3693:, pp. 236â237: "Cupola, essentially a species of vault, constructed on a circular, elliptical, or polygonal plan, bulbous, segmental, semicircular, or pointed in vertical section. It can be built on top of a structure the plan of which is identical to that of the dome: if that structure's wall is circular or elliptical it is a drum (often pierced with windows) as in a rotunda. However, domes usually provide cover for a square- or rectangular-planned building or compartment, so adjustments are made to facilitate the transition from the square to the circular, elliptical, or polygonal base of the cupola or dome. This is achieved by means of pendentives (fragments of a sail-vault, resembling a species of concave, distorted, almost triangular spandrels, rising up from the corner at the top of the right-angled compartment to the circular or elliptical base of the drum or cupola) or squinches (small arch or series of parallel arches of increasing radius spanning the angle of the square compartment). Both the drum and cupola will have a diameter the same dimension as the side of the square on which the whole structure stands. Types of dome include: calotte: low cupola or saucer dome of segmental vertical section, like a skull-cap; cloister-vault: as domical vault; domical vault: cloister-vault, not a true dome, but formed of four or more (depending on the shape of the base) cells or webs forming groins where they touch vertically and rising to a point; melon: as parachute; Pantheon: low dome on the exterior, often stepped, resembling that of the Pantheon in Rome, and coffered on the interior, widely copied by Neo-Classical architects; parachute: melon, pumpkin, or umbrella dome standing on a scalloped circular base and formed of individual webs, segmental on plan, joined on groins or ribs. Each web has a concave interior and convex exterior so it resembles a parachute, rather than an umbrella; pumpkin: as parachute; sail dome: dome resembling a billowing sail over a square compartment with its diameter the same dimension as the diagonal instead of the side of the square below, enabling the structure to rise as though on pendentives but continuing without interruption. Pendentives are really part of a sail-dome and themselves are a species of sail-vault; umbrella: as parachute."
3308:, pp. 8â9: "The most primitive and natural shape, derived directly from a round hut made of pliable materials tied together at the top and covered with leaves, skins or thatch, was the pointed and slightly bulbous dome which is so common today among the backward tribes of Nubia and Africa (Fig. 93). This type of dome, resembling a truncated pine cone or beehive, is preserved in the tholos tombs of the Mediterranean (Fig. 63), the rock-cut tombs of Etruria and Sicily (Figs. 64, 65), in the Syrian qubab huts (Fig. 88), on the tomb of Bizzos (Fig. 61) and on many of the early Islamic mosques (Figs. 38-43). To distinguish this shape of dome from the geometric cone we will call it conoid, because of its recognized likeness to the actual pine cone. Other types of domical shapes, flatter and unpointed, were derived from the tent and preserved as tabernacles, ciboria and baldachins (Figs. 144-151). These tent forms, however, could be puffed-up and bulbous owing to the light framework of the roof, as is shown by the celestial baldachin above the great altar of Zeus at Pergamum (Fig. 106) and the Parthian dome among the reliefs of the arch of Septimius Severus at Rome (Fig. 228). There were also in Syria and other parts of the Roman Empire sacred rustic shelters whose ritualistic and domical coverings sometimes had an outward curving flange at the bottom of the dome as the thatch was bent out to form an overhang (Figs. 111-117). In other examples the curve of their light domical roof was broken by the horizontal bindings which held the thatch in place (Fig. 10). The hemispherical shape, which is today so commonly associated with the dome, undoubtedly acquired its geometric curve largely from the theoretical interests of the Greek mathematicians and the practical considerations of Roman mechanics. This Roman standardization of the domical shape, which made it easier to construct accurately in brick, stone and concrete, became the customary form of the antique domical vault."
3516:, pp. 126â127: "Dome. Vault of even curvature on a circular base. The section can be segmental, semicircular, pointed, or bulbous. If a dome is to be erected on a square base, members must be interpolated at the corners to mediate between the square and the circle. They can be pendentives of squinches. A pendentive is a spherical triangle; its curvature is that of a dome whose diameter is the diagonal is the diagonal of the initial square. The triangle is carried to the height which allows the erection on its top horizontal of the dome proper. A squinch is either an arch or arches of increasing radius projecting one in front of the other, or horizontal arches projecting in the same manner. If squinches are placed in the corners of the square and enough arches are erected on them they will result in a suitable base-line for the dome. In all these cases the dome will have the diameter of the length of one side of the square. It can be placed direct on the circular base-line, when this is achieved, or a drum, usually with windows, can be interpolated. If the dome has no drum and is segmental, it is called a saucer dome. If it has no drum and is semicircular, it is called a calotte. Another method of developing a dome out of a square is to take the diagonal of the square as the diameter of the dome. In this case the dome starts as if by pendentives, but their curvature is then continued without any break. Such domes are called sail vaults, because they resemble a sail with the four corners fixed and the wind blowing into it. A domical vault is not a dome proper. If on a square base, four webs (cells) rise to a point separated by groins (see vault). The same can be done on a polygonal base. An umbrella, parachute, pumpkin or melon dome is a dome on a circular base, but also divided into individual webs, each of which, however, has a base-line curved segmentally in plan and curved in elevation."
3828:, pp. 745â746: "A funicular masonry dome experiences no hoop stresses, whether tensile or compressive, so it is always on the verge of bursting. Shallow spheric domes maintain compressive stresses in each course and are therefore more stable than the "ideal" funicular form. Viable non-funicular domes also include Herrero's flat vault at the Escorial, and Mackenzie's 1840 concept of an inverted fan vault." "Masonry domes are often explained as free-standing arches rotated around a central axis, or as half-arches swept between a tension ring at the base and an ocular compression ring at the top. Such concepts aren't entirely inaccurate, but they are far from complete. They undervalue or ignore the circumferential compression in each course upon which the rising dome depends and which remains active in many completed structures. They also tend to ignore the vertical shear resistance that prevents inner and upper portions of the dome from crashing vertically down through outer and lower portions, and the horizontal shear resistance that allows lower parts of the dome to contain the thrust of upper parts. Visualizing the dome as a rotated arch implies that the bedding faces between subsequent courses of masonry need to be more or less normal to the section, which is the case in an arch, but not the case in a dome. Lastly, free-standing arches must be thick enough to contain their funicular. This is not true of domes. That the arch and funicular don't really explain of the structural behavior of domes should be clear from real world examples. The conical domes at Pisa and elsewhere, for example, the shallow domes of Byzantium, and the circular vaults at the Escorial are far from funicular. None of them would succeed if "un-rotated" into arches."
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domical vault can be applied to such a vault on a square base, that is, made up of four panels, as
Krautheimer points out. It is with this particular kind of domical vault that even more acute problems of definition have arisen in the past. Butler, in his description of the South Baths at Bostra, calls the octagonal dome, referred to above, an 'eight-sided dome'. The two square rooms of the complex (R and T on Butler's plan) were also vaulted. That over room R is still intact and Butler refers to it as a 'cloistered vault' or a 'square dome'. The first term, as already demonstrated, is the American term for the domical vault, but by its qualification as a square dome has caused some scholars to make some rather misguided statements. Ward-Perkins refers to the structure as a domical vault. Creswell refers to the 'square dome of the Praetorium at Musmiye (ancient Phaena), at the same time giving the French and German terms, voute en arc de cloĂźtre and klosterkĂŒppel. It is obvious from these that he means the domical or cloister vault. However, Swift calls this kind of vault "the so-called cloister dome on a square plan". By this definition it becomes obvious what kind of structure he is referring to, and he also gives Musmiye as an example."
3801:, p. 519: "The absence of a common language is one of the reasons why nowadays there is a very big gap between the Architect and the Engineer. The introduction of new materials and techniques during the Industrial Revolution and the born of the first polytechnics in the 18th century, led to a different cultural approach to the design causing the born of different languages between Architects and Engineers. Nowadays, with the widespread of very complicated works of the architecture there is a huge need to bridge the gap between Architects and Engineers. In this context, focusing the attention on masonry domes, this paper aims at highlighting that Load Path Method seems to open new prospects in the search for a common language between engineers and architects to give voice, in harmony and in a single design, to formal, aesthetical, functional and structural aspects. According to LPM, a dome can be seen as a system of meridian arches joined by the parallel circles. The arches draw the paths of the vertical loads while the parallel circles draw the paths of the unbalanced thrusts. In fact, differently from the arches, in dome the equilibrium of the thrusts in every node is always possible because of the presence of the parallels."
3209:, p. 6: "The domical shape must be distinguished from domical vaulting because the dome, both as idea and as method of roofing, originated in pliable materials upon a primitive shelter and was later preserved, venerated, and translated into more permanent materials, largely for symbolic and traditional reasons. 1. At the primitive level the most prevalent and usually the earliest type of constructed shelter, whether a tent, pit house, earth lodge, or thatched cabin, was more or less circular in plan and covered by necessity with a curved roof. Therefore, in many parts of the ancient world the domical shape became habitually associated in men's memories with a central type of structure which was venerated as a tribal and ancestral shelter, a cosmic symbol, a house of appearances and a ritualistic abode. 2. Hence many widely separate cultures, whose architecture evolved from primitive methods of construction, had some tradition of an ancient and revered shelter which was distinguished by a curved roof, usually more or less domical in appearance, but sometimes hoop-shaped or conical."
3759:, p. 301: "Rounded vault covering an interior space. A very small dome roof, for example a lantern mounted on the eye of a dome proper (e.g. St Paul's Cathedral, London), is known as a cupola. In Italian cupola is used for a monumental dome." "A dome can either be composed of curved segments or be a shell of revolution. The dome at Florence Cathedral by Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) is segmental, octangular at every section. A shell of revolution is generated by rotating an arch about a vertical central axis. To produce a hemispherical surface the arch will be semicircular, but and shape of arch, similarly rotated, will give rise to a shell of revolution; and every horizontal cross-section is still circular. The simplest form of dome is that of such a shell of revolution: for example, the inner masonry dome of St Paul's Cathedral is roughly hemispherical, and has an open eye, while the main dome is conical; but both are shells of revolution, as is the surface of the timber outer dome. A dome can have either a single or a double shell."
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3323:, pp. 265â267: "Domes have been the subject of controversy for more than a century. The origins of dome construction and the ways in which it was applied have both been heatedly debated In the light of this, two questions arise. Have some scholars made too much of these matters, thereby creating unnecessary problems and a false controversy? And was there really any 'problem' as regards the dome and the square bay? The underlying issue, however, is that of terminology. Respected scholars have plunged into the debate, only to confuse the situation further by the omission of an adequate definition of terms. Where definitions are given, they are either inconsistent through the text, or do not correspond to those in general use. This leads to confusion, misunderstanding and 'problems with domes'. One thing that most scholars agree upon is that the dome is a kind of vault. R. J. Mainstone defines a dome as
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3816:, p. 143: "Although the name 'dome' was appropriately applied (in the strict engineering sense) to historical long-span structures of synclastic form, working in compression and using heavy materials with little tensile strength, this is not correct for many of the new lightweight structural systems. However, the name 'dome' in common usage has come to refer to almost any long-span roofing system. The answer, therefore, to the question posed in the title of this paper is "It depends!". A synclastic surface acting predominantly in compression is clearly a dome by name, by form and by engineering definition, whilst a structure acting mainly in tension (such as the Georgia Dome) is a dome in name alone. Between these extremes there are many shades of distinction."
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784:. In the early centuries of Islam, domes were closely associated with royalty. A dome built in front of the mihrab of a mosque, for example, was at least initially meant to emphasize the place of a prince during royal ceremonies. Over time such domes became primarily focal points for decoration or the direction of prayer. The use of domes in mausoleums can likewise reflect royal patronage or be seen as representing the honor and prestige that domes symbolized, rather than having any specific funerary meaning. The wide variety of dome forms in medieval Islam reflected dynastic, religious, and social differences as much as practical building considerations.
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1170:. Like other "rotational domes" formed by the rotation of a curve around a vertical axis, hemispherical domes have circular bases and horizontal sections and are a type of "circular dome" for that reason. They experience vertical compression along their meridians, but horizontally experience compression only in the portion above 51.8 degrees from the top. Below this point, hemispherical domes experience tension horizontally, and usually require buttressing to counteract it. According to E. Baldwin Smith, it was a shape likely known to the Assyrians, defined by Greek theoretical mathematicians, and standardized by Roman builders.
1734:, was the largest masonry dome in the Islamic world at that time, had eight ribs, and introduced a new form of corner squinch with two quarter domes supporting a short barrel vault. In 1088 TÄj-al-Molk, a rival of Nizam al-Mulk, built another dome at the opposite end of the same mosque with interlacing ribs forming five-pointed stars and pentagons. This is considered the landmark Seljuk dome, and may have inspired subsequent patterning and the domes of the Il-Khanate period. The use of tile and of plain or painted plaster to decorate dome interiors, rather than brick, increased under the Seljuks.
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3383:, p. 131: "In the mind of an engineer a dome is structure with a very distinct behavior. It is a synclastically-curved, three dimensional surface, primarily stressed in compression under its own weight and applied loading, and made of a material resistant to such forces (usually masonry or some form of concrete). Circumferential tension forces that may occur at the base of a dome are usually resisted by a tension ring. However, a dictionary definition of the word dome may be less precise. For instance, in a typical concise dictionary a dome is defined as: -
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541:. "Cupola" has also been used to describe the inner side of a dome. The top of a dome is the "crown". The inner side of a dome is called the "intrados" and the outer side is called the "extrados". As with arches, the "springing" of a dome is the base level from which the dome rises and the "haunch" is the part that lies roughly halfway between the base and the top. Domes can be supported by an elliptical or circular wall called a "drum". If this structure extends to ground level, the round building may be called a "
3624:, p. 118: "Dome 1 a hollow, flattened or raised hemispherical roof structure, often of masonry, which rests on a circular, square, or polygonal base. See below. See types of dome illustration. See classical temple illustration. bulbous dome, see onion dome. drum dome. glass dome. half dome. melon dome, see umbrella dome. onion dome. parachute dome, see umbrella dome. pendentive dome. pumpkin dome, see umbrella dome. sail dome, sail vault. saucer dome. semi dome, see half dome. umbrella dome. 2 see domelight."
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3651:, p. 143: "Dome 1 a hollow, flattened or raised hemispherical roof structure, often of masonry, which rests on a circular, square, or polygonal base. See Types included as separate entries are listed below: bulbous dome, see onion dome; drum dome; half dome; melon dome, see umbrella dome; onion dome; parachute dome, see umbrella dome; pendentive dome; pumpkin dome, see umbrella dome; sail dome, sail vault; saucer dome; semi dome, see half dome; umbrella dome. 2 see domelight."
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load-bearing system does not exactly accord with the engineering definition. Some actually work almost entirely in tension, although they still may be more or less dome-shaped (for example the
Millennium Dome in Greenwich). This paper, therefore, addresses the conflict that now exists between the precise engineering and more general dictionary definitions of the term dome by reviewing the development of various types of lightweight and tensile domes during the 20th century."
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1745:(1351â1352) is the earliest known example in which the two shells of the dome have significantly different profiles, which spread rapidly throughout the region. The development of taller drums also continued into the Timurid period. The large, bulbous, fluted domes on tall drums that are characteristic of 15th century Timurid architecture were the culmination of the Central Asian and Iranian tradition of tall domes with glazed tile coverings in blue and other colors.
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1086:
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1741:, Persian domes achieved their final configuration of structural supports, zone of transition, drum, and shells, and subsequent evolution was restricted to variations in form and shell geometry. Characteristic of these domes are the use of high drums and several types of discontinuous double-shells, and the development of triple-shells and internal stiffeners occurred at this time. The construction of tomb towers decreased. The 7.5 meter wide double dome of
1707:, a series of concentric arches forming a half-cone over the corner of a room, enabled the transition from the walls of a square chamber to an octagonal base for a dome in a way reliable enough for large constructions and domes moved to the forefront of Persian architecture as a result. Pre-Islamic domes in Persia are commonly semi-elliptical, with pointed domes and those with conical outer shells being the majority of the domes in the Islamic periods.
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1752:(1501â1732) are characterized by a distinctive bulbous profile and are considered the last generation of Persian domes. They are generally thinner than earlier domes and are decorated with a variety of colored glazed tiles and complex vegetal patterns, and they were influential on those of other Islamic styles, such as the Mughal architecture of India. An exaggerated style of onion dome on a short drum, as can be seen at the
1254:, meaning "egg". The earliest oval domes were used by convenience in corbelled stone huts as rounded but geometrically undefined coverings, and the first examples in Asia Minor date to around 4000 B.C. The geometry was eventually defined using combinations of circular arcs, transitioning at points of tangency. If the Romans created oval domes, it was only in exceptional circumstances. The Roman foundations of the oval plan
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3546:, p. 41: "A concave structural element, erected on a circular base, and usually the shape of a semi-sphere. A dome has a curved surface and functions much like an arch, but provides support in all directions. Larger domes often have two or even three layers: the top and bottom are decorative, while the centre layer is structural and supports the other two. Domes can be segmental, semicircular, pointed or bulbous."
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3257:. While inexact, in the geometrical sense, this is a perfectly comprehensible and justifiable method of describing an architectural element whose most prominent characteristic is its sphericity; and that the ancient writers were aware of the inexactitude, but also aware of the usefulness of the graphic image, is suggested by Procopius' reference to the main dome of the Church of the Apostles at Constantinople as
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are sometimes used at the corners of the mihrab wall, at the entrance bay, or on the square tower minarets. Egypt, along with north-eastern Iran, was one of two areas notable for early developments in
Islamic mausoleums, beginning in the 10th century. Fatimid mausoleums were mostly simple square buildings covered by a dome. Domes were smooth or ribbed and had a characteristic Fatimid "keel" shape profile.
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918:. The different terms reflect different arrangements in the surface members. Braced domes often have a very low weight and are usually used to cover spans of up to 150 meters. Often prefabricated, their component members can either lie on the dome's surface of revolution, or be straight lengths with the connecting points or nodes lying upon the surface of revolution. Single-layer structures are called
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454:; and vaults on a circular base alone, circular or polygonal base, circular, elliptical, or polygonal base, or an undefined area. Definitions specifying vertical sections include: semicircular, pointed, or bulbous; semicircular, segmental or pointed; semicircular, segmental, pointed, or bulbous; semicircular, segmental, elliptical, or bulbous; and high profile, hemispherical, or flattened.
3600:, p. 378: "Dome" "1. A construction in the form of a spherical cap realized on a circular or polygonal plan. 2. The internal surface of a dome. Syn. with CUPOLA. 3. A surface of revolution generated by any meridian curve turning around a vertical axis. Horizontal sections are circular rings and the dome picks up on its bearings by a circular belt. 4. Syn, with CAVITY; OPEN; POT-HOLE"
1726:'s notables built tomb-towers, called "Turkish Triangles", as well as cube mausoleums covered with a variety of dome forms. Seljuk domes included conical, semi-circular, and pointed shapes in one or two shells. Shallow semi-circular domes are mainly found from the Seljuk era. The double-shell domes were either discontinuous or continuous. The domed enclosure of the
3249:, pp. 23, 25, 26: "Architectural historians who deal with the history of the dome have been baffled and sometimes led astray by the peculiar vague-ness of some of the literary passages which in some cases form the only evidence for the existence of certain domes or of certain types of domes. When the ancient authors mention a dome, they often call it a
2550:, with its double-shell dome. The SĂŒleymaniye Mosque, built from 1550 to 1557, has a main dome 53 meters high with a diameter of 26.5 meters. At the time it was built, the dome was the highest in the Ottoman Empire when measured from sea level, but lower from the floor of the building and smaller in diameter than that of the nearby Hagia Sophia.
3732:, p. 319: "Dome 1. A curved roof structure spanning an area; often hemispherical in shape. 2. A square prefabricated pan form; used in two-way joist (waffle) concrete floor construction. 3. A vault substantially hemispherical in shape, but sometimes slightly pointed or bulbous; a ceiling of similar form. Also see geodesic dome and saucer dome."
3462:, p. 174: "The dome may be regarded as the three-dimensional counterpart of the arch. In its true circular form, a vertical arch is rotated around a vertical axis and sweeps out, at every level, a continuous circular horizontal ring. Loads can be transmitted both along the meridian lines of the vertical arches and around the horizontal rings."
3678:, p. 879: "A dome is a convex rounded roof covering the whole or a part of a building with a base on the horizontal plane which is circular, elliptical or polygonal. In vertical section the dome may be hemispherical, partly elliptical, saucer-shaped, or formed like a bulb (the so-called onion domes to be seen in eastern Europe)."
1824:, found in Hong Kong in 1955, has a design common among Eastern Han dynasty (25 AD â 220 AD) tombs in South China: a barrel vaulted entrance leading to a domed front hall with barrel vaulted chambers branching from it in a cross shape. It is the only such tomb that has been found in Hong Kong and is exhibited as part of the
2903:. The idea of a large oculus in a solid dome revealing a second dome originated with him. He also established the oval dome as a reconciliation of the longitudinal plan church favored by the liturgy of the Counter-Reformation and the centralized plan favored by idealists. Because of the imprecision of oval domes in the
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20 meters. Materials were considered homogeneous and rigid, with compression taken into account and elasticity ignored. The weight of materials and the size of the dome were the key references. Lateral tensions in a dome were counteracted with horizontal rings of iron, stone, or wood incorporated into the structure.
706:, changes the optimal shape to more closely match the actual pointed shape of the dome. The pointed profiles of many Gothic domes more closely approximate the optimal dome shape than do hemispheres, which were favored by Roman and Byzantine architects due to the circle being considered the most perfect of forms.
2344:âwhich were combined with, and sometimes replaced domes in Russian architecture since the 16th centuryâonion domes initially were used only in wooden churches. Builders introduced them into stone architecture much later, and continued to make their carcasses of either of wood or metal on top of masonry drums.
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more expensive, more durable, and more form-fitting lead sheeting. Metal clamps between stone cornice blocks, metal tie rods, and metal chains were also used to stabilize domed construction. The technique of using double shells for domes, although revived in the
Renaissance, originated in Byzantine practice.
2868:, and influenced many bulbous cupolas in Poland and Eastern Europe in the Baroque period. However, many bulbous domes in eastern Europe were replaced over time in the larger cities during the second half of the eighteenth century in favor of hemispherical or stilted cupolas in the French or Italian styles.
564:), techniques are employed to bridge the two. One technique is to use corbelling, progressively projecting horizontal layers from the top of the supporting wall to the base of the dome, such as the corbelled triangles often used in Seljuk and Ottoman architecture. The simplest technique is to use diagonal
1851:, with arcs building out from the corners of a square room until they met and joined at the center. These domes were stronger, had a steeped angle, and could cover larger areas than the relatively shallow cloister vaults. Over time, they were made taller and wider. There were also corbel vaults, called
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In the eighteenth century, the study of dome structures changed radically, with domes being considered as a composition of smaller elements, each subject to mathematical and mechanical laws and easier to analyse individually, rather than being considered as whole units unto themselves. Although never
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in Edirne. The
Selimiye Mosque was the first structure built by the Ottomans that had a larger dome than that of the Hagia Sophia. The dome rises above a square bay. Corner semi-domes convert this into an octagon, which muqarnas transition to a circular base. The dome has an average internal diameter
2217:, or sometimes stepped, externally and triple windows were used in a tri-lobed arrangement on the faces. Bulbous cupolas on minarets were used in Egypt beginning around 1330, spreading to Syria in the following century. In the fifteenth century, pilgrimages to and flourishing trade relations with the
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are common features. They are customarily hemispherical in shape and partially or totally concealed on the exterior. To buttress the horizontal thrusts of a large hemispherical masonry dome, the supporting walls were built up beyond the base to at least the haunches of the dome, and the dome was then
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dome is a surface formed by the rotation around a vertical axis of a sector of a parabola. Like other "rotational domes" formed by the rotation of a curve around a vertical axis, paraboloid domes have circular bases and horizontal sections and are a type of "circular dome" for that reason. Because of
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is in place, domes are stable during construction as each level is made a complete and self-supporting ring. The upper portion of a masonry dome is always in compression and is supported laterally, so it does not collapse except as a whole unit and a range of deviations from the ideal in this shallow
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Across the ancient world, curved-roof structures that would today be called domes had a number of different names reflecting a variety of shapes, traditions, and symbolic associations. The shapes were derived from traditions of pre-historic shelters made from various impermanent pliable materials and
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The construction of domes in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries relied primarily on empirical techniques and oral traditions rather than the architectural treatises of the times, which avoided practical details. This was adequate for domes up to medium size, with diameters in the range of 12 to
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In the
Byzantine period, domes were normally hemispherical and had, with occasional exceptions, windowed drums. All of the surviving examples in Constantinople are ribbed or pumpkin domes, with the divisions corresponding to the number of windows. Roofing for domes ranged from simple ceramic tile to
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structures or other types, following similar monuments by private citizens. The technique of building lightweight domes with interlocking hollow ceramic tubes further developed in North Africa and Italy in the late third and early fourth centuries. In the 4th century, Roman domes proliferated due to
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vaults, which appear similar but have different characteristics. In addition to semicircular sail vaults there are variations in geometry such as a low rise to span ratio or covering a rectangular plan. Sail vaults of all types have a variety of thrust conditions along their borders, which can cause
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Domes and tent-canopies were also associated with the heavens in
Ancient Persia and the Hellenistic-Roman world. A dome over a square base reflected the geometric symbolism of those shapes. The circle represented perfection, eternity, and the heavens. The square represented the earth. An octagon was
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The outward thrusts in the lower portion of a hemispherical masonry dome can be counteracted with the use of chains incorporated around the circumference or with external buttressing, although cracking along the meridians is natural. For small or tall domes with less horizontal thrust, the thickness
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The earliest domes in the Middle East were built with mud-brick and, eventually, with baked brick and stone. Domes of wood allowed for wide spans due to the relatively light and flexible nature of the material and were the normal method for domed churches by the 7th century, although most domes were
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These two definitions exactly describe the Domus
Augstana and Bostra examples. Rivoira'a definition of the Domus Aurea dome demonstrates how unnecessarily convoluted some terms get. He refers to it as a 'cloister vault dome'. He also calls the domical vault 'the ungroined cloister dome'. The term
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by
Francesco Gallo was one of the largest and most complex ever made. Although the ellipse was known, in practice, domes of this shape were created by combining segments of circles. Popular in the 16th and 17th centuries, oval and elliptical plan domes can vary their dimensions in three axes or two
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Modern academic study of the topic has been controversial and confused by inconsistent definitions, such as those for cloister vaults and domical vaults. Dictionary definitions of the term "dome" are often general and imprecise. Generally-speaking, it "is non-specific, a blanket-word to describe an
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construction created a distinctive architecture. Domes in pre-Mughal India have a standard squat circular shape with a lotus design and bulbous finial at the top, derived from Hindu architecture. Because the Hindu architectural tradition did not include arches, flat corbels were used to transition
2640:, marking the beginning of the displacement of the Gothic ribbed vault with the combination of dome and barrel vault, which proceeded throughout the sixteenth century. Bramante's initial design was for a Greek cross plan with a large central hemispherical dome and four smaller domes around it in a
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contains the first known examples of the crossed-arch dome type. The use of corner squinches to support domes was widespread in
Islamic architecture by the 10th and 11th centuries. After the ninth century, mosques in North Africa often have a small decorative dome over the mihrab. Additional domes
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Province. These four-sided domes used small interlocking bricks and enabled a square space near the entrance of a tomb large enough for several people that may have been used for funeral ceremonies. The interlocking brick technique was rapidly adopted and four-sided domes became widespread outside
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in the 10th century. Rather than meeting in the center of the dome, the ribs characteristically intersect one another off-center, forming an empty polygonal space in the center. Geometry is a key element of the designs, with the octagon being perhaps the most popular shape used. Whether the arches
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In the past the stately building often had a masonry dome whereas, due to the rapid expansion in structural systems that have become available in the 20th century, this is now less likely to be the case. This has led to many modern large-span structures being described as domes when their primary
1976:
used the domed cross unit on a monumental scale, and his architects made the domed brick-vaulted central plan standard throughout the Roman east. This divergence with the Roman west from the second third of the 6th century may be considered the beginning of a "Byzantine" architecture. Justinian's
1403:
Masonry saucer domes, because they exist entirely in compression, can be built much thinner than other dome shapes without becoming unstable. The trade-off between the proportionately increased horizontal thrust at their abutments and their decreased weight and quantity of materials may make them
1370:
that, rather than merely touching each other to form a circular base for a drum or compound dome, smoothly continue their curvature to form the dome itself. The dome gives the impression of a square sail pinned down at each corner and billowing upward. These can also be thought of as saucer domes
1215:
in Egypt and Syria, and developed in the 16th and 17th centuries in the Netherlands before spreading to Germany, becoming a popular element of the baroque architecture of Central Europe. German bulbous domes were also influenced by Russian and Eastern European domes. The examples found in various
513:
have lacked common language for domes, with engineering focused on structural behavior and architecture focused on form and symbolism. Additionally, new materials and structural systems in the 20th century have allowed for large dome-shaped structures that deviate from the traditional compressive
3335:
Thus it emerges that the term 'dome' is non-specific, a blanket-word to describe an hemispherical or similar spanning element. When such a vault is placed on a circular wall, as in the Pantheon in Rome, the 'Temple of Mercury' at Bala or the Tor de'Schiavi on the Via Praenestina, there is little
2602:
was built between 1420 and 1436 and the lantern surmounting the dome was completed in 1467. The dome is 42 meters wide and made of two shells. The dome is not itself Renaissance in style, although the lantern is closer. A combination of dome, drum, pendentives, and barrel vaults developed as the
2339:
they sit on, and their height usually exceeds their width. The whole bulbous structure tapers smoothly to a point. Though the earliest preserved Russian domes of such type date from the 16th century, illustrations from older chronicles indicate they have existed since the late 13th century. Like
629:
The new building materials of the 19th century and a better understanding of the forces within structures from the 20th century opened up new possibilities. Iron and steel beams, steel cables, and pre-stressed concrete eliminated the need for external buttressing and enabled much thinner domes.
485:
The precise definition of "pendentive" has also been a source of academic contention, such as whether or not corbelling is permitted under the definition and whether or not the lower portions of a sail vault should be considered pendentives. Domes with pendentives can be divided into two kinds:
3386:'dome, n., & v.t.l. Stately building, mansion, (poet.); rounded vault as roof, with circular, elliptical or polygonal base, large cupola; natural vault, canopy, (of sky, trees, etc.); rounded summit of hill etc.; hence domed, domic(al), dome-like, domy. 2. v.t. Cover with, shape as, dome. '
3354:
In American and some British publications this feature is called a 'cloister vault' and this has given rise to some of the terminological confusion. However, both Mainstone and Krautheimer, who both use the term 'cloister vault', do point out that it is also called a domical vault. Mainstone's
3112:
consisting of radial trusses made from steel cables under tension with vertical steel pipes spreading the cables into the truss form. They have been made circular, elliptical, and other shapes to cover stadiums from Korea to Florida. Tension membrane design has depended upon computers, and the
2078:
of baths. Blending the architectural features of both Byzantine and Persian architecture, the domes used both pendentives and squinches and were made in a variety of shapes and materials. Although architecture in the region would decline following the movement of the capital to Iraq under the
1651:
has been dated to perhaps the first century AD, showing "...the existence of a monumental domical tradition in Central Asia that had hitherto been unknown and which seems to have preceded Roman Imperial monuments or at least to have grown independently from them." It likely had a wooden dome.
446:
were only later reproduced as vaulting in more durable materials. The hemispherical shape often associated with domes today derives from Greek geometry and Roman standardization, but other shapes persisted, including a pointed and bulbous tradition inherited by some early Islamic mosques.
3501:, p. 583: "Dome A curved vault that is erected on a circular base and that is semicircular, pointed, or bulbous in section. If raised over a square or polygonal base transitional squinches or pendentives must be inserted at the corners of the base to transform it into a near circle."
3113:
increasing availability of powerful computers resulted in many developments being made in the last three decades of the 20th century. The higher expense of rigid large span domes made them relatively rare, although rigidly moving panels is the most popular system for sports stadiums with
3705:, p. 27: "A dome is a rounded vault forming a roof over a large interior space." "The rounded vault of the dome can take many forms. Perhaps the simplest of these is a shell of revolution, in which every horizontal section is circular; an egg in an egg-cup is a shell of this kind."
630:
Whereas earlier masonry domes may have had a radius to thickness ratio of 50, the ratio for modern domes can be in excess of 800. The lighter weight of these domes not only permitted far greater spans, but also allowed for the creation of large movable domes over modern sports stadiums.
3663:, p. 73: "A vault of double curvature, both curves being convex upwards. Most domes are portions of a sphere; however, it is possible to have a dome of non-spherical curvature on a circular plan, or to have a dome on a non-circular plan, such as an ellipse, an oval or a rectangle."
673:
at the base, with the transition in a hemispherical dome occurring at an angle of 51.8 degrees from the top. The thrusts generated by a dome are directly proportional to the weight of its materials. Grounded hemispherical domes generate significant horizontal thrusts at their haunches.
2083:
in 750, mosques built after a revival in the late 11th century usually followed the Umayyad model. Early versions of bulbous domes can be seen in mosaic illustrations in Syria dating to the Umayyad period. They were used to cover large buildings in Syria after the eleventh century.
585:
between arches, and transition from the corners of a square bay to the circular base of a dome. The curvature of the pendentives is that of a sphere with a diameter equal to the diagonal of the square bay. Pendentives concentrate the weight of a dome into the corners of the bay.
3194:, p. 97: "Dome, a cupola; the term is derived from the Italian duomo, a cathedral, the custom of erecting cupolas on those buildings having been so prevalent that the name dome has, in the French and English languages, been transferred from the church to this kind of roof "
3296:, p. 1: "Architecturally, the dome may be seen not only as a structure but also as shelter, spatial enclosure, silhouette, or symbolic form with divers connotations stemming from past uses. To review all these aspects of its history would be impossible in a brief survey."
1792:, due to the extensive use of timber as a building material. Brick and stone vaults used in tomb construction have survived, and the corbeled dome was used, rarely, in tombs and temples. The earliest true domes found in Chinese tombs were shallow cloister vaults, called
1028:(a term also applied to sail vaults), compound domes have pendentives that support a smaller diameter dome immediately above them, as in the Hagia Sophia, or a drum and dome, as in many Renaissance and post-Renaissance domes, with both forms resulting in greater height.
807:
Cavities in the form of jars built into the inner surface of a dome may serve to compensate for this interference by diffusing sound in all directions, eliminating echoes while creating a "divine effect in the atmosphere of worship." This technique was written about by
2825:(1753â54). The central dome is reportedly triple-shelled, with two relatively flat inner brick domes and an outer bulbous marble dome, although it may actually be that the marble and second brick domes are joined everywhere but under the lotus leaf finial at the top.
686:
upper cap are equally stable. Because voussoir domes have lateral support, they can be made much thinner than corresponding arches of the same span. For example, a hemispherical dome can be 2.5 times thinner than a semicircular arch, and a dome with the profile of an
1718:
dates to no later than 943 and is the first to have squinches create a regular octagon as a base for the dome, which then became the standard practice. Cylindrical or polygonal plan tower tombs with conical roofs over domes also exist beginning in the 11th century.
3561:, p. 79: "dome A vault of even curvature over a circular base; the section can be segmental, semicircular, pointed, or bulbous. If a vault is erected over a square base, squinches or pendentives must be inserted at the corners to connect the dome to the base."
1956:. The material of choice in construction gradually transitioned during the 4th and 5th centuries from stone or concrete to lighter brick in thin shells. Baptisteries began to be built in the manner of domed mausoleums during the 4th century in Italy. The octagonal
3055:
Domes built with steel and concrete were able to achieve very large spans. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Guastavino family, a father and son team who worked on the eastern seaboard of the United States, further developed the masonry dome, using
3486:, p. 277: "Dome A vault of usually even curvature erected on a circular base whose elements are set radially rather than corbelled. The profile can vary. The term can be applied in a general way to other domical forms (Such as the domical and sail vault)"
2447:. Early Ottoman buildings, for almost two centuries after 1300, were characterized by a blending of Ottoman culture and indigenous architecture, and the pendentive dome was used throughout the empire. The Byzantine dome form was adopted and further developed.
595:
built with the other less flexible materials. Wooden domes were protected from the weather by roofing, such as copper or lead sheeting. Domes of cut stone were more expensive and never as large, and timber was used for large spans where brick was unavailable.
1940:, is the most famous, best preserved, and largest Roman dome. Segmented domes, made of radially concave wedges or of alternating concave and flat wedges, appear under Hadrian in the 2nd century and most preserved examples of this style date from this period.
388:
Advancements in mathematics, materials, and production techniques resulted in new dome types. Domes have been constructed over the centuries from mud, snow, stone, wood, brick, concrete, metal, glass, and plastic. The symbolism associated with domes includes
598:
Roman concrete used an aggregate of stone with a powerful mortar. The aggregate transitioned over the centuries to pieces of fired clay, then to Roman bricks. By the sixth century, bricks with large amounts of mortar were the principle vaulting materials.
2162:, headquartered at the site, built a series of centrally planned churches throughout Europe modeled on the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, with the Dome of the Rock also an influence. In southwest France, there are over 250 domed Romanesque churches in the
2150:, which conceal the domes externally. They are typically octagonal in plan and use corner squinches to translate a square bay into a suitable octagonal base. They appear "in connection with basilicas almost throughout Europe" between 1050 and 1100. The
724:
the dome-shaped tomb was used as a reproduction of the ancestral, god-given shelter made permanent as a venerated home of the dead. The instinctive desire to do this resulted in widespread domical mortuary traditions across the ancient world, from the
1551:
to modern times constructed domed dwellings using local materials. Although it is not known when the first dome was created, sporadic examples of early domed structures have been discovered. The earliest discovered may be four small dwellings made of
1927:
in the 1st century AD, and during the 2nd century. Centrally-planned halls become increasingly important parts of palace and palace villa layouts beginning in the 1st century, serving as state banqueting halls, audience rooms, or throne rooms. The
2603:
characteristic structural forms of large Renaissance churches following a period of innovation in the later fifteenth century. Florence was the first Italian city to develop the new style, followed by Rome and then Venice. Brunelleschi's domes at
1626:
in the first millennium BC. Another explanation, however, is that the use of the dome shape in construction did not have a single point of origin and was common in virtually all cultures long before domes were constructed with enduring materials.
580:
heads (or half-domes), trumpet arches with "anteposed" arches, and muqarnas arches. Squinches transfer the weight of a dome across the gaps created by the corners and into the walls. Pendentives are triangular sections of a sphere, like concave
8437:
1228:. In Islamic architecture, they are typically made of masonry, rather than timber, with the thick and heavy bulging portion serving to buttress against the tendency of masonry domes to spread at their bases. The Taj Mahal is a famous example.
3639:, p. 90: "Cupola (Ital.), a concave ceiling, either hemispherical or of any other curve, covering a circular or polygonal area; also a roof, the exterior of which is either one of these forms, usually called a dome, and in Latin tholus."
3084:. Geodesic domes have been used for radar enclosures, greenhouses, housing, and weather stations. Architectural shells had their heyday in the 1950s and 1960s, peaking in popularity shortly before the widespread adoption of computers and the
478:, meaning "false", can be traced back to the 17th century in the use of vaulting made of reed mats and gypsum mortar. "True" domes are said to be those whose structure is in a state of compression, with constituent elements of wedge-shaped
3103:
designed and built by Walter Bird after World War II. Their low cost eventually led to the development of permanent versions using teflon-coated fiberglass and by 1985 the majority of the domed stadiums around the world used this system.
1981:
was an original and innovative design with no known precedents in the way it covers a basilica plan with dome and semi-domes. Periodic earthquakes in the region have caused three partial collapses of the dome and necessitated repairs.
2851:
In the early sixteenth century, the lantern of the Italian dome spread to Germany, gradually adopting the bulbous cupola from the Netherlands. Russian architecture strongly influenced the many bulbous domes of the wooden churches of
3237:. While the modern terms are purely descriptive, the ancient imagery both preserved some memory of the origin of the domical shape and conveyed something of the ancestral beliefs and supernatural meanings associated with its form."
693:
The optimal shape for a masonry dome of equal thickness provides for perfect compression, with none of the tension or bending forces against which masonry is weak. For a particular material, the optimal dome geometry is called the
2562:
of about 31.5 meters, while that of Hagia Sophia averages 31.3 meters. Designed and built by architect Mimar Sinan between 1568 and 1574, when he finished it he was 86 years old, and he considered the mosque his masterpiece.
2478:
at Edirne developed the idea of the central dome being a larger version of the domed modules used throughout the rest of the structure to generate open space. This idea became important to the Ottoman style as it developed.
2780:
there was a large proliferation of tomb building, with octagonal plans reserved for royalty and square plans used for others of high rank, and the first double dome was introduced to India in this period. The first major
8059:
2656:'s treatise, one of the most popular architectural treatises ever published, was responsible for the spread of the oval in late Renaissance and Baroque architecture throughout Italy, Spain, France, and central Europe.
473:
domes achieve their shape by extending each horizontal layer of stones inward slightly farther than the lower one until they meet at the top. A "false" dome may also refer to a wooden dome. The Italian use of the term
1041:
are structural or purely decorative remains a matter of debate. The type may have an eastern origin, although the issue is also unsettled. Examples are found in Spain, North Africa, Armenia, Iran, France, and Italy.
397:, and governmental traditions that have likewise altered over time. The domes of the modern world can be found over religious buildings, legislative chambers, sports stadiums, and a variety of functional structures.
2973:. Russia, which had large supplies of iron, has some of the earliest examples of iron's architectural use. Excluding those that simply imitated multi-shell masonry, metal framed domes such as the elliptical dome of
3402:, p. 11: "While dome has become the most used English geometric and architectural term for "a large hemispherical, approximately hemispherical or spheroidal vault" (Delbridge, 1981), cupola is the older term."
2256:
The multidomed church is a typical form of Russian church architecture that distinguishes Russia from other Orthodox nations and Christian denominations. Indeed, the earliest Russian churches, built just after the
3336:
disagreement or variation in the term applied to the roofing element; it is a dome. Problems start to occur in recent critical literature when such an element is placed over an octagonal, polygonal or square bay."
2509:
in having a large central dome with semi-domes of the same span to the east and west. Hagia Sophia's central dome arrangement is largely reproduced in three Ottoman mosques in Istanbul: the Bayezid II Mosque, the
2864:, bulbous domes less resemble Dutch models than Russian ones. Domes like these gained in popularity in central and southern Germany and in Austria in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, particularly in the
1960:
or the baptistery of the Holy Sepulchre may have been the first, and the style spread during the 5th century. By the 5th century, structures with small-scale domed cross plans existed across the Christian world.
1642:
held audiences and festivals in domical tents derived from the nomadic traditions of central Asia. Simple domical mausoleums existed in the Hellenistic period. The remains of a large domed circular hall in the
1150:. Such domes can be created using a limited number of simple elements and joints and efficiently resolve a dome's internal forces. Their efficiency is said to increase with size. Although not first invented by
283:, which may also refer to a dome or a structure on top of a dome. The precise definition of a dome has been a matter of controversy and there are a wide variety of forms and specialized terms to describe them.
2960:
of the 19th century led to many domes being re-translations of the great domes of the past, rather than further stylistic developments, especially in sacred architecture. New production techniques allowed for
2627:
around 1452, recommends vaults with coffering for churches, as in the Pantheon, and the first design for a dome at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome is usually attributed to him, although the recorded architect is
3364:"A vault composed of four, eight or twelve curved surfaces, as would result from the interpenetration of two, four or six barrel-vaults of equal height and diameter; also four-sided, eight-sided, etc, dome".
2005:"Cross-domed units", a more secure structural system created by bracing a dome on all four sides with broad arches, became a standard element on a smaller scale in later Byzantine church architecture. The
1113:. Like other "rotational domes" formed by the rotation of a curve around a vertical axis, ellipsoidal domes have circular bases and horizontal sections and are a type of "circular dome" for that reason.
3774:: "Dome 1. A curved roof structure spanning an area; often hemispherical in shape. 2. A vault substantially hemispherical in shape, but sometimes slightly pointed or bulbous; a ceiling of similar form."
3717:, p. 1: "Structurally, I take the term dome to denote, as it normally does, a doubly curved form supported from below and acting primarily in arching compression as it spans the space it encloses."
3588:, p. 155: "Dome: a curved roof structure that spans an area on a circular base, producing an equal thrust in all directions. A cross section of the dome can be semicircular, pointed, or segmented."
3261:, which might be translated "the sphere-like structure."" "Choricius, to the writer's present knowledge, is the only writer of this period who is careful enough to note that a dome or a semi-dome is a
2402:
in the early 18th century, who also paid for gilding of the domes. Mazepa's reign also included the construction of an octagonal western bay with a baroque dome (1672) and five helmet-shaped domes over
8452:
2879:
led to a more precise formalization of the ideas of the traditional constructive practices of arches and vaults, and there was a diffusion of studies on the most stable form for these structures: the
2229:
and such domes apparently became associated with the city of Jerusalem. Multi-story spires with truncated bulbous cupolas supporting smaller cupolas or crowns became popular in the sixteenth century.
1911:. Roman baths played a leading role in the development of domed construction in general, and monumental domes in particular. Modest domes in baths dating from the 2nd and 1st centuries BC are seen in
3076:, Germany in the early 1920s. They consisting of a triangulated frame of light steel bars and mesh covered by a thin layer of concrete. These are generally taken to be the first modern architectural
2087:
Italian church architecture from the late sixth century to the end of the eighth century was influenced less by the trends of Constantinople than by a variety of Byzantine provincial plans. With the
1473:
2732:. They were generally constructed with stone, brick and mortar, and iron dowels and cramps. Centering was made from timber and bamboo. The use of iron cramps to join adjacent stones was known in
3789:, p. 151: "dome A structure that can be either circular in plan, or oval, hexagonal, octagonal, or a combination of these forms. It may have a high profile, or hemispherical, or flattened."
3229:. As a shape (which antedated the beginnings of masonry construction), It was the memorable feature of an ancient, ancestral house. It is still a shape visualized and described by such terms as
302:
used to accommodate the transition in shape from a rectangular or square space to the round or polygonal base of the dome. The dome's apex may be closed or may be open in the form of an
2261:, were multi-domed, which has led some historians to speculate about how Russian pre-Christian pagan temples might have looked. Examples of these early churches are the 13-domed wooden
482:, the joints of which align with a central point. The validity of this is unclear, as domes built underground with corbelled stone layers are in compression from the surrounding earth.
3612:, p. 761: "A vaulted structure having a circular or polygonal plan and usually the form of a portion of a sphere, so constructed so as to exert an equal thrust in all directions."
3265:
spherical form." "Naturally, if one wished to describe a dome vividly, the most arresting feature of its appearance was its sphericity, and everybody knew that if you called a dome a
8707:
A Brief Description of the Holy Sepulchre Jerusalem and Other Christian Churches in the Holy City: With Some Account of the Mediaeval Copies of the Holy Sepulchre Surviving in Europe
7275:
3474:, p. 123: "The dome, which is created from an arch turned on its axis 360 degrees, is traditionally considered one of the most important Ancient Roman architectural inventions."
2817:, is one of the largest masonry domes in the world. It has an internal diameter of 41.15 meters and a height of 54.25 meters. The dome was the most technically advanced built in the
1262:
in Spain has an oval dome over its oval plan. Other examples of medieval oval domes can be found covering rectangular bays in churches. Oval plan churches became a type in the
796:" at its base that at certain places transmits distinct sound to other distant places in the gallery. The half-domes over the apses of Byzantine churches helped to project the
8078:
2615:(1430â52) illustrates the Renaissance enthusiasm for geometry and for the circle as geometry's supreme form. This emphasis on geometric essentials would be very influential.
1919:
of the Terme Stabiane and the Terme del Foro. However, the extensive use of domes did not occur before the 1st century AD. The growth of domed construction increases under
6942:
1710:
The area of north-eastern Iran was, along with Egypt, one of two areas notable for early developments in Islamic domed mausoleums, which appear in the tenth century. The
437:
in the eighteenth century as many of the most impressive Houses of God were built with monumental domes, and in response to the scientific need for more technical terms.
8798:
2789:, built between 1562 and 1571 by a Persian architect. The central double dome covers an octagonal central chamber about 15 meters wide and is accompanied by small domed
1400:. Because they reduce the portion of the dome in tension, these domes are strong but have increased radial thrust. Many of the largest existing domes are of this shape.
3573:, p. 62: "A vaulted structure having a circular plan and usually the form of a portion of a sphere, so constructed as to exert an equal thrust in all directions."
2099:, Byzantine influences were largely replaced in a revival of earlier Western building traditions. Occasional exceptions include examples of early quincunx churches at
576:". A squinch can be a single arch or a set of multiple projecting nested arches placed diagonally over an internal corner. Squinch forms also include trumpet arches,
2170:
region, rather than the squinches more typical of western medieval architecture, strongly implies a Byzantine influence. Gothic domes are uncommon due to the use of
804:
in 1535 to recommend vaulted ceilings for the choir areas of a church, but a flat ceiling filled with as many coffers as possible for where preaching would occur.
3450:, p. 76: "A dome is a structural element conventionally used to cover large spaces. It is defined as an arch that has been rotated around its vertical axis."
2691:
in the city. The spread of the Renaissance-style dome outside of Italy began with central Europe, although there was often a stylistic delay of a century or two.
3012:
was begun in the 19th century, with early examples using papier-mùché to minimize weight. Unique glass domes springing straight from ground level were used for
10703:
3531:, p. 220: "A domical vault is not a true dome. A dome is a vault with a segmental, semicircular, bulbous, or pointed section rising from a circular base."
9837:
8096:
Fusco, Annarosa Cerutti; Villanni, Marcello (2003). "Pietro da Cortona's Domes between New Experimentations and Construction Knowledge". In Huerta, S. (ed.).
2745:
from the corners of the room to the dome, rather than squinches. In contrast to Persian and Ottoman domes, the domes of Indian tombs tend to be more bulbous.
1691:
likely inherited an architectural tradition of dome-building dating back to the earliest Mesopotamian domes. Due to the scarcity of wood in many areas of the
12576:
10564:
2915:
style. In the United States, most public buildings in the late 18th century were only distinguishable from private residences because they featured cupolas.
2030:
1800:. Unlike the cloister vaults of western Europe, the corners are rounded off as they rise. The first known example is a brick tomb dating from the end of the
522:
90:
10435:
3747:, p. 20: "Dome a vaulted roof; normally circular or polygonal in plan and semicircular, segmental or pointed in section. See also Cupola and Squinch."
502:, the pendentives are part of the surface of a larger sphere below that of the dome itself and form a circular base for either the dome or a drum section.
2502:
6915:"Discontinuous Double-shell Domes through Islamic eras in the Middle East and Central Asia: History, Morphology, Typologies, Geometry, and Construction"
9413:
Mediati, Domenico; Colistra, Daniele; Arena, Marinella (2020). "Domes in the central Mediterranean. Geometric syncretism and cultural hybridizations".
10616:
8058:
Fuentes, P.; Huerta, S. (2010). "Islamic Domes of Crossed-arches: Origin, Geometry and Structural Behavior". In Chen, Baochun; Wei, Jiangang (eds.).
7754:
2062:, they employed local craftsmen for their buildings and, by the end of the 7th century, the dome had begun to become an architectural symbol of
10754:
Modern Perspectives in Western Art History: An Anthology of Twentieth-Century Writings on the Visual Arts (Medieval Academy Reprints for Teaching)
9116:
Modern Perspectives in Western Art History: An Anthology of Twentieth-Century Writings on the Visual Arts (Medieval Academy Reprints for Teaching)
3281:
in the geometrical sense. This is of course what one would expect, and the phenomenon is by no means confined to post-classical Greek literature."
2776:
and the small dome of the tomb of Khan Shahid, which were made of roughly cut material and would have needed covering surface finishes. Under the
12208:
8157:"On the art and the culture of domes. Construction in Milan and Lombardy in the late sixteenth and in the first half of the seventeenth century"
8029:
2534:
in the 16th century. In addition to large imperial mosques, he designed hundreds of other monuments, including medium-sized mosques such as the
2017:
in 1453. Resting domes on circular or polygonal drums pierced with windows eventually became the standard style, with regional characteristics.
12286:
12153:
12048:
10652:
7402:
6888:
678:
of the supporting arches or walls can be enough to resist deformation, which is why drums tend to be much thicker than the domes they support.
3064:, which allowed mild steel bar to be used to counteract tension forces. The thin domical shell was further developed with the construction by
2197:
domes. In the first half of the fourteenth century, stone blocks replaced bricks as the primary building material in the dome construction of
2054:
area has a long tradition of domical architecture, including wooden domes in shapes described as "conoid", or similar to pine cones. When the
980:, these are domes that maintain a polygonal shape in their horizontal cross section. The component curved surfaces of these vaults are called
13460:
12188:
12053:
11958:
8030:"Roof Structures in Motion: On Retractable and Deployable Roof Structures Enabling Quick Construction or Adaptation to External Excitations"
6964:
Bardill, Jonathan (2008). "Chapter II.7.1: Building Materials and Techniques". In Jeffreys, Elizabeth; Haldon, John; Cormack, Robin (eds.).
8291:
2323:, which were easier to shape in wood than in masonry. The earliest stone churches in Russia featured Byzantine style domes, however by the
1614:
The historical development from structures like these to more sophisticated domes is not well documented. That the dome was known to early
7837:
13378:
250:
10485:
657:
downward and outward. They are thought of in terms of two kinds of forces at right angles from one another: meridional forces (like the
560:
When the base of the dome does not match the plan of the supporting walls beneath it (for example, a dome's circular base over a square
12198:
7615:
2981:
in Paris may represent the century's chief development of the simple domed form. Cast-iron domes were particularly popular in France.
2952:
was entirely built from prefabricated slabs. It was hydraulically lifted from the ground to 40 m height by lift-slab method. 1935â2004
1004:(13th â 14th century). The most famous example is the Renaissance octagonal dome of Filippo Brunelleschi over the Florence Cathedral.
853:, these are different from a 'true dome' in that they consist of purely horizontal layers. As the layers get higher, each is slightly
572:
base. Another is to use arches to span the corners, which can support more weight. A variety of these techniques use what are called "
12806:
8845:
6838:"Umayyad Arches, Vaults & Domes: Merging and Re-creation. Contributions to Early Islamic Construction History (conference paper)"
2736:, and was used at the base of domes for hoop reinforcement. The synthesis of styles created by this introduction of new forms to the
2451:
made exclusive use of the semi-spherical dome for vaulting over even very small spaces, influenced by the earlier traditions of both
9892:
Ousterhout, Robert (2008). "Chapter II.7.2: Churches and Monasteries". In Jeffreys, Elizabeth; Haldon, John; Cormack, Robin (eds.).
8745:
3235:
tholos, pine cone, omphalos, helmet, tegurium, kubba, kalube, maphalia, vihdra, parasol, amalaka tree, cosmic egg, and heavenly bowl
2557:, the domed polygon within a square. Octagons and hexagons were common, such as those of the Ăç Ćerefeli Mosque (1437â1447) and the
1567:, the creation of relatively simple dome-like structures has been documented among various indigenous peoples around the world. The
603:
appears to have only been used in central Italy. Brick domes were the favored choice for large-space monumental coverings until the
2518:. Other Imperial mosques in Istanbul added semi-domes to the north and south, doing away with the basilica plan, starting with the
13322:
10749:
9937:
9111:
2489:
in Istanbul, a World Heritage Site and example of the classical style period of Ottoman architecture, showing Byzantine influence.
1560:, Ukraine, in 1965 while he was digging in his cellar and archaeologists unearthed three more. They date from 19,280 â 11,700 BC.
1275:
axes. A sub-type with the long axis having a semicircular section is called a Murcia dome, as in the Chapel of the Junterones at
1207:
and so is not easily explained as the result of that influence. They became popular in the second half of the 15th century in the
1203:, Persia, and India and may not have had a single point of origin. Their appearance in northern Russian architecture predates the
13480:
1456:. The "ribs" of a dome are the radial lines of masonry that extend from the crown down to the springing. The central dome of the
10660:
Wallis, Kendall (2010). "Bearing Bandmann's Meaning: A Translator's Introduction by Kendall Willis". In Bandmann, GĂŒnter (ed.).
9272:
6953:
3329:
R. Krautheimer defines it as "a hemispherical vault" and the Penguin Dictionary of Architecture gives the following definition
2539:
8552:
6853:
3438:, p. 115: "dome 1. A structure that has a hemispherical roof. 2. A curved layer of rock strata, formed by an upward fold."
2154:, beginning in 1095, also appear to have influenced domed architecture in Western Europe, particularly in the areas around the
1449:
498:, the pendentives are part of the same sphere as the dome itself; however, such domes are rare. In the case of the more common
8809:
8120:
1879:
745:
intermediate between the two. The distinct symbolism of the heavenly or cosmic tent stemming from the royal audience tents of
13383:
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10806:
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10761:
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10692:
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9989:
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9903:
9882:
9805:
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9347:
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9203:
9182:
9143:
9123:
9100:
9079:
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9036:
9015:
8965:
8944:
8923:
8902:
8877:
8734:
8715:
8695:
8651:
8593:
Howard, Deborah (1991). "Venice and Islam in the Middle Ages: Some Observations on the Question of Architectural Influence".
8583:
8562:
8524:
8503:
8482:
8427:
8407:
8386:
8336:
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7421:
7370:
7349:
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7266:
7245:
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7203:
7127:
Born, Wolfgang (April 1944). "The Introduction of the Bulbous Dome into Gothic Architecture and its Subsequent Development".
7117:
7096:
7046:
6996:
6975:
6826:
6806:
2245:
1204:
9152:
2644:
pattern. Work began in 1506 and continued under a succession of builders over the next 120 years. The dome was completed by
2535:
514:
structural behavior of masonry domes. Popular usage of the term has expanded to mean "almost any long-span roofing system".
10618:
The 10th FIG International Symposium on Deformation Measurements. Session VIII: Structural Deformations. 19 â 22 March 2001
2834:
2671:. Its highly symmetrical square plan centers on a circular room covered by a dome, and it proved highly influential on the
2571:
1868:
1460:
uses the ribbed method, which accommodates a ring of windows between the ribs at the base of the dome. The central dome of
105:
95:
85:
13317:
9708:
2404:
3167:
12279:
3332:"A vault of even curvature erected on a circular base. The section can be segmental, semicircular, pointed or bulbous".
3326:"A spanning space-enclosing structural element circular in plan and commonly hemispherical or nearly so in total form".
2611:
established them as a key element of Renaissance architecture. His plan for the dome of the Pazzi Chapel in Florence's
2262:
2258:
2111:. Its domed octagon design was influenced by Byzantine models. It was the largest dome north of the Alps at that time.
1572:
702:
curve for a two-dimensional arch. Adding a weight to the top of a pointed dome, such as the heavy cupola at the top of
10179:
Rizzoni, Giovanni (2009). "The Form of Parliaments & European Identity". In Rorato, Laura; Saunders, Anna (eds.).
9756:
Nobile, Marco Rosario; Bares, Maria Mercedes (2015). "The use of 'false vaults' in 18th century buildings of Sicily".
9193:
3221:, p. 5: "To the naive eye of men uninterested in construction, the dome, it must be realized, was first of all a
2127:
1037:
1008:, the third president of the United States, installed an octagonal dome above the West front of his plantation house,
10135:
8772:
8199:
7027:
Bellini, Federico (2017). "8 Vaults and Domes: Statics as an Art". In Mallgrave, Harry Francis; Payne, Alina (eds.).
2612:
2604:
2379:
2178:, but there are examples of small octagonal crossing domes in cathedrals as the style developed from the Romanesque.
1528:
1255:
425:
as late as 1656, when it meant a "Town-House, Guild-Hall, State-House, and Meeting-House in a city." The French word
75:
3052:
structures and in 1897 he employed them in domed exhibit pavilions at the All-Russia Industrial and Art Exhibition.
891:
12371:
10846:
9852:
7793:
Building Materials and Techniques in the Eastern Mediterranean from the Hellenistic Period to the Fourth Century AD
10816:
Yaghan, Mohammad Ali Jalal (2003). "Gadrooned-Dome's Muqarnas-Corbel: Analysis and Decoding Historical Drawings".
10583:
3348:, pp. 268â270: "The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture gives the following definition of a 'domical vault':
930:
types, which are used for large spans. When the covering also forms part of the structural system, it is called a
13465:
13455:
13291:
11933:
10441:
10125:
2660:
2459:. The smaller the structure, the simpler the plan, but mosques of medium size were also covered by single domes.
2371:
1603:
for use as temporary shelters at seasonal cattle camps, and as permanent homes by the poor. Extraordinarily thin
243:
2511:
13388:
13069:
10882:
8180:
6787:
Senate Document 106-29: History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics
2924:
2839:
2680:
2498:
1154:, they are associated with him because he designed many geodesic domes and patented them in the United States.
450:
hemispherical or similar spanning element." Published definitions include: hemispherical roofs alone; revolved
110:
100:
8887:
Krautheimer, Richard (1980). "Success and Failure in Late Antique Church Planning". In Weitzmann, Kurt (ed.).
6845:
Second International Congress on Construction History, Queens' College, Cambridge University; 29/03-02/04/2006
13368:
13363:
13358:
12314:
12272:
2482:
2395:
2282:
17:
2319:
Plentiful timber in Russia made wooden domes common and at least partially contributed to the popularity of
413:, or "House of God", regardless of the shape of its roof. This is reflected in the uses of the Italian word
13475:
13470:
13373:
13353:
13348:
13327:
13200:
12588:
12432:
12324:
11793:
10250:
Rovero, L.; Tonietti, U. (2012). "Structural behaviour of earthen corbelled domes in the Aleppo's region".
9877:(paperback ed.). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.
7056:
Betts, Richard J. (March 1993). "Structural Innovation and Structural Design in Renaissance Architecture".
2700:
2391:
2009:
plan, with a single dome at the crossing or five domes in a quincunx pattern, became widely popular in the
1821:
1781:
818:, which describes bronze and earthenware resonators. The material, shape, contents, and placement of these
10635:
10615:
Tsan-wing, Ng; Kin-wah, Leung (2001). "Deformation Survey for the Preservation of Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb".
7904:
7903:
Earls, Michael W. (1971). "The Development of Structural Form in Franconian Rococo". In Malo, Paul (ed.).
7773:
7184:
2891:
was comparable to an inverted hanging chain, may have advised Wren on how to achieve the crossing dome of
2875:
Over the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, developments in mathematics and the study of
12349:
11623:
7596:
Classical Architecture: An Introduction to Its Vocabulary and Essentials, with a Select Glossary of Terms
2494:
1825:
1742:
10182:
The Essence and the Margin: National Identities and Collective Memories in Contemporary European Culture
10166:
Rasch, JĂŒrgen (1985). "Die Kuppel in der römischen Architektur. Entwicklung, Formgebung, Konstruktion".
1448:
domes, these are a type of dome divided at the base into curved segments, which follow the curve of the
1259:
433:
vault, specifically, by 1660. This French definition gradually became the standard usage of the English
13450:
12751:
12133:
10566:
Proceedings of the First International Congress on Construction History, Madrid, 20thâ24th January 2003
9484:
McVey, Kathleen E. (1983). "The Domed Church as Microcosm: Literary Roots of an Architectural Symbol".
9277:
Domes. Papers Read at the Annual Symposium of the Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain.
8099:
Proceedings of the First International Congress on Construction History, Madrid, 20thâ24th January 2003
7331:
Domes. Papers Read at the Annual Symposium of the Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain.
2944:
2895:. Wren's structural system became the standard for large domes well into the 19th century. The ribs in
2360:
2300:
1557:
1258:
point to a possible example. Domes in the Middle Ages also tended to be circular, though the church of
330:
326:
236:
10200:
Robison, Elwin C. (December 1991). "Optics and Mathematics in the Domed Churches of Guarino Guarini".
7381:
6914:
2475:
2296:
1496:
1371:
upon pendentives. Sail domes are based upon the shape of a hemisphere and are not to be confused with
12344:
12334:
11466:
8040:
7164:
Bradshaw, Richard; Campbell, David; Gargari, Mousa; Mirmiran, Amir; Tripeny, Patrick (June 1, 2002).
2912:
2907:
period, drums were problematic and the domes instead often rested directly on arches or pendentives.
2753:
2737:
2201:
and, over the course of 250 years, around 400 domes were built in Cairo to cover the tombs of Mamluk
2193:(c. 1333â91) and the Hall of the two Sisters (c. 1333â54), are extraordinarily developed examples of
2108:
382:
12556:
12375:
10563:
Tappin, Stuart (2003). "The Structural Development of Masonry Domes in India". In Huerta, S. (ed.).
9219:
The nature and function of water, baths, bathing, and hygiene from antiquity through the Renaissance
7240:. Translated by James Palmes (illustrated, reprint ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3044:
and, by the start of the 20th century, similarly triangulated frame domes had become fairly common.
13301:
12584:
12510:
11805:
11731:
11603:
11245:
9728:
Nickel, Lukas (2015), "Bricks in Ancient China and the Question of Early Cross-Asian Interaction",
3041:
2797:, the domed kiosks on pillars characteristic of Mughal roofs, were adopted from their Hindu use as
2547:
2198:
2059:
2010:
1661:
792:
Because domes are concave from below, they can reflect sound and create echoes. A dome may have a "
638:
366:
80:
8156:
7839:
El-Ahwat, A Fortified Site from the Early Iron Age Near Nahal 'Iron, Israel: Excavations 1993â2000
6837:
2911:
very popular in domestic settings, domes were used in a number of 18th century homes built in the
2530:. The classical period lasted into the 17th century but its peak is associated with the architect
12659:
12359:
11189:
8828:
8097:
3096:
2892:
2637:
2558:
2359:
had been applied on some occasions until the mid-19th century, most notably in the giant dome of
2139:
2135:
1727:
1700:
1461:
1376:
problems, but have been widely used from at least the sixteenth century. The second floor of the
1001:
800:
of the clergy. Although this can complement music, it may make speech less intelligible, leading
773:
682:
622:, domes and drums constructed from mud brick and baked brick were sometimes covered with brittle
10470:
10279:
Saka, M. P. (2007). "Optimum geometry design of geodesic domes using harmony search algorithm".
9822:
8306:
2978:
1452:. "Fluted" may refer specifically to this pattern as an external feature, such as was common in
12848:
12400:
11810:
9357:
Mark, Robert; Billington, David P. (1989). "Structural Imperative and the Origin of New Form".
8346:
Gye, D. H. (1988). "Arches and Domes in Iranian Islamic Buildings: An Engineer's Perspective".
7554:
The Place of Stunted Ironwood Trees: A Year in the Lives of the Cattle-herding Himba of Namibia
7382:"Construction Techniques in Medieval Cairo: the Domes of Mamluk Mausolea (1250 A.D.-1517 A.D.)"
7165:
3351:"A vault rising direct on a square or polygonal base, the curved surfaces separated by groins".
3157:
2844:
2748:
2237:
2175:
2014:
1884:
741:. By Hellenistic and Roman times, the domical tholos had become the customary cemetery symbol.
542:
346:
287:
185:
12319:
9315:
Makowski, Z. S. (1962). "Braced Domes, Their History, Modern Trends and Recent Developments".
2543:
1130:
are the upper portion of geodesic spheres. They are composed of a framework of triangles in a
13054:
12457:
12415:
12395:
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11550:
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2527:
2523:
1900:
1844:
1225:
662:
565:
538:
350:
303:
175:
31:
8894:
8746:"The Early Byzantine Domed Basilicas of West Asia Minor. An Essay in Graphic Reconstruction"
7753:
DimÄiÄ, MiloĆĄ (2011). "Structural Optimization of Grid Shells Based on Genetic Algorithms".
7492:
Cowan, Henry J. (1977). "A History of Masonry and Concrete Domes in Building Construction".
7286:
2515:
1943:
In the 3rd century, Imperial mausoleums began to be built as domed rotundas, rather than as
13400:
13154:
12452:
12447:
12437:
12422:
12405:
12390:
12380:
12329:
12309:
12295:
11815:
11591:
11321:
11174:
10321:
10082:
Pevny, Olenka Z. (2009). "The Encrypted Narrative of Reconstructed Cossack Baroque Forms".
9215:"Archimedes, the North Baths at Morgantina, and Early Developments in Vaulted Construction"
7836:
Dror, Ben-Yosef (2011). "Area F â Soundings in the Fortifications". In Zertal, Adam (ed.).
7627:
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2448:
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1965:
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their shape, paraboloid domes experience only compression, both radially and horizontally.
658:
642:
577:
378:
374:
358:
334:
322:
10109:. Revised by Elizabeth Williamson (illustrated, reprint ed.). Yale University Press.
8851:
6988:
The Ostrogoths from the Migration Period to the Sixth Century: an Ethnographic Perspective
1985:
8:
13412:
13170:
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12942:
12914:
12853:
12746:
12427:
12410:
12385:
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11788:
11596:
8778:
7714:
Super Structures: The Science of Bridges, Buildings, Dams, and Other Feats of Engineering
3134:
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2782:
2645:
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2619:
2554:
2486:
2336:
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1453:
1404:
more economical, but they are more vulnerable to damage from movement in their supports.
750:
370:
318:
224:
10325:
7909:. Syracuse, New York: The School of Architecture, Syracuse University. pp. 127â139.
7505:
7030:
Companion to the History of Architecture, Volume I, Renaissance and Baroque Architecture
6785:
6701:
1187:
bulge out beyond their base diameters, offering a profile greater than a hemisphere. An
27:
Architectural element similar to the hollow upper half of a sphere; there are many types
12339:
11721:
11576:
11434:
11235:
10875:
10833:
10704:"Forest Foragers: A Day in the Life of Efe Pygmies in the Democratic Republic of Congo"
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10551:
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9765:
9745:
9614:
9501:
9382:
9374:
9259:
9171:
9068:
8992:
8670:
8661:
IbrÄhÄ«m, Laila ÊżAlÄ« (1975). "The Transitional Zones of Domes in Cairene Architecture".
8618:
8610:
8363:
8278:
8249:
7825:
7581:
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561:
342:
200:
61:
10682:
10309:
7006:
Baumann, Dorothea; Haggh, Barbara (May 1990). "Musical Acoustics in the Middle Ages".
1533:
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9541:
9520:
9470:
9449:
9430:
9426:
9399:
9386:
9343:
9301:
9280:
9279:, Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain, pp. 1â14, archived from
9222:
9199:
9178:
9139:
9119:
9096:
9075:
9052:
9032:
9011:
8961:
8940:
8919:
8898:
8873:
8768:
8730:
8711:
8691:
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8622:
8579:
8558:
8520:
8499:
8478:
8423:
8403:
8382:
8332:
8218:
8195:
8176:
8166:, Madrid, Spain: Sociedad Española de Historia de la ConstrucciĂłn, pp. 1033â1042
8141:
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2801:. The fusion of Persian and Indian architecture can be seen in the dome shape of the
2786:
2653:
2356:
2155:
2080:
1801:
1776:
1711:
1639:
1635:
1377:
1216:
European architectural styles are typically wooden. Examples include Kazan Church in
1109:
The ellipsoidal dome is a surface formed by the rotation around a vertical axis of a
1049:
1036:
One of the earliest types of ribbed vault, the first known examples are found in the
746:
738:
670:
608:
10417:
A biographical dictionary of civil engineers in Great Britain and Ireland: 1500â1830
6864:
6737:
6114:
2519:
2088:
861:, toward the center until meeting at the top. A monumental example is the Mycenaean
13266:
13074:
12952:
12796:
12786:
12709:
12516:
12098:
12023:
11866:
11638:
11353:
11106:
10825:
10777:
10543:
10329:
10288:
10259:
10209:
9939:
Unearthing the past: the great archaeological discoveries that have changed history
9737:
9606:
9493:
9422:
9366:
9324:
9251:
8984:
8760:
8639:
8602:
8355:
8270:
8241:
8126:
7915:
7817:
7796:
7623:
7522:
7517:
7509:
7180:
7136:
7065:
7038:
7034:
7015:
6929:
6713:
3114:
3045:
3025:
2997:
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2676:
2649:
2444:
2324:
2067:
2040:
1994:
1969:
1937:
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1104:
1005:
822:
determine the effect they have: reinforcing certain frequencies or absorbing them.
801:
687:
394:
10829:
9328:
9236:
8888:
7310:(2, illustrated, revised ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 1768.
776:, a domical canopy like the baldachin used as a ritual covering for relics or the
537:" is another word for "dome", and is usually used for a small dome upon a roof or
13241:
13059:
12909:
12904:
12899:
12771:
12531:
11608:
11349:
11316:
11302:
11216:
11116:
10997:
10796:
10771:
10728:
10661:
10595:
10514:
10450:
10415:
10350:
10230:
10180:
10146:
10104:
10062:
10042:
10022:
10000:
9979:
9958:
9893:
9668:
9648:
9627:
9577:
9556:
9537:
The New Cambridge History of India: Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates
9535:
9514:
9464:
9443:
9337:
9295:
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9133:
9090:
9046:
9026:
9005:
8955:
8934:
8913:
8867:
8705:
8683:
8573:
8514:
8493:
8472:
8417:
8397:
8376:
8326:
8212:
8135:
8008:
7987:
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7883:
7862:
7733:
7712:
7692:
7672:
7651:
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7451:
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7339:
7305:
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7214:
7193:
7107:
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6816:
6796:
3162:
3061:
3057:
3028:
domes at their cross intersections. The large domes of the 19th century included
2989:
2969:
to be produced both in larger quantities and at relatively low prices during the
2896:
2741:
2733:
2664:
2159:
2006:
1924:
1805:
1749:
1692:
1644:
1607:
20 feet in diameter, 30 feet high, and nearly parabolic in curve, are known from
1604:
1600:
1237:
813:
721:
695:
409:("house"), which, up through the Renaissance, labeled a revered house, such as a
338:
10756:, vol. 25, University of Toronto Press (published 1989), pp. 165â192,
9118:, vol. 25, University of Toronto Press (published 1989), pp. 227â270,
8643:
6950:
Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Construction History, Cottbus
2035:
13490:
13445:
13215:
13210:
13099:
13001:
12889:
12858:
12536:
12526:
12063:
11983:
11919:
11900:
11758:
11618:
11439:
11307:
11255:
11221:
11209:
11204:
11075:
11070:
10292:
10151:(illustrated, reprint ed.). London, UK: Thomas Telford, Ltd. p. 242.
9092:
Conceptual Structural Design: Bridging the Gap Between Architects and Engineers
7858:
6677:
3358:"A vault approximating to the dome but polygonal rather than circular in plan";
3142:
2818:
2773:
2729:
2688:
2428:
2367:
2335:, after which they are named. Such domes are often larger in diameter than the
2289:. The multiple domes of Russian churches were often comparatively smaller than
2249:
2116:
1968:, domes became a signature feature of the church architecture of the surviving
1929:
1888:
1832:
1580:
1564:
1221:
947:
604:
268:
212:
127:
10860:
10263:
9915:
9816:
8764:
8684:"Beyond the funicular: Exploiting untapped petentials in masonry construction"
7808:
Downey, Glanville (1946), "On Some Post-Classical Greek Architectural Terms",
6933:
780:. The celestial symbolism of the dome, however, was the preeminent one by the
345:
building traditions throughout the world. Dome structures were common in both
13439:
12894:
12879:
12163:
12043:
11628:
11545:
11485:
11397:
11368:
11040:
11002:
10956:
10868:
10489:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 956â961.
10480:
10341:
9688:
9434:
7867:. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. pp. 436â438.
7019:
3081:
3017:
2933:
2900:
2888:
2687:(1577â92), the latter built in thanksgiving for the end of a bad outbreak of
2440:
2286:
2222:
1848:
1820:(206 BC â 220 AD) can be seen at the Guangzhou Museum (Canton). Another, the
1757:
1731:
1723:
1623:
1279:. When the short axis has a semicircular section, it is called a Melon dome.
1208:
1122:
913:
781:
132:
9741:
9670:
Science and Civilisation in China: Physics and Physical Technology, Volume 4
9396:
Art of the Middle Ages: Masterpieces in Painting, Sculpture and Architecture
3040:. The "first fully triangulated framed dome" was built in Berlin in 1863 by
1576:
405:
The English word "dome" ultimately derives from the ancient Greek and Latin
13425:
13180:
12442:
12248:
12038:
11993:
11778:
11648:
11535:
11530:
11500:
11480:
11373:
11344:
11340:
11336:
11312:
11264:
11259:
11154:
11014:
10750:"S. Maria della Salute: Scenographic Architecture and the Venetian Baroque"
8061:
ARCH'10 â 6th International Conference on Arch Bridges, October 11â13, 2010
2966:
2937:
2884:
2777:
2684:
2608:
2506:
2456:
2341:
2225:
of northwest Europe to the use of bulbous domes in the architecture of the
2055:
1990:
1978:
1908:
1856:
1797:
1753:
1696:
1672:
1592:
1484:
1457:
1217:
836:
734:
634:
619:
554:
510:
390:
307:
165:
12546:
7923:
10 Years of Progress on Shell and Spatial Structures: 11â15 September 1989
7762:. Stuttgart: Institut fĂŒr Tragkonstruktionen und Konstruktives Entwerfen.
6126:
5277:
2675:
of 18th century England, architects in Russia, and architects in America,
777:
665:
only, and increase towards the base, while hoop forces (like the lines of
13027:
12761:
12741:
12238:
12223:
12193:
12148:
12118:
12073:
12058:
12013:
11973:
11963:
11871:
11856:
11668:
11505:
11421:
11412:
11392:
11363:
11297:
10968:
10961:
10946:
10931:
10926:
10916:
10903:
7365:(2nd ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 336.
7327:"When is a dome not a dome? - 20th-century lightweight and tensile domes"
7326:
6239:
4919:
3069:
3009:
2765:
2531:
2399:
2320:
2123:
served as outposts of Middle Byzantine architectural influence in Italy.
2092:
1998:
1973:
1916:
1817:
1715:
1638:, and in the Middle East to Western Europe from antiquity. The kings of
1615:
1367:
1263:
1200:
1147:
1139:
878:
762:
681:
Unlike voussoir arches, which require support for each element until the
615:
557:" is the equivalent structure over a dome's oculus, supporting a cupola.
506:
470:
362:
10852:
10095:
9769:
9749:
9579:
Building with Earth: Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture
8674:
7389:
Proceedings of the Second International Congress on Construction History
7333:, Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain, pp. 131â146
6590:
5933:
5931:
4145:
4106:
2576:
2419:
2174:
over naves, and with church crossings usually focused instead by a tall
2163:
992:. The earliest known examples date to the first century BC, such as the
13225:
13185:
12996:
12731:
12644:
12580:
12264:
12253:
12213:
12183:
12143:
12033:
12008:
11988:
11968:
11881:
11851:
11783:
11673:
11586:
11555:
11540:
11490:
11459:
11126:
11111:
10941:
10921:
10911:
10555:
9618:
9505:
9378:
8996:
8614:
8535:
8367:
8232:
Grabar, Oleg (December 1963). "The Islamic Dome, Some Considerations".
8164:
Proceedings of the First International Congress on Construction History
7148:
6897:
3105:
3033:
3013:
3001:
2810:
2722:
2462:
Early experiments with large domes include the domed square mosques of
2312:
1840:
1548:
1330:
1311:
1179:
1167:
1143:
1131:
1009:
993:
866:
854:
527:
314:
299:
180:
137:
13332:
13246:
13084:
10733:(illustrated ed.). Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
10597:
Architecture, from Prehistory to Post-modernism: The Western Tradition
10221:
9263:
9048:
Concrete Vaulted Construction in Imperial Rome: Innovations in Context
8328:
The Macmillan Encyclopaedia of Architecture & Technological Change
8282:
8253:
7829:
7599:(illustrated, reprint, reissue ed.). W. W. Norton & Company.
7585:
7277:
The Technical Educator: an EncyclopĂŠdia of Technical Education: Vol. 2
7109:
Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set
7077:
6063:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4045:
2772:
The earliest examples include the half-domes of the late 13th century
2285:, while 25 domes means the same with an additional 12 Prophets of the
2074:
palaces, and as part of porches, pavilions, fountains, towers and the
53:
13017:
12975:
12957:
12726:
12649:
12594:
12541:
12108:
12003:
11688:
11633:
11571:
11475:
11377:
11287:
11230:
11169:
11142:
11101:
10973:
9445:
The Origins of Medieval Architecture: Building in Europe, A.D 600â900
8137:
Cast-iron architecture in America: the significance of James Bogardus
7810:
Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
7800:
7572:
Creswell, K. A. C. (January 1915). "Persian Domes before 1400 A.D.".
7338:
Ching, Francis D. K.; Jarzombek, Mark; Prakash, Vikramaditya (2007).
6542:
5928:
5868:
5607:
4622:
4620:
3049:
2977:
in London (57 to 67 meters in diameter) and the circular dome of the
2962:
2802:
2710:
2471:
2408:
2290:
2273:(989â996). The number of domes typically has a symbolical meaning in
2218:
2171:
2167:
2075:
2044:
2013:. It is the most common church plan from the tenth century until the
1953:
1738:
1631:
1287:
1271:
1196:
819:
809:
754:
600:
546:
291:
195:
10547:
10534:
Tabbaa, Yasser (1985). "The Muqarnas Dome: Its Origin and Meaning".
9610:
9516:
An Introduction to Shell Structures: the Art and Science of Vaulting
9497:
9370:
9154:
Hong Kong Museum of History: Branch Museums: "Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb"
8988:
8606:
8359:
7971:(illustrated, reprint, 20th revised ed.). Architectural Press.
7140:
6614:
6554:
5313:
4931:
2001:
was the largest cathedral in the world for nearly a thousand years.
1514:
1085:
938:
type consists of sheets joined at bent edges to form the structure.
275:) is an architectural element similar to the hollow upper half of a
12986:
12947:
12884:
12827:
12801:
12766:
12664:
12485:
12228:
12028:
11978:
11846:
11841:
11800:
11763:
11753:
11663:
11470:
11449:
11426:
11402:
11387:
11277:
11133:
11121:
11035:
10990:
10213:
9255:
8274:
8261:
Grabar, Oleg (March 1990). "From Dome of Heaven to Pleasure Dome".
8245:
7821:
7069:
6854:"Behaviour of Masonry Vaults and Domes: Geometrical Considerations"
6689:
5366:
5364:
4042:
4003:
3962:
3172:
2880:
2798:
2761:
2641:
2633:
2584:
2432:
2411:, which were removed in the 20th century by the Soviet government.
2194:
2186:
2151:
2147:
1949:
1765:
1761:
1608:
1135:
997:
699:
666:
582:
479:
170:
13149:
12495:
9647:
Murray, Linda; Murray, Peter; Jones, Tom Devonshire, eds. (2013),
8872:. Translated by John C. Harvey (illustrated ed.). MIT Press.
8474:
The Stone Skeleton: Structural Engineering of Masonry Architecture
8438:"Sectional Analysis of Pendentive Dome Mosques During Ottoman Era"
6458:
6362:
6338:
6314:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4770:
4617:
4330:
457:
13296:
13119:
13104:
13094:
13079:
12932:
12776:
12674:
12604:
12551:
12113:
12018:
11702:
11692:
11683:
11678:
11510:
11495:
11454:
11444:
11282:
11240:
11164:
11096:
11065:
11047:
11019:
10951:
9999:
Palmisano, F.; Totaro, A. (2010), Cruz, Paulo J. da Sousa (ed.),
9519:(softcover ed.). New York, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
8806:
FSTC (Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation) Limited
7914:
FernĂĄndez, Santiago Huerta; HernĂĄndez-Ros, Ricardo Aroca (1989).
6725:
6446:
5832:
4782:
4118:
2876:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2794:
2790:
2705:
2668:
2467:
2436:
2352:
2348:
2241:
2214:
2213:, stilted domes, and others being used. On the drum, angles were
2104:
2071:
1948:
changes in the way domes were constructed, including advances in
1944:
1933:
1912:
1896:
1704:
1677:
1596:
1553:
1267:
1212:
1110:
1073:
623:
573:
569:
550:
295:
190:
9626:
Moffett, Marian; Fazio, Michael W.; Wodehouse, Lawrence (2003).
8939:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Princeton Architectural Press.
7287:"After a While, Nothing Seems Strange in a Stadium with a 'Lid'"
5943:
5595:
5412:
5388:
5361:
5289:
5061:
5025:
3494:
3492:
2805:: the bulbous shape derives from Persian Timurid domes, and the
2463:
1760:. Domes have remained important in modern mausoleums, and domed
1575:
using arched branches or poles covered with grass or hides. The
1166:
is a surface formed by the rotation around a vertical axis of a
13256:
13205:
13195:
13190:
13175:
13143:
13114:
13089:
13064:
12991:
12937:
12863:
12811:
12791:
12679:
12669:
12654:
12639:
12233:
12178:
12173:
12123:
11825:
11697:
11382:
11358:
11331:
11292:
11226:
11184:
11147:
11137:
11060:
11053:
11009:
10936:
10687:(illustrated ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
9051:(illustrated ed.). Hong Kong: Cambridge University Press.
8211:
Gorse, Christopher; Johnston, David; Pritchard, Martin (2012).
7557:. New York, NY: Continuum International Publishing Group, Inc.
7163:
6859:, in Lourenço, P.B.; Roca, P.; Modena, C.; Agrawal, S. (eds.),
6743:
6719:
6707:
6683:
6398:
6051:
4813:
4581:
4569:
4465:
3147:
3100:
2904:
2806:
2757:
2375:
2308:
2304:
2278:
2226:
2202:
2120:
2112:
1816:
A model of a tomb found with a shallow true dome from the late
1667:
1568:
1472:
1250:
shape in plan, profile, or both. The term comes from the Latin
858:
654:
534:
430:
354:
313:
Domes have a long architectural lineage that extends back into
280:
276:
160:
155:
13407:
9921:(illustrated ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
8975:
Kuban, DoÄan (1987). "The Style of Sinan's Domed Structures".
8436:
Hassan, Ahmad Sanusi; Mazloomi, Mehrdad; Omer, Spahic (2010).
8214:
A Dictionary of Construction, Surveying, and Civil Engineering
8067:. Fuzhou, Fujian, China: Fuzhou University. pp. 346â353.
6902:
Archnet-IJAR (International Journal of Architectural Research)
6186:
5808:
5774:
5772:
5745:
5651:
5649:
5624:
5622:
4593:
3906:
3128:
2327:
the onion dome had become the predominant form in traditional
1972:â or "Byzantine" â Empire. 6th-century church building by the
1587:, a shelter built from blocks of compact snow and used by the
1191:
is a greater than hemispherical dome with a pointed top in an
1061:
749:
and Indian rulers was adopted by Roman rulers in imitation of
219:
13271:
13251:
13139:
13134:
13129:
13124:
12842:
12832:
12781:
12736:
12721:
12715:
12689:
12684:
12633:
12628:
12623:
12599:
12480:
12243:
12158:
12138:
12128:
12103:
11768:
11736:
11726:
11706:
11581:
11515:
11272:
11199:
11194:
10978:
10895:
10494:
Stephenson, Davis; Hammond, Victoria; Davi, Keith F. (2005).
9582:(3rd; revised ed.). Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter.
9177:(illustrated, reprint ed.). W. W. Norton & Company.
8477:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press.
7941:
Fleming, John; Honour, Hugh; Pevsner, Nikolaus, eds. (1991).
6761:
4830:
4647:
4342:
3918:
3489:
3289:
3287:
2984:
2718:
2505:, with variations, resemble the former Byzantine basilica of
2332:
2182:
2166:
region alone. The use of pendentives to support domes in the
2100:
2063:
1809:
1619:
1588:
1584:
996:
of Rome from 78 BC. Others include the Baths of Antoninus in
797:
730:
726:
611:
and chains of iron or wood could be used to resist stresses.
10798:
Ancient Building Technology, Volume 3: Construction (2 Vols)
10474:
6410:
6386:
6290:
6229:
6227:
6225:
5499:
4688:
4686:
4366:
3809:
3807:
3376:
3374:
1299:
13261:
13220:
13006:
12980:
12837:
12756:
12203:
12168:
11942:
11876:
11861:
11820:
11773:
11741:
11716:
11658:
11179:
11159:
10891:
10666:. Translated by Kendall Wallis. Columbia University Press.
9157:, Leisure and Cultural Services Department, January 9, 2014
7622:(3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, pp. 236â237,
6268:
6266:
5955:
5820:
5796:
5769:
5697:
5685:
5646:
5634:
5619:
5571:
5547:
5301:
5253:
4758:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4477:
4269:
4267:
4252:
4192:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3708:
3632:
3630:
3539:
3537:
3509:
3507:
3073:
3060:
set flat against the surface of the curve and fast-setting
2714:
2370:
was applied for the first time in gilding the domes of the
2364:
2270:
2210:
2206:
2143:
1920:
1681:
1247:
1192:
758:
462:
451:
10773:
Art and Architecture in Italy 1600â1750: III. Late Baroque
9632:(illustrated ed.). London: Laurence King Publishing.
9339:
Theaters of Time and Space: American Planetaria, 1930â1970
6278:
6174:
5475:
5441:
5439:
5325:
5265:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5196:
5085:
5073:
4489:
4426:
4414:
4228:
3792:
3782:
3780:
3767:
3765:
3750:
3725:
3723:
3671:
3669:
3581:
3579:
3554:
3552:
3284:
2209:. Dome profiles were varied, with "keel-shaped", bulbous,
768:
The dual sepulchral and heavenly symbolism was adopted by
10848:
The shapes of domes of ancient Russian churches (Russian)
10001:"Load path method in the interpretation of dome behavior"
8631:
7433:
The Visual Dictionary of Interior Architecture and Design
6665:
6653:
6626:
6578:
6566:
6222:
5904:
5709:
5661:
5535:
5241:
5174:
5172:
5145:
5097:
4967:
4683:
4542:
4540:
4453:
4296:
4294:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4015:
3819:
3804:
3740:
3738:
3371:
3316:
3314:
3202:
3200:
1904:
also sometimes covered with a conical or polygonal roof.
1855:, although these are the weakest type. Some tombs of the
1703:
throughout Persian history. The Persian invention of the
11911:
10024:
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms
8495:
A history of engineering in classical and medieval times
7992:(illustrated, revised ed.). Yale University Press.
7857:
Dumser, Elisha Ann (2010). "Dome". In Gagarin, Michael;
6518:
6506:
6482:
6470:
6434:
6422:
6374:
6326:
6302:
6263:
6210:
6138:
5979:
5523:
5463:
5037:
5015:
5013:
5011:
5009:
4984:
4982:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4878:
4637:
4635:
4552:
4501:
4279:
4264:
4216:
4180:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3974:
3894:
3865:
3686:
3684:
3627:
3534:
3524:
3522:
3504:
3393:
3048:
was also an early pioneer of what would later be called
2809:
with lotus leaf base is derived from Hindu temples. The
2679:
among them. Palladio's two domed churches in Venice are
2070:, domes were used over the audience and throne halls of
1211:
of Northern Europe, possibly inspired by the finials of
626:
tiles on the exterior to protect against rain and snow.
10498:(illustrated ed.). Princeton Architectural Press.
10148:
Analysis, Design and Construction of Steel Space Frames
9800:(illustrated ed.). Princeton Architectural Press.
9650:
The Oxford Dictionary of Christian Art and Architecture
8710:(reprint (1919) ed.). Cambridge University Press.
8575:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture
8292:"The Dome in Christian and Islamic Sacred Architecture"
7717:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.
7620:
A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
7430:
Coates, Michael; Brooker, Graeme; Stone, Sally (2009),
6991:(Illustrated ed.). Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
6643:
6641:
6350:
6150:
6090:
6080:
6078:
5916:
5487:
5436:
5220:
5157:
4994:
4866:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4390:
4135:
4133:
4079:
4067:
3777:
3762:
3720:
3696:
3666:
3642:
3615:
3576:
3549:
3477:
3465:
3453:
3441:
3417:
3405:
3185:
2351:
or brightly painted. A dangerous technique of chemical
1380:
is covered by a series of nine meter wide sail vaults.
1358:(a term that has also been applied to compound domes),
765:" also made the dome a feature of palace architecture.
9936:
Palmer, Douglas; Pettitt, Paul; Bahn, Paul G. (2005).
8210:
7913:
7795:(Thesis) (PhD Thesis ed.). Newcastle University.
6602:
5892:
5856:
5673:
5583:
5451:
5337:
5208:
5184:
5169:
4890:
4854:
4537:
4443:
4441:
4378:
4354:
4336:
4318:
4291:
4157:
4032:
4030:
3735:
3654:
3603:
3591:
3564:
3435:
3429:
3339:
3311:
3299:
3240:
3212:
3197:
10493:
9625:
7916:"Masonry Domes: A Study on Proportion and Similarity"
7337:
6548:
6494:
6251:
6245:
5937:
5880:
5874:
5844:
5349:
5006:
4979:
4955:
4943:
4902:
4842:
4698:
4632:
4626:
4525:
3986:
3853:
3681:
3609:
3519:
2821:. The last major Islamic tomb built in India was the
2474:, and the later domed "zawiya-mosques" at Bursa. The
2398:
were remodeled to the helmet-shaped baroque style by
2031:
History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes
1392:(a term sometimes also used for cloister vaults), or
10496:
Visions of Heaven: the Dome in European Architecture
9412:
8865:
8799:"Acoustic Solutions in Classic Ottoman Architecture"
8682:
Jannasch, E. (2016), Cruz, Paulo J. da Sousa (ed.),
8140:(illustrated ed.). W. W. Norton & Company.
8122:
The history of galvanotechnology in Russia (Russian)
7940:
7674:
Dictionary of Architecture and Building Construction
7091:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 144.
6943:"The Architecture and Mechanics of Elliptical Domes"
6898:"Persian Domes: History, Morphology, and Typologies"
6638:
6620:
6596:
6530:
6162:
6102:
6075:
5967:
5757:
5733:
5721:
5559:
5511:
5133:
4937:
4925:
4794:
4734:
4722:
4605:
4240:
4151:
4130:
4124:
4112:
4096:
4094:
4061:
4009:
3968:
3513:
3124:
2331:. The onion dome is a dome whose shape resembles an
2024:
1556:
tusks and bones. The first was found by a farmer in
1354:(a term sometimes also applied to cloister vaults),
772:
in both the use of domes in architecture and in the
9917:
The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia
9070:
Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats
8869:
Houses of Glass: a Nineteenth-Century Building Type
7534:
Dictionary of Architectural and Building Technology
7106:Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009).
6795:Ambrose, Gavin; Harris, Paul; Stone, Sally (2008),
6198:
6027:
6015:
5784:
5424:
5400:
5121:
5109:
4710:
4659:
4513:
4438:
4402:
4204:
4027:
3952:
3950:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3108:domes, patented by Buckminster Fuller in 1962, are
1583:, using leaves as shingles. Another example is the
10572:. Madrid: I. Juan de Herrera. pp. 1941â1952.
10389:
10202:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
9914:
9870:
9244:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
9221:, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, pp. 43â59,
9170:
9067:
8435:
8422:(reprint, revised ed.), Courier Corporation,
8263:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
8234:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
7864:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome
7429:
7058:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
6794:
6069:
6003:
5049:
4776:
4671:
4306:
3543:
3447:
10593:
10102:
9935:
9795:
9646:
9135:A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Architecture
9095:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Thomas Telford.
8893:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp.
8516:Islamic Architecture: Form, Function, and Meaning
8498:(Illustrated ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
7968:Sir Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture
7088:Structural Engineering: A Very Short Introduction
6749:
5376:
5067:
4091:
3841:
3786:
3498:
2553:Another classical domed mosque type is, like the
1522:
13437:
10663:Early Medieval Architecture as Bearer of Meaning
10614:
10144:
9666:
9533:
9393:
8688:Structures and Architecture: Beyond their Limits
8105:. Madrid: I. Juan de Herrera. pp. 579â591.
6928:(2). Turin, Italy: Kim Williams Books: 287â319.
6404:
5394:
5370:
4587:
3947:
3930:
3414:, p. 56: "dome, a hemispherical roof form."
2066:. In addition to religious shrines, such as the
956:(a term sometimes also applied to sail vaults),
698:, the comparable shape in three dimensions to a
10890:
9998:
9798:Guastavino Vaulting: The Art of Structural Tile
9448:(illustrated ed.). Yale University Press.
9237:"Some Implications of Later Roman Construction"
9065:
9028:Dictionary of Civil Engineering: English-French
8419:Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture
8381:(illustrated ed.). Yale University Press.
7738:(Illustrated ed.). Yale University Press.
7690:
7670:
7234:Burckhardt, Jacob (1987). Murray, Peter (ed.).
7166:"Special Structures: Past, Present, and Future"
6896:Ashkan, Maryam; Ahmad, Yahaya (November 2009).
6861:Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions
6821:(illustrated ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
6695:
6039:
5814:
4824:
3798:
3648:
3621:
1630:Corbelled stone domes have been found from the
972:(a term sometimes also used for saucer domes),
10594:Trachtenberg, Marvin; Hyman, Isabelle (1986).
10516:Domes of Heaven: The Domed Basilicas of Cyprus
10396:(revised ed.). Cornell University Press.
10373:(illustrated ed.). Harry N. Abrams, Inc.
10249:
9707:Newman, John; Pevnser, Nikolaus, eds. (1972).
9356:
8727:The Roman Imperial Mausoleum in Late Antiquity
8027:
7985:
6814:
6767:
6464:
6192:
4836:
4348:
3277:; and it was understood that a dome was not a
3231:hemisphere, beehive, onion, melon, and bulbous
2728:Domes first appeared in South Asia during the
669:on a globe) are in compression at the top and
607:, due to their convenience and dependability.
12280:
11927:
10876:
10701:
10455:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
10185:. The Netherlands: Rodopi. pp. 183â198.
9984:(Second ed.). Rowman & Littlefield.
9706:
9597:Mitchell, James H. (1985). "The Noble Dome".
9394:Marrucchi, Giulia; Belcari, Riccardo (2007).
9168:
9138:, London and New York: Taylor & Francis,
9066:Langmead, Donald; Garnaut, Christine (2001).
8866:Kohlmaier, Georg; Von Sartory, Barna (1991).
8632:"Oval Domes: History, Geometry and Mechanics"
8402:(Fourth ed.), McGraw Hill Professional,
8095:
8057:
7344:(illustrated ed.). J. Wiley & Sons.
7033:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 1â33.
6863:, New Delhi, pp. 299â306, archived from
6731:
6452:
5991:
5838:
5079:
4788:
4746:
4653:
2522:and seen again in later examples such as the
648:
568:across the corners of the walls to create an
279:. There is significant overlap with the term
244:
10702:Wilkie, David S.; Morelli, Gilda A. (2000).
10624:. Orange, California, US. pp. 294â301.
9653:(Second ed.), Oxford University Press,
9561:(illustrated ed.). Simon and Schuster.
9554:
9466:An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology
9173:Why buildings Fall Down: How Structures Fail
8013:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
8006:
7261:(Third ed.), McGraw Hill Professional,
7005:
6123:, pp. 207, 340, 345â346, 358, 394, 408.
5613:
4483:
4471:
3008:The practice of building rotating domes for
2899:'s San Lorenzo and Il Sidone were shaped as
2828:
2565:
2501:in Ottoman architecture, in which the great
1862:
1138:and are based upon geometric shapes such as
10355:(reprint ed.), John Wiley & Sons,
10044:A Concise Dictionary of Architectural Terms
9891:
9868:
9796:Ochsendork, John; Freeman, Michael (2010).
9755:
9736:, Ăcole française d'ExtrĂȘme-Orient: 49â62,
8911:
8886:
8512:
8399:Dictionary of Architecture and Construction
7614:Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan (2015),
7379:
7237:The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance
6912:
6895:
5961:
5949:
5826:
5778:
5703:
5691:
5655:
5640:
5628:
5601:
5577:
5553:
5481:
5319:
5307:
5295:
5283:
5259:
5202:
5031:
4459:
4234:
3900:
2663:, also known as "La Rotunda", was built by
1907:Domes reached monumental size in the Roman
1813:Henan by the end of the first century AD.
1618:may explain the existence of domes in both
12287:
12273:
11934:
11920:
10883:
10869:
10651:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10130:(illustrated ed.). Hacker Art Books.
9814:
9469:(revised ed.). Taylor & Francis.
9191:
9088:
8915:Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture
8729:(1 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
8133:
7691:Davies, Nikolas; Jokiniemi, Erkki (2012),
7671:Davies, Nikolas; Jokiniemi, Erkki (2008),
7613:
7530:
7500:(1). Great Britain: Pergamon Press: 1â24.
7413:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms
7401:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7233:
7105:
6887:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6584:
6560:
6132:
5751:
5235:
4973:
4372:
4021:
3690:
3660:
3426:: "Definition dome A hemispherical roof."
3233:. In ancient times it was thought of as a
1835:period (220â280), the "cross-joint dome" (
1270:style. The dome built for the basilica of
373:, while domes were frequently employed in
251:
237:
91:Medieval Arabic and Western European domes
10769:
10747:
10452:The Dome: A Study in the History of Ideas
10307:
10027:(Sixth ed.), McGraw-Hill Education,
9534:Michell, George; Zebrowski, Mark (1987).
9512:
9441:
9293:
9270:
9234:
9217:, in Kosso, Cynthia; Scott, Anne (eds.),
9089:Larson, Olga Popovic; Tyas, Andy (2003).
9044:
9031:, Springer Science & Business Media,
8571:
7694:Architect's Illustrated Pocket Dictionary
7571:
7531:Cowan, Henry J.; Smith, Peter R. (1998),
7521:
7474:Statics of Historic Masonry Constructions
7380:Cipriani, Barbara; Lau, Wanda W. (2006),
7274:
7216:Carolingian Renewal: Sources and Heritage
6815:Ambrose, James; Tripeny, Patrick (2011).
6671:
6659:
6632:
6572:
6488:
6308:
6233:
5715:
5541:
5529:
5505:
5469:
5247:
5151:
5103:
4692:
4507:
4285:
4273:
4198:
4186:
3980:
3888:
3756:
3714:
3293:
1768:remain common sights in the countryside.
661:, or lines of longitude, on a globe) are
549:" and may or may not contain windows. A "
12294:
10420:(illustrated ed.). Thomas Telford.
10413:
10145:Ramaswany, G. S.; Eekhout, Mick (2002).
10060:
9895:The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies
9776:
9596:
9314:
9169:Levy, Matthys; Salvadori, Mario (2002).
8960:. Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill.
8681:
8374:
8154:
8028:Friedman, Noémi; Farkas, György (2011).
7574:The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs
7550:
7537:(Third ed.), Taylor & Francis,
7212:
7084:
6967:The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies
6940:
6801:(illustrated ed.), AVA Publishing,
6476:
6380:
6332:
6296:
6272:
6216:
5802:
5091:
4913:
4872:
4546:
4360:
4222:
4174:
4085:
3825:
2983:
2943:
2928:
2838:
2747:
2704:
2575:
2481:
2418:
2295:
2236:
2034:
1984:
1878:
1775:
1671:
1532:
1513:
720:According to E. Baldwin Smith, from the
526:Dome of the Church of the Assumption in
521:
456:
10780:(6th ed.). Yale University Press.
10512:
10199:
10178:
9835:
9667:Needham, Joseph; Gwei-Djen, Lu (1962).
9109:
8743:
8724:
8703:
8660:
8519:. New York: Columbia University Press.
8289:
8189:
8170:
8007:Freely, John; Ăakmak, Ahmet S. (2004).
7888:(illustrated ed.). HarperCollins.
7649:
7449:
7324:
7303:
7185:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2002)128:6(691)
7026:
6984:
6963:
6608:
6156:
6120:
5922:
5898:
5667:
5517:
5493:
5445:
5418:
4961:
4764:
4599:
4575:
4563:
4396:
4300:
4139:
3813:
3399:
3380:
2555:Byzantine church of Sergius and Bacchus
353:, which influenced that of the rest of
14:
13438:
10844:
10815:
10794:
10726:
10659:
10562:
10533:
10519:(illustrated ed.). ProQuest LLC.
10469:
10368:
10348:
10228:
10127:Spanish Romanesque Sculpture, Volume 1
10123:
10064:The Dictionary of Islamic Architecture
10040:
10020:
9977:
9956:
9942:(Illustrated ed.). Globe Pequot.
9727:
9462:
9335:
9212:
9132:Leick, Gwendolyn, ed. (2003), "Dome",
9003:
8957:Muslim Religious Architecture, Part II
8796:
8629:
8592:
8550:
8470:
8415:
8395:
8324:
8260:
8231:
7856:
7807:
7752:
7409:
7258:Illustrated Dictionary of Architecture
7254:
6913:Ashkan, Maryam; Ahmad, Yahaya (2010).
6647:
6524:
6416:
6392:
6368:
6356:
6344:
6320:
6284:
6180:
6033:
5910:
5886:
5862:
5679:
5589:
5457:
5355:
5331:
5271:
5214:
5190:
5178:
5019:
4896:
4531:
4495:
4447:
4432:
3997:
3912:
3859:
3771:
3729:
3702:
3675:
3636:
3585:
3558:
3471:
3459:
3423:
3411:
3246:
3191:
3080:. These are also considered the first
2918:
2598:'s octagonal brick domical vault over
2423:Selimiye Mosque dome in Edirne, Turkey
1134:pattern. The structures are named for
926:types and double-layer structures are
12268:
11915:
10864:
10448:
10434:
10081:
9981:Historical Dictionary of Architecture
9912:
9575:
9483:
9398:. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc.
9131:
9024:
8974:
8953:
8932:
8918:(4 ed.). Yale University Press.
8808:. pp. 1â15. 4087. Archived from
8533:
7986:Frankl, Paul; Crossley, Paul (2000).
7902:
7881:
7790:
7710:
7491:
7358:
7191:
7055:
6798:The Visual Dictionary of Architecture
6783:
6536:
6512:
6500:
6257:
6204:
6168:
6144:
6108:
6096:
6084:
6057:
6021:
6009:
5850:
5790:
5727:
5565:
5430:
5163:
5139:
5127:
5055:
4988:
4949:
4860:
4848:
4704:
4641:
4420:
4408:
4384:
4258:
4246:
4210:
4036:
3924:
3847:
3744:
3597:
3570:
3483:
3345:
3320:
3305:
3218:
3206:
2636:'s 1505â06 projects for a wholly new
2363:. The more modern and safe method of
2011:Middle Byzantine period (c. 843â1204)
1157:
306:, which may itself be covered with a
13461:Ancient Roman architectural elements
10680:
10387:
10278:
9781:. Hong Kong: Phaidon Press Limited.
9687:
9555:Miller, Judith; Clinch, Tim (1998).
9151:
8491:
8134:Gayle, Margot; Gayle, Carol (1998).
7961:
7835:
7731:
7628:10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001
7592:
7470:
7284:
7126:
6851:
6835:
6755:
6440:
6428:
5985:
5973:
5763:
5739:
5406:
5382:
5343:
5115:
5043:
4884:
4807:
4740:
4728:
4716:
4677:
4665:
4611:
4519:
4100:
4073:
3956:
3941:
3528:
3436:Gorse, Johnston & Pritchard 2012
2835:History of early modern period domes
2793:made of brick and faced with stone.
2694:
2572:History of Italian Renaissance domes
1869:History of Roman and Byzantine domes
1788:Very little has survived of ancient
1579:of central Africa construct similar
1537:Apache wigwam, by Edward S. Curtis,
1031:
421:("cathedral"), and the English word
10730:Studies in Hellenistic Architecture
9300:(2 ed.). Architectural Press.
8345:
7456:(illustrated ed.). Routledge.
7362:A Visual Dictionary of Architecture
7280:. Cassell, Petter and Galpin. 1872.
6549:Stephenson, Hammond & Davi 2005
6246:Stephenson, Hammond & Davi 2005
5938:Stephenson, Hammond & Davi 2005
5875:Stephenson, Hammond & Davi 2005
5000:
4627:Moffett, Fazio & Wodehouse 2003
4324:
4312:
3610:Ching, Jarzombek & Prakash 2007
2768:pattern to represent the night sky.
2497:(1501â1506) in Istanbul begins the
1756:(1852â1853), first appeared in the
1098:
637:domes were made as part of work on
417:, the German/Icelandic/Danish word
385:took inspiration from Roman domes.
24:
13323:Influences on Western architecture
10752:, in Kleinbauer, W. EugĂšne (ed.),
10281:Advances in Structural Engineering
10232:Historical Dictionary of Byzantium
9114:, in Kleinbauer, W. EugĂšne (ed.),
8378:The Art and Architecture of Russia
8119:
7307:Handbook of Structural Engineering
7195:Illustrated Dictionary of Building
6045:
4938:Fleming, Honour & Pevsner 1991
4926:Fleming, Honour & Pevsner 1991
4337:FernĂĄndez & HernĂĄndez-Ros 1989
4152:Fleming, Honour & Pevsner 1991
4125:Mediati, Colistra & Arena 2020
4113:Fleming, Honour & Pevsner 1991
4062:Fleming, Honour & Pevsner 1991
4010:Fleming, Honour & Pevsner 1991
3969:Fleming, Honour & Pevsner 1991
3514:Fleming, Honour & Pevsner 1991
3032:and functional structures such as
2439:coincided with the decline of the
2385:
2263:Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod
2142:at the intersection of a church's
1699:, domes were an important part of
1324:
25:
13502:
10513:Stewart, Charles Anthony (2008).
10165:
9836:Osborne, R. Armstrong L. (2004),
8638:. Vol. 9. pp. 211â248.
8192:A history of Ottoman architecture
8173:A History of Ottoman Architecture
7391:, Cambridge, UK, pp. 695â716
7173:Journal of Structural Engineering
6790:, U.S. Government Printing Office
3361:and Krautheimer's definition is:
2277:, for example 13 domes symbolize
2025:Arabic and Western European domes
1529:History of early and simple domes
1502:An umbrella dome, Florence, Italy
1366:, this type can be thought of as
1305:A hemispherical dome illustration
1293:A geodesic dome, Montreal, Canada
941:
429:came to acquire the meaning of a
13419:
13406:
12494:
12082:
11895:
11894:
10776:. Revised by Joseph Conners and
10124:Porter, Arthur Kingsley (1928).
9710:The Buildings of England: Dorset
9427:10.20365/disegnarecon.25.2020.10
8890:Age of Spirituality: A Symposium
8843:
8826:
8039:. pp. 41â50. Archived from
7341:A Global History of Architecture
7304:Chen, W. F.; Lui, E. M. (2005).
6621:Kohlmaier & Von Sartory 1991
6597:Kohlmaier & Von Sartory 1991
6070:Hassan, Mazloomi & Omer 2010
5997:
4777:Hassan, Mazloomi & Omer 2010
4752:
3544:Ambrose, Harris & Stone 2008
3448:Coates, Brooker & Stone 2009
3269:, you called it this because it
3127:
2414:
2232:
1952:techniques and the use of brick
1932:, a temple in Rome completed by
1771:
1655:
1495:
1483:
1471:
1407:
1310:
1298:
1286:
1116:
1084:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1015:
885:is a generic term that includes
469:Sometimes called "false" domes,
465:(left) and a corbel arch (right)
286:A dome can rest directly upon a
218:
52:
13292:Aga Khan Award for Architecture
10801:(illustrated ed.). BRILL.
10440:, skypalace.org, archived from
10437:About Russian Domes and Cupolas
10235:(2 ed.). Scarecrow Press.
10007:, CRC Press, pp. 519â520,
9629:A World History of Architecture
9297:Developments in Structural Form
8936:History of Architectural Theory
8690:, CRC Press, pp. 745â752,
8492:Hill, Donald Routledge (1996).
8375:Hamilton, George Heard (1983).
8175:. London: Thames & Hudson.
8010:Byzantine Monuments of Istanbul
7965:(1996). Dan Cruickshank (ed.).
7947:(4th ed.). Penguin Books.
7219:. Manchester University Press.
6776:
5068:Palmer, Pettitt & Bahn 2005
3787:Murray, Murray & Jones 2013
2887:, who first articulated that a
2380:tallest Eastern Orthodox church
2372:Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
2259:Christianization of Kievan Rus'
2181:Star-shaped domes found at the
1859:(960â1279) have beehive domes.
1256:Church of St. Gereon in Cologne
1195:profile. They are found in the
830:
461:Comparison of a generic "true"
341:, as well as among a number of
13481:Baroque architectural features
10021:Parker, Sybil P., ed. (2003),
9869:Ousterhout, Robert G. (2008).
9673:. Cambridge University Press.
9540:. Cambridge University Press.
9513:Melaragno, Michele G. (1991).
9442:McClendon, Charles B. (2005).
9294:Mainstone, Rowland J. (2001).
9273:"Domes: A Structural Overview"
9271:Mainstone, Rowland J. (2000),
9195:DK Eyewitness Books: Astronomy
9010:. The Rosen Publishing Group.
8830:Jefferson's Dome at Monticello
8572:Hourihane, Colum, ed. (2012).
7656:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
7198:(Second ed.). Routledge.
7039:10.1002/9781118887226.wbcha009
6941:Bagliani, Stefano (May 2009).
5286:, pp. 102, 104, 105, 113.
2925:History of modern period domes
1899:, villas, palaces, and tombs.
1796:, derived from the Han use of
1523:Early history and simple domes
1518:Some historical domes to scale
1490:A saucer dome, Louisiana, U.S.
1383:
872:
440:
321:, and they have been found in
13:
1:
10830:10.1080/00038628.2003.9696966
10727:Winter, Frederick E. (2006).
9329:10.1080/00038628.1962.9696050
8912:Krautheimer, Richard (1986).
8744:Karydis, Nikolaos D. (2012).
8194:. London: Thames and Hudson.
7359:Ching, Francis D. K. (2011).
3835:
3499:Trachtenberg & Hyman 1986
2265:(989) and the 25-domed stone
2246:Cathedral of the Annunciation
1599:construct "desert igloos" of
1538:
1173:
13384:Sudano-Sahelian architecture
10851:, RusArch.ru, archived from
10818:Architectural Science Review
10449:Smith, Earl Baldwin (1950).
10334:10.1016/0360-1323(87)90011-4
10320:(3). Elsevier Ltd: 233â235.
9978:Palmer, Allison Lee (2016).
9957:Palmer, Allison Lee (2009).
9873:Master Builders of Byzantium
9342:. Rutgers University Press.
9317:Architectural Science Review
9192:Lippincott, Kristen (2008).
9045:Lancaster, Lynne C. (2005).
8933:Kruft, Hanno-Walter (1994).
8557:. Laurence King Publishing.
8513:Hillenbrand, Robert (1994).
8451:(5): 124â136. Archived from
7906:Essays to D. Kenneth Sargent
7593:Curl, James Stevens (2003).
7514:10.1016/0360-1323(77)90002-6
7213:Bullough, Donald A. (1991).
6405:Michell & Zebrowski 1987
5395:Tsan-wing & Kin-wah 2001
5371:Needham & Gwei-Djen 1962
4588:Ramaswamy & Eekhout 2002
2701:History of South Asian domes
1337:
1231:
787:
709:
589:
400:
7:
10708:Cultural Survival Quarterly
10310:"The Anasazi cribbed domes"
10041:Parker, John Henry (2012),
10005:Structures and Architecture
9898:. Oxford University Press.
9838:"The troubles with cupolas"
9689:"The Catholic Encyclopedia"
9235:MacDonald, William (1958).
8644:10.1007/978-3-7643-8699-3_4
8578:. Oxford University Press.
8325:Guedes, Pedro, ed. (2016).
7842:. BRILL. pp. 162â173.
7650:Darling, Janina K. (2004).
7551:Crandall, David P. (2000).
7112:. Oxford University Press.
6970:. Oxford University Press.
6696:Langmead & Garnaut 2001
6371:, pp. 1944, 1948â1949.
6347:, pp. 1944, 1946â1947.
6323:, pp. 1941, 1943â1944.
5815:Langmead & Garnaut 2001
4825:Langmead & Garnaut 2001
3799:Palmisano & Totaro 2010
3649:Davies & Jokiniemi 2012
3622:Davies & Jokiniemi 2008
3178:
3120:
2540:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque
2138:are generally found within
1826:Hong Kong Museum of History
1743:Soltan Bakht Agha Mausoleum
757:. This probably began with
517:
10:
13507:
12752:Islamic geometric patterns
10770:Wittkower, Rudolf (1999).
10748:Wittkower, Rudolf (1963),
10352:Dictionary of Architecture
10293:10.1260/136943307783571445
10103:Pevsner, Nikolaus (1978).
9960:The A to Z of Architecture
9777:Nuttgens, Patrick (1997).
9213:Lucore, Sandra K. (2009),
9074:(3rd ed.). ABC-CLIO.
8551:Höcker, Christoph (2000).
8299:The Forum on Public Policy
7944:Dictionary of Architecture
7735:Six Dynasties Civilization
6985:Barnish, S. J. B. (2007).
6768:Friedman & Farkas 2011
6465:Mark & Billington 1989
6193:Frankl & Crossley 2000
4837:Ambrose & Tripeny 2011
4349:Rovero & Tonietti 2012
2922:
2832:
2764:, has tiles arranged in a
2698:
2632:. This would culminate in
2569:
2028:
1872:
1866:
1839:) was developed under the
1665:
1659:
1526:
1509:
1235:
1205:Tatar occupation of Russia
1177:
1120:
1102:
945:
834:
713:
649:Shapes and internal forces
545:". Drums are also called "
29:
13397:
13341:
13310:
13284:
13234:
13186:Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)
13163:
13047:
13040:
12966:
12923:
12872:
12820:
12698:
12614:
12565:
12503:
12492:
12473:
12466:
12302:
12091:
12080:
11949:
11941:
11890:
11834:
11647:
11564:
11411:
11254:
11084:
11028:
10902:
10684:Mediaeval Church Vaulting
10369:SchĂŒtz, Bernhard (2002).
10349:Saylor, Henry H. (1994),
10264:10.1617/s11527-011-9758-1
10084:Harvard Ukrainian Studies
10061:Peterson, Andrew (1996).
9779:The Story of Architecture
9713:. Yale University Press.
9025:Kurtz, Jean-Paul (2004),
9004:Kuiper, Kathleen (2011).
8765:10.1163/22134522-12340013
8725:Johnson, Mark J. (2009).
8416:Harris, Cyril M. (2013),
8396:Harris, Cyril M. (2005),
8290:Grupico, Theresa (2011).
8190:Goodwin, Godfrey (2003).
8171:Goodwin, Godfrey (1971).
7285:Charlier, Claude (1988),
6934:10.1007/s00004-010-0013-9
6784:William C. Allen (2001),
6732:Levy & Salvadori 2002
6563:, pp. 13â14, 18, 26.
6453:Fusco & Villanni 2003
6060:, pp. 471, 474, 481.
5839:Fuentes & Huerta 2010
5080:Wilkie & Morelli 2000
4789:Fuentes & Huerta 2010
4654:Newman & Pevnser 1972
2829:Early modern period domes
2566:Italian Renaissance domes
1895:Roman domes are found in
1863:Roman and Byzantine domes
1676:Sheikh Lotfallah Mosque,
1478:A sail vault illustration
1396:, these have profiles of
1317:An oval dome, Rome, Italy
1002:Palatine Chapel at Aachen
881:in the form of a dome, a
877:A single or double layer
815:Ten Books on Architecture
383:Neoclassical architecture
369:spread from Italy in the
106:Early modern period domes
96:Italian Renaissance domes
86:Roman and Byzantine domes
13302:Museum with No Frontiers
11604:Multi-family residential
10414:Skempton, A. W. (2002).
10314:Building and Environment
10308:Salvadori, M.G. (1987).
10252:Materials and Structures
10229:Rosser, John H. (2011).
9815:O'Kane, Bernard (1995),
8753:Late Antique Archaeology
8704:Jeffery, George (2010).
8630:Huerta, Santigo (2007).
8537:Mezhirich â Mammoth Camp
8471:Heyman, Jacques (1997).
8155:Giustina, Irene (2003),
7732:Dien, Albert E. (2007).
7494:Building and Environment
7410:Clarke, Michael (2010),
7085:Blockley, David (2014).
6710:, pp. 693â694, 697.
5616:, pp. 90â93, 95â96.
5614:Freely & Ăakmak 2004
5421:, pp. 247, 254â255.
5322:, pp. 102, 108â109.
4578:, pp. 24â18, 24â19.
4484:Baumann & Haggh 1990
4472:Baumann & Haggh 1990
3927:, pp. 271â276, 279.
3915:, pp. 179â180, 188.
3099:membrane domes were the
3042:Johann Wilhelm Schwedler
3010:housing large telescopes
2548:Suleiman the Magnificent
2405:Boris and Gleb Cathedral
2347:Russian domes are often
2191:Hall of the Abencerrajes
1662:History of Persian domes
1260:Santo TomĂĄs de las Ollas
825:
753:, becoming the imperial
653:A masonry dome produces
639:sustainable architecture
367:Renaissance architecture
365:. The domes of European
13413:Architecture portal
10795:Wright, G.R.H. (2009).
10681:Ward, Clarence (1915).
10486:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
10047:, Courier Corporation,
9742:10.3406/arasi.2015.1883
9336:Marche, Jordan (2005).
8797:Kayili, Mutbul (2005).
8445:Canadian Social Science
8305:(3): 14. Archived from
7523:2027/mdp.39015041999635
7450:Coleman, Peter (2006).
7255:Burden, Ernest (2012),
5950:Cipriani & Lau 2006
5320:Ashkan & Ahmad 2009
5308:Ashkan & Ahmad 2009
5296:Ashkan & Ahmad 2009
5284:Ashkan & Ahmad 2009
5260:Ashkan & Ahmad 2009
5203:Ashkan & Ahmad 2009
4602:, pp. 24â2, 24â18.
4235:Ashkan & Ahmad 2010
3901:Nobile & Bares 2015
2667:from 1565 to 1569 near
2613:Basilica of Santa Croce
2361:Saint Isaac's Cathedral
2301:Saint Basil's Cathedral
2189:in Granada, Spain, the
2136:Romanesque architecture
2128:Great Mosque of CĂłrdoba
1847:dynasties south of the
1728:Jameh Mosque of Isfahan
1701:vernacular architecture
1605:domes of sun-baked clay
1464:also uses this method.
1398:less than half a circle
1038:Great Mosque of CĂłrdoba
361:, respectively, in the
225:Architecture portal
13466:Byzantine architecture
13456:Architectural elements
13318:Indo-Saracenic Revival
12718:(multicoloured ashlar)
9576:Minke, Gernot (2012).
9359:Technology and Culture
9110:Lehmann, Karl (1945),
7963:Fletcher, Sir Banister
7882:Dupré, Judith (2001).
7653:Architecture of Greece
7325:Chilton, John (2000),
7020:10.1093/em/xviii.2.199
6836:Arce, Ignacio (2006),
6561:Gayle & Gayle 1998
6133:Bloom & Blair 2009
5752:Bloom & Blair 2009
4373:Larson & Tyas 2003
4261:, pp. 57â59, 127.
4022:Curl & Wilson 2015
3691:Curl & Wilson 2015
3661:Cowan & Smith 1998
3158:Rotunda (architecture)
3005:
2953:
2941:
2848:
2769:
2725:
2592:
2536:Mihrimah Sultan Mosque
2512:Kılıç Ali Pasha Mosque
2490:
2424:
2392:Saint Sophia Cathedral
2316:
2253:
2047:
2015:fall of Constantinople
2002:
1892:
1885:Giovanni Paolo Pannini
1785:
1685:
1544:
1519:
690:can be thinner still.
530:
466:
347:Byzantine architecture
317:. Domes were built in
76:Early and simple domes
13055:Congregational mosque
12513:(four-arch structure)
12099:Air conditioning unit
10471:Spiers, Richard Phené
9913:Overy, R. J. (2004).
9486:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
8954:Kuban, DoÄan (1985).
8847:Russian Church Design
8636:Nexus Network Journal
8595:Architectural History
7791:Dodge, Hazel (1984).
7453:Shopping Environments
7192:Brett, Peter (2012).
6922:Nexus Network Journal
6419:, pp. 1950â1951.
6395:, pp. 1949â1950.
4423:, pp. 53â56, 79.
3086:finite element method
2987:
2971:Industrial Revolution
2948:The concrete dome of
2947:
2932:
2842:
2751:
2708:
2652:. The publication of
2625:Leon Battista Alberti
2579:
2524:Sultan Ahmed I Mosque
2485:
2422:
2299:
2240:
2038:
1989:Originally a church,
1988:
1882:
1822:Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb
1782:Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb
1779:
1730:, built in 1086-7 by
1675:
1536:
1517:
525:
494:. In the case of the
460:
351:Sasanian architecture
32:Dome (disambiguation)
13379:Ottoman architecture
13369:Moorish architecture
13364:Islamic architecture
13359:Iranian architecture
12782:Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)
12636:(or mĂŒezzin mahfili)
12296:Islamic architecture
10845:Zagraevsky, Sergey,
10388:Sear, Frank (1983).
9823:EncyclopĂŠdia Iranica
9758:Construction History
9463:McNeil, Ian (2002).
9112:"The Dome of Heaven"
9007:The Culture of China
8312:on November 29, 2014
7756:Forschungsbericht 32
7711:Denny, Mark (2010).
7471:Como, Mario (2013).
6746:, pp. 700, 703.
6744:Bradshaw et al. 2002
6720:Bradshaw et al. 2002
6708:Bradshaw et al. 2002
6684:Bradshaw et al. 2002
5952:, pp. 696, 698.
5604:, pp. 203, 242.
5298:, pp. 105, 110.
5034:, pp. 121, 132.
4928:, pp. 127, 463.
4498:, pp. 181, 183.
4435:, pp. 195, 197.
4154:, pp. 127, 329.
4115:, pp. 127, 419.
3153:Vault (architecture)
3095:The first permanent
3030:exhibition buildings
3020:. Elaborate covered
2893:St. Paul's Cathedral
2681:San Giorgio Maggiore
2638:St. Peter's Basilica
2596:Filippo Brunelleschi
2449:Ottoman architecture
2329:Russian architecture
2275:Russian architecture
2060:conquered the region
1966:Western Roman Empire
1964:With the end of the
1790:Chinese architecture
1689:Persian architecture
1591:, among others. The
1462:St. Peter's Basilica
1022:domes on pendentives
643:University of Kassel
375:Ottoman architecture
337:architecture in the
30:For other uses, see
13476:Mosque architecture
13471:Church architecture
13416: •
13403: •
13389:Yemeni architecture
13374:Mughal architecture
13354:Berber architecture
13349:Arabic architecture
13013:Salsabil (fountain)
12747:Islamic calligraphy
11050: / Guest room
10641:on 6 February 2004.
10408:Roman architecture.
10326:1987BuEnv..22..233S
9963:. Scarecrow Press.
9851:(2), archived from
8037:Concrete Structures
7989:Gothic Architecture
7506:1977BuEnv..12....1C
6870:on October 23, 2020
6818:Building Structures
6734:, pp. 322â323.
6722:, pp. 701â702.
6698:, pp. 131â132.
6599:, pp. 126â127.
6467:, pp. 314â315.
6455:, pp. 580â581.
6443:, pp. 218â220.
6431:, pp. 214â215.
6299:, pp. 187â189.
6287:, pp. 230â232.
6248:, pp. 175â176.
6183:, pp. 356â357.
6072:, pp. 125â127.
5988:, pp. 209â213.
5841:, pp. 346â347.
5754:, pp. 111â112.
5334:, pp. 266â267.
5274:, pp. 192â194.
5046:, pp. 116â117.
5003:, pp. 142â143.
4887:, pp. 220â221.
4791:, pp. 346â352.
4767:, pp. 362â363.
4600:Chen & Lui 2005
4576:Chen & Lui 2005
4564:Chen & Lui 2005
4474:, pp. 208â209.
4327:, pp. 141â142.
4076:, pp. 304â305.
3135:Architecture portal
3115:retractable roofing
3110:membrane structures
3090:structural analysis
2919:Modern period domes
2845:St Paul's Cathedral
2823:tomb of Safdar Jang
2673:Georgian architects
2646:Giacomo della Porta
2630:Bernardo Rossellino
2620:De re aedificatoria
2544:RĂŒstem Pasha Mosque
2396:Dormition Cathedral
2267:Desyatinnaya Church
2244:onion domes of the
1999:Justinian the Great
1875:List of Roman domes
1348:handkerchief vaults
1266:and popular in the
1091:A crossed-arch dome
751:Alexander the Great
371:early modern period
319:ancient Mesopotamia
111:Modern period domes
40:Part of a series on
13090:Kuttab (or maktab)
11526:Servants' quarters
10392:Roman Architecture
9599:The Antioch Review
7436:, AVA Publishing,
6847:, pp. 195â220
6515:, pp. 135â36.
6147:, pp. 82, 91.
5913:, pp. 65, 67.
5805:, pp. 57, 89.
5508:, pp. 46, 50.
4375:, pp. 32, 38.
4201:, pp. 2â3, 7.
3066:Walther Bauersfeld
3006:
2954:
2942:
2849:
2770:
2726:
2600:Florence Cathedral
2593:
2516:SĂŒleymaniye Mosque
2491:
2476:Ăç Ćerefeli Mosque
2453:Byzantine Anatolia
2431:and its spread in
2425:
2317:
2315:date to the 1680s.
2311:. Its distinctive
2254:
2048:
2003:
1958:Lateran baptistery
1893:
1806:city of Xiangcheng
1804:, near the modern
1802:Western Han period
1786:
1686:
1545:
1520:
1373:elliptic parabolic
1164:hemispherical dome
1158:Hemispherical dome
1152:Buckminster Fuller
1000:(145â160) and the
863:Treasury of Atreus
794:whispering gallery
716:Symbolism of domes
704:Florence Cathedral
531:
467:
377:at the same time.
201:Whispering gallery
13451:Arches and vaults
13433:
13432:
13280:
13279:
13036:
13035:
13023:Shading Umbrellas
12807:Stucco decoration
12707:For overview, see
12522:Four-centred arch
12262:
12261:
11909:
11908:
11327:Janitorial closet
11061:Bedsit / Miniflat
10808:978-9-004-17745-1
10787:978-0-300-07941-8
10763:978-0-8020-6708-1
10740:978-0-8020-3914-9
10694:978-0-404-06836-3
10673:978-0-231-50172-9
10631:978-0-86078-686-3
10607:978-0-810-91077-5
10579:978-84-9728-070-9
10526:978-0-549-75556-2
10505:978-1-56898-549-7
10462:978-0-691-03875-9
10427:978-0-7277-2939-2
10403:978-0-8014-9245-7
10380:978-0-810-93297-5
10362:978-0-471-75601-9
10242:978-0-810-87477-0
10192:978-9-042-02571-4
10158:978-0-727-73014-5
10116:978-0-140-71008-3
10074:978-0-203-20387-3
10054:978-0-486-14291-3
10034:978-0-070-42313-8
10014:978-1-439-86297-1
9991:978-1-442-26309-3
9970:978-0-810-87058-1
9949:978-1-59228-718-5
9928:978-0-393-02030-4
9905:978-0-19-925246-6
9884:978-1-934536-03-2
9807:978-1-56898-741-5
9788:978-0-7148-3616-4
9720:978-0-300-09598-2
9680:978-0-521-07060-7
9660:978-0-199-68027-6
9639:978-1-856-69371-4
9589:978-3-034-60872-5
9568:978-0-684-84997-3
9547:978-0-521-56321-5
9526:978-1-4757-0225-5
9476:978-0-203-19211-5
9455:978-0-300-10688-6
9405:978-0-7607-8887-5
9349:978-0-813-53766-5
9307:978-0-7506-5451-7
9228:978-9-004-17357-6
9205:978-0-756-64349-2
9184:978-0-393-31152-5
9145:978-0-203-19965-7
9125:978-0-8020-6708-1
9102:978-0-72773-235-4
9081:978-1-57607-112-0
9058:978-0-521-84202-0
9038:978-0-306-48317-2
9017:978-1-61530-183-6
8967:978-90-04-07084-4
8946:978-1-568-98010-2
8925:978-0-300-05294-7
8904:978-0-87099-229-2
8879:978-0-262-61070-4
8736:978-0-521-51371-5
8717:978-1-108-01604-9
8697:978-1-317-54996-3
8663:Kunst des Orients
8653:978-3-7643-8444-9
8585:978-0-19-539536-5
8564:978-1-856-69159-8
8526:978-0-231-10133-2
8505:978-0-415-15291-4
8484:978-0-521-62963-8
8429:978-0-486-13211-2
8409:978-0-071-58901-7
8388:978-0-300-05327-2
8338:978-1-349-04697-3
8224:978-0-191-04494-6
8147:978-0-393-73015-9
8112:978-84-9728-070-9
8074:978-953-7621-10-0
8020:978-0-521-77257-0
7999:978-0-300-08799-4
7978:978-0-7506-2267-7
7954:978-0-14-051241-0
7895:978-0-06-019438-3
7874:978-0-195-17072-6
7849:978-9-004-17645-4
7769:978-3-922302-32-2
7745:978-0-300-07404-8
7724:978-0-8018-9436-7
7704:978-1-136-44406-7
7684:978-0-750-68502-3
7663:978-0-313-32152-8
7637:978-0-19-967498-5
7606:978-0-393-73119-4
7564:978-0-82641-270-6
7544:978-0-419-22280-4
7484:978-3-642-30131-5
7463:978-0-750-66001-3
7443:978-2-940-37380-2
7423:978-0-199-56992-2
7372:978-1-118-16049-7
7351:978-0-471-26892-5
7317:978-1-420-03993-1
7268:978-0-071-77293-8
7247:978-0-226-08049-9
7226:978-0-7190-3354-4
7205:978-1-135-13856-1
7119:978-0-19-530991-1
7098:978-0-19-165208-0
7048:978-1-118-88722-6
6998:978-1-84383-074-0
6977:978-0-19-925246-6
6852:Arun, G. (2006),
6828:978-0-470-54260-6
6808:978-2-940-37354-3
6527:, pp. 92â93.
6099:, pp. 93â94.
5346:, pp. 79â80.
5166:, pp. 81â82.
5094:, pp. 34â35.
4566:, pp. 24â18.
4387:, pp. 51â53.
2975:Royal Albert Hall
2940:in United Kingdom
2754:Shah Jahan Mosque
2695:South Asian domes
2654:Sebastiano Serlio
2495:Bayezid II Mosque
2390:The domes of the
2156:Mediterranean Sea
2107:. Another is the
2097:new Roman Emperor
1974:Emperor Justinian
1748:The domes of the
1737:Beginning in the
1712:Samanid Mausoleum
1640:Achaemenid Persia
1636:ancient Near East
1378:Llotja de la Seda
1222:Brighton Pavilion
1032:Crossed-arch dome
820:cavity resonators
696:funicular surface
294:, or a system of
261:
260:
101:South Asian domes
16:(Redirected from
13498:
13426:Islam portal
13424:
13423:
13422:
13411:
13410:
13045:
13044:
12710:Islamic ornament
12589:South Asian dome
12517:Discharging arch
12498:
12471:
12470:
12315:Anatolian Seljuk
12289:
12282:
12275:
12266:
12265:
12086:
12024:Half-hipped roof
11936:
11929:
11922:
11913:
11912:
11898:
11897:
11867:Home improvement
11639:Studio apartment
11431:Kitchen-related
11107:Conversation pit
10894:and spaces of a
10885:
10878:
10871:
10862:
10861:
10856:
10841:
10812:
10791:
10778:Jennifer Montagu
10766:
10744:
10723:
10721:
10719:
10698:
10677:
10656:
10650:
10642:
10640:
10634:. Archived from
10623:
10611:
10590:
10588:
10582:. Archived from
10571:
10559:
10530:
10509:
10490:
10478:
10466:
10445:
10431:
10410:
10395:
10384:
10371:Great Cathedrals
10365:
10345:
10304:
10275:
10258:(1â2): 171â184.
10246:
10225:
10196:
10175:
10162:
10141:
10120:
10099:
10078:
10057:
10037:
10017:
9995:
9974:
9953:
9932:
9920:
9909:
9888:
9876:
9865:
9864:
9863:
9857:
9845:Acta Carsologica
9842:
9832:
9831:
9829:
9811:
9792:
9773:
9752:
9724:
9703:
9701:
9699:
9684:
9663:
9643:
9622:
9593:
9572:
9551:
9530:
9509:
9480:
9459:
9438:
9409:
9390:
9353:
9332:
9311:
9290:
9289:
9288:
9267:
9241:
9231:
9209:
9188:
9176:
9165:
9164:
9162:
9148:
9128:
9106:
9085:
9073:
9062:
9041:
9021:
9000:
8971:
8950:
8929:
8908:
8883:
8862:
8861:
8859:
8850:, archived from
8840:
8839:
8837:
8823:
8821:
8820:
8814:
8803:
8793:
8791:
8789:
8783:
8777:. Archived from
8750:
8740:
8721:
8700:
8678:
8657:
8626:
8589:
8568:
8547:
8546:
8544:
8534:Hitchcock, Don,
8530:
8509:
8488:
8467:
8465:
8463:
8457:
8442:
8432:
8412:
8392:
8371:
8342:
8321:
8319:
8317:
8311:
8296:
8286:
8257:
8228:
8205:
8186:
8167:
8161:
8151:
8130:
8125:, archived from
8116:
8104:
8092:
8090:
8089:
8083:
8077:. Archived from
8066:
8054:
8052:
8051:
8045:
8034:
8024:
8003:
7982:
7958:
7937:
7935:
7933:
7920:
7910:
7899:
7878:
7853:
7832:
7804:
7787:
7785:
7784:
7778:
7772:. Archived from
7761:
7749:
7728:
7707:
7687:
7667:
7646:
7645:
7644:
7610:
7589:
7580:(142): 146â155.
7568:
7547:
7527:
7525:
7488:
7467:
7446:
7426:
7406:
7400:
7392:
7386:
7376:
7355:
7334:
7321:
7300:
7299:
7297:
7281:
7271:
7251:
7230:
7209:
7188:
7170:
7160:
7123:
7102:
7081:
7052:
7023:
7002:
6981:
6960:
6958:
6952:. Archived from
6947:
6937:
6919:
6909:
6892:
6886:
6878:
6877:
6875:
6869:
6858:
6848:
6842:
6832:
6811:
6791:
6771:
6765:
6759:
6753:
6747:
6741:
6735:
6729:
6723:
6717:
6711:
6705:
6699:
6693:
6687:
6681:
6675:
6669:
6663:
6657:
6651:
6645:
6636:
6630:
6624:
6618:
6612:
6606:
6600:
6594:
6588:
6582:
6576:
6570:
6564:
6558:
6552:
6546:
6540:
6534:
6528:
6522:
6516:
6510:
6504:
6498:
6492:
6486:
6480:
6474:
6468:
6462:
6456:
6450:
6444:
6438:
6432:
6426:
6420:
6414:
6408:
6402:
6396:
6390:
6384:
6378:
6372:
6366:
6360:
6354:
6348:
6342:
6336:
6330:
6324:
6318:
6312:
6306:
6300:
6294:
6288:
6282:
6276:
6270:
6261:
6255:
6249:
6243:
6237:
6231:
6220:
6214:
6208:
6202:
6196:
6190:
6184:
6178:
6172:
6166:
6160:
6154:
6148:
6142:
6136:
6130:
6124:
6118:
6112:
6106:
6100:
6094:
6088:
6082:
6073:
6067:
6061:
6055:
6049:
6043:
6037:
6031:
6025:
6019:
6013:
6007:
6001:
5995:
5989:
5983:
5977:
5971:
5965:
5962:Hillenbrand 1994
5959:
5953:
5947:
5941:
5935:
5926:
5920:
5914:
5908:
5902:
5896:
5890:
5884:
5878:
5872:
5866:
5860:
5854:
5848:
5842:
5836:
5830:
5827:Krautheimer 1986
5824:
5818:
5812:
5806:
5800:
5794:
5788:
5782:
5779:Krautheimer 1986
5776:
5767:
5761:
5755:
5749:
5743:
5737:
5731:
5725:
5719:
5713:
5707:
5704:Ousterhout 2008a
5701:
5695:
5692:Krautheimer 1986
5689:
5683:
5677:
5671:
5670:, p. xliii.
5665:
5659:
5656:Krautheimer 1986
5653:
5644:
5641:Ousterhout 2008a
5638:
5632:
5629:Ousterhout 2008b
5626:
5617:
5611:
5605:
5602:Krautheimer 1986
5599:
5593:
5587:
5581:
5578:Krautheimer 1986
5575:
5569:
5563:
5557:
5554:Krautheimer 1986
5551:
5545:
5539:
5533:
5527:
5521:
5515:
5509:
5503:
5497:
5491:
5485:
5482:Krautheimer 1986
5479:
5473:
5467:
5461:
5455:
5449:
5443:
5434:
5428:
5422:
5416:
5410:
5404:
5398:
5392:
5386:
5380:
5374:
5368:
5359:
5353:
5347:
5341:
5335:
5329:
5323:
5317:
5311:
5305:
5299:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5275:
5269:
5263:
5257:
5251:
5245:
5239:
5233:
5218:
5212:
5206:
5200:
5194:
5188:
5182:
5176:
5167:
5161:
5155:
5149:
5143:
5137:
5131:
5125:
5119:
5113:
5107:
5101:
5095:
5089:
5083:
5077:
5071:
5065:
5059:
5053:
5047:
5041:
5035:
5032:Krautheimer 1980
5029:
5023:
5017:
5004:
4998:
4992:
4986:
4977:
4971:
4965:
4959:
4953:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4929:
4923:
4917:
4911:
4900:
4894:
4888:
4882:
4876:
4870:
4864:
4863:, pp. 8, 9.
4858:
4852:
4846:
4840:
4834:
4828:
4822:
4811:
4805:
4792:
4786:
4780:
4774:
4768:
4762:
4756:
4750:
4744:
4738:
4732:
4726:
4720:
4714:
4708:
4702:
4696:
4690:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4663:
4657:
4651:
4645:
4639:
4630:
4624:
4615:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4567:
4561:
4550:
4544:
4535:
4529:
4523:
4517:
4511:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4487:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4463:
4460:Ousterhout 2008a
4457:
4451:
4445:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4400:
4399:, pp. 3, 8.
4394:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4370:
4364:
4358:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4289:
4283:
4277:
4271:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4128:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4059:
4040:
4034:
4025:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3945:
3939:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3863:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3811:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3775:
3769:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3733:
3727:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3679:
3673:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3634:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3547:
3541:
3532:
3526:
3517:
3511:
3502:
3496:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3378:
3369:
3343:
3337:
3318:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3282:
3244:
3238:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3195:
3189:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3046:Vladimir Shukhov
3038:locomotive sheds
3022:shopping arcades
2756:'s main dome in
2683:(1565â1610) and
2677:Thomas Jefferson
2650:Domenico Fontana
2546:and the tomb of
2503:imperial mosques
2499:classical period
2445:Byzantine Empire
2427:The rise of the
2325:Early Modern era
2068:Dome of the Rock
2041:Dome of the Rock
1938:Baths of Agrippa
1647:capital city of
1632:Neolithic period
1573:Native Americans
1543:
1540:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1356:pendentive domes
1314:
1302:
1290:
1277:Murcia Cathedral
1105:Ellipsoidal dome
1099:Ellipsoidal dome
1088:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1026:pendentive domes
1006:Thomas Jefferson
802:Francesco Giorgi
770:early Christians
688:equilateral arch
253:
246:
239:
223:
222:
56:
37:
36:
21:
13506:
13505:
13501:
13500:
13499:
13497:
13496:
13495:
13436:
13435:
13434:
13429:
13420:
13418:
13405:
13393:
13337:
13328:Moorish Revival
13306:
13276:
13242:Albarrana tower
13230:
13159:
13146:in modern Iran)
13060:Dar al-Muwaqqit
13032:
12983:(fountain type)
12968:
12962:
12925:
12919:
12910:Reflecting pool
12905:Persian gardens
12900:Paradise garden
12868:
12845:(entrance hall)
12816:
12772:Nagash painting
12694:
12616:
12610:
12561:
12532:Lambrequin arch
12499:
12490:
12462:
12433:Sudano-Sahelian
12298:
12293:
12263:
12258:
12087:
12078:
11945:
11940:
11910:
11905:
11901:Category: Rooms
11886:
11830:
11651:
11643:
11609:Secondary suite
11560:
11435:butler's pantry
11407:
11350:Mechanical room
11303:Electrical room
11262:
11250:
11080:
11024:
10998:Recreation room
10898:
10889:
10859:
10809:
10788:
10764:
10741:
10717:
10715:
10695:
10674:
10644:
10643:
10638:
10632:
10621:
10608:
10600:. H.N. Abrams.
10586:
10580:
10569:
10548:10.2307/1523084
10527:
10506:
10463:
10428:
10404:
10381:
10363:
10243:
10193:
10159:
10138:
10117:
10075:
10055:
10035:
10015:
9992:
9971:
9950:
9929:
9906:
9885:
9861:
9859:
9855:
9840:
9827:
9825:
9808:
9789:
9730:Arts Asiatiques
9721:
9697:
9695:
9681:
9661:
9640:
9611:10.2307/4611482
9590:
9569:
9548:
9527:
9498:10.2307/1291479
9477:
9456:
9406:
9371:10.2307/3105106
9350:
9308:
9286:
9284:
9239:
9229:
9206:
9185:
9160:
9158:
9146:
9126:
9103:
9082:
9059:
9039:
9018:
8989:10.2307/1523097
8968:
8947:
8926:
8905:
8880:
8857:
8855:
8854:on July 1, 2012
8835:
8833:
8818:
8816:
8812:
8801:
8787:
8785:
8781:
8775:
8748:
8737:
8718:
8698:
8654:
8607:10.2307/1568594
8586:
8565:
8542:
8540:
8527:
8506:
8485:
8461:
8459:
8455:
8440:
8430:
8410:
8389:
8360:10.2307/4299807
8339:
8315:
8313:
8309:
8294:
8225:
8202:
8183:
8159:
8148:
8113:
8102:
8087:
8085:
8081:
8075:
8064:
8049:
8047:
8043:
8032:
8021:
8000:
7979:
7955:
7931:
7929:
7918:
7896:
7875:
7859:Fantham, Elaine
7850:
7782:
7780:
7776:
7770:
7759:
7746:
7725:
7705:
7685:
7664:
7642:
7640:
7638:
7607:
7565:
7545:
7485:
7464:
7444:
7424:
7394:
7393:
7384:
7373:
7352:
7318:
7295:
7293:
7269:
7248:
7227:
7206:
7168:
7141:10.2307/2849071
7120:
7099:
7049:
6999:
6978:
6956:
6945:
6917:
6880:
6879:
6873:
6871:
6867:
6856:
6840:
6829:
6809:
6779:
6774:
6766:
6762:
6754:
6750:
6742:
6738:
6730:
6726:
6718:
6714:
6706:
6702:
6694:
6690:
6682:
6678:
6670:
6666:
6658:
6654:
6646:
6639:
6631:
6627:
6619:
6615:
6607:
6603:
6595:
6591:
6585:Lippincott 2008
6583:
6579:
6571:
6567:
6559:
6555:
6547:
6543:
6535:
6531:
6523:
6519:
6511:
6507:
6499:
6495:
6487:
6483:
6475:
6471:
6463:
6459:
6451:
6447:
6439:
6435:
6427:
6423:
6415:
6411:
6403:
6399:
6391:
6387:
6379:
6375:
6367:
6363:
6359:, p. 1948.
6355:
6351:
6343:
6339:
6331:
6327:
6319:
6315:
6307:
6303:
6295:
6291:
6283:
6279:
6271:
6264:
6260:, pp. 5â7.
6256:
6252:
6244:
6240:
6232:
6223:
6215:
6211:
6203:
6199:
6191:
6187:
6179:
6175:
6167:
6163:
6155:
6151:
6143:
6139:
6131:
6127:
6119:
6115:
6107:
6103:
6095:
6091:
6083:
6076:
6068:
6064:
6056:
6052:
6044:
6040:
6032:
6028:
6020:
6016:
6008:
6004:
5996:
5992:
5984:
5980:
5972:
5968:
5960:
5956:
5948:
5944:
5936:
5929:
5921:
5917:
5909:
5905:
5897:
5893:
5885:
5881:
5873:
5869:
5861:
5857:
5853:, pp. 2â4.
5849:
5845:
5837:
5833:
5825:
5821:
5813:
5809:
5801:
5797:
5789:
5785:
5777:
5770:
5762:
5758:
5750:
5746:
5738:
5734:
5726:
5722:
5714:
5710:
5702:
5698:
5690:
5686:
5678:
5674:
5666:
5662:
5654:
5647:
5639:
5635:
5627:
5620:
5612:
5608:
5600:
5596:
5588:
5584:
5576:
5572:
5564:
5560:
5552:
5548:
5540:
5536:
5528:
5524:
5516:
5512:
5504:
5500:
5492:
5488:
5480:
5476:
5468:
5464:
5456:
5452:
5444:
5437:
5429:
5425:
5417:
5413:
5405:
5401:
5393:
5389:
5381:
5377:
5369:
5362:
5354:
5350:
5342:
5338:
5330:
5326:
5318:
5314:
5306:
5302:
5294:
5290:
5282:
5278:
5270:
5266:
5258:
5254:
5246:
5242:
5234:
5221:
5213:
5209:
5201:
5197:
5189:
5185:
5177:
5170:
5162:
5158:
5150:
5146:
5138:
5134:
5126:
5122:
5114:
5110:
5102:
5098:
5090:
5086:
5078:
5074:
5066:
5062:
5054:
5050:
5042:
5038:
5030:
5026:
5018:
5007:
4999:
4995:
4987:
4980:
4974:Burckhardt 1987
4972:
4968:
4960:
4956:
4948:
4944:
4936:
4932:
4924:
4920:
4912:
4903:
4895:
4891:
4883:
4879:
4871:
4867:
4859:
4855:
4847:
4843:
4835:
4831:
4823:
4814:
4806:
4795:
4787:
4783:
4775:
4771:
4763:
4759:
4751:
4747:
4739:
4735:
4727:
4723:
4715:
4711:
4703:
4699:
4691:
4684:
4676:
4672:
4664:
4660:
4652:
4648:
4640:
4633:
4625:
4618:
4610:
4606:
4598:
4594:
4586:
4582:
4574:
4570:
4562:
4553:
4545:
4538:
4530:
4526:
4518:
4514:
4506:
4502:
4494:
4490:
4482:
4478:
4470:
4466:
4458:
4454:
4446:
4439:
4431:
4427:
4419:
4415:
4407:
4403:
4395:
4391:
4383:
4379:
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4225:, p. 1037.
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3292:
3285:
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3213:
3205:
3198:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3163:Monolithic dome
3133:
3126:
3123:
3062:Portland cement
3024:included large
2990:201 Dome Mosque
2927:
2921:
2901:catenary arches
2897:Guarino Guarini
2837:
2831:
2787:tomb of Humayun
2783:Mughal building
2738:Hindu tradition
2734:Classical India
2703:
2697:
2665:Andrea Palladio
2574:
2568:
2559:Selimiye Mosque
2417:
2388:
2386:Ukrainian domes
2235:
2160:Knights Templar
2140:crossing towers
2109:Palatine Chapel
2033:
2027:
2007:Cross-in-square
1936:as part of the
1934:Emperor Hadrian
1909:Imperial period
1877:
1871:
1865:
1798:barrel vaulting
1774:
1750:Safavid dynasty
1693:Iranian plateau
1670:
1664:
1658:
1601:wattle and daub
1541:
1531:
1525:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1504:
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1500:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1410:
1390:segmental domes
1386:
1364:Byzantine domes
1360:Bohemian vaults
1340:
1327:
1325:Paraboloid dome
1322:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1295:
1294:
1291:
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1238:Elliptical dome
1234:
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1119:
1107:
1101:
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1080:
1079:A compound dome
1077:
1069:
1068:
1067:A domical vault
1065:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1034:
1018:
978:pavilion vaults
970:segmental domes
958:polygonal domes
950:
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13342:Category pages
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12537:Multifoil arch
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12527:Horseshoe arch
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11521:Servants' hall
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11319:
11310:
11308:Equipment room
11305:
11300:
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11280:
11275:
11269:
11267:
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11224:
11222:Secret passage
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10813:
10807:
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10762:
10745:
10739:
10724:
10699:
10693:
10678:
10672:
10657:
10630:
10612:
10606:
10591:
10589:on 2009-12-11.
10578:
10560:
10531:
10525:
10510:
10504:
10491:
10481:Chisholm, Hugh
10467:
10461:
10446:
10432:
10426:
10411:
10402:
10385:
10379:
10366:
10361:
10346:
10305:
10287:(6): 595â606.
10276:
10247:
10241:
10226:
10214:10.2307/990663
10208:(4): 384â401.
10197:
10191:
10176:
10163:
10157:
10142:
10136:
10121:
10115:
10100:
10090:(1): 471â519.
10079:
10073:
10058:
10053:
10038:
10033:
10018:
10013:
9996:
9990:
9975:
9969:
9954:
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9933:
9927:
9910:
9904:
9889:
9883:
9866:
9833:
9812:
9806:
9793:
9787:
9774:
9753:
9725:
9719:
9704:
9685:
9679:
9664:
9659:
9644:
9638:
9623:
9605:(3): 261â271.
9594:
9588:
9573:
9567:
9552:
9546:
9531:
9525:
9510:
9481:
9475:
9460:
9454:
9439:
9410:
9404:
9391:
9365:(2): 300â329.
9354:
9348:
9333:
9312:
9306:
9291:
9268:
9256:10.2307/987944
9232:
9227:
9210:
9204:
9189:
9183:
9166:
9149:
9144:
9129:
9124:
9107:
9101:
9086:
9080:
9063:
9057:
9042:
9037:
9022:
9016:
9001:
8972:
8966:
8951:
8945:
8930:
8924:
8909:
8903:
8884:
8878:
8863:
8841:
8824:
8794:
8773:
8759:(1): 357â381.
8741:
8735:
8722:
8716:
8701:
8696:
8679:
8658:
8652:
8627:
8590:
8584:
8569:
8563:
8548:
8531:
8525:
8510:
8504:
8489:
8483:
8468:
8433:
8428:
8413:
8408:
8393:
8387:
8372:
8343:
8337:
8322:
8287:
8275:10.2307/990496
8258:
8246:10.2307/988190
8240:(4): 191â198.
8229:
8223:
8217:. OUP Oxford.
8208:
8207:
8206:
8200:
8181:
8168:
8152:
8146:
8131:
8117:
8111:
8093:
8073:
8055:
8025:
8019:
8004:
7998:
7983:
7977:
7959:
7953:
7938:
7911:
7900:
7894:
7879:
7873:
7854:
7848:
7833:
7822:10.2307/283440
7805:
7788:
7768:
7750:
7744:
7729:
7723:
7708:
7703:
7688:
7683:
7668:
7662:
7647:
7636:
7611:
7605:
7590:
7569:
7563:
7548:
7543:
7528:
7489:
7483:
7468:
7462:
7447:
7442:
7427:
7422:
7416:, OUP Oxford,
7407:
7377:
7371:
7356:
7350:
7335:
7322:
7316:
7301:
7282:
7272:
7267:
7252:
7246:
7231:
7225:
7210:
7204:
7189:
7179:(6): 691â709.
7161:
7135:(2): 208â221.
7124:
7118:
7103:
7097:
7082:
7070:10.2307/990755
7053:
7047:
7024:
7014:(2): 199â210.
7003:
6997:
6982:
6976:
6961:
6959:on 2013-10-16.
6938:
6910:
6893:
6849:
6833:
6827:
6812:
6807:
6792:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6772:
6760:
6748:
6736:
6724:
6712:
6700:
6688:
6686:, p. 693.
6676:
6674:, p. 134.
6672:Mainstone 2001
6664:
6662:, p. 129.
6660:Mainstone 2001
6652:
6637:
6635:, p. 171.
6633:Mainstone 2001
6625:
6623:, p. 126.
6613:
6601:
6589:
6577:
6575:, p. 241.
6573:Mainstone 2001
6565:
6553:
6551:, p. 190.
6541:
6529:
6517:
6505:
6503:, p. 128.
6493:
6489:Wittkower 1999
6481:
6479:, p. 210.
6469:
6457:
6445:
6433:
6421:
6409:
6397:
6385:
6383:, p. 200.
6373:
6361:
6349:
6337:
6335:, p. 157.
6325:
6313:
6309:Melaragno 1991
6301:
6289:
6277:
6275:, p. 184.
6262:
6250:
6238:
6236:, p. 304.
6234:Hourihane 2012
6221:
6219:, p. 181.
6209:
6197:
6195:, p. 213.
6185:
6173:
6161:
6159:, p. 231.
6149:
6137:
6125:
6113:
6101:
6089:
6074:
6062:
6050:
6038:
6026:
6014:
6002:
5990:
5978:
5976:, p. 209.
5966:
5964:, p. 318.
5954:
5942:
5940:, p. 174.
5927:
5925:, p. 202.
5915:
5903:
5891:
5879:
5877:, p. 172.
5867:
5865:, p. 165.
5855:
5843:
5831:
5829:, p. 405.
5819:
5807:
5795:
5783:
5781:, p. 402.
5768:
5766:, p. 208.
5756:
5744:
5742:, p. 209.
5732:
5720:
5718:, p. 185.
5716:Wittkower 1963
5708:
5706:, p. 214.
5696:
5694:, p. 379.
5684:
5682:, p. 137.
5672:
5660:
5658:, p. 340.
5645:
5643:, p. 202.
5633:
5631:, p. 358.
5618:
5606:
5594:
5592:, p. 958.
5582:
5580:, p. 239.
5570:
5558:
5556:, p. 238.
5546:
5544:, p. 161.
5542:Lancaster 2005
5534:
5530:McClendon 2005
5522:
5510:
5506:Lancaster 2005
5498:
5496:, p. 255.
5486:
5474:
5470:Lancaster 2005
5462:
5460:, p. 130.
5450:
5448:, p. 249.
5435:
5423:
5411:
5399:
5397:, p. 294.
5387:
5375:
5373:, p. 167.
5360:
5348:
5336:
5324:
5312:
5310:, p. 106.
5300:
5288:
5276:
5264:
5262:, p. 113.
5252:
5250:, p. 148.
5248:Creswell 1915a
5240:
5219:
5217:, p. 957.
5207:
5195:
5193:, p. 192.
5183:
5181:, p. 194.
5168:
5156:
5154:, p. 116.
5152:Mainstone 2001
5144:
5132:
5120:
5108:
5106:, p. 155.
5104:Creswell 1915a
5096:
5084:
5072:
5060:
5048:
5036:
5024:
5005:
4993:
4991:, p. 263.
4978:
4966:
4954:
4952:, p. 274.
4942:
4940:, p. 462.
4930:
4918:
4901:
4899:, p. 231.
4889:
4877:
4865:
4853:
4851:, p. 140.
4841:
4829:
4827:, p. 131.
4812:
4810:, p. 304.
4793:
4781:
4779:, p. 105.
4769:
4757:
4745:
4743:, p. 320.
4733:
4731:, p. 220.
4721:
4709:
4707:, p. 268.
4697:
4695:, p. 303.
4693:Hourihane 2012
4682:
4670:
4658:
4656:, p. 527.
4646:
4644:, p. 273.
4631:
4616:
4614:, p. 595.
4604:
4592:
4590:, p. 141.
4580:
4568:
4551:
4536:
4534:, p. 188.
4524:
4522:, p. 163.
4512:
4510:, p. 233.
4508:Salvadori 1987
4500:
4488:
4486:, p. 202.
4476:
4464:
4452:
4437:
4425:
4413:
4401:
4389:
4377:
4365:
4353:
4351:, p. 183.
4341:
4329:
4317:
4315:, p. 142.
4305:
4303:, p. 395.
4290:
4288:, p. 301.
4286:Hourihane 2012
4278:
4276:, p. 242.
4274:Hourihane 2012
4263:
4251:
4249:, p. 139.
4239:
4237:, p. 316.
4227:
4215:
4203:
4199:MacDonald 1958
4191:
4189:, p. 121.
4187:Mainstone 2001
4179:
4156:
4144:
4129:
4117:
4105:
4090:
4088:, p. 123.
4078:
4066:
4064:, p. 127.
4041:
4026:
4024:, p. 236.
4014:
4012:, p. 203.
4002:
4000:, p. 436.
3985:
3983:, p. 252.
3981:Technical 1872
3973:
3971:, p. 114.
3961:
3946:
3929:
3917:
3905:
3893:
3891:, p. 302.
3889:Hourihane 2012
3864:
3862:, p. 212.
3852:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3818:
3803:
3791:
3776:
3761:
3757:Hourihane 2012
3749:
3734:
3719:
3715:Mainstone 2000
3707:
3695:
3680:
3665:
3653:
3641:
3626:
3614:
3602:
3590:
3575:
3563:
3548:
3533:
3518:
3503:
3488:
3476:
3464:
3452:
3440:
3428:
3416:
3404:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3327:
3310:
3298:
3294:Mainstone 2000
3283:
3259:Ï᜞ ÏÏαÎčÏοΔÎčÎŽÎÏ
3239:
3211:
3196:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3143:Lists of domes
3139:
3138:
3122:
3119:
3082:geodesic domes
3018:winter gardens
2934:Geodesic domes
2923:Main article:
2920:
2917:
2833:Main article:
2830:
2827:
2774:tomb of Balban
2699:Main article:
2696:
2693:
2591:'s dome, Italy
2570:Main article:
2567:
2564:
2520:Ćehzade Mosque
2429:Ottoman Empire
2416:
2413:
2387:
2384:
2382:in the world.
2368:electroplating
2250:Moscow Kremlin
2234:
2231:
2185:palace of the
2117:Southern Italy
2050:The Syria and
2029:Main article:
2026:
2023:
1867:Main article:
1864:
1861:
1837:siyuxuanjinshi
1833:Three Kingdoms
1794:simian jieding
1773:
1770:
1660:Main article:
1657:
1654:
1547:Cultures from
1527:Main article:
1524:
1521:
1511:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1409:
1406:
1385:
1382:
1352:domical vaults
1339:
1336:
1326:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1233:
1230:
1178:Main article:
1175:
1172:
1159:
1156:
1128:Geodesic domes
1121:Main article:
1118:
1115:
1103:Main article:
1100:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1033:
1030:
1017:
1014:
974:paneled vaults
954:domical vaults
948:Cloister vault
946:Main article:
943:
942:Cloister vault
940:
936:formed surface
897:three-way grid
874:
871:
865:from the late
843:corbelled dome
841:Also called a
832:
829:
827:
824:
789:
786:
722:late Stone Age
714:Main article:
711:
708:
650:
647:
605:Industrial Age
591:
588:
519:
516:
505:The fields of
442:
439:
402:
399:
259:
258:
256:
255:
248:
241:
233:
230:
229:
228:
227:
215:
207:
206:
204:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
152:
149:
148:
144:
143:
141:
140:
135:
130:
128:Cloister vault
124:
121:
120:
116:
115:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
70:
69:
65:
64:
58:
57:
49:
48:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13503:
13492:
13489:
13487:
13484:
13482:
13479:
13477:
13474:
13472:
13469:
13467:
13464:
13462:
13459:
13457:
13454:
13452:
13449:
13447:
13444:
13443:
13441:
13428:
13427:
13415:
13414:
13409:
13402:
13396:
13390:
13387:
13385:
13382:
13380:
13377:
13375:
13372:
13370:
13367:
13365:
13362:
13360:
13357:
13355:
13352:
13350:
13347:
13346:
13344:
13340:
13334:
13331:
13329:
13326:
13324:
13321:
13319:
13316:
13315:
13313:
13309:
13303:
13300:
13298:
13295:
13293:
13290:
13289:
13287:
13283:
13273:
13270:
13268:
13265:
13263:
13260:
13258:
13255:
13253:
13250:
13248:
13245:
13243:
13240:
13239:
13237:
13233:
13227:
13224:
13222:
13219:
13217:
13214:
13212:
13209:
13207:
13204:
13202:
13201:Hasht-Bihisht
13199:
13197:
13194:
13192:
13189:
13187:
13184:
13182:
13179:
13177:
13174:
13172:
13169:
13168:
13166:
13162:
13156:
13153:
13151:
13148:
13145:
13141:
13138:
13136:
13133:
13131:
13128:
13126:
13123:
13121:
13118:
13116:
13113:
13111:
13108:
13106:
13103:
13101:
13098:
13096:
13093:
13091:
13088:
13086:
13083:
13081:
13078:
13076:
13075:Jama'at Khana
13073:
13071:
13068:
13066:
13063:
13061:
13058:
13056:
13053:
13052:
13050:
13046:
13043:
13039:
13029:
13026:
13024:
13021:
13019:
13016:
13014:
13011:
13008:
13005:
13003:
13000:
12998:
12995:
12993:
12990:
12988:
12985:
12982:
12979:
12977:
12974:
12973:
12971:
12965:
12959:
12956:
12954:
12951:
12949:
12946:
12944:
12941:
12939:
12936:
12934:
12931:
12930:
12928:
12922:
12916:
12913:
12911:
12908:
12906:
12903:
12901:
12898:
12896:
12895:Mughal garden
12893:
12891:
12888:
12886:
12883:
12881:
12878:
12877:
12875:
12871:
12865:
12862:
12860:
12857:
12855:
12852:
12850:
12847:
12844:
12841:
12839:
12836:
12834:
12831:
12829:
12826:
12825:
12823:
12819:
12813:
12810:
12808:
12805:
12803:
12800:
12798:
12795:
12793:
12790:
12788:
12785:
12783:
12780:
12778:
12775:
12773:
12770:
12768:
12765:
12763:
12760:
12758:
12755:
12753:
12750:
12748:
12745:
12743:
12740:
12738:
12735:
12733:
12730:
12728:
12725:
12723:
12720:
12717:
12714:
12711:
12708:
12704:
12703:
12701:
12697:
12691:
12688:
12686:
12683:
12681:
12678:
12676:
12673:
12671:
12668:
12666:
12663:
12661:
12658:
12656:
12653:
12651:
12648:
12646:
12643:
12641:
12638:
12635:
12632:
12630:
12627:
12625:
12622:
12621:
12619:
12613:
12606:
12603:
12601:
12598:
12596:
12593:
12590:
12586:
12582:
12578:
12574:
12571:
12570:
12568:
12564:
12558:
12555:
12553:
12550:
12548:
12545:
12543:
12540:
12538:
12535:
12533:
12530:
12528:
12525:
12523:
12520:
12518:
12515:
12512:
12509:
12508:
12506:
12502:
12497:
12487:
12484:
12482:
12479:
12478:
12476:
12472:
12469:
12465:
12459:
12456:
12454:
12451:
12449:
12446:
12444:
12441:
12439:
12436:
12434:
12431:
12429:
12426:
12424:
12421:
12417:
12414:
12412:
12409:
12407:
12404:
12402:
12399:
12397:
12394:
12393:
12392:
12389:
12387:
12384:
12382:
12379:
12377:
12373:
12370:
12366:
12363:
12361:
12358:
12356:
12353:
12351:
12348:
12347:
12346:
12343:
12341:
12338:
12336:
12333:
12331:
12328:
12326:
12323:
12321:
12318:
12316:
12313:
12311:
12308:
12307:
12305:
12301:
12297:
12290:
12285:
12283:
12278:
12276:
12271:
12270:
12267:
12255:
12252:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12242:
12240:
12237:
12235:
12232:
12230:
12227:
12225:
12222:
12220:
12217:
12215:
12212:
12210:
12209:Roof sheeting
12207:
12205:
12202:
12200:
12197:
12195:
12192:
12190:
12187:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12177:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12165:
12164:Lightning rod
12162:
12160:
12157:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12135:
12132:
12130:
12127:
12125:
12122:
12120:
12117:
12115:
12112:
12110:
12107:
12105:
12102:
12100:
12097:
12096:
12094:
12092:Roof elements
12090:
12085:
12075:
12072:
12070:
12067:
12065:
12064:Sawtooth roof
12062:
12060:
12057:
12055:
12052:
12050:
12047:
12045:
12044:Pavilion roof
12042:
12040:
12037:
12035:
12032:
12030:
12027:
12025:
12022:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12007:
12005:
12002:
12000:
11997:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11977:
11975:
11972:
11970:
11967:
11965:
11962:
11960:
11957:
11956:
11954:
11952:
11948:
11944:
11937:
11932:
11930:
11925:
11923:
11918:
11917:
11914:
11902:
11893:
11892:
11889:
11883:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11865:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11850:
11848:
11845:
11843:
11840:
11839:
11837:
11833:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11802:
11799:
11795:
11792:
11791:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11782:
11780:
11777:
11775:
11772:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11762:
11760:
11757:
11755:
11752:
11748:
11745:
11744:
11743:
11740:
11738:
11735:
11733:
11730:
11728:
11725:
11723:
11720:
11718:
11715:
11713:
11710:
11708:
11704:
11701:
11699:
11696:
11694:
11690:
11687:
11685:
11682:
11680:
11677:
11675:
11672:
11670:
11667:
11665:
11662:
11660:
11657:
11656:
11654:
11650:
11649:Architectural
11646:
11640:
11637:
11635:
11632:
11630:
11629:Semi-detached
11627:
11625:
11622:
11620:
11617:
11615:
11612:
11610:
11607:
11605:
11602:
11598:
11595:
11593:
11590:
11588:
11585:
11584:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11569:
11567:
11563:
11557:
11554:
11552:
11549:
11547:
11546:Swimming pool
11544:
11542:
11539:
11537:
11534:
11532:
11529:
11527:
11524:
11522:
11519:
11517:
11514:
11512:
11509:
11507:
11504:
11502:
11499:
11497:
11494:
11492:
11489:
11487:
11486:Great chamber
11484:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11474:
11472:
11468:
11465:
11461:
11458:
11456:
11453:
11451:
11448:
11446:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11433:
11432:
11430:
11428:
11425:
11423:
11420:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11410:
11404:
11401:
11399:
11398:Wiring closet
11396:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11386:
11384:
11381:
11379:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11369:Semi-basement
11367:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11351:
11348:
11346:
11342:
11338:
11335:
11333:
11330:
11328:
11325:
11323:
11320:
11318:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11299:
11296:
11294:
11291:
11289:
11286:
11284:
11281:
11279:
11276:
11274:
11271:
11270:
11268:
11266:
11261:
11257:
11253:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11228:
11225:
11223:
11220:
11218:
11215:
11211:
11208:
11206:
11203:
11202:
11201:
11198:
11196:
11193:
11191:
11188:
11186:
11183:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11173:
11171:
11168:
11166:
11163:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11153:
11149:
11146:
11145:
11144:
11141:
11139:
11135:
11132:
11128:
11125:
11124:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11100:
11098:
11095:
11093:
11090:
11089:
11087:
11083:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11055:
11052:
11051:
11049:
11046:
11042:
11039:
11038:
11037:
11034:
11033:
11031:
11029:Private rooms
11027:
11021:
11018:
11016:
11013:
11011:
11008:
11004:
11003:billiard room
11001:
11000:
10999:
10996:
10992:
10989:
10988:
10987:
10984:
10980:
10977:
10976:
10975:
10972:
10970:
10967:
10963:
10960:
10958:
10957:dirty kitchen
10955:
10954:
10953:
10950:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10940:
10938:
10935:
10933:
10930:
10928:
10925:
10923:
10920:
10918:
10915:
10913:
10910:
10909:
10907:
10905:
10901:
10897:
10893:
10886:
10881:
10879:
10874:
10872:
10867:
10866:
10863:
10855:on 2013-01-16
10854:
10850:
10849:
10843:
10839:
10835:
10831:
10827:
10823:
10819:
10814:
10810:
10804:
10800:
10799:
10793:
10789:
10783:
10779:
10775:
10774:
10768:
10765:
10759:
10755:
10751:
10746:
10742:
10736:
10732:
10731:
10725:
10713:
10709:
10705:
10700:
10696:
10690:
10686:
10685:
10679:
10675:
10669:
10665:
10664:
10658:
10654:
10648:
10637:
10633:
10627:
10620:
10619:
10613:
10609:
10603:
10599:
10598:
10592:
10585:
10581:
10575:
10568:
10567:
10561:
10557:
10553:
10549:
10545:
10541:
10537:
10532:
10528:
10522:
10518:
10517:
10511:
10507:
10501:
10497:
10492:
10488:
10487:
10482:
10477:
10476:"Vault"
10472:
10468:
10464:
10458:
10454:
10453:
10447:
10444:on 2011-07-28
10443:
10439:
10438:
10433:
10429:
10423:
10419:
10418:
10412:
10409:
10405:
10399:
10394:
10393:
10386:
10382:
10376:
10372:
10367:
10364:
10358:
10354:
10353:
10347:
10343:
10339:
10335:
10331:
10327:
10323:
10319:
10315:
10311:
10306:
10302:
10298:
10294:
10290:
10286:
10282:
10277:
10273:
10269:
10265:
10261:
10257:
10253:
10248:
10244:
10238:
10234:
10233:
10227:
10223:
10219:
10215:
10211:
10207:
10203:
10198:
10194:
10188:
10184:
10183:
10177:
10173:
10169:
10164:
10160:
10154:
10150:
10149:
10143:
10139:
10137:9780878170333
10133:
10129:
10128:
10122:
10118:
10112:
10108:
10107:
10101:
10097:
10093:
10089:
10085:
10080:
10076:
10070:
10067:. Routledge.
10066:
10065:
10059:
10056:
10050:
10046:
10045:
10039:
10036:
10030:
10026:
10025:
10019:
10016:
10010:
10006:
10002:
9997:
9993:
9987:
9983:
9982:
9976:
9972:
9966:
9962:
9961:
9955:
9951:
9945:
9941:
9940:
9934:
9930:
9924:
9919:
9918:
9911:
9907:
9901:
9897:
9896:
9890:
9886:
9880:
9875:
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9858:on 2021-06-24
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9558:Classic Style
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9318:
9313:
9309:
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9299:
9298:
9292:
9283:on 2020-07-29
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8827:Kern, Chris,
8825:
8815:on 2021-08-28
8811:
8807:
8800:
8795:
8784:on 2015-05-29
8780:
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8774:9789004309777
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8475:
8469:
8458:on 2015-02-22
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8201:9780500274293
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8169:
8165:
8158:
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8149:
8143:
8139:
8138:
8132:
8129:on 2012-03-05
8128:
8124:
8123:
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8114:
8108:
8101:
8100:
8094:
8084:on 2014-04-27
8080:
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8062:
8056:
8046:on 2013-05-14
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7806:
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7798:
7794:
7789:
7779:on 2016-03-31
7775:
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7709:
7706:
7700:
7697:, Routledge,
7696:
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7686:
7680:
7677:, Routledge,
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6810:
6804:
6800:
6799:
6793:
6789:
6788:
6782:
6781:
6770:, p. 49.
6769:
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6709:
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6661:
6656:
6649:
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6642:
6634:
6629:
6622:
6617:
6611:, p. 32.
6610:
6605:
6598:
6593:
6587:, p. 26.
6586:
6581:
6574:
6569:
6562:
6557:
6550:
6545:
6539:, p. 13.
6538:
6533:
6526:
6521:
6514:
6509:
6502:
6497:
6491:, p. 48.
6490:
6485:
6478:
6477:Nuttgens 1997
6473:
6466:
6461:
6454:
6449:
6442:
6437:
6430:
6425:
6418:
6413:
6407:, p. 15.
6406:
6401:
6394:
6389:
6382:
6381:Peterson 1996
6377:
6370:
6365:
6358:
6353:
6346:
6341:
6334:
6333:Nuttgens 1997
6329:
6322:
6317:
6311:, p. 73.
6310:
6305:
6298:
6297:Nuttgens 1997
6293:
6286:
6281:
6274:
6273:Nuttgens 1997
6269:
6267:
6259:
6254:
6247:
6242:
6235:
6230:
6228:
6226:
6218:
6217:Nuttgens 1997
6213:
6206:
6201:
6194:
6189:
6182:
6177:
6171:, p. 89.
6170:
6165:
6158:
6153:
6146:
6141:
6134:
6129:
6122:
6117:
6111:, p. 84.
6110:
6105:
6098:
6093:
6087:, p. 75.
6086:
6081:
6079:
6071:
6066:
6059:
6054:
6047:
6042:
6035:
6030:
6023:
6018:
6011:
6006:
5999:
5994:
5987:
5982:
5975:
5970:
5963:
5958:
5951:
5946:
5939:
5934:
5932:
5924:
5919:
5912:
5907:
5901:, p. 72.
5900:
5895:
5889:, p. 48.
5888:
5883:
5876:
5871:
5864:
5859:
5852:
5847:
5840:
5835:
5828:
5823:
5817:, p. 60.
5816:
5811:
5804:
5803:Bullough 1991
5799:
5792:
5787:
5780:
5775:
5773:
5765:
5760:
5753:
5748:
5741:
5736:
5730:, p. 43.
5729:
5724:
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5712:
5705:
5700:
5693:
5688:
5681:
5676:
5669:
5664:
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5630:
5625:
5623:
5615:
5610:
5603:
5598:
5591:
5586:
5579:
5574:
5568:, p. 56.
5567:
5562:
5555:
5550:
5543:
5538:
5532:, p. 16.
5531:
5526:
5519:
5514:
5507:
5502:
5495:
5490:
5484:, p. 77.
5483:
5478:
5472:, p. 49.
5471:
5466:
5459:
5454:
5447:
5442:
5440:
5432:
5427:
5420:
5415:
5409:, p. 79.
5408:
5403:
5396:
5391:
5384:
5379:
5372:
5367:
5365:
5358:, p. 55.
5357:
5352:
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5340:
5333:
5328:
5321:
5316:
5309:
5304:
5297:
5292:
5285:
5280:
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5268:
5261:
5256:
5249:
5244:
5237:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5216:
5211:
5205:, p. 99.
5204:
5199:
5192:
5187:
5180:
5175:
5173:
5165:
5160:
5153:
5148:
5142:, p. 64.
5141:
5136:
5129:
5124:
5118:, p. 69.
5117:
5112:
5105:
5100:
5093:
5092:Crandall 2000
5088:
5081:
5076:
5070:, p. 24.
5069:
5064:
5057:
5052:
5045:
5040:
5033:
5028:
5022:, p. 69.
5021:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5010:
5002:
4997:
4990:
4985:
4983:
4976:, p. 58.
4975:
4970:
4963:
4958:
4951:
4946:
4939:
4934:
4927:
4922:
4915:
4914:Bagliani 2009
4910:
4908:
4906:
4898:
4893:
4886:
4881:
4875:, p. 42.
4874:
4873:Hamilton 1983
4869:
4862:
4857:
4850:
4845:
4839:, p. 36.
4838:
4833:
4826:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4809:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4790:
4785:
4778:
4773:
4766:
4761:
4754:
4749:
4742:
4737:
4730:
4725:
4719:, p. 79.
4718:
4713:
4706:
4701:
4694:
4689:
4687:
4679:
4674:
4668:, p. 80.
4667:
4662:
4655:
4650:
4643:
4638:
4636:
4628:
4623:
4621:
4613:
4608:
4601:
4596:
4589:
4584:
4577:
4572:
4565:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4549:, p. 62.
4548:
4547:Makowski 1962
4543:
4541:
4533:
4528:
4521:
4516:
4509:
4504:
4497:
4492:
4485:
4480:
4473:
4468:
4462:, p. 13.
4461:
4456:
4449:
4444:
4442:
4434:
4429:
4422:
4417:
4411:, p. 53.
4410:
4405:
4398:
4393:
4386:
4381:
4374:
4369:
4363:, p. 22.
4362:
4361:Blockley 2014
4357:
4350:
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4314:
4309:
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4268:
4260:
4255:
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4224:
4223:Giustina 2003
4219:
4213:, p. 73.
4212:
4207:
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4195:
4188:
4183:
4177:, p. 68.
4176:
4175:Peterson 1996
4171:
4169:
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4141:
4136:
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4126:
4121:
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4097:
4095:
4087:
4086:Nuttgens 1997
4082:
4075:
4070:
4063:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4039:, p. 63.
4038:
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3826:Jannasch 2016
3822:
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3097:air supported
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2926:
2916:
2914:
2913:Neo-Classical
2908:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2889:catenary arch
2886:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2866:Baroque style
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2846:
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2836:
2826:
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2796:
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2785:is the domed
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2623:, written by
2622:
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2614:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2581:The Cathedral
2578:
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2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2421:
2415:Ottoman domes
2412:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2303:(1555â61) in
2302:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2287:Old Testament
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2233:Russian domes
2230:
2228:
2224:
2223:Low Countries
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1993:(532â537) by
1992:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1970:Eastern Roman
1967:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1849:Yangtze River
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1780:Model of the
1778:
1772:Chinese domes
1769:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1732:Nizam al-Mulk
1729:
1725:
1724:Seljuk Empire
1720:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1656:Persian domes
1653:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1535:
1530:
1516:
1498:
1486:
1474:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:Umbrella dome
1405:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1332:
1313:
1301:
1289:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1246:is a dome of
1245:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1209:Low Countries
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1185:Bulbous domes
1181:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1123:Geodesic dome
1117:Geodesic dome
1114:
1112:
1106:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1055:A corbel dome
1051:
1042:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1016:Compound dome
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
949:
939:
937:
933:
932:stressed skin
929:
925:
921:
917:
915:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
893:
888:
884:
880:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
838:
823:
821:
817:
816:
811:
805:
803:
799:
795:
785:
783:
782:Christian era
779:
775:
771:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
723:
717:
707:
705:
701:
697:
691:
689:
684:
679:
675:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
646:
644:
640:
636:
633:Experimental
631:
627:
625:
621:
617:
612:
610:
606:
602:
596:
587:
584:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
529:
524:
515:
512:
508:
503:
501:
500:compound dome
497:
493:
489:
483:
481:
477:
472:
464:
459:
455:
453:
447:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
398:
396:
392:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:ancient world
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
254:
249:
247:
242:
240:
235:
234:
232:
231:
226:
221:
216:
214:
211:
210:
209:
208:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
151:
150:
146:
145:
139:
136:
134:
133:Geodesic dome
131:
129:
126:
125:
123:
122:
118:
117:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
81:Persian domes
79:
77:
74:
73:
72:
71:
67:
66:
63:
60:
59:
55:
51:
50:
47:
44:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
18:Compound dome
13417:
13404:
13401:Islamic arts
13181:Caravanserai
12706:
12660:Loudspeakers
12585:Persian dome
12572:
12547:Pointed arch
12345:Indo-Islamic
12335:Great Seljuk
12239:Solar panels
12154:Hanging beam
12049:Rhombic roof
12039:Mansard roof
12019:Gambrel roof
11998:
11994:Conical roof
11779:Roof lantern
11711:
11531:Smoking room
11501:Long gallery
11481:Drawing room
11467:Conservatory
11374:Storm cellar
11345:Storage room
11341:Utility room
11337:Laundry room
11313:Furnace room
10904:Shared rooms
10853:the original
10847:
10824:(1): 69â88.
10821:
10817:
10797:
10772:
10753:
10729:
10716:. Retrieved
10711:
10707:
10683:
10662:
10636:the original
10617:
10596:
10584:the original
10565:
10539:
10535:
10515:
10495:
10484:
10451:
10442:the original
10436:
10416:
10407:
10391:
10370:
10351:
10317:
10313:
10284:
10280:
10255:
10251:
10231:
10205:
10201:
10181:
10171:
10168:Architectura
10167:
10147:
10126:
10105:
10087:
10083:
10063:
10043:
10023:
10004:
9980:
9959:
9938:
9916:
9894:
9872:
9860:, retrieved
9853:the original
9848:
9844:
9828:November 28,
9826:, retrieved
9817:
9797:
9778:
9764:(1): 53â70.
9761:
9757:
9733:
9729:
9709:
9696:. Retrieved
9692:
9669:
9649:
9628:
9602:
9598:
9578:
9557:
9536:
9515:
9489:
9485:
9465:
9444:
9421:(25): 1â20.
9418:
9415:Disegnarecon
9414:
9395:
9362:
9358:
9338:
9323:(2): 62â79.
9320:
9316:
9296:
9285:, retrieved
9281:the original
9276:
9247:
9243:
9218:
9194:
9172:
9159:, retrieved
9153:
9134:
9115:
9091:
9069:
9047:
9027:
9006:
8980:
8976:
8956:
8935:
8914:
8889:
8868:
8858:February 14,
8856:, retrieved
8852:the original
8846:
8844:Kies, Lisa,
8834:, retrieved
8829:
8817:. Retrieved
8810:the original
8805:
8786:. Retrieved
8779:the original
8756:
8752:
8726:
8706:
8687:
8666:
8662:
8635:
8598:
8594:
8574:
8554:Architecture
8553:
8541:, retrieved
8536:
8515:
8494:
8473:
8462:February 22,
8460:. Retrieved
8453:the original
8448:
8444:
8418:
8398:
8377:
8351:
8347:
8331:. Springer.
8327:
8316:November 16,
8314:. Retrieved
8307:the original
8302:
8298:
8269:(1): 15â21.
8266:
8262:
8237:
8233:
8213:
8191:
8172:
8163:
8136:
8127:the original
8121:
8098:
8086:. Retrieved
8079:the original
8060:
8048:. Retrieved
8041:the original
8036:
8009:
7988:
7967:
7943:
7930:. Retrieved
7926:
7922:
7905:
7884:
7863:
7838:
7813:
7809:
7792:
7781:. Retrieved
7774:the original
7755:
7734:
7713:
7693:
7673:
7652:
7641:, retrieved
7619:
7595:
7577:
7573:
7553:
7533:
7497:
7493:
7477:. Springer.
7473:
7452:
7432:
7412:
7388:
7361:
7340:
7330:
7306:
7296:February 28,
7294:, retrieved
7290:
7276:
7257:
7236:
7215:
7194:
7176:
7172:
7132:
7128:
7108:
7087:
7061:
7057:
7029:
7011:
7007:
6987:
6966:
6954:the original
6949:
6925:
6921:
6908:(3): 98â115.
6905:
6901:
6872:, retrieved
6865:the original
6860:
6844:
6817:
6797:
6786:
6777:Bibliography
6763:
6751:
6739:
6727:
6715:
6703:
6691:
6679:
6667:
6655:
6650:, p. 8.
6628:
6616:
6609:Coleman 2006
6604:
6592:
6580:
6568:
6556:
6544:
6532:
6520:
6508:
6496:
6484:
6472:
6460:
6448:
6436:
6424:
6412:
6400:
6388:
6376:
6364:
6352:
6340:
6328:
6316:
6304:
6292:
6280:
6253:
6241:
6212:
6207:, p. 5.
6200:
6188:
6176:
6164:
6157:Goodwin 2003
6152:
6140:
6135:, "Ottoman".
6128:
6121:Goodwin 1971
6116:
6104:
6092:
6065:
6053:
6041:
6029:
6024:, p. 7.
6017:
6005:
5993:
5981:
5969:
5957:
5945:
5923:Stewart 2008
5918:
5906:
5899:Jeffery 2010
5894:
5882:
5870:
5858:
5846:
5834:
5822:
5810:
5798:
5793:, p. 5.
5786:
5759:
5747:
5735:
5723:
5711:
5699:
5687:
5675:
5668:Darling 2004
5663:
5636:
5609:
5597:
5585:
5573:
5561:
5549:
5537:
5525:
5518:Johnson 2009
5513:
5501:
5494:Lehmann 1945
5489:
5477:
5465:
5453:
5446:Lehmann 1945
5433:, p. 9.
5426:
5419:Lehmann 1945
5414:
5402:
5390:
5378:
5351:
5339:
5327:
5315:
5303:
5291:
5279:
5267:
5255:
5243:
5210:
5198:
5186:
5159:
5147:
5135:
5130:, p. 6.
5123:
5111:
5099:
5087:
5075:
5063:
5051:
5039:
5027:
4996:
4969:
4964:, p. 1.
4962:Bellini 2017
4957:
4945:
4933:
4921:
4892:
4880:
4868:
4856:
4844:
4832:
4784:
4772:
4765:Karydis 2012
4760:
4748:
4736:
4724:
4712:
4700:
4680:, p. 9.
4673:
4661:
4649:
4607:
4595:
4583:
4571:
4527:
4515:
4503:
4491:
4479:
4467:
4455:
4450:, p. 9.
4428:
4416:
4404:
4397:Grupico 2011
4392:
4380:
4368:
4356:
4344:
4332:
4320:
4308:
4301:Robison 1991
4281:
4254:
4242:
4230:
4218:
4206:
4194:
4182:
4147:
4142:, p. 5.
4140:IbrÄhÄ«m 1975
4127:, p. 3.
4120:
4108:
4103:, p. 2.
4081:
4069:
4017:
4005:
3976:
3964:
3920:
3908:
3903:, p. 4.
3896:
3855:
3850:, p. 5.
3843:
3821:
3814:Chilton 2000
3794:
3752:
3710:
3698:
3656:
3644:
3617:
3605:
3593:
3566:
3479:
3467:
3455:
3443:
3431:
3419:
3407:
3400:Osborne 2004
3395:
3381:Chilton 2000
3341:
3301:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3242:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3225:and then an
3222:
3214:
3187:
3168:Copper domes
3094:
3054:
3007:
2979:Halle au Blé
2967:wrought iron
2955:
2938:Eden Project
2909:
2885:Robert Hooke
2874:
2870:
2850:
2843:The dome of
2814:
2778:Lodi dynasty
2771:
2730:medieval era
2727:
2685:Il Redentore
2658:
2618:
2617:
2609:Pazzi Chapel
2594:
2589:Brunelleschi
2552:
2507:Hagia Sophia
2492:
2461:
2457:Central Asia
2441:Seljuk Turks
2426:
2389:
2346:
2342:tented roofs
2318:
2255:
2221:exposed the
2199:Mamluk Egypt
2180:
2133:
2125:
2086:
2049:
2019:
2004:
1991:Hagia Sophia
1979:Hagia Sophia
1963:
1942:
1925:the Flavians
1921:Emperor Nero
1906:
1894:
1883:Painting by
1857:Song dynasty
1852:
1836:
1830:
1815:
1793:
1787:
1758:Qajar period
1754:Shah Cheragh
1747:
1736:
1721:
1709:
1697:Greater Iran
1687:
1629:
1613:
1593:Himba people
1571:was made by
1565:modern times
1562:
1546:
1458:Hagia Sophia
1454:Mamluk Egypt
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:Also called
1411:
1402:
1393:
1389:
1388:Also called
1387:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:Also called
1341:
1328:
1251:
1243:
1241:
1218:Kolomenskoye
1188:
1184:
1183:
1163:
1161:
1148:tetrahedrons
1140:icosahedrons
1127:
1126:
1111:semi-ellipse
1108:
1035:
1025:
1021:
1020:Also called
1019:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
952:Also called
951:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
890:
886:
882:
876:
855:cantilevered
850:
847:cribbed dome
846:
842:
840:
837:Beehive tomb
831:Beehive dome
814:
806:
791:
778:church altar
767:
763:Golden House
743:
735:tholos tombs
719:
692:
680:
676:
652:
635:rammed earth
632:
628:
620:Central Asia
613:
597:
593:
559:
532:
511:architecture
504:
499:
495:
491:
487:
484:
475:
468:
448:
444:
434:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
404:
387:
312:
310:and cupola.
308:roof lantern
285:
272:
264:
262:
45:
13028:Windcatcher
13009:(courtyard)
12762:Mosque lamp
12742:Girih tiles
12699:Decorations
12577:Arabic dome
12249:Weathervane
12224:Roof window
12194:Roof garden
12189:Roof batten
12119:Collar beam
12074:Tented roof
12059:Saddle roof
12054:Ridged roof
12014:Gablet roof
11974:Bochka roof
11964:Barrel roof
11959:Arched roof
11951:Roof shapes
11872:Home repair
11669:Belt course
11577:Hidden room
11506:Lumber room
11422:Antechamber
11413:Great house
11393:Wine cellar
11364:Root cellar
11317:Boiler room
11298:Crawl space
10969:Living room
10962:kitchenette
10947:Home cinema
10932:Family room
10927:Dining room
10917:Common room
10718:December 7,
9698:October 26,
9198:. Penguin.
9161:February 3,
8669:(1): 5â23.
8354:: 129â144.
7291:Smithsonian
7064:(1): 5â25.
7008:Early Music
6648:DimÄiÄ 2011
6525:Palmer 2009
6417:Tappin 2003
6393:Tappin 2003
6369:Tappin 2003
6357:Tappin 2003
6345:Tappin 2003
6321:Tappin 2003
6285:Huerta 2007
6181:SchĂŒtz 2002
5911:Howard 1991
5887:Porter 1928
5863:Kuiper 2011
5680:Rosser 2011
5590:Spiers 1911
5458:Winter 2006
5356:Nickel 2015
5332:Kuiper 2011
5272:Grabar 1963
5236:O'Kane 1995
5215:Spiers 1911
5191:Grabar 1963
5179:Grabar 1963
5020:Yaghan 2003
4897:Huerta 2007
4532:Wright 2009
4496:Höcker 2000
4448:Kayili 2005
4433:Grabar 1963
3998:Dumser 2010
3913:Wright 2009
3860:Huerta 2007
3772:Harris 2013
3730:Harris 2005
3703:Heyman 1997
3676:McNeil 2002
3637:Parker 2012
3586:Burden 2012
3559:Clarke 2010
3472:Palmer 2016
3460:Guedes 2016
3424:Parker 2003
3412:Saylor 1994
3247:Downey 1946
3192:Parker 2012
3101:radar domes
3078:thin shells
3070:planetarium
2958:historicism
2661:Villa Capra
2605:San Lorenzo
2532:Mimar Sinan
2487:Blue Mosque
2400:Ivan Mazepa
2321:onion domes
2313:onion domes
2093:Charlemagne
2056:Arab Muslim
1845:Western Jin
1831:During the
1818:Han dynasty
1784:(25â220 AD)
1716:Transoxiana
1616:Mesopotamia
1549:pre-history
1542: 1903
1422:organ-piped
1384:Saucer dome
1368:pendentives
1344:sail vaults
1264:Renaissance
1201:Middle East
1144:octahedrons
966:gored domes
962:coved domes
883:braced dome
879:space frame
873:Braced dome
663:compressive
616:Middle East
507:engineering
496:simple dome
441:Definitions
363:Middle Ages
327:Hellenistic
300:pendentives
13440:Categories
13311:Influences
13226:Well house
12997:Mashrabiya
12645:Hussainiya
12581:Onion dome
12372:Indonesian
12360:Qutb Shahi
12254:Wind brace
12219:Roof truss
12214:Roof tiles
12204:Roof ridge
12184:Ridge vent
12144:Green roof
12034:Onion dome
12009:Gable roof
11989:Clerestory
11969:Board roof
11882:Tree house
11852:Front yard
11784:Sill plate
11732:Foundation
11674:Bressummer
11587:house plan
11556:Undercroft
11541:State room
11491:Great hall
11460:still room
11127:dumbwaiter
11112:Cubby-hole
10942:Great room
10912:Bonus room
10174:: 117â139.
10106:Derbyshire
9862:2020-08-29
9693:New Advent
9492:: 91â121.
9287:2020-07-26
9250:(4): 2â8.
8819:2013-11-28
8543:August 15,
8182:080181202X
8088:2015-03-13
8050:2013-03-03
7783:2013-03-07
7643:2020-04-09
6874:October 6,
6537:Allen 2001
6513:Earls 1971
6501:Earls 1971
6258:Betts 1993
6205:Betts 1993
6169:Kuban 1987
6145:Kuban 1987
6109:Kuban 1987
6097:Kuban 1987
6085:Kuban 1987
6058:Pevny 2009
6034:Zagraevsky
6022:Cowan 1977
5851:Kuban 1985
5791:Dupré 2001
5728:Smith 1950
5566:Smith 1950
5431:Smith 1950
5164:Smith 1950
5140:Leick 2003
5128:Smith 1950
4989:Dodge 1984
4950:Dodge 1984
4861:Smith 1950
4849:Denny 2010
4705:Dodge 1984
4642:Dodge 1984
4421:Smith 1950
4409:Smith 1950
4385:Smith 1950
4259:Minke 2012
4247:Denny 2010
4211:Kuban 1987
4037:Ching 2011
3925:Dodge 1984
3848:Smith 1950
3836:References
3745:Brett 2012
3598:Kurtz 2004
3571:Ching 2011
3484:Dodge 1984
3346:Dodge 1984
3321:Dodge 1984
3306:Smith 1950
3219:Smith 1950
3207:Smith 1950
3106:Tensegrity
3034:gasometers
3002:Bangladesh
2950:Saint Sava
2815:Round Dome
2811:Gol Gumbaz
2723:onion dome
2721:has large
2514:, and the
2433:Asia Minor
2172:rib vaults
1917:cold rooms
1873:See also:
1666:See also:
1581:structures
1577:Efé people
1331:paraboloid
1236:See also:
1189:onion dome
1180:Onion dome
1174:Onion dome
1168:semicircle
1132:polyhedron
1010:Monticello
994:Tabularium
934:type. The
867:Bronze Age
851:false dome
835:See also:
747:Achaemenid
547:tholobates
533:The word "
528:Carcaixent
343:indigenous
315:prehistory
267:(from
181:Pendentive
138:Onion dome
68:History of
13285:Resources
13048:Religious
13018:Shabestan
12976:Hypostyle
12958:Shadirvan
12727:Arabesque
12650:Imamzadeh
12615:Religious
12595:Semi-dome
12542:Ogee arch
12511:Chahartaq
12474:Materials
12401:Almoravid
12376:Malaysian
12069:Shed roof
12004:Flat roof
11806:Threshold
11689:Colonnade
11634:Townhouse
11572:Furniture
11476:Courtyard
11378:Safe room
11288:Cloakroom
11256:Technical
11246:Vestibule
11231:Staircase
11170:Inglenook
11143:Fireplace
11102:Breezeway
10974:Gynaeceum
10838:109278304
10647:cite book
10542:: 61â74.
10342:0360-1323
10301:111176744
10272:137418637
9435:1828-5961
9387:111941107
8983:: 72â97.
8623:192359421
8601:: 59â74.
7932:April 18,
7816:: 22â34,
7801:10443/868
7157:162699497
6441:Born 1944
6429:Born 1944
6010:skypalace
5986:Born 1944
5974:Born 1944
5764:Born 1944
5740:Arce 2006
5407:Dien 2007
5383:lcsd 2014
5344:Dien 2007
5116:Hill 1996
5056:Hitchcock
5044:Ward 1915
4885:Born 1944
4808:Arun 2006
4741:Como 2013
4729:Curl 2003
4717:Sear 1983
4678:Ward 1915
4666:Dien 2007
4612:Saka 2007
4520:Dror 2011
4101:Ward 1915
4074:Arun 2006
3529:Curl 2003
3271:resembled
3255:sphairion
3072:domes in
3050:gridshell
3014:hothouses
2963:cast iron
2847:in London
2803:Taj Mahal
2799:cenotaphs
2711:Taj Mahal
2528:Yeni Cami
2472:Bayezid I
2409:Chernihiv
2291:Byzantine
2219:Near East
2215:chamfered
2168:Aquitaine
2134:Domes in
2103:and near
2052:Palestine
2045:Jerusalem
1995:Byzantine
1950:centering
1915:, in the
1766:icehouses
1739:Ilkhanate
1558:Mezhirich
1450:elevation
1442:scalloped
1438:parachute
1414:gadrooned
1338:Sail dome
1272:Vicoforte
1244:oval dome
1232:Oval dome
1226:John Nash
1197:Near East
1136:geodesics
892:Schwedler
810:Vitruvius
788:Acoustics
761:, whose "
755:baldachin
710:Symbolism
659:meridians
645:in 1983.
601:Pozzolana
590:Materials
583:spandrels
574:squinches
570:octagonal
480:voussoirs
411:Domus Dei
401:Etymology
395:celestial
296:squinches
196:Tholobate
62:Symbolism
13486:Ceilings
13399:Part of
13235:Military
13171:Baradari
13164:Civilian
12987:Jharokha
12948:Mechouar
12885:Charbagh
12828:Andaruni
12802:Socarrat
12767:Muqarnas
12665:Maqsurah
12557:Vaulting
12486:Tadelakt
12467:Elements
12416:Zayyanid
12396:Aghlabid
12229:Skylight
12199:Roofline
12134:Flashing
12109:Catslide
12029:Hip roof
11979:Bow roof
11847:Driveway
11842:Backyard
11801:Skylight
11764:Plumbing
11759:Ornament
11754:Lighting
11664:Baluster
11652:elements
11624:Detached
11619:Terraced
11471:Orangery
11450:scullery
11427:Ballroom
11403:Workshop
11388:Wardrobe
11376: /
11343: /
11339: /
11315: /
11278:Basement
11210:sleeping
11205:screened
11190:Overhang
11134:Entryway
11122:Elevator
11036:Bathroom
10991:man cave
10536:Muqarnas
10473:(1911).
10096:41756512
9770:44215897
9750:26358183
8977:Muqarnas
8836:July 14,
8675:20752454
7885:Churches
7861:(eds.).
7397:citation
7129:Speculum
6883:citation
6756:Charlier
5001:Gye 1988
4325:Gye 1988
4313:Gye 1988
3957:Fletcher
3942:Catholic
3179:Excerpts
3173:Dome car
3121:See also
2994:Gopalpur
2881:catenary
2860:and, in
2766:stellate
2762:Pakistan
2742:trabeate
2642:quincunx
2634:Bramante
2607:and the
2585:Florence
2526:and the
2443:and the
2435:and the
2283:Apostles
2281:with 12
2195:muqarnas
2187:Alhambra
2164:PĂ©rigord
2152:Crusades
2148:transept
2089:crowning
2081:Abbasids
2076:calderia
1997:emperor
1930:Pantheon
1891:in Rome.
1889:Pantheon
1762:cisterns
1645:Parthian
1624:the West
1609:Cameroon
1394:calottes
1220:and the
1213:minarets
998:Carthage
982:severies
924:skeleton
914:geodesic
859:corbeled
774:ciborium
700:catenary
683:keystone
667:latitude
518:Elements
492:compound
391:mortuary
290:wall, a
213:Category
171:Muqarnas
147:Elements
13333:Mudéjar
13297:ArchNet
13247:AlcĂĄzar
13120:Musalla
13105:Maqbara
13095:Madrasa
13085:KĂŒlliye
13080:Khanqah
13070:Gongbei
12969:cooling
12967:Passive
12933:Chhatri
12926:objects
12924:Outdoor
12873:Gardens
12849:Mirador
12787:Shabaka
12777:Qashani
12732:Banna'i
12675:Minaret
12617:objects
12607:(eaves)
12605:Chhajja
12552:Squinch
12453:Umayyad
12448:Timurid
12438:Swahili
12423:Ottoman
12406:Almohad
12391:Moorish
12381:Iranian
12350:Bengali
12330:Fatimid
12325:Chinese
12320:Ayyubid
12310:Abbasid
12114:Chimney
11835:Related
11811:Transom
11703:Cornice
11693:Portico
11684:Chimney
11679:Ceiling
11511:Parlour
11496:Library
11455:spicery
11445:saucery
11440:buttery
11283:Carport
11265:storage
11260:utility
11241:Veranda
11236:Terrace
11165:Hallway
11097:Balcony
11076:Nursery
11071:Cabinet
11066:Boudoir
11048:Bedroom
11020:Sunroom
10952:Kitchen
10556:1523084
10483:(ed.).
10322:Bibcode
9619:4611482
9506:1291479
9379:3105106
8997:1523097
8788:May 29,
8615:1568594
8368:4299807
7502:Bibcode
7149:2849071
3279:sphaira
3275:sphaira
3267:sphaira
3251:sphaira
3068:of two
2998:Tangail
2936:of the
2883:curve.
2877:statics
2862:Bavaria
2858:Silesia
2854:Bohemia
2795:Chatris
2791:chattri
2669:Vicenza
2468:Mudurnu
2437:Balkans
2357:mercury
2353:gilding
2293:domes.
2203:sultans
2183:Moorish
2176:steeple
2105:Cassino
2072:Umayyad
2058:forces
1954:ribbing
1945:tumulus
1913:Pompeii
1887:of the
1705:squinch
1678:Isfahan
1634:in the
1597:Namibia
1554:Mammoth
1510:History
1426:pumpkin
1268:Baroque
909:lattice
905:Kiewitt
901:lamella
812:in his
733:to the
671:tension
655:thrusts
641:at the
624:ceramic
614:In the
566:lintels
555:lantern
551:tambour
543:rotunda
379:Baroque
335:Chinese
323:Persian
288:rotunda
191:Squinch
186:Rotunda
166:Lantern
13257:Kasbah
13206:Kasbah
13196:Hammam
13191:Ghorfa
13176:Bazaar
13155:Zawiya
13144:takyeh
13115:Mosque
13065:Dargah
12992:Kucheh
12938:Eidgah
12864:Zenana
12812:Zellij
12797:Sitara
12792:Shamsa
12680:Minbar
12670:Mihrab
12655:Kiswah
12640:Gonbad
12504:Arches
12458:Yemeni
12428:Somali
12411:Hafsid
12386:Mamluk
12365:Mughal
12355:Deccan
12303:Styles
12234:Soffit
12179:Rafter
12174:Purlin
12149:Gutter
12124:Dormer
11899:
11857:Garden
11826:Window
11769:Quoins
11747:Portal
11698:Column
11614:Duplex
11592:styles
11551:Turret
11383:Studio
11359:Pantry
11332:Larder
11322:Garage
11293:Closet
11227:Stairs
11185:Loggia
11148:hearth
11138:Genkan
11092:Atrium
11085:Spaces
11054:closet
11041:toilet
11010:Shrine
10986:Andron
10937:Garret
10836:
10805:
10784:
10760:
10737:
10691:
10670:
10628:
10604:
10576:
10554:
10523:
10502:
10459:
10424:
10400:
10377:
10359:
10340:
10299:
10270:
10239:
10222:990663
10220:
10189:
10155:
10134:
10113:
10094:
10071:
10051:
10031:
10011:
9988:
9967:
9946:
9925:
9902:
9881:
9804:
9785:
9768:
9748:
9717:
9677:
9657:
9636:
9617:
9586:
9565:
9544:
9523:
9504:
9473:
9452:
9433:
9402:
9385:
9377:
9346:
9304:
9264:987944
9262:
9225:
9202:
9181:
9142:
9122:
9099:
9078:
9055:
9035:
9014:
8995:
8964:
8943:
8922:
8901:
8897:â140.
8876:
8771:
8733:
8714:
8694:
8673:
8650:
8621:
8613:
8582:
8561:
8523:
8502:
8481:
8426:
8406:
8385:
8366:
8335:
8283:990496
8281:
8254:988190
8252:
8221:
8198:
8179:
8144:
8109:
8071:
8017:
7996:
7975:
7951:
7892:
7871:
7846:
7830:283440
7828:
7766:
7742:
7721:
7701:
7681:
7660:
7634:
7616:"Dome"
7603:
7586:859853
7584:
7561:
7541:
7481:
7460:
7440:
7420:
7369:
7348:
7314:
7265:
7244:
7223:
7202:
7155:
7147:
7116:
7095:
7078:990755
7076:
7045:
6995:
6974:
6825:
6805:
6046:galteh
3263:hollow
3148:Cupola
3026:glazed
2905:Rococo
2819:Deccan
2807:finial
2758:Thatta
2689:plague
2542:, and
2470:under
2378:, the
2376:Moscow
2355:using
2349:gilded
2309:Russia
2305:Moscow
2279:Christ
2242:Gilded
2227:Orient
2158:. The
2121:Sicily
2113:Venice
1668:Gonbad
1569:wigwam
1434:ribbed
1418:fluted
911:, and
887:ribbed
798:chants
739:Iberia
727:stupas
553:" or "
539:turret
535:cupola
488:simple
471:corbel
452:arches
431:cupola
355:Europe
333:, and
304:oculus
281:cupola
277:sphere
176:Oculus
161:Cupola
156:Coffer
119:Styles
13491:Roofs
13446:Domes
13272:Ribat
13267:Qalat
13252:Amsar
13211:Mahal
13150:TĂŒrbe
13140:Takya
13135:Surau
13130:Rauza
13125:Qubba
13110:Mazar
13100:Maqam
13041:Types
12953:Sebil
12843:Liwan
12833:Harem
12821:Rooms
12737:Girih
12722:Alfiz
12716:Ablaq
12690:Zarih
12685:Qibla
12634:Dikka
12629:Bedug
12624:Anaza
12600:Tajug
12566:Roofs
12481:Qadad
12443:Tatar
12340:Hausa
12244:Spire
12159:Joist
12139:Gable
12129:Eaves
12104:Attic
11943:Roofs
11816:Vault
11789:Style
11737:Gable
11727:Floor
11707:Eaves
11597:types
11582:House
11565:Other
11536:Solar
11516:Sauna
11415:areas
11354:floor
11273:Attic
11200:Porch
11195:Patio
11175:Lanai
11155:Foyer
11015:Study
10979:harem
10896:house
10892:Rooms
10834:S2CID
10639:(PDF)
10622:(PDF)
10587:(PDF)
10570:(PDF)
10552:JSTOR
10479:. In
10297:S2CID
10268:S2CID
10218:JSTOR
10092:JSTOR
9856:(PDF)
9841:(PDF)
9818:Domes
9766:JSTOR
9746:JSTOR
9615:JSTOR
9502:JSTOR
9383:S2CID
9375:JSTOR
9260:JSTOR
9240:(PDF)
8993:JSTOR
8813:(PDF)
8802:(PDF)
8782:(PDF)
8749:(PDF)
8671:JSTOR
8619:S2CID
8611:JSTOR
8456:(PDF)
8441:(PDF)
8364:JSTOR
8310:(PDF)
8295:(PDF)
8279:JSTOR
8250:JSTOR
8160:(PDF)
8103:(PDF)
8082:(PDF)
8065:(PDF)
8044:(PDF)
8033:(PDF)
7919:(PDF)
7826:JSTOR
7777:(PDF)
7760:(PDF)
7582:JSTOR
7385:(PDF)
7169:(PDF)
7153:S2CID
7145:JSTOR
7074:JSTOR
6957:(PDF)
6946:(PDF)
6918:(PDF)
6868:(PDF)
6857:(PDF)
6841:(PDF)
3253:or a
3223:shape
3058:tiles
2813:, or
2719:India
2587:with
2337:drums
2333:onion
2207:emirs
2101:Milan
2095:as a
2064:Islam
1901:oculi
1897:baths
1853:diese
1810:Henan
1649:Nyssa
1620:China
1589:Inuit
1585:igloo
1446:lobed
1444:, or
1430:melon
1362:, or
990:cells
988:, or
976:, or
928:truss
920:frame
916:domes
857:, or
849:, or
826:Types
731:India
578:niche
476:finto
427:dosme
415:duomo
407:domus
359:Islam
331:Roman
273:domus
271:
269:Latin
46:Domes
13262:Ksar
13221:Souq
13142:(or
13007:Sahn
12981:Howz
12943:Fina
12915:Riad
12880:Bagh
12859:Qaâa
12854:Hosh
12838:Iwan
12757:Jali
12573:Dome
12169:Loft
11999:Dome
11877:Shed
11862:Home
11821:Wall
11794:list
11774:Roof
11742:Gate
11717:Door
11712:Dome
11659:Arch
11263:and
11217:Ramp
11180:Loft
11160:Hall
11117:Deck
10803:ISBN
10782:ISBN
10758:ISBN
10735:ISBN
10720:2010
10689:ISBN
10668:ISBN
10653:link
10626:ISBN
10602:ISBN
10574:ISBN
10521:ISBN
10500:ISBN
10457:ISBN
10422:ISBN
10398:ISBN
10375:ISBN
10357:ISBN
10338:ISSN
10237:ISBN
10187:ISBN
10153:ISBN
10132:ISBN
10111:ISBN
10069:ISBN
10049:ISBN
10029:ISBN
10009:ISBN
9986:ISBN
9965:ISBN
9944:ISBN
9923:ISBN
9900:ISBN
9879:ISBN
9830:2010
9802:ISBN
9783:ISBN
9715:ISBN
9700:2010
9675:ISBN
9655:ISBN
9634:ISBN
9584:ISBN
9563:ISBN
9542:ISBN
9521:ISBN
9471:ISBN
9450:ISBN
9431:ISSN
9400:ISBN
9344:ISBN
9302:ISBN
9223:ISBN
9200:ISBN
9179:ISBN
9163:2014
9140:ISBN
9120:ISBN
9097:ISBN
9076:ISBN
9053:ISBN
9033:ISBN
9012:ISBN
8962:ISBN
8941:ISBN
8920:ISBN
8899:ISBN
8874:ISBN
8860:2014
8838:2009
8790:2015
8769:ISBN
8731:ISBN
8712:ISBN
8692:ISBN
8648:ISBN
8580:ISBN
8559:ISBN
8545:2009
8521:ISBN
8500:ISBN
8479:ISBN
8464:2015
8424:ISBN
8404:ISBN
8383:ISBN
8348:Iran
8333:ISBN
8318:2014
8303:2011
8219:ISBN
8196:ISBN
8177:ISBN
8142:ISBN
8107:ISBN
8069:ISBN
8015:ISBN
7994:ISBN
7973:ISBN
7949:ISBN
7934:2014
7890:ISBN
7869:ISBN
7844:ISBN
7764:ISBN
7740:ISBN
7719:ISBN
7699:ISBN
7679:ISBN
7658:ISBN
7632:ISBN
7601:ISBN
7559:ISBN
7539:ISBN
7479:ISBN
7458:ISBN
7438:ISBN
7418:ISBN
7403:link
7367:ISBN
7346:ISBN
7312:ISBN
7298:2013
7263:ISBN
7242:ISBN
7221:ISBN
7200:ISBN
7114:ISBN
7093:ISBN
7043:ISBN
6993:ISBN
6972:ISBN
6889:link
6876:2018
6823:ISBN
6803:ISBN
5998:Kies
4753:Kern
3227:idea
3074:Jena
3036:and
3016:and
2988:The
2965:and
2956:The
2856:and
2752:The
2715:Agra
2709:The
2659:The
2648:and
2493:The
2466:and
2464:Ăine
2455:and
2394:and
2365:gold
2271:Kiev
2211:ogee
2205:and
2146:and
2144:nave
2126:The
2119:and
2039:The
1923:and
1843:and
1764:and
1722:The
1695:and
1682:Iran
1622:and
1252:ovum
1248:oval
1193:ogee
1162:The
986:webs
759:Nero
618:and
609:Ties
509:and
490:and
463:arch
435:dome
423:dome
381:and
357:and
349:and
292:drum
265:dome
11722:Ell
10922:Den
10826:doi
10714:(3)
10544:doi
10330:doi
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