155:
their conclavist, which "played so major a role in papal elections for the next three centuries". Clandestine meetings between conclavists were often influential on the outcome of the conclave. According to
Baumgartner, "talented conclavists could achieve a great deal for their masters, but because so much of what they did was behind the scenes, it is difficult to assess accurately their place in the elections, although many conclavists wrote diaries and memoirs detailing the events of the conclaves and their roles".
167:, when cardinals were limited to two conclavists, some had three or more, and one snapshot of the occupants of the conclave suggests an average of seven conclavists per cardinal. Attempts to reduce the total number of people in the conclaveâincluding many ambassadors and foreign agentsâproved unsuccessful. The number of the conclavists ensured that the various bookmakers of Rome were well-informed, streamlining the practice of
187:
38:. The term is sometimes used to refer to all present with a conclave, including the cardinal-electors, but is more properly applied only to the non-cardinals. Conclavists played an important historical role in the negotiations of papal elections and in the evolution of secrecy (or the lack thereof), writing many of the extant accounts of papal elections.
256:(the first in the Vatican since 1775) a common kitchen was used from meals and cardinals were barred from receiving food from the outside; as this reduced the chances for communicating with the outside world during meals, the cardinals began objecting to eating with the conclavists and staff and were given a separate table.
141:. The procedure of locking in the papal elections was intermittently used until, and exclusively used after, 1294. The norms on the number and type of individuals that could accompany them varied from conclave to conclave until the mid fifteenth century, when the role of the conclavist "had become defined".
154:
From the mid-fifteenth century, cardinals were permitted only one conclavist each, usually a servant. This man servant served as a secretary and confidant to his cardinal master, and an intermediary between the cardinals. Many cardinals preferred to delegate the negotiation of "promises of favors" to
213:
A document from the seventeenth century entitled "Advice for the
Conclavist" describes the duties and rewards of the practice: conclavists were expected to care for the physical needs of the cardinal elector (e.g. making his bed and warming his food), gather information, spread disinformation, carry
205:
on the subject of conclavists; he limited cardinals to two conclavists, except for princes and the most senior cardinals, whom he permitted three. In addition to the restriction on relatives, Pius IV required that the conclavist have been in the service of the cardinal for at least one year prior to
309:(1963â1978) reformed the rules of the conclave in an attempt to enforce secrecy; he replaced the allowance of two conclavists per cardinal with a set of common secretaries and servants. Paul VI's reforms in effect eliminated the conclavists, increasing the space available for the rapidly expanding
214:
a heavy purse for distributing funds to minor conclave servants in exchange for information, possess wine and food in his cell for entertaining, and carry disguises for himself and his boss so they could move from cell to cell unrecognized.
162:
and these were housed above the cells of the cardinal electors, all of whom could be housed in the same chapel due to their small number. Limitations on the number of conclavists were often viewed as only a suggestion: during the
239:
Unlike a cardinal, whoâin the case of illness, certified under oath by a physicianâmay leave a conclave, a conclavist cannot. In 1621, forty conclavists died during the conclave (along with eight cardinals) due to a bout of
174:
Conclavists were compensated for the inconvenience of being locked in the conclave by the ransacking of the furnishings of the cell of the newly elected pope and by the expectation of money and
390:
236:, as this animal takes on the quality of the colours of all things which he comes near to and so, speaking and dealing with humans, he would be able to satisfy everyone's nature".
433:
322:
370:
341:
358:
229:
400:
232:, in his treatise "The Conclavist" underscores that sentiment: "I wish my conclavist would transform himself, if it were possible, into the nature of a
221:
210:
and 2,000 more from vacant benefices. He banned the practice of sacking the cell of the elected pope, but the practice continued nonetheless.
282:
was announced, several conclavists apparently attempted to signal his election from the window by "imitating the sewing motions of a tailor,
290:
was the first swept for listening devices, and there are contradictory accounts of a conclavist using a small radio to alert the
821:
314:
67:
in effect eliminated the role of the historical conclavist by banning private aides and creating a common support staff.
274:
Anecdotal accounts have often blamed conclavists for the breach of secrecy in papal elections. For example, after the
836:
806:
791:
362:
310:
861:
856:
374:
353:
164:
45:(a conclavist in the 1740 conclave). Other conclavists have later been elevated to the cardinalate, such as
88:
168:
84:
473:
46:
317:). Since the reign of Paul VI, the only non-cardinals present in conclave after the pronunciation of
404:
91:, which was too small to accommodate "the whole people", as the site of papal elections during the
505:
83:
predates the creation of the papal conclave, with different degrees of involvement characterizing
54:
206:
the conclave. He also decreed that the conclavists collectively be paid 10,000 crowns from the
202:
138:
31:
639:
511:
479:
851:
287:
275:
260:
253:
245:
159:
96:
127:, meaning "with a key"), which evolved during the thirteenth century, being formalized by
95:(537â752). The modern conception of the papal election as the exclusive provenance of the
8:
394:
197:
A frequent choice of conclavist was the brother or nephew of the cardinal elector, until
58:
259:
Throughout history, conclavists have almost exclusively been men; however, during the
832:
817:
802:
787:
384:
380:
349:
268:
190:
50:
633:
207:
105:
100:
92:
337:
The following conclavists have written notable historical accounts of conclaves:
128:
121:
87:. The concept of papal elections as an exclusive event dates to the use of the
35:
504:
472:
845:
298:) of the results of the election before flushing the device down the toilet.
295:
264:
133:
329:
on the subject of electing the pope, and even they depart after the homily.
158:
The allowable number of conclavists was increased by two by the time of the
306:
198:
64:
42:
279:
313:(the common secretaries and servants numbered about seventy in the two
20:
233:
193:, one of the few women in history permitted to serve as a conclavist.
175:
827:
Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and
Visceglia, Maria Antonietta. 2002.
366:
249:
241:
225:
41:
Three popes have been elected from former conclavists, including
632:
345:
326:
218:
76:
186:
80:
291:
325:
are the master himself and the priest chosen to give a
267:) was allowed to bring several German nuns, including
799:
The
Vatican's Women: Female Influence at the Holy See
784:
Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal
Elections
201:(1559â1565) banned this practice. Pius IV issued an
16:
Personal aide to a cardinal during a papal conclave
109:, which limited suffrage to the cardinal-bishops.
244:. Two conclavists were forcibly ejected from the
843:
369:(also spelled "Gualtieri", but not related to
19:For the people electing their own popes, see
332:
829:Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1492-1700
278:, before the election of Giuseppe Sarto as
630:
502:
470:
271:, into "Cell No. 13" as his conclavists.
816:. Vol. II. Darby, PA: DIANE Publishing.
624:
496:
464:
185:
149:
621:Signorotto and Visceglia, 2002, p. 119.
599:
597:
595:
593:
565:
563:
323:master of papal liturgical celebrations
844:
228:and younger brother of the conclavist
814:The Papacy and the Levant (1204-1571)
535:
533:
531:
448:
446:
444:
442:
432:Scottish Reformation Society. 1876. "
643:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
590:
560:
515:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
483:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
434:The Bulwark, Or, Reformation Journal
263:, Cardinal Pacelli (who was elected
391:Antonio Maria di Savoia di Collegno
13:
528:
439:
14:
873:
631:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
503:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
471:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
407:during the conclave of 1549â1550
397:during the conclave of 1549â1550
387:during the conclave of 1549â1550
377:during the conclave of 1549â1550
311:size of the College of Cardinals
248:on March 15 for being agents of
137:in 1274, promulgated during the
782:Baumgartner, Frederic J. 2003.
764:
755:
746:
737:
728:
719:
710:
701:
698:Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 220â221.
692:
683:
674:
671:Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 196â197.
665:
656:
647:
615:
612:Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 120â121.
606:
581:
572:
551:
542:
506:"Christoph Anton Migazzi"
474:"Pierre-Guérin de Tencin"
301:
181:
831:. Cambridge University Press.
519:
487:
455:
426:
417:
1:
812:Setton, Kenneth Meyer. 1978.
776:
548:Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 71â72.
70:
403:, conclavist and brother to
89:Basilica of St. John Lateran
7:
365:, of the noble family from
224:, of the noble family from
169:gambling on papal elections
85:papal selection before 1059
10:
878:
725:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 235.
716:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 225.
707:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 223.
689:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 203.
662:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 188.
653:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 148.
603:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 120.
578:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 108.
569:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 105.
493:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 171.
461:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 180.
423:Baumgartner, 2003, p. xiv.
144:
18:
587:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 79.
557:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 81.
539:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 71.
452:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 72.
333:Other notable conclavists
75:The participation of the
30:was a personal aide of a
801:. St. Martin's Griffin.
525:Baumgartner 2003, p. 12.
411:
321:("everyone out") by the
294:(or, alternatively, the
55:Christoph Anton Migazzi
47:Pierre Guérin de Tencin
786:. Palgrave Macmillan.
405:Juan Ălvarez de Toledo
371:Pietro Paolo Gualtieri
342:Pietro Paolo Gualtieri
203:apostolic constitution
194:
139:Second Council of Lyon
797:Hofmann, Paul. 2002.
770:Setton, 1978, p. 527.
761:Setton, 1978, p. 526.
752:Setton, 1978, p. 520.
743:Setton, 1978, p. 509.
734:Setton, 1978, p. 522.
680:Hofmann, 2002, p. 37.
640:Catholic Encyclopedia
512:Catholic Encyclopedia
480:Catholic Encyclopedia
354:conclave of 1549â1550
189:
150:From the 15th century
79:in the election of a
862:Women and the papacy
857:Election of the Pope
359:Sebastiano Gualterio
315:1978 papal conclaves
288:papal conclave, 1963
254:papal conclave, 1878
230:Sebastiano Gualterio
97:College of Cardinals
436:". vol. 4-5. p. 61.
395:Cristoforo Madruzzo
165:conclave of 1549â50
375:Alessandro Farnese
195:
120:(derived from the
59:Carlo Confalonieri
822:978-0-87169-127-9
381:Angelo Massarelli
373:), conclavist to
363:bishop of Viterbo
350:Bernardino Maffei
286:in Italian". The
269:Pascalina Lehnert
191:Pascalina Lehnert
869:
771:
768:
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634:"Conclave"
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619:
613:
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604:
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579:
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558:
555:
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476:
468:
462:
459:
453:
450:
437:
430:
424:
421:
393:, conclavist to
385:Cardinal Cervini
383:, conclavist to
348:, conclavist to
261:conclave of 1939
222:Felice Gualterio
106:In Nomine Domini
101:Pope Nicholas II
93:Byzantine Papacy
877:
876:
872:
871:
870:
868:
867:
866:
842:
841:
779:
774:
769:
765:
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756:
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733:
729:
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629:
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497:
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469:
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451:
440:
431:
427:
422:
418:
414:
401:Pedro de Toledo
335:
304:
184:
152:
147:
73:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
875:
865:
864:
859:
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839:
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810:
795:
778:
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773:
772:
763:
754:
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736:
727:
718:
709:
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691:
682:
673:
664:
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623:
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589:
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571:
559:
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541:
527:
518:
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486:
463:
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438:
425:
415:
413:
410:
409:
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398:
388:
378:
356:
334:
331:
303:
300:
208:papal treasury
183:
180:
151:
148:
146:
143:
129:Pope Gregory X
72:
69:
51:NiccolĂČ Coscia
36:papal conclave
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
874:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
847:
838:
837:0-521-64146-2
834:
830:
826:
823:
819:
815:
811:
808:
807:0-312-28372-5
804:
800:
796:
793:
792:0-312-29463-8
789:
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781:
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767:
758:
749:
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731:
722:
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704:
695:
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507:
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458:
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328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
299:
297:
296:Vatican Radio
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:1903 conclave
272:
270:
266:
265:Pope Pius XII
262:
257:
255:
252:. During the
251:
247:
246:1829 conclave
243:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
220:
215:
211:
209:
204:
200:
192:
188:
179:
177:
172:
170:
166:
161:
160:1484 conclave
156:
142:
140:
136:
135:
134:Ubi periculum
130:
126:
123:
119:
115:
110:
108:
107:
103:'s 1059 bull
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
68:
66:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
37:
34:present in a
33:
29:
22:
828:
813:
798:
783:
766:
757:
748:
739:
730:
721:
712:
703:
694:
685:
676:
667:
658:
649:
638:
626:
617:
608:
583:
574:
553:
544:
521:
510:
498:
489:
478:
466:
457:
428:
419:
336:
318:
307:Pope Paul VI
305:
302:From Paul VI
283:
273:
258:
238:
217:The erudite
216:
212:
199:Pope Pius IV
196:
182:From Pius IV
173:
157:
153:
132:
124:
117:
113:
111:
104:
74:
65:Pope Paul VI
63:
57:(1740), and
43:Pope Pius VI
40:
27:
25:
852:Conclavists
352:during the
319:Extra omnes
280:Pope Pius X
116:comes from
846:Categories
777:References
114:conclavist
71:Background
28:conclavist
21:Conclavism
234:chameleon
176:benefices
125:cum clave
112:The word
99:dates to
118:conclave
61:(1922).
53:(1724),
49:(1721),
32:cardinal
367:Orvieto
250:Austria
242:malaria
226:Orvieto
145:History
835:
820:
805:
790:
346:Arezzo
327:homily
412:Notes
284:sarto
219:abbot
122:Latin
77:laity
833:ISBN
818:ISBN
803:ISBN
788:ISBN
81:pope
344:of
292:CIA
131:'s
848::
637:.
592:^
562:^
530:^
509:.
477:.
441:^
361:,
178:.
171:.
26:A
824:.
809:.
794:.
23:.
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