333:
72:
421:. The motion called for no confidence in ‘Her Majesty’s Government while remains Prime Minister.’ However the convention only applies to votes related to the entire government, not a particular minister or the Prime Minister. Johnson's supporters claimed that the convention did not therefore apply. Many variations of confidence motions have historically fallen within this convention, for example
775:
feature of the relevant devolution settlement. That follows from the nature of the content, and is acknowledged by the words (“it is recognised” and “will not normally”), of the relevant subsection. We would have expected UK Parliament to have used other words if it were seeking to convert a convention into a legal rule justiciable by the courts.
731:, where the Supreme Court made clear that while the courts could take account of the fact that conventions were operating in a particular area, they were not legally enforceable. The Supreme Court affirmed the view of Professor Colin Munro that 'the validity of conventions cannot be the subject of proceedings in a court of law'.
457:. The precedent is generally thought to have been cemented by the 2013 vote on military intervention in Syria. The government respected the parliamentary vote not to undertake military intervention in the conflict, despite the prerogative power to order military action allowing for unilateral government action.
559:
The
Cabinet Manual makes clear: 'the Sovereign should not be drawn into party politics, and if there is doubt it is the responsibility of those involved in the political process, and in particular the parties represented in parliament, to seek to determine and communicate clearly to the Sovereign who
785:
In taking this view, the court noted 'the practical benefits of achieving harmony between legislatures in areas of competing competence' which would require the retained capacity of the
Westminster Parliament to avoiding duplication of effort, enable the UK Parliament to make UK-wide legislation
774:
y such provisions, the UK Parliament is not seeking to convert the Sewel
Convention into a rule which can be interpreted, let alone enforced, by the courts; rather, it is recognising the convention for what it is, namely a political convention, and is effectively declaring that it is a permanent
672:
The
Cabinet Manual states the convention operates as follows: the fact that the Law Officers have advised, or have not advised, and the content of their advice may not be disclosed outside government without their authority. The Law Officers’ advice to government is subject to legal professional
735:
Judges...are neither the parents nor the guardians of political conventions; they are merely observers. As such, they can recognise the operation of a political convention in the context of deciding a legal question ...but they cannot give legal rulings on its operation or scope, because those
302:– The Lords will give a second reading to government bills on manifesto commitments, a manifesto bill will not be significantly amended by 'wrecking amendments' which fundamentally alter its substance, a relevant bill will be sent to the Commons in sufficient time to deal with any amendments.
425:
motion: ‘That this House has no confidence in Her
Majesty’s Government and deplores the Prime Minister’s conduct of the nation’s affairs.’ In response, the Johnson Government then offered a vote of no confidence in itself with alternate wording omitting the direct mention of the Prime
37:
and constitutional conventions. Conventions may be written or unwritten. They are principles of behaviour which are not legally enforceable, but form part of the constitution by being enforced on a political, professional or personal level. Written conventions can be found in the
684:
A further convention in relation to Law
Officer advice, operating on other ministers, is that the Law Officers must be consulted by ministers or their officials in good time before the government is committed to critical decisions involving legal considerations.
364:
Maiden and valedictory speeches should be short and uncontroversial; they should be heard without interruption (members should remain seated throughout). Maiden speakers should be congratulated by the next speaker and the front bench if they choose.
161:
During a general election, the
Speaker will stand for election in their constituency unopposed by the major parties. During the election, the Speaker will only campaign as a Speaker seeking re-election and not on any political points.
751:
The
Supreme Court have continued to affirm the view that conventions remain unenforceable in law despite being included in statute, so long as the legislation still expresses these conventions as merely conventions. Section 2 of the
681:– The Law Officers may consult with other ministers as to the 'public interest' when making prosecution decisions, but must make the decision entirely on their own judgement and without party political pressure, interest or favour.
724:
A fundamental principle underlying the constitutional convention is that it is not subject to enforcement by a court of law. While this has been a long-held position followed by the courts, it was made explicit in the case of
110:
Members should address each other in the third person and by position ('the Lord
Chancellor alleges' or 'the Honourable Member asserted...') or constituency ('last week the Member for Harrow East said in this House...').
405:
Where a vote of no confidence against the government is submitted by the official opposition, the government must give it time for a debate and vote in the
Commons. It is decided by simple majority.
1491:
766:
727:
555:
The sovereign will appoint as Prime Minister the person who can command the confidence of the Commons, typically this command is by being the leader of the majority party.
309:
to bills dealing with taxation or expenditure. Where such an amendment is made, the bill will be returned to the Lords with a note indicating a breach of the convention.
760:
placed the Sewel convention within legislation. However, recognising the existence of the convention within legislation did not alter the status of the convention. The
437:. Jacqy Sharpe suggests that the same end could be achieved by selecting an alternative PM whom the incumbent PM would be expected to recommend to the sovereign.
1385:
516:
286:
This convention is now firmly established, although the exact structure, length and regularity of questions has been varied by different prime ministers.
136:
147:
Members are expected to be present from the beginning of a debate and remain for at least two speeches after their own and return for closing speeches.
1523:
546:
which would recriminalise same-sex marriage. The government declined to recommend denial of assent, citing the convention and the act was made law.
104:
84:
1413:
179:
1079:
434:
332:
245:
This alters the original conventions, that government will provide a money resolution for any private members bill receiving a second reading.
1122:
504:
Similar to the above, Parliament shall not legislate for nor the government intervene in decisions taken by the local legislatures of the
1205:
361:
Members should attend the greater part of debates and at least the opening, winding-up speeches and the two proceeding their own speech.
224:
The Speaker enjoys wide discretion to interpret the Standing Orders and relevance of precedent. They decide the procedure of the House.
1105:
418:
194:
139:
leadership sit in the front row to the left of the Speaker. Minority party members sit in the back rows below the gangway on the left.
909:
472:
Pre-election period of sensitivity - Ministers should avoid implementing new initiatives or making significant announcements during a
391:– All ministers, taken together as the government, are jointly accountable to Parliament for the government's actions and policies.
1533:
209:
54:
and even legislation. Unwritten conventions exist by virtue of long-practice or may be referenced in other documents such as the
34:
100:
76:
96:
395:
238:
Same Question Rule – The same or substantially similar motion will not be debated twice in the same parliamentary session.
213:
117:
Maiden speeches should occur without interruption. The speaker is congratulated by at least the following two speakers and
995:
591:– The sovereign should follow the three conventional principles in accepting the resignation of a serving Prime Minister.
150:
The chair generally calls members from alternating sides and prioritises those who have been present for a longer period.
1445:
761:
264:
190:
51:
464:
has suggested it includes a requirement that Parliament votes on the proposed intervention, but this is disputed by the
1290:
780:
R (on the application of Miller and another) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union UKSC 5, "Miller No 1"
741:
R (on the application of Miller and another) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union UKSC 5, "Miller No 1"
22:
479:
388:
312:
220:
debates. However Bercow stepped down as an MP and as Speaker before this threatened breach of convention could occur.
47:
282:. Where the Prime Minister cannot attend, either their deputy or another senior minister must act as a replacement.
1335:
1152:
337:
114:
Speaking notes are not allowed save for opening speeches, maiden speeches or where particular detail is necessary.
527:
in response, which was largely ignored in Rhodesia with the local government citing the constitutional convention.
575:
430:
132:
43:
1020:
706:
1051:
249:
General debates under Standing Order 24 (Emergency Debates) will not be amended, and will be neutral in tone.
543:
494:
279:
124:
633:
must notify the Presiding Officer of this fact when the SI is laid and explain the reasons why it was late.
629:
at least 21 days before coming into force. This is colloquially known as the 21-day rule. If breached, the
505:
473:
171:
865:
71:
1528:
450:
786:
where appropriate and avoid any risk of legal challenge to the authority of the devolved legislatures.
524:
486:
453:, who suggested the emergence of a convention since 2003, starting with debates in the House regarding
429:
A previous convention held that any government defeated on a matter of major policy should resign. The
372:
rises by 10pm on Mondays-Wednesdays, 7pm on Thursdays and 3pm on Fridays though this is often varied.
1470:
662:
645:
622:
316:
26:
1231:
1083:
1256:
934:
465:
461:
441:
Military intervention overseas – Except in exceptional circumstances, the House should debate and
410:
399:
201:
186:
153:
Members will formally notify each other when making a formal visit to the other's constituency.
770:
confirmed the status of the Sewel Convention as only a convention and not legally enforceable.
594:
Retiring PMs should advise the sovereign on who should be invited to form the next government.
490:
713:
Ministers will not criticise judicial decisions; judges will not criticise government policy.
252:
The submission or rejection of an urgent question by the Speaker is not referred to publicly.
1172:
694:
588:
299:
55:
564:
The government will seek consent from the monarch even for bills of which it disapproves.
380:
The Legislative Office advice on the orderliness of amendments to bills will be followed.
8:
701:
Since 2005 this convention has been overtaken by the statutory obligations placed on the
678:
611:
535:
83:
during a rare Saturday sitting. View from the top corner of the House to the left of the
574:
No bill expected to be passed should be delayed i.e. the bills will be included in the
306:
175:
1286:
1180:
1099:
753:
513:
414:
167:
884:
668:
The Law Officers' Convention – The advice of Law Officers is not usually disclosed.
630:
482:– The Prime Minister advises the sovereign on when to end a parliamentary session.
433:
undercut this principle, though it is unclear as to its current standing given the
256:
39:
977:
959:
501:
matters") without first seeking the consent of the relevant devolved legislature.
166:
This convention was not respected during the 1987 general election, when both the
702:
1414:"The Governance of Britain - A Consultation on the Role of the Attorney General"
1361:
1492:"A new approach to constitutional adjudication? Miller II in the Supreme Court"
757:
422:
369:
352:
260:
1517:
1184:
795:
716:
Members of the judiciary will not comment on political issues while serving.
560:
is best placed to be able to command the confidence of the House of Commons.'
1157:
568:
539:
341:
118:
581:
Most prerogative powers are exercised by, or on the advice of, ministers.
597:
Ministerial communication with the sovereign should remain confidential.
409:
This convention was potentially challenged in 2022 by the refusal of the
205:
1306:
128:
30:
358:
Speeches may not be read, though there may be extensive use of notes.
267:
so that information can be shared with them on 'privy council terms.'
232:
Constitutional bills will be taken in a committee of the whole House.
584:
The sovereign should not be involved in party politics in any way.
520:
498:
454:
345:
531:
305:
Commons Financial Privilege – The Lords will not oppose or make
626:
398:
must tender the resignation of the government if defeated in a
217:
80:
538:
referred to the British government about possibly withholding
241:
Money resolutions are provided on a case-by-case assessment.
705:
under the 'guarantee of continued judicial independence' at
1307:"Bermuda same-sex marriage: Government will not block bill"
275:
Any member that misleads Parliament is expected to resign.
960:"Tories bid to depose Speaker Bercow after Commons revolt"
651:
127:
sit on the front benches to the right of the Speaker, the
189:(SNP) does stand against the speaker if they represent a
1206:"UK government to table no-confidence motion in itself"
235:
Forthwith motions are put without debate or amendment.
460:
The convention remains unsettled. Jacqy Sharpe of the
174:
fielded candidates against the Conservative speaker,
394:
Confidence motions (votes of 'no confidence') - The
935:"BBC NEWS | Election 2005 | Election Map"
736:
matters are determined within the political world..
1021:"House of Commons Library Briefing: Privy Council"
497:. It will not legislate on non-reserved matters ("
319:) should only rarely be objected to by the Lords.
216:due to perceived biases in rulings in relation to
567:The government will always advise the monarch to
508:(formerly Crown Colonies) without their consent.
383:
355:should refer to each other by title or position.
290:
1515:
688:
204:threatened to stand a candidate against Speaker
1283:Unlocking Constitutional and Administrative Law
135:usually sit immediately behind their minister.
107:(typically 'Mr/Madam Speaker/Deputy Speaker').
1232:"Military Action Convention - Commons Library"
719:
530:The convention was also considered in 2018 in
449:This convention was recognised in 2011 by the
435:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
131:usually sits immediately next to the gangway.
665:are the primary legal advisers to the Crown.
278:The Prime Minister will attend the House for
636:The Sewel Convention applies to the Senedd.
61:
978:"John Bercow steps down as Commons Speaker"
656:
639:
327:
1524:Constitutional laws of the United Kingdom
746:
489:– The Sewel Convention requires that the
707:section 3 Constitutional Reform Act 2005
550:
331:
295:The Commons has primacy over the Lords.
91:
70:
1380:
1378:
996:"Emergency Debates - Standing Order 24"
652:Conventions relating to legal processes
600:
445:vote on military deployments overseas.
344:can be seen to the rear, seated on the
1516:
1446:"What are constitutional conventions?"
1104:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
605:
1439:
1437:
1330:
1328:
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1115:
1059:Researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk
1028:Researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk
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843:
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839:
837:
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833:
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389:Collective ministerial responsibility
1375:
1280:
1257:"Pre-election period of sensitivity"
1046:
1044:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
673:privilege (LPP) and is confidential.
644:The Sewel Convention applies to the
610:The Sewel Convention applies to the
413:to allow a vote of no confidence by
1443:
571:to any bill passed by both Houses.
66:
16:An informal generally accepted code
13:
1434:
1325:
1140:
1112:
863:
523:in 1965 and Parliament passed the
517:unilaterally declared independence
512:A challenge to this was made when
14:
1545:
1041:
808:
468:briefing paper on the convention.
322:
270:
133:Parliamentary Private Secretaries
1421:Assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
1393:Assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
1362:"Senedd Constitutional Briefing"
338:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
1484:
1463:
1406:
1354:
1299:
1274:
1249:
1224:
1198:
1165:
1072:
693:The government must uphold the
617:
431:Fixed Term Parliaments Act 2011
336:The House of Lords debates the
25:. The constitution consists of
1534:Legal doctrines and principles
1013:
988:
970:
952:
927:
902:
877:
384:Executive-Parliament relations
375:
291:Relationship to House of Lords
156:
1:
1340:Instituteforgovernment.org.uk
801:
695:independence of the judiciary
689:Independence of the judiciary
544:Domestic Partnership Act 2018
455:military intervention in Iraq
142:
1261:Commonslibrary.parliament.uk
1236:Commonslibrary.parliament.uk
1153:"No Confidence Vote Blocked"
578:used to demonstrate assent.
506:British Overseas Territories
419:resignation of Boris Johnson
227:
197:, speaker from 2000 to 2009.
7:
873:. The Constitution Society.
789:
720:Legal status of conventions
10:
1550:
1285:. Routledge. p. 160.
623:Statutory instruments (SI)
525:Southern Rhodesia Act 1965
280:Prime Minister's Questions
21:The United Kingdom has an
910:"Election of the Speaker"
867:Parliamentary Conventions
62:Parliamentary conventions
1052:"PMQs - Commons Library"
257:His Majesty's Opposition
1496:Public Law for Everyone
1444:UCL (8 November 2021).
1127:Erkinemay.parliament.uk
885:"Customs of Parliament"
657:Law Officer conventions
646:Northern Irish Assembly
640:Northern Irish Assembly
493:will only legislate on
193:, as was the case with
187:Scottish National Party
172:Social Democratic Party
23:uncodified constitution
783:
747:Legislated conventions
744:
625:should be laid before
491:Westminster Parliament
349:
88:
1450:The Constitution Unit
772:
733:
551:Role of the sovereign
335:
328:Speaking in the House
317:statutory instruments
313:Delegated legislation
214:2019 general election
191:Scottish constituency
92:Speaking in the House
74:
679:Shawcross Convention
601:Devolved parliaments
589:Lascelles Principles
462:Constitution Society
451:Coalition government
300:Salisbury Convention
56:Lascelles Principles
1498:. 24 September 2019
1342:. 13 September 2019
1281:Ryan, Mark (2014).
966:. 8 September 2019.
612:Scottish Parliament
606:Scottish Parliament
474:pre-election period
307:wrecking amendments
137:Official opposition
99:should address the
1529:British traditions
1177:The New York Times
1123:"Erskine May VoNC"
984:. 31 October 2019.
411:Johnson Government
350:
261:the Shadow Cabinet
202:Conservative Party
180:Croydon North East
176:Bernard Weatherill
89:
1313:. 8 February 2018
1179:. 8 August 1965.
754:Scotland Act 2016
514:Southern Rhodesia
400:confidence motion
265:privy councillors
263:) should be made
178:, who was MP for
35:Crown prerogative
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1386:"Cabinet Manual"
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1082:. Archived from
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742:
495:reserved matters
487:Sewel Convention
77:House of Commons
67:House of Commons
40:Ministerial Code
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1161:. 12 July 2022.
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1080:"Archived copy"
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864:Sharpe, Jacqy.
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779:
749:
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703:Lord Chancellor
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631:Welsh Ministers
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466:Commons Library
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1292:978-1444179620
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1212:. 13 July 2022
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1086:on 8 July 2022
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423:Edward Heath's
417:following the
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368:Commonly, the
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1471:"Miller No 1"
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1000:Parliament.uk
997:
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