country said that Canada had 4% of global production in 2009; but in rock so hard that the ore is too expensive to extract. In 2009, Rwanda had 9% of the world's tantalum production.
1787:
For
Congolese, mining is the readiest source of income, because the work is consistently available, even if only for a dollar a day. The work can be laborious; miners can walk for days into the forest to reach the ore, scratch it from the earth with hand tools, and pan it. About 90% of young men in
1778:
forces in the 1990s, Rwanda suddenly became a major exporter of coltan, benefiting from the weakness of the
Congolese government. The soaring price "brought in as much as $ 20 million a month to rebel groups" and other factions trading coltan mined in northeastern Congo, according to a U.N. report.
1765:
resources. Wealth of resources may also correspond to "... the likelihood of weak democratic development, corruption, and civil war". High levels of corruption lead to great political instability because whoever controls the assets (usually the political leaders and the government, in the case of
1894:
found that Rwanda official coltan production soared nearly tenfold between 1999 and 2001, from 147 tons to 1,300 tons, and for the first time provided more revenue than from the country traditional primary exports, tea and coffee. Similarly, Uganda exported 2.5 tons of coltan exports a year before
1889:
of eastern Congo by
Ugandan, Rwandan, and other foreign military forces, as well as the many bands of Congolese rebels fighting with one another. The UN report accused the fighters of massively looting Congolese natural resources, and said that the war persisted because the fighters were enriching
225:
once produced half the world's tantalum but went into administration in 2004. Talison
Minerals paid $ 205 million to buy the Wodgina and Greenbushes tantalum business of Sons of Gwalia but temporarily closed Wodgina because of falling tantalum prices. The mine re-opened in 2011 but closed again
167:
Globally, 60% of all mining companies have registered with the highly regulated stock exchanges in
Toronto and Vancouver. However, due to environmental regulations, no mining of coltan is currently taking place in Canada itself, with the exception of a single proposed mine in Blue River, British
2125:
In addition to environmental harm caused by erosion, pollution and deforestation, agriculture and as a result food security suffered in the DRC as a result of mining. A follow-up UN report in 2003 noted a sharp increase in 1999 and 2000 in the global price of tantalum, which naturally increased
195:
In 2016 Rwanda accounted for 50% of global tantalum production. In 2016, Rwanda announced that AB Minerals
Corporation would open a coltan separation plant in Rwanda by mid-2017, the first to operate on the African continent. Uganda and Rwanda both exported coltan in the early 2000s after they
1942:(USA) for example, have announced that they would avoid unsourced Central African coltan altogether. The Rwandan army could have made $ 20 million a month, and must have made at least $ 250 million over 18 months. "This is substantial enough to finance the war," the panel noted in its report.
2080:
found that the miners did confirm that they had been eating bushmeat and that they did think that the practice had caused a decline in primate numbers. Since the miners said they would cease the practice if they had another food supply, the authors suggested that efforts to stop the gorilla
2071:
An estimated 3–5 million tons of bushmeat is obtained by killing animals, including gorillas, every year. Demand for bushmeat comes from urban dwellers who consider it a delicacy, as well as from remote populations of artisanal miners. Environmentalists who interviewed miners in and around
2064:'s population has diminished as well. Miners, far from food sources and often hungry, hunt gorillas. The gorilla population in the DRC fell from 17,000 to 5,000 in the decade prior to 2009, and Mountain Gorillas in the Great Lakes region numbered only 700, UNEP said in 2009. Hunted for
196:
invaded the DRC, but the bulk of this coltan was not mined within those countries but smuggled from Congolese mines, according to the final report of the UN Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
2122:, the country that colonized the DRC, has encouraged international buyers to avoid Congolese coltan on ethical grounds: "take care in obtaining ... raw materials from lawful sources. Harm, or the threat of harm, to local people, wildlife or the environment is unacceptable."
2033:, one researcher suggested that conflict mineral reforms resulted in better oversight and organization of supply chains, but that inaction by the Congolese government had led to locally negotiated solutions and territorialization, leading to secretive mining activities.
1724:. Some companies have taken steps to reduce their use of conflict minerals by tracing the source of minerals in their supply chains, auditing smelters, and certifying conflict-free coltan mines. As of 2012, the companies that lagged behind these efforts the most were
2097:
There is a high prevalence of respiratory complaints in Congolese informal coltan miners. It has been suggested that efficient occupational safety measures be implemented. Also, there is a need to regulate the informal mining business due to a high death toll.
2016:
to register with the US Securities and Exchange Commission and disclose their suppliers. The legislation appears to have had limited success. Based on extensive qualitative fieldwork conducted from 2014 to 2016 with coltan buyers operating in
1884:
Income from coltan smuggling likely financed the military occupation of Congo, and prolonged the civil conflict afterwards. A UN panel studied the eastern Congo for months before releasing a remarkably sharp condemnation of the ongoing
211:, Mozambique, citing poor-quality infrastructure and ore that was both very radioactive and mostly depleted. HAMC was losing US$ 3.00 on every ton extracted and had reported accumulated losses of around US$ 150 million by June 2013.
294:, and sold on through the black market to buyers in Germany, Belgium, Kazakhstan and the United States. Colombia has 5% of global coltan reserves. One of the regions suffering from illegal gold and coltan mining in Colombia is the
1890:
themselves by mining and smuggling out coltan, timber, gold, and diamonds. They also said that smuggled minerals financed the fighting and provided money for weapons. A 2005 report on the Rwandan economy by the South African
4205:
Harmon, R. S.; Shughrue, K. M.; Remus, J. J.; Wise, M. A.; East, L. J.; Hark, R. R. (2011). "Can the provenance of the conflict minerals columbite and tantalite be ascertained by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy?".
1972:
In 2009, DRC coltan was going to China to be manufactured into wires and electronic-grade tantalum powder. Coltan imports from the DRC into Europe usually went to Russia or Central/Eastern Europe, via the route through
218:, but the ongoing war there precludes either general exploration or exploring specifically for coltan for the foreseeable future. The United States does not produce tantalum due to the poor quality of its reserves.
1589:
and almost every kind of electronic device. Niobium and tantalum have a wide range of uses, including refractive lenses for glasses, cameras, phones and printers. They are also used in semiconductor circuits, and
1821:(DRC) have made it difficult for the DRC to benefit from the exploitation of its coltan reserves. Mining of coltan is mainly artisanal and small-scale and vulnerable to extortion and human trafficking. A 2003
226:
after less than a year. Atlas Iron began mining iron ore there in 2010 and ceased operations there in April 2017. Global Advanced Mining announced in 2018 that it planned to restart tantalum production at the
2968:
Ewan Sutherland (11 April 2011). Coltan, the Congo and your cell phone: The connection between your mobile phone and human rights abuses in Africa (Report). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 6.
2825:[The jungle wounded by mining: Colombians and foreigners are affecting the fragile geography of the Orinoquia and the Amazon, fevered by the ambition of gold and coltan] (in Spanish). 29 March 2013.
2789:[Mexican cartels said to be behind Coltan seizure in Columbia: An alliance between capos of that country and illegal groups of our country said to be exploiting the ore that is taken to Brazil.].
2787:"Carteles mexicanos estarĂan detrás de coltán incautado en Colombia: Una alianza entre capos de ese paĂs y grupos ilegales de nuestro paĂs estarĂa explotando el mineral que es sacado hacia Brasil"
290:. The police said it had been mined on an indigenous reserve and bought for $ 10 a kilo and sold for $ 80 to 100 dollars a kilo, after smuggling it across the border into Brazil, where there are
1993:
Estimates of Congo's coltan deposits range upwards from 64% of global reserves. but estimates at the high end of the range are difficult to trace to reliable data. Professional bodies like the
4075:
Leon-Kabamba N, Ngatu NR, Kakoma SJ, Nyembo C, Mbelambela EP, Moribe RJ, Wembonyama S, Danuser B, Oscar-Luboya N (October 2018). "Respiratory health of dust-exposed Congolese coltan miners".
2418:
2274:
2576:
3907:
4370:"The socio-economics of artisanal mining and bushmeat hunting around protected areas: Kahuzi–Biega National Park and Itombwe Nature Reserve, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo"
4044:"The socio-economics of artisanal mining and bushmeat hunting around protected areas: Kahuzi–Biega National Park and Itombwe Nature Reserve, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo"
3908:"Jane Goodall issues call to save gorillas: Jane Goodall, the famous conservationist, has called on the world to protect gorillas under threat from ongoing deforestation and war"
2129:
A shift also took place from traditional sources such as Australia to new suppliers such as Egypt, perhaps because of the bankruptcy of the world's biggest supplier, Australia's
4471:
Mustapha, A. O.; Mbuzukongira, P.; Mangala, M. J. (2007). "Occupational radiation exposures of artisans mining columbite–tantalite in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo".
3287:
A O Mustapha; P Mbuzukongira; M J Mangala (25 May 2007), "Occupational radiation exposures of artisans mining columbite–tantalite in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo",
2823:"La selva herida por la minerĂa: Colombianos y extranjeros están afectando la frágil geografĂa de la Orinoquia y la Amazonia, afiebrados por la ambiciĂłn del oro y del coltán"
2005:
68:
276:
are working together in the unlicensed coltan mining in Colombia. Colombia announced a joint operation with the United States to arrest three suspects who, according to
1770:
operations ... into slave labour regimes to earn hard currency to finance their militias," as one anthropological study put it in 2008. When much of eastern Congo
249:
was financing itself with illegal mining, sent 15,000 troops in to deal with them. Technical advisers for the mining project were allegedly provided by a subsidiary of
2497:"Digging for Gold, Mining Corruption: One of Africa's Poorest and Most Embattled Countries is Prey to Canadian Mining Companies Searching for the Last Great Gold mine"
3226:
Smith, James H. (1 February 2011). "Tantalus in the Digital Age: Coltan ore, temporal dispossession, and "movement" in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo".
245:, although at least one coltan mining operation had previously been authorized in the area. Nonetheless, he outlawed private mines in the region and, saying that the
5629:
5612:
5596:
3695:"The Democratic Republic of the Congo: Major Challenges Impede Efforts to Achieve U.S. Policy Objectives; Systematic Assessment of Progress Is Needed" GAO-08-562T"
3372:
3718:-- on request for their source the GAO gave the Global Witness report "Under-Mining Peace: Tin - the Explosive Trade in Cassiterite in Eastern DRC" June 30, 2005
2359:
5723:
2160:
2728:
2001:, the primary element extracted from coltan, can also be obtained from other sources, but Congolese coltan represented around 10% of world production in 2008.
3191:
2081:
population decline should consider addressing this issue to reduce the depredations of subsistence hunting. The mines in these nature reserves were producing
1617:. More recently, in the late 2000s, the nickel-tantalum super-alloys used in jet engines account for 15% of tantalum consumption, but pending orders for the
3962:"Catastrophic Decline of World's Largest Primate: 80% Loss of Grauer's Gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) Population Justifies Critically Endangered Status"
2757:
5245:
234:. (SZSE:002466) and 49% by the US-based Albemarle Corporation, will continue to mine lithium at Greenbushes in parallel with the GAM tantalum operation.
3586:
3373:
Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (26 October 2003),
2332:
2692:
2554:
4429:
3019:
2732:
2460:
5236:
4275:
2710:
2537:
5273:
2804:
931:
2005-2009: MYB 2009, p. 52.13. USGS did not report data for other countries (China, Kazakhstan, Russia, etc.) owing to data uncertainties.
3479:
2942:
929:
Table 10; 1994–1997: MYB 1998, Table 10; 1998–2001: MYB 2002, p. 21.13; 2002–2003: MYB 2004, p. 20.13; 2004: MYB 2008, p. 52.12;
5332:
3621:
1846:
2786:
5657:
5624:
5604:
3452:
3070:"Lezhnev, R. & Hellmuth, A. (2012). Taking conflict out of consumer gadgets: Company rankings on conflict minerals 2012. Enough Project"
5617:
5150:
2280:
4595:
3338:
3076:
2625:
2584:
5249:
2360:"IRC Study Shows Congo's Neglected Crisis Leaves 5.4 Million Dead; Peace Deal in N. Kivu, Increased Aid Critical to Reducing Death Toll"
2247:
250:
5662:
2916:
5561:
5434:
5404:
5399:
5268:
2301:
5571:
5566:
5553:
5504:
5439:
5384:
5339:
5180:
4523:
3667:
2659:
282:, inherited the illegal business run from their brother, Francisco Cifuentes Villa, alias 'Pancho Cifuentes', who once worked for
5581:
5514:
5409:
5394:
5307:
5302:
5135:
4175:
3960:
Plumptre, AJ; Nixon, S; Kujirakwinja, DK; Vieilledent, G; Critchlow, R; Williamson, EA; Nishuli, R; Kirkby, AE; Hall, JS (2016).
1757:
Certain countries rich in natural resources have been said to suffer from the apparently paradoxical "resource curse" - showing
5652:
5464:
5424:
5327:
4331:
Wakenge, Claude Iguma (2018). ""Referees become players": Accessing coltan mines in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo".
246:
927:
1990–1993: U.S. Geological Survey, "1994 Minerals Yearbook" (MYB), "COLUMBIUM (NIOBIUM) AND TANTALUM" By Larry D. Cunningham,
5718:
5519:
5469:
4361:"The Resource Curse in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Analysing the Coltan Conflict and the Involvement of Foreign Actors"
3883:
3533:
3435:
3174:
2837:
93:
Approximately 71% of the global tantalum supply in 2008 was newly mined, 20% was from recycling, and the remainder was from
5586:
5531:
5364:
5229:
2772:
5145:
3160:
2880:
p. 52.13. USGS did not report data for other countries (China, Kazakhstan, Russia, etc.) owing to data uncertainties. .
5647:
3804:
Diemel, J.A. (12 February 2018). "Authority and access to the cassiterite and coltan trade in Bukama Territory (DRC)".
3569:
2609:
3701:
2736:
2890:
5214:
5140:
3198:
101:
72:
5222:
5170:
2496:
2440:
2115:
3792:
2877:
2873:
2382:
5676:
5252:
4664:
4455:
3860:
2222:
1891:
4436:
3257:
3030:
5155:
3594:
1990:
it finances and validates the vast harm done to DR Congo by the violent and corrupt past and current system.
4517:"The victim's licence: Our fairytale version of Rwanda's genocide has allowed us to overlook new atrocities"
2865:
2338:
2073:
4414:"Stadium Coltan : artisanal mining, reforms and social change in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo"
4302:
Diemel, J.A. (2018). "Authority and access to the cassiterite and coltan trade in Bukama Territory (DRC)".
4139:
2869:
2577:"Uganda indicted for plunder of natural wealth:Congo report: Uganda indicted for plunder of natural wealth"
1874:
1818:
1595:
4397:"President Trump's threats in coltan supply chain due diligence stunt Congo's 2020 nation branding vision"
3656:
3608:
2822:
2471:
254:
4244:
2526:
5713:
4422:"Analytical Fingerprint of Columbite-Tantalite (Coltan) Mineralisation in Pegmatites – Focus on Africa"
4126:
2861:
2856:
5708:
3629:
3483:
1994:
148:
mining and smelting. Potential future mines, in descending order of magnitude, are being explored in
4673:
3767:
3401:"Security Council Condemns Illegal Exploitation of Democratic Republic of Congo's Natural Resources"
2195:
5728:
4406:"Corporate social responsibility and the supply chain: cell phone companies and the case of coltan"
1812:
189:
4642:
2434:
5703:
5414:
5165:
3480:"Groups File Complaint With State Department Against Three American Companies Named in UN Report"
3456:
4535:
4020:
3717:
2640:
1985:
in Greece to the Balkans. An offshore consortium registered in the British Virgin Islands named
5733:
5419:
3345:
2599:
185:
4579:
4041:
3873:
3849:
2974:
5738:
5459:
5185:
5130:
4286:
2677:
2412:
2253:
2009:
1622:
1599:
1568:
3069:
2133:
may have caused or contributed to this change. The operations previously owned by Gwalia in
287:
5374:
5369:
4616:
4550:
4480:
4340:
4311:
4259:
4084:
3973:
3813:
3374:
3296:
2511:
2309:
1799:
found "that grinding and sieving coltan can give rise to high occupational doses, up to 18
67:
which are used for mobile phones, personal computers, automotive electronics, and cameras.
4536:"Formalising artisanal and small-scale mining: insights, contestations and clarifications"
208:
21:
8:
5576:
5297:
5160:
3400:
3156:
3129:
Mantz, J. W (2008). "Improvisational economies: Coltan production in the eastern Congo".
2175:
2110:
from African mines dropped significantly after the dramatic price spike in 2000 from the
1886:
1822:
1796:
4620:
4554:
4516:
4484:
4344:
4315:
4263:
4245:"Coltan from Central Africa, international trade and implications for any certification"
4088:
3977:
3817:
3300:
4996:
4657:
4566:
4504:
4396:
4231:
4108:
3996:
3961:
3320:
3055:
2860:(MYB), "COLUMBIUM (NIOBIUM) AND TANTALUM" By Larry D. Cunningham, Table 10; 1994-1997:
1701:
1625:
may increase this proportion, as well as China's pending order for 62 787-8 airplanes.
1582:
64:
4413:
4181:
4042:
Charlotte Spira; Andrew Kirkby; Deo Kujirakwinja; Andrew J. Plumptre (11 April 2017).
1895:
the conflict broke out in 1997. In 1999 its export volume exploded to nearly 70 tons.
4904:
4570:
4496:
4492:
4463:
4421:
4360:
4223:
4100:
4001:
3942:
3879:
3856:
3565:
3431:
3312:
3308:
3239:
3170:
3142:
2970:
2605:
2150:
2077:
1986:
1939:
1931:
1862:
1733:
1713:
5244:
4271:
4235:
4112:
3745:
3679:
1598:, and MP3 players, as well as in computer hard drives, automobile electronics, and
5681:
4624:
4558:
4508:
4488:
4405:
4381:
4348:
4319:
4267:
4215:
4092:
4055:
3991:
3981:
3934:
3839:
Cobalt monograph, Centre d'information du cobalt, Battelle Memorial Institute, 1960
3821:
3336:
3324:
3304:
3235:
3138:
2061:
2030:
2018:
1927:
1919:
1771:
1767:
1633:
260:
Also in 2009, the Colombian government announced coltan reserves had been found in
227:
5536:
5359:
5344:
3539:
3337:
Dorner, Ulrike; Franken, Gudrun; Liedtke, Maren; Sievers, Henrike (1 March 2012).
204:
87:
5204:
4368:
Spira, Charlotte; Kirkby, Andrew; Kujirakwinja, Deo; Plumptre, Andrew J. (2019).
3986:
3838:
1851:
241:
announced in 2009 that a significant reserve of coltan was discovered in western
5541:
5484:
5474:
5454:
3506:
2114:
frenzy, from $ 400 to the current price level of around $ 100. Figures from the
4352:
4323:
3938:
3825:
3380:
3192:
The Role of Multinational Corporations in the Democratic Republic of the Counge
2130:
2111:
2004:
The United States responded to conflict minerals with section 1501 of the 2010
1838:
1752:
273:
231:
222:
200:
83:
5509:
5479:
5449:
5354:
5290:
5285:
4386:
4369:
4219:
4096:
4060:
4043:
2984:
238:
5697:
4650:
3946:
3166:
1974:
1918:
and uses similar methods such as smuggling across the porous Rwandan border,
1915:
1866:
283:
265:
5526:
5494:
5489:
5444:
5429:
5379:
5317:
5312:
2512:"Canadian Reserves of Selected Major Metals and Recent Production Decisions"
2118:
partially confirm this. The Tantalum-Niobium International Study Centre in
4875:
4500:
4227:
4104:
4005:
3694:
3316:
2134:
2042:
2013:
1923:
1586:
5349:
5322:
5175:
4959:
4935:
4702:
2170:
2138:
2082:
299:
215:
173:
2660:"NO, THE U.S. DIDN'T JUST 'DISCOVER' A $ 1T AFGHAN MOTHERLODE (UPDATED)"
2414:
Kenya Discovers Coltan Deposits | National Mining Corporation Kenya
199:
In 2013 Highland African Mining Company (HAMC), now Noventa, closed its
5260:
5103:
5079:
4971:
4940:
4887:
4790:
4562:
4151:
3657:
http://project2049.net/documents/china_and_congos_coltan_connection.pdf
2193:
2086:
2026:
1806:
1741:
1641:
1637:
169:
129:
5389:
4677:
3559:
2626:"Highland African Mining Company closes mine in Marropino, Mozambique"
5091:
5072:
5060:
5020:
5013:
5008:
5001:
4988:
4911:
4851:
4839:
4814:
4802:
4795:
4778:
4742:
4153:
3286:
2997:
2155:
2050:
2046:
1878:
1826:
1693:
1673:
1629:
1591:
242:
157:
153:
113:
57:
49:
5499:
4629:
4604:
4287:"Veld & Flora - One of the world's rarest apes faces extinction"
3959:
5108:
5096:
5084:
4899:
4807:
4771:
4766:
4754:
4735:
4719:
4714:
4672:
4577:
3854:, Centre d'information du cobalt, Battelle Memorial Institute, 2010
3511:
3265:
2065:
1998:
1978:
1935:
1870:
1856:
however has documented links between multi-national companies like
1725:
1685:
1677:
1614:
1610:
291:
261:
177:
141:
137:
125:
105:
45:
4243:
Bleischwitz, Raimund; Dittrich, Monika; Pierdicca, Chiara (2012).
3477:
3450:
3258:"Making a killing: criminality and coping in the Kivu war economy"
5055:
4863:
4831:
4819:
4747:
4731:
4464:"Blood Diamonds of the Digital Age: Coltan and the Eastern Congo"
2807:[InĂrida fluvial star, a paradise threatened by mining].
2805:"Estrella fluvial de InĂrida un paraĂso amenazado por la minerĂa"
2727:
2693:"Worm turns for Atlas as Wodgina, ore prices conspire against it"
2119:
2107:
2054:
2022:
1997:
estimate that Central Africa as a whole has 9% of global assets.
1982:
1842:
1834:
1800:
1721:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1649:
295:
181:
161:
41:
3453:"FOE complaint to Department of State concerning U.S. companies"
298:
known as Estrella Fluvial del InĂrida (InĂrida Fluvial Star), a
5048:
5043:
5025:
4964:
4947:
4923:
4916:
4892:
4880:
4868:
4856:
4844:
4596:"The DRC and its Neighbourhood: The Political Economy of Peace"
4578:
Garcia-Yagues, M. R.; Lopez-Lopez, J.; Lopez-Lopez, G. (2009).
4367:
2917:"Coltan, Cell Phones, and Conflict: The War Economy of the DRC"
2165:
1830:
1792:
1775:
1665:
1618:
1606:
278:
117:
109:
2678:"Niobium (Columbium) and Tantalum: Statistics and Information"
2555:"Africa's first Coltan separation plant to be built in Rwanda"
36:
and known industrially as tantalite) is a dull black metallic
5067:
4694:
4074:
3768:"'Coltan' | Tantalum-Niobium International Study Center"
3562:
Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
3056:"Boeing's orders and deliveries information (as of May 2009)"
2759:
Más sal a la herida en relaciones entre Colombia y Venezuela,
2410:
2201:
1857:
1737:
1689:
1681:
1661:
230:
within a year. Talison Lithium, 51% owned by Chinese company
149:
133:
121:
4242:
2384:"Niobium (Columbium) and Tantalum", U.S. Geological Survey,
1934:" more generally. It is difficult to verify the sourcing of
1829:
across Congo's eastern border by militias from neighbouring
4976:
4952:
4928:
4783:
4759:
4470:
4456:"The Eastern Lowland Gorilla: Saving the Victims of Coltan"
2536:. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
2430:
1717:
1645:
269:
97:
3872:
Taylor and Goldsmith, Andrea and Michele (December 2002).
3743:
1825:
report stated that much of the ore is mined illegally and
257:
which had been under US sanctions since October 25, 2007.
180:
has tantalum reserves, is the world's largest producer of
4707:
4685:
3771:
1791:
A 2007 study of the radioactivity of the coltan mined in
1729:
1657:
1653:
1628:
In 2012, electronics companies that used coltan included
145:
94:
48:
are extracted. The niobium-dominant mineral in coltan is
37:
3622:"Congo in talks with Malaysia Smelting over tin foundry"
2737:"Venezuela emerges as new source of 'conflict' minerals"
2711:"Global Advanced Metals to Mine Tantalum at Greenbushes"
2101:
1873:. Some of the fighters were eventually tried before the
264:'s eastern provinces. Director of the Colombian Police
4204:
2980:
2739:. International Consortium of Investigative Journalists
2161:
Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1669:
286:. In 2012 Colombian police seized 17 tons of coltan in
25:
A piece of columbite–tantalite, size 6.0 × 2.5 × 2.1 cm
4404:
Fortuny, BarcelĂł de; Elisabet, Marta (24 April 2017).
3115:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 10–11.
3871:
3478:
Friends of the Earth-United States (4 August 2004).
3451:
Friends of the Earth-United States (4 August 2004).
2638:
2429:
2089:, and "most mines were controlled by armed groups."
1807:
Ethics of mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo
3925:"One of the world's rarest apes faces extinction".
3651:Tiffany Ma, "China and Congo's Coltan Connection,"
3155:
3029:. Project 2049 Institute. p. 5. Archived from
2302:"The VICE Guide to Congo | VICE United States"
1594:for small electronic devices such as hearing aids,
100:and inventory. Tantalum minerals are mined in the
3560:Emizet Francois Kisangani; Scott F. Bobb (2009).
3100:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 1.
3091:
3089:
5695:
4533:
3875:Gorilla Biology: A Multidisciplinary Perspective
3531:
4403:
2981:Research Associate, CRIDS, University of Namur1
2967:
2943:"What is Coltan? 5 Facts You Should Know | INN"
1581:Coltan is used primarily for the production of
5724:Mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
3086:
2835:
2773:"Sinaloa Cartel Expands Influence in Colombia"
2657:
2453:
5230:
4658:
4173:
4152:Tantalum-Niobium International Study Center.
3584:
3221:
3219:
3189:
2194:Tantalum-Niobium International Study Centre,
1900:"Part of the increase in production is due to
1837:and Rwanda. All three countries named by the
1605:Coltan is also used to make high-temperature
3587:"Coltan Mining and Eastern Congo's Gorillas"
2641:"Next for Afghanistan, the Curse of Plenty?"
2597:
2509:
946:% of Global tantalum production from mining
188:Pty Ltd. A discussion of Canadian mining by
63:Tantalum from coltan is used to manufacture
3905:
3564:(3 ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 91.
3368:
3366:
2891:"Five things you need to know about coltan"
2524:
2494:
2374:
2008:, which required companies that might have
5237:
5223:
4665:
4651:
4602:
3216:
2690:
1865:, Eagle Wings Resources International the
251:Khatam-al Anbiya Construction Headquarters
4628:
4385:
4140:Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2005
4127:Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2002
4068:
4059:
4022:Mountain Gorillas, Bushmeat or Blackmail?
3995:
3985:
3124:
3122:
3110:
3095:
2330:
2324:
2036:
1951:to sustain its presence in the Democratic
1947:"Here lies the vicious circle of the war.
1938:materials like ores, so some processors,
1904:However, the increase is primarily due to
1761:economic development than countries with
268:Trujillo stated in October 2011 that the
3507:"Scramble for DR Congo's mineral wealth"
3363:
3339:"Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM)"
3330:
2331:Söderberg, Mattias (22 September 2006),
1957:individuals and companies extracting the
1567:
82:
78:
56:), and the tantalum-dominant mineral is
52:(after niobium's original American name
20:
4534:Hilson, Gavin; MacOnachie, Roy (2017).
4330:
4281:from the original on 22 September 2017.
3251:
3249:
2604:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1990.
2215:
1959:mineral. These have made money which is
1955:provided protection and security to the
1881:on charges of crimes against humanity.
1841:as coltan smugglers denied doing this.
5696:
4301:
4208:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
3803:
3421:
3119:
3017:
2990:
2717:. Berkshire Hathaway. 5 February 2018.
2141:continue to operate in some capacity.
2106:The production and sale of coltan and
2041:Uncontrolled mining in the DRC causes
5218:
4646:
4430:"China and Congo's coltan connection"
4333:The Extractive Industries and Society
4304:The Extractive Industries and Society
4018:
3806:The Extractive Industries and Society
3428:The New Black Book of Brand Companies
3225:
3128:
3020:"China and Congo's coltan connection"
2639:DONALD G. McNEIL Jr. (19 June 2010).
2102:Price increases and changes in demand
1949:Coltan has permitted the Rwandan army
1906:the fraudulent re-export of coltan of
4394:
3728:
3722:
3264:. ROAPE Publications. Archived from
3246:
3082:from the original on 22 August 2012.
2840:[The stars of the InĂrida].
2380:
2334:Is there blood on your mobile phone?
3737:
3504:
3262:Review of African Political Economy
3255:
3162:Congo: The Epic History of a People
3149:
2854:1990-1993: U.S. Geological Survey,
2411:Kenya National Mining Corporation,
1961:shared with the army, which in turn
1953:Republic of the Congo. The army has
1902:the opening of new mines in Rwanda.
13:
5246:Lists of countries and territories
5181:Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS)
4529:from the original on 17 June 2004.
4473:Journal of Radiological Protection
4198:
3744:Richard Shaw; Kathryn Goodenough.
3733:. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
3707:from the original on 6 March 2008.
3289:Journal of Radiological Protection
2543:from the original on 7 April 2012.
2510:Arlene Drake (20 September 2012).
2279:, 15 December 2009, archived from
2092:
253:, a fully owned enterprise of the
14:
5750:
4638:
4605:"Mineralogy: Painful extractions"
3424:Das neue Schwarzbuch Markenfirmen
3295:(2), IOP Publishing Ltd: 187–95,
3190:Billy Batware (5 December 2011).
3183:
2583:. 24 October 2002. Archived from
2419:Kenya National Mining Corporation
2252:, 1 December 2008, archived from
2228:. United States Geological Survey
2223:"Commodity Report 2008: Tantalum"
1963:continues to provide the enabling
1746:
1602:(SAW) filters for mobile phones.
1576:
214:Reserves have been identified in
5198:
4019:Olive, Brooke (21 August 2007),
3628:. 3 October 2011. Archived from
3240:10.1111/j.1548-1425.2010.01289.x
3143:10.1111/j.1469-8676.2008.00035.x
2793:(in Spanish). 13 September 2012.
2527:"The Mineral Industry of Rwanda"
2276:Breaking the Silence- Congo Week
2049:lakes and rivers, affecting the
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1324:
1321:
935:
684:
681:
648:
645:
102:Democratic Republic of the Congo
73:Democratic Republic of the Congo
5161:Magmatic nickel-copper-iron-PGE
5151:Kambalda-type komatiitic nickel
4272:10.1016/j.resourpol.2011.12.008
4167:
4145:
4132:
4119:
4035:
4012:
3953:
3918:
3906:Louise Gray (2 December 2008).
3899:
3865:
3843:
3832:
3797:
3786:
3760:
3711:
3687:
3673:
3661:
3645:
3636:
3614:
3578:
3553:
3525:
3498:
3471:
3444:
3415:
3403:(Press release). UN. 3 May 2001
3393:
3280:
3197:(Report). ACUNS. Archived from
3111:Humphreys; et al. (2007).
3104:
3096:Humphreys; et al. (2007).
3062:
3048:
3011:
2985:University of the Witwatersrand
2961:
2935:
2909:
2883:
2848:
2829:
2815:
2797:
2779:
2765:
2751:
2721:
2703:
2684:
2670:
2651:
2632:
2618:
2591:
2569:
2547:
2518:
2503:
2495:JOHN LASKER (29 October 2009).
2488:
2470:, November 2007, archived from
2441:United States Geological Survey
2249:Congo: war-torn heart of Africa
2116:United States Geological Survey
136:. Tantalum is also produced in
5677:List of international rankings
5171:Sedimentary exhalative (SedEx)
2775:. Insight Crime. 2 March 2011.
2658:KATIE DRUMMOND (4 June 2010).
2534:2009 Minerals Yearbook: RWANDA
2404:
2381:Papp, John F. (January 2011),
2352:
2294:
2267:
2240:
2187:
1892:Institute for Security Studies
232:Tianqi Lithium Industries, Inc
164:, Canada, Nigeria and Brazil.
1:
5146:Iron oxide copper gold (IOCG)
4580:"Tantalum: A strategic metal"
4077:Int Arch Occup Environ Health
3430:] (in German). Deuticke.
2836:Nathan Jaccard (4 May 2016).
2557:. CNBC Africa. 24 August 2016
2436:Minerals Yearbook Nb & Ta
2181:
5719:Politics of mining in Africa
4395:Momo, Alain Michael (2017).
3987:10.1371/journal.pone.0162697
3793:2008 Minerals Yearbook, USGS
3655:(09-003), June 22, 2009, at
3585:Alex Chadwick (2 May 2001).
3535:Coltan: What You Should Know
2691:Nick Evans (17 April 2017).
1875:International Criminal Court
1861:corporate behavior included
1819:Democratic Republic of Congo
7:
4603:Bloodworth, Andrew (2015).
3748:. British Geological Survey
3611:, updated December 20, 2001
3609:National Geographic Society
3113:Escaping the Resource Curse
3098:Escaping the Resource Curse
3044:– via Google Scholar.
2998:"Applications for Tantalum"
2838:"Las estrellas del InĂrida"
2514:. Natural Resources Canada.
2144:
1965:environment to continue the
1926:workers began to speak of "
1609:for jet engines, air-based
255:Iranian Revolutionary Guard
10:
5755:
5136:Carbonate-hosted lead-zinc
4493:10.1088/0952-4746/27/2/005
4353:10.1016/j.exis.2017.11.008
4324:10.1016/j.exis.2017.12.001
3826:10.1016/j.exis.2017.12.001
3770:. Tanb.org. Archived from
3309:10.1088/0952-4746/27/2/005
2628:. MacauHub. 2 August 2013.
2074:Kahuzi-Biéga National Park
2012:including Coltan in their
1810:
1750:
938:
926:
221:Australian mining company
5671:
5640:
5595:
5552:
5259:
5194:
5123:
5036:
4987:
4830:
4693:
4684:
4387:10.1017/S003060531600171X
4220:10.1007/s00216-011-5015-2
4097:10.1007/s00420-018-1329-0
4061:10.1017/S003060531600171X
3681:The coltan killing fields
3668:Nova Dies Company profile
2614:– via Google Books.
1995:British Geological Survey
1782:
306:Tonnes of tantalum mined
4297:(4): 150. December 2017.
4138:U.S. Geological Survey,
4125:U.S. Geological Survey,
3933:(4): 150. January 2018.
1813:Coltan mining and ethics
190:Natural Resources Canada
40:from which the elements
4676:, mineral mixtures and
3653:Project 2049 Futuregram
1795:and other parts of the
3729:Nest, Michael (2013).
3683:, Newsday, 9 July 2014
3532:Friends of the Congo,
3422:Werner, Klaus (2003).
2947:Investing News Network
2857:1994 Minerals Yearbook
2386:2009 Minerals Yearbook
2078:Itombwe Nature Reserve
2037:Environmental concerns
1969:
1910:
1803:per year on average."
1772:came under the control
1573:
186:Global Advanced Metals
90:
26:
5186:Orogenic gold deposit
5131:Banded iron formation
3607:partner organization=
3593:. NPR. Archived from
3505:BBC (17 April 2006),
2876:p. 52.12; 2005-2009:
2868:p. 21.13; 2002-2003:
2864:Table 10; 1998-2001:
2598:Michael Nest (2013).
2461:"Tantalum supplement"
1945:
1898:
1600:surface acoustic wave
1571:
237:Venezuelan President
184:, and is operated by
168:Columbia. In Canada,
86:
79:Production and supply
71:is widespread in the
24:
3852:Metallurgy 1863-1963
3228:American Ethnologist
2477:on 10 September 2008
2431:US Geological Survey
34:columbite–tantalites
16:Tantalum-niobium ore
5205:Minerals portal
5141:Heavy mineral sands
4621:2015Natur.517..142B
4555:2017Area...49..443H
4485:2007JRP....27..187M
4345:2018ExIS....5...66W
4316:2018ExIS....5...56D
4264:2012RePol..37...19B
4177:Abu Dabbab Tantalum
4174:Gippsland Limited,
4142:, Tantalum p. 166-7
4129:, Tantalum p. 166-7
4089:2018IAOEH..91..859L
3978:2016PLoSO..1162697P
3939:10520/EJC-c236ee9d4
3818:2018ExIS....5...56D
3632:on 31 October 2011.
3542:on 10 February 2008
3301:2007JRP....27..187M
3157:David van Reybrouck
3131:Social Anthropology
2697:The West Australian
2176:Mining in Australia
2085:, gold, coltan and
1908:Congolese origin."
1887:military occupation
1823:UN Security Council
1797:North Kivu Province
1583:tantalum capacitors
947:
307:
302:protected wetland.
144:as a by-product of
65:tantalum capacitors
4563:10.1111/area.12328
4442:on 5 February 2018
4184:on 17 October 2011
3774:on 28 October 2010
3746:"Niobium-tantalum"
3256:Jackson, Stephen.
3036:on 5 February 2018
2729:Emilia DĂaz-Struck
2645:The New York Times
2388:, pp. 52.1 - 52.14
2341:on 13 January 2012
2204:on 14 January 2016
1932:conflict resources
1702:Blackberry Limited
1574:
945:
305:
288:GuainĂa Department
91:
27:
5714:Tantalum minerals
5691:
5690:
5250:industrial output
5212:
5211:
5119:
5118:
4615:(7533): 142–143.
4363:. September 2017.
3885:978-0-521-79281-3
3591:Radio Expeditions
3437:978-3-216-30715-6
3351:on 4 October 2012
3204:on 21 August 2018
3176:978-0-06-220011-2
2923:. 2 December 2008
2921:New Security Beat
2525:Thomas R. Yager.
2362:. 22 January 2008
2256:on 25 August 2013
2151:Conflict minerals
2010:conflict minerals
1940:Cabot Corporation
1928:conflict minerals
1920:environmentalists
1863:Cabot Corporation
1817:Conflicts in the
1734:Sharp Corporation
1714:Sharp Corporation
1613:, and land-based
1566:
1565:
943:
942:
209:Zambézia Province
5746:
5709:Niobium minerals
5682:Lists by country
5239:
5232:
5225:
5216:
5215:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5156:Lateritic nickel
5112:
5100:
5088:
5076:
5064:
5052:
5029:
5017:
5005:
4980:
4968:
4956:
4944:
4932:
4920:
4908:
4896:
4884:
4872:
4860:
4848:
4823:
4811:
4799:
4787:
4775:
4763:
4751:
4739:
4723:
4711:
4691:
4690:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4644:
4643:
4634:
4632:
4599:
4591:
4574:
4540:
4530:
4528:
4521:
4512:
4467:
4459:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4441:
4435:. Archived from
4434:
4425:
4417:
4409:
4400:
4391:
4389:
4364:
4356:
4327:
4298:
4291:Veld & Flora
4282:
4280:
4252:Resources Policy
4249:
4239:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4180:, archived from
4171:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4149:
4143:
4136:
4130:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4016:
4010:
4009:
3999:
3989:
3972:(10): e0162697.
3957:
3951:
3950:
3927:Veld & Flora
3922:
3916:
3915:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3869:
3863:
3847:
3841:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3801:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3726:
3720:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3700:. 6 March 2008.
3699:
3691:
3685:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3649:
3643:
3642:(UN report 2001)
3640:
3634:
3633:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3538:, archived from
3529:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3486:on 13 April 2010
3482:. Archived from
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3455:. Archived from
3448:
3442:
3441:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3370:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3350:
3344:. Archived from
3343:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3253:
3244:
3243:
3223:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3203:
3196:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3169:. p. 456f.
3153:
3147:
3146:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3093:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3074:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3035:
3024:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2994:
2988:
2979:affiliated with
2978:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2949:. 19 August 2019
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2887:
2881:
2872:p. 20.13; 2004:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2769:
2763:
2761:04 December 2009
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2735:(4 March 2012).
2725:
2719:
2718:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2587:on 4 March 2018.
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2531:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2465:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2393:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2337:, archived from
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2308:. Archived from
2298:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2200:, archived from
2191:
2062:mountain gorilla
2031:Katanga Province
2019:Bukama Territory
1914:those caused by
1855:
1768:artisanal mining
948:
944:
936:— Not available.
308:
304:
228:Greenbushes mine
5754:
5753:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5743:
5729:Tantalum mining
5694:
5693:
5692:
5687:
5686:
5667:
5636:
5618:per unit of GDP
5608:
5591:
5548:
5281:
5277:
5255:
5243:
5213:
5208:
5199:
5197:
5190:
5166:Porphyry copper
5115:
5106:
5094:
5082:
5070:
5058:
5046:
5032:
5023:
5011:
4999:
4983:
4974:
4962:
4950:
4938:
4926:
4914:
4902:
4890:
4878:
4866:
4854:
4842:
4826:
4817:
4805:
4793:
4781:
4769:
4757:
4745:
4729:
4717:
4705:
4680:
4671:
4641:
4630:10.1038/517142a
4598:. October 2014.
4594:
4538:
4526:
4519:
4515:
4462:
4454:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4432:
4428:
4420:
4412:
4359:
4285:
4278:
4247:
4214:(10): 3377–82.
4201:
4199:Further reading
4196:
4187:
4185:
4172:
4168:
4158:
4156:
4150:
4146:
4137:
4133:
4124:
4120:
4073:
4069:
4040:
4036:
4027:
4025:
4017:
4013:
3958:
3954:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3904:
3900:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3870:
3866:
3850:Dennis, W. H.,
3848:
3844:
3837:
3833:
3802:
3798:
3791:
3787:
3777:
3775:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3751:
3749:
3742:
3738:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3712:
3704:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3678:
3674:
3666:
3662:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3600:
3598:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3558:
3554:
3545:
3543:
3530:
3526:
3517:
3515:
3503:
3499:
3489:
3487:
3476:
3472:
3462:
3460:
3459:on 27 July 2011
3449:
3445:
3438:
3420:
3416:
3406:
3404:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3385:
3383:
3371:
3364:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3335:
3331:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3269:
3254:
3247:
3224:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3154:
3150:
3127:
3120:
3109:
3105:
3094:
3087:
3079:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3022:
3016:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2926:
2924:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2853:
2849:
2834:
2830:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2733:Joseph Poliszuk
2726:
2722:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2689:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2656:
2652:
2637:
2633:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2596:
2592:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2529:
2523:
2519:
2508:
2504:
2493:
2489:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2445:
2443:
2423:
2421:
2409:
2405:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2344:
2342:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2313:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2286:
2284:
2283:on 25 July 2011
2273:
2272:
2268:
2259:
2257:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2207:
2205:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2147:
2104:
2095:
2093:Health concerns
2057:of the region.
2039:
1970:
1967:exploitation."
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1849:
1815:
1809:
1785:
1755:
1749:
1579:
930:
928:
81:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5752:
5742:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5704:Oxide minerals
5689:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5665:
5660:
5658:Motor vehicles
5655:
5650:
5644:
5642:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5625:Greenhouse gas
5622:
5621:
5620:
5615:
5606:
5601:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5558:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5265:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5242:
5241:
5234:
5227:
5219:
5210:
5209:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5101:
5089:
5077:
5065:
5053:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5018:
5006:
4993:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4969:
4957:
4945:
4933:
4921:
4909:
4897:
4885:
4873:
4861:
4849:
4836:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4812:
4800:
4788:
4776:
4764:
4752:
4740:
4724:
4712:
4699:
4697:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4670:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4647:
4640:
4639:External links
4637:
4636:
4635:
4600:
4592:
4575:
4549:(4): 443–451.
4531:
4513:
4479:(2): 187–195.
4468:
4460:
4452:
4426:
4418:
4410:
4401:
4392:
4380:(1): 136–144.
4365:
4357:
4328:
4299:
4283:
4240:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4166:
4144:
4131:
4118:
4083:(7): 859–864.
4067:
4054:(1): 136–144.
4034:
4011:
3952:
3917:
3898:
3884:
3864:
3842:
3831:
3796:
3785:
3759:
3736:
3721:
3710:
3686:
3672:
3660:
3644:
3635:
3613:
3597:on 7 July 2017
3577:
3571:978-0810863255
3570:
3552:
3524:
3497:
3470:
3443:
3436:
3414:
3392:
3381:United Nations
3362:
3329:
3279:
3268:on 27 May 2014
3245:
3215:
3182:
3175:
3148:
3118:
3103:
3085:
3061:
3047:
3010:
2989:
2960:
2934:
2908:
2897:. 4 March 2012
2882:
2847:
2828:
2814:
2796:
2778:
2764:
2750:
2720:
2702:
2683:
2669:
2650:
2631:
2617:
2611:978-0745637716
2610:
2590:
2568:
2546:
2517:
2502:
2487:
2468:Mining Journal
2452:
2403:
2373:
2351:
2323:
2312:on 17 May 2013
2293:
2266:
2239:
2214:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2146:
2143:
2131:Sons of Gwalia
2103:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2038:
2035:
2006:Dodd-Frank Act
1944:
1916:blood diamonds
1897:
1839:United Nations
1808:
1805:
1784:
1781:
1753:Resource curse
1751:Main article:
1748:
1747:Resource curse
1745:
1623:787 Dreamliner
1578:
1577:Use and demand
1575:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1413:Africa, Other
1410:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
941:
940:
937:
933:
932:
924:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
847:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
773:Africa, Other
770:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
693:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
616:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
539:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
462:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
385:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
274:Sinaloa Cartel
223:Sons of Gwalia
201:Marropino mine
80:
77:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5751:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5734:Unfree labour
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5670:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5648:Manufacturing
5646:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5551:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5240:
5235:
5233:
5228:
5226:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5207:
5206:
5193:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5124:Deposit types
5122:
5110:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5078:
5074:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5027:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5010:
5007:
5003:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4978:
4973:
4970:
4966:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4949:
4946:
4942:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4925:
4922:
4918:
4913:
4910:
4906:
4901:
4898:
4894:
4889:
4886:
4882:
4877:
4874:
4870:
4865:
4862:
4858:
4853:
4850:
4846:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4821:
4816:
4813:
4809:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4792:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4768:
4765:
4761:
4756:
4753:
4749:
4744:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4668:
4663:
4661:
4656:
4654:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4631:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4590:(3): 219–224.
4589:
4585:
4584:Dyna (Bilbao)
4581:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4537:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4438:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
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3912:The Telegraph
3909:
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3541:
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3474:
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3429:
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3382:
3378:
3377:
3369:
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3347:
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3333:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
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3283:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3250:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3220:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3178:
3172:
3168:
3167:HarperCollins
3164:
3163:
3158:
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3140:
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3132:
3125:
3123:
3114:
3107:
3099:
3092:
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3078:
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3028:
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3014:
2999:
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2922:
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2896:
2892:
2886:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2851:
2843:
2842:El Espectador
2839:
2832:
2824:
2818:
2811:(in Spanish).
2810:
2806:
2800:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2754:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2716:
2715:Business Wire
2712:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2680:. USGS. 2018.
2679:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2627:
2621:
2613:
2607:
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2297:
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2255:
2251:
2250:
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2224:
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2199:
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2190:
2186:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
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2159:
2157:
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2149:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2117:
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2109:
2099:
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2079:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:Dar es Salaam
1968:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1867:Forrest Group
1864:
1859:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1798:
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1631:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1587:mobile phones
1584:
1572:Data sources:
1570:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
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1279:
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1267:
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1247:
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1241:
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1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1176:
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1170:
1167:
1164:
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1155:
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1149:
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1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1096:
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1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
949:
934:
925:
921:
918:
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909:
906:
903:
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891:
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882:
879:
876:
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867:
864:
861:
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855:
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849:
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829:
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621:
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583:
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541:
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450:
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438:
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429:
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423:
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396:
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390:
387:
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382:
379:
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370:
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364:
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349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
309:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:Pablo Escobar
281:
280:
275:
271:
267:
266:Oscar Naranjo
263:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
229:
224:
219:
217:
212:
210:
206:
205:Gilé District
202:
197:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
96:
89:
85:
76:
74:
70:
69:Coltan mining
66:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
23:
19:
5739:Child labour
5196:
4876:Chalcopyrite
4726:
4678:ore deposits
4674:Ore minerals
4612:
4608:
4587:
4583:
4546:
4542:
4476:
4472:
4444:. Retrieved
4437:the original
4377:
4373:
4339:(1): 66–72.
4336:
4332:
4310:(1): 56–65.
4307:
4303:
4294:
4290:
4258:(1): 19–29.
4255:
4251:
4211:
4207:
4186:, retrieved
4182:the original
4176:
4169:
4157:. Retrieved
4147:
4134:
4121:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4051:
4047:
4037:
4026:, retrieved
4021:
4014:
3969:
3965:
3955:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3911:
3901:
3889:. Retrieved
3874:
3867:
3851:
3845:
3834:
3812:(1): 56–65.
3809:
3805:
3799:
3788:
3776:. Retrieved
3772:the original
3762:
3750:. Retrieved
3739:
3730:
3724:
3713:
3689:
3680:
3675:
3663:
3652:
3647:
3638:
3630:the original
3625:
3616:
3599:. Retrieved
3595:the original
3590:
3580:
3561:
3555:
3544:, retrieved
3540:the original
3534:
3527:
3516:, retrieved
3510:
3500:
3488:. Retrieved
3484:the original
3473:
3461:. Retrieved
3457:the original
3446:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3405:. Retrieved
3395:
3384:, retrieved
3375:
3353:. Retrieved
3346:the original
3332:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3270:. Retrieved
3266:the original
3261:
3234:(1): 17–35.
3231:
3227:
3206:. Retrieved
3199:the original
3185:
3161:
3151:
3137:(1): 34–50.
3134:
3130:
3112:
3106:
3097:
3064:
3050:
3038:. Retrieved
3031:the original
3026:
3018:Tiffany Ma.
3013:
3001:. Retrieved
2992:
2963:
2951:. Retrieved
2946:
2937:
2925:. Retrieved
2920:
2911:
2899:. Retrieved
2894:
2885:
2855:
2850:
2841:
2831:
2817:
2808:
2799:
2790:
2781:
2767:
2758:
2753:
2741:. Retrieved
2723:
2714:
2705:
2696:
2686:
2672:
2663:
2653:
2644:
2634:
2620:
2600:
2593:
2585:the original
2580:
2571:
2559:. Retrieved
2549:
2533:
2520:
2505:
2490:
2479:, retrieved
2472:the original
2467:
2455:
2444:, retrieved
2435:
2422:, retrieved
2413:
2406:
2395:, retrieved
2387:
2383:
2376:
2364:. Retrieved
2354:
2343:, retrieved
2339:the original
2333:
2326:
2314:. Retrieved
2310:the original
2305:
2296:
2285:, retrieved
2281:the original
2275:
2269:
2258:, retrieved
2254:the original
2248:
2242:
2230:. Retrieved
2217:
2206:, retrieved
2202:the original
2196:
2189:
2128:
2124:
2105:
2096:
2070:
2060:The eastern
2059:
2043:soil erosion
2040:
2014:supply chain
2003:
1992:
1971:
1946:
1924:human rights
1912:
1899:
1883:
1877:tribunal in
1847:Klaus Werner
1816:
1790:
1786:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1627:
1604:
1580:
277:
259:
236:
220:
213:
198:
194:
166:
92:
62:
53:
33:
29:
28:
18:
4960:Pentlandite
4936:Molybdenite
4703:Cassiterite
4028:17 December
3891:19 November
3601:28 February
3376:S/2003/1027
3355:9 September
2171:Cassiterite
2139:Greenbushes
2083:cassiterite
1850: [
1845:journalist
1700:, RIM (now
1259:D.R. Congo
619:D.R. Congo
239:Hugo Chávez
216:Afghanistan
174:Bernic Lake
88:Rio InĂrida
32:(short for
5698:Categories
5630:per capita
5613:per capita
5415:Molybdenum
5360:Gadolinium
5345:Dysprosium
5261:Metallurgy
5104:Wolframite
5080:Sperrylite
4989:Carbonates
4972:Sphalerite
4941:molybdenum
4888:Chalcocite
4791:Pyrolusite
4159:27 January
4154:"Tantalum"
3861:1412843650
3272:28 January
3027:Futuregram
2581:New Vision
2397:17 January
2287:11 October
2260:18 October
2232:24 October
2208:27 January
2182:References
2087:wolframite
2027:Lubumbashi
1811:See also:
1742:Canon Inc.
1642:Canon Inc.
1638:Apple Inc.
1596:pacemakers
1592:capacitors
1585:, used in
1028:Australia
388:Australia
170:Tanco Mine
130:Mozambique
5597:Emissions
5562:Bentonite
5537:Zirconium
5485:Tellurium
5475:Strontium
5455:Ruthenium
5435:Palladium
5420:Neodymium
5405:Manganese
5400:Magnesium
5269:Aluminium
5092:Scheelite
5073:beryllium
5061:aluminium
5021:Malachite
5014:magnesium
5009:Magnesite
5002:magnesium
4912:Cobaltite
4852:Argentite
4840:Acanthite
4815:Uraninite
4803:Tantalite
4796:manganese
4779:Magnetite
4743:Columbite
4571:152063208
3947:0042-3203
3058:. Boeing.
2156:Fairphone
2051:hydrology
1987:Nova Dies
1879:The Hague
1694:Panasonic
1674:Microsoft
1630:Acer Inc.
243:Venezuela
158:Australia
156:, China,
154:Greenland
114:Australia
58:tantalite
54:columbium
50:columbite
5572:Fluorite
5567:Feldspar
5520:reserves
5510:Tungsten
5505:Titanium
5480:Tantalum
5460:Samarium
5450:Rubidium
5440:Platinum
5385:Iron ore
5355:Europium
5340:Chromium
5286:Antimony
5253:rankings
5109:tungsten
5097:tungsten
5085:platinum
4997:Dolomite
4900:Cinnabar
4832:Sulfides
4808:tantalum
4772:titanium
4767:Ilmenite
4755:Hematite
4736:tantalum
4720:chromium
4715:Chromite
4524:Archived
4501:17664663
4276:Archived
4236:26612472
4228:21537914
4113:49481027
4105:29951778
4006:27760201
3966:PLOS ONE
3778:29 April
3702:Archived
3670:LinkedIn
3546:19 April
3518:19 April
3512:BBC News
3386:19 April
3317:17664663
3159:(2012).
3077:Archived
3075:. 2012.
2953:6 August
2927:6 August
2901:6 August
2878:MYB 2009
2874:MYB 2008
2870:MYB 2004
2866:MYB 2002
2862:MYB 1998
2561:25 March
2538:Archived
2433:(2006),
2366:17 April
2316:29 April
2306:Vice.com
2145:See also
2076:and the
2066:bushmeat
2047:pollutes
1999:Tantalum
1979:Tanzania
1936:fungible
1871:OM Group
1843:Austrian
1827:smuggled
1726:Nintendo
1686:Nintendo
1678:Motorola
1621:and the
1615:turbines
1611:turbines
939:— Zero.
292:smelters
272:and the
262:Colombia
178:Manitoba
142:Malaysia
138:Thailand
126:Ethiopia
106:Colombia
46:tantalum
5582:Silicon
5554:Mineral
5542:reserve
5527:Yttrium
5515:Uranium
5495:Thulium
5490:Terbium
5445:Rhodium
5430:Niobium
5410:Mercury
5395:Lithium
5380:Iridium
5370:Holmium
5333:smelter
5318:Cadmium
5313:Caesium
5308:Bismuth
5303:Bauxite
5291:reserve
5176:Uranium
5056:Bauxite
4905:mercury
4864:Bornite
4820:uranium
4748:niobium
4732:niobium
4617:Bibcode
4551:Bibcode
4509:1473788
4481:Bibcode
4446:3 March
4341:Bibcode
4312:Bibcode
4260:Bibcode
4188:2 April
4085:Bibcode
3997:5070872
3974:Bibcode
3814:Bibcode
3626:Reuters
3325:1473788
3297:Bibcode
3208:1 March
3040:3 March
2975:1752822
2424:13 July
2135:Wodgina
2120:Belgium
2112:dot-com
2108:niobium
2055:ecology
2023:Kalemie
1983:Piraeus
1835:Burundi
1776:Rwandan
1722:Toshiba
1710:Sandisk
1706:Samsung
1698:Philips
1650:HP Inc.
1562:100.0%
1559:100.0%
1556:100.0%
1553:100.0%
1550:100.0%
1547:100.0%
1544:100.0%
1541:100.0%
1538:100.0%
1535:100.0%
1532:100.0%
1529:100.0%
1526:100.0%
1523:100.0%
1520:100.0%
1517:100.0%
1514:100.0%
1511:100.0%
1508:100.0%
1505:100.0%
1502:100.0%
1499:100.0%
1496:100.0%
1493:100.0%
1336:Rwanda
1182:Canada
1105:Brazil
951:
696:Rwanda
542:Canada
465:Brazil
311:
296:wetland
203:in the
182:caesium
162:Finland
42:niobium
5653:Cement
5641:Others
5577:Iodine
5465:Silver
5425:Nickel
5375:Indium
5350:Erbium
5328:Copper
5323:Cobalt
5298:Barium
5049:barium
5044:Baryte
5026:copper
4965:nickel
4948:Pyrite
4924:Galena
4917:cobalt
4893:copper
4881:copper
4869:copper
4857:silver
4845:silver
4727:Coltan
4695:Oxides
4609:Nature
4569:
4507:
4499:
4234:
4226:
4111:
4103:
4004:
3994:
3945:
3882:
3859:
3752:24 May
3731:Coltan
3568:
3490:15 May
3463:15 May
3434:
3407:12 May
3323:
3315:
3173:
3003:3 June
2973:
2809:Semana
2791:Semana
2743:12 May
2608:
2601:Coltan
2481:3 June
2446:3 June
2345:16 May
2197:Coltan
2166:Cobalt
1930:" or "
1831:Uganda
1793:Masisi
1783:Mining
1740:, and
1720:, and
1666:Lenovo
1619:Airbus
1607:alloys
1490:WORLD
1485:23.7%
1482:34.3%
1479:49.4%
1476:57.4%
1473:44.3%
1470:26.3%
1467:15.5%
1464:16.8%
1461:15.5%
1458:23.3%
1455:19.1%
1452:16.5%
1449:14.7%
1446:19.4%
1443:11.8%
1440:10.5%
1425:19.0%
1422:14.8%
1419:13.8%
1416:11.4%
1408:25.4%
1405:22.4%
1402:15.2%
1399:16.2%
1331:18.6%
1328:14.9%
1319:13.0%
1292:12.1%
1206:12.0%
1203:14.1%
1197:10.8%
1191:12.0%
1188:19.5%
1185:21.7%
1177:23.7%
1174:20.9%
1171:22.8%
1168:26.4%
1165:26.9%
1162:15.1%
1159:20.6%
1156:20.2%
1153:15.7%
1150:14.9%
1147:15.6%
1144:13.6%
1141:17.8%
1138:17.8%
1135:25.6%
1132:39.8%
1129:13.4%
1126:14.1%
1123:13.9%
1120:15.0%
1117:16.1%
1114:15.0%
1111:17.6%
1108:22.7%
1094:10.1%
1088:12.1%
1085:46.8%
1082:50.6%
1079:54.9%
1076:61.9%
1073:56.4%
1070:59.8%
1067:63.9%
1064:55.9%
1061:45.3%
1058:54.3%
1055:42.4%
1052:73.8%
1049:71.0%
1046:75.9%
1043:71.5%
1040:54.8%
1037:56.1%
1034:45.7%
1031:41.7%
850:WORLD
300:Ramsar
279:Semana
118:Brazil
110:Rwanda
30:Coltan
5663:Paper
5470:Steel
5068:Beryl
5037:Other
4567:S2CID
4539:(PDF)
4527:(PDF)
4520:(PDF)
4505:S2CID
4440:(PDF)
4433:(PDF)
4279:(PDF)
4248:(PDF)
4232:S2CID
4109:S2CID
3705:(PDF)
3698:(PDF)
3426:[
3349:(PDF)
3342:(PDF)
3321:S2CID
3202:(PDF)
3195:(PDF)
3080:(PDF)
3073:(PDF)
3034:(PDF)
3023:(PDF)
2664:Wired
2541:(PDF)
2530:(PDF)
2475:(PDF)
2464:(PDF)
2392:(PDF)
2226:(PDF)
1858:Bayer
1854:]
1763:fewer
1759:worse
1738:Nikon
1690:Nokia
1682:Nikon
1662:Intel
1437:0.7%
1434:0.8%
1431:0.8%
1428:2.4%
1316:8.4%
1313:8.1%
1310:1.6%
1307:2.4%
1304:1.4%
1301:1.2%
1298:2.0%
1295:5.1%
1289:0.0%
1286:0.0%
1283:0.0%
1280:0.0%
1277:0.3%
1274:0.3%
1271:1.9%
1268:2.0%
1265:3.4%
1262:2.5%
1254:8.5%
1251:7.5%
1248:3.2%
1245:0.0%
1242:3.7%
1239:3.4%
1236:5.2%
1233:6.4%
1230:4.6%
1227:4.0%
1224:4.3%
1221:3.9%
1218:6.5%
1215:5.3%
1212:8.4%
1209:7.3%
1200:9.1%
1194:8.1%
1100:0.0%
1097:0.0%
1091:0.0%
1023:2013
1020:2012
1017:2011
1014:2010
1011:2009
1008:2008
1005:2007
1002:2006
999:2005
996:2004
993:2003
990:2002
987:2001
984:2000
981:1999
978:1998
975:1997
972:1996
969:1995
966:1994
963:1993
960:1992
957:1991
954:1990
907:1190
898:1380
895:1430
892:1280
889:1470
886:1180
883:1070
383:2013
380:2012
377:2011
374:2010
371:2009
368:2008
365:2007
362:2006
359:2005
356:2004
353:2003
350:2002
347:2001
344:2000
341:1999
338:1998
335:1997
332:1996
329:1995
326:1994
323:1993
320:1992
317:1991
314:1990
172:near
150:Egypt
134:Kenya
122:China
5587:Salt
5532:Zinc
5390:Lead
5365:Gold
4977:zinc
4953:iron
4929:lead
4784:iron
4760:iron
4734:and
4686:Ores
4543:Area
4497:PMID
4448:2018
4374:Oryx
4224:PMID
4190:2011
4161:2008
4101:PMID
4048:Oryx
4030:2009
4002:PMID
3943:ISSN
3893:2010
3880:ISBN
3857:ISBN
3780:2013
3754:2014
3603:2018
3566:ISBN
3548:2008
3520:2008
3492:2009
3465:2009
3432:ISBN
3409:2008
3388:2008
3357:2012
3313:PMID
3274:2013
3210:2018
3171:ISBN
3042:2018
3005:2008
2983:and
2971:SSRN
2955:2020
2929:2020
2903:2020
2895:ICIJ
2745:2016
2606:ISBN
2563:2018
2483:2008
2448:2008
2426:2024
2399:2011
2368:2011
2347:2009
2318:2013
2289:2011
2262:2012
2234:2008
2210:2008
2137:and
2053:and
2045:and
2025:and
1981:and
1922:and
1869:and
1718:Sony
1646:Dell
922:590
919:670
916:790
913:681
910:670
904:872
901:870
880:645
877:779
874:409
871:389
868:361
865:333
862:310
859:399
856:477
853:396
845:140
842:230
839:390
836:391
833:297
830:313
827:135
824:146
821:214
818:333
815:245
812:242
809:173
806:208
768:150
765:150
762:120
759:110
756:115
753:171
750:144
747:134
744:187
741:264
738:210
729:102
726:107
723:110
720:112
717:116
714:123
711:125
708:124
705:121
702:165
699:113
691:110
688:100
676:100
652:130
537:140
534:140
531:180
528:180
525:180
522:180
519:180
516:176
513:216
510:213
507:200
504:200
501:210
498:190
495:165
492:310
445:557
442:441
439:478
436:854
433:807
430:765
427:940
424:660
421:485
418:350
415:330
412:302
409:276
406:274
403:238
400:170
397:224
394:218
391:165
270:FARC
247:FARC
140:and
132:and
98:slag
44:and
5500:Tin
5248:by
4708:tin
4625:doi
4613:517
4559:doi
4489:doi
4382:doi
4349:doi
4320:doi
4295:103
4268:doi
4216:doi
4212:400
4093:doi
4056:doi
3992:PMC
3982:doi
3935:hdl
3931:103
3822:doi
3305:doi
3236:doi
3139:doi
1977:in
1801:mSv
1774:of
1730:HTC
1704:),
1658:IBM
1654:HTC
1634:AMP
803:76
800:82
785:59
782:59
779:66
776:45
735:62
732:85
679:87
673:71
670:14
667:33
664:20
661:15
658:30
655:60
625:16
622:10
614:50
611:50
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602:25
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593:56
590:63
587:57
584:55
581:58
578:77
575:57
572:54
569:57
566:49
563:55
560:33
557:36
554:25
551:48
548:93
545:86
489:55
486:55
483:50
480:50
477:50
474:60
471:84
468:90
454:80
448:81
207:of
176:in
146:tin
95:tin
38:ore
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5605:CO
5274:Al
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628:8
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