148:
20:
348:
216:, issued the Berlin Decree forbidding his allies and conquests from trading with the British. Britain responded with further Orders in Council issued on 10 January and 11 November 1807. These forbade French trade with Britain, its allies or neutrals, and instructed the Royal Navy to blockade all French and allied ports, and to prevent all shipping whether neutral or not. Napoleon responded again with the
181:, Napoleon made no attempt to rebuild his navy. He turned instead to economic warfare, planning to ruin the British economy. It was thought that Britain depended completely upon trade with Europe for its prosperity, so cutting off trade with continental Europe would ruin the British economy and force it to sue for peace. A blockade was impossible because the
224:
wishing to do business in Europe must first stop at a French port in order to ensure that there could be no trade with
Britain. He also ordered all European nations and French allies to stop trading with Britain, and he threatened Russia with an invasion if they did not comply as well. His orders backfired in the Iberian Peninsula, especially in
223:
Napoleon's plan to defeat
Britain was to destroy its ability to trade. As an island nation, trade was its most vital lifeline. Napoleon believed that if he could isolate Britain economically, he would be able to invade the nation after its economic collapse. Napoleon decreed that all commercial ships
257:
In response to the
Continental System, British Orders in Councils prohibited other countries (that is, its trade partners) from trading with France. If they chose to trade with France or otherwise comply with the Continental System, the Orders in Council threatened to respond with punitive measures.
302:
The episode seriously hurt France itself. Shipbuilding, and its trades such as rope-making, declined, as did many other industries that relied on overseas markets, such as the linen industries. With few exports and lost profits, many industries were closed down. Southern France, especially the port
281:
The blockade did not cause significant economic damage to the
British, although British exports to the continent as a proportion of the country's total trade dropped from 55% to 25% between 1802 and 1806. On the other hand, the British economy suffered greatly from 1810 to 1812, especially in terms
106:
The Berlin Decree forbade the import of
British goods into any European countries allied with or dependent upon France, and it installed the Continental System in Europe. All connections with Britain were to be cut, even mail. However there was extensive smuggling, which made the Continental System
249:
The
Continental System had mixed effects on British trade. The embargo encouraged British merchants to seek out new markets aggressively and to engage in smuggling with continental Europe. Napoleon's exclusively land-based customs enforcers could not stop British smugglers, especially as these
318:
Napoleon's St. Cloud Decree in July 1810 opened the southwest of France and the
Spanish frontier to limited British trade, and reopened French trade to the United States. It was an admission that his blockade had hurt his own economy more than the British. It had also failed to reduce British
432:
in the south of Sweden in 1810. These two bases were used to support convoys from
Britain to Gothenburg, then through the Danish straits to Hanö. From Hanö the goods were smuggled to the many ports around the Baltic Sea. To further support the convoys, the small Danish island of
126:
The loss of
Britain as a trading partner also hit the economies of France and its allies. Angry governments gained an incentive to ignore the Continental System, which led to the weakening of Napoleon's coalition. As Napoleon realised that extensive trade was going through
440:
Russia also chafed under the embargo, and in 1810 reopened trade with
Britain. Russia's withdrawal from the system was a motivating factor behind Napoleon's decision to invade Russia in 1812, which proved the turning point of the war and his regime.
103:, the newly acquired territories and client states were subordinate to France itself, as there was a unified market within France (no internal barriers or tariffs) while economic distortions were maintained on the borders of the new territories.
176:
alliances against France. Napoleon was frustrated in his repeated attempts to defeat Britain. Attacks that involved naval power had all failed, with the systematic defeats of the combined French and Spanish navies. After the decisive defeat at
193:. Napoleon believed it would be easy to take advantage of an embargo on trade with the European nations under his control, causing inflation and great debt to undermine British strength. His position was strengthened by the
87:
on 21 November 1806 in response to the naval blockade of the French coasts enacted by the British government on 16 May 1806. The embargo was applied intermittently, ending on 11 April 1814 after Napoleon's first abdication.
188:
On 16 May 1806, the Royal Navy imposed a naval blockade of the French and French-allied coasts. In turn, Napoleon resorted to economic warfare. Britain was Europe's manufacturing and business center as a result of the
330:
In Italy, the agricultural sector flourished; but the Dutch economy, predicated on trade, suffered greatly as a result of the embargo. Napoleon's economic warfare was much to the chagrin of his own brother,
254:, and other German states. British exports to the continent fell between 25% and 55% compared to pre-1806 levels. However, trade sharply increased with the rest of the world, covering much of the decline.
363:. Although ostensibly neutral, Denmark was under heavy French and Russian pressure to pledge its fleet to Napoleon. London could not take the chance of ignoring the Danish threat. In the
589:
383:
off the west coast of Denmark was occupied in September 1807. This base made it easier for Britain to control trade to North Sea ports and to facilitate smuggling. The attacks against
551:
282:
of high unemployment and inflation. This led to widespread protest and violence, but the middle classes and upper classes strongly supported the government, which used the
107:
an ineffective weapon of economic war. There was some damage to British trade, especially in 1808 and 1812, but British control of the oceans led to replacement trade with
3344:
228:(being allied to Britain), setting off the Peninsular War. He pushed Russia too hard, both in terms of the Continental System, and in his demands for control over part of
327:) saw significantly increased profits due to the lack of competition from British goods (particularly textiles, which were produced much more cheaply in Britain).
270:. This embargo was designed as an economic counterattack to hurt Britain, but it proved even more damaging to American merchants. Together with the issues of the
1433:
2990:
3314:
3287:
409:
in March 1808. At the same time, a French force threatened to invade southern Sweden, but the plan was stopped as the Royal Navy controlled the
204:
In November 1806, having recently conquered or allied with every major power on the European continent, Napoleon, in retaliation to the British
931:
Supplemeto å Collecção dos tratados, convençÔes, contratos e actos publicos celebrados entre a corÎa de Portugal e as mais potencias desde 1640
42:
274:
of American seamen, and British support for Indian resistance in U.S. colonization, tensions led to a declaration of war by the U.S. in the
2985:
1302:
92:
466:
449:
Portugal openly refused to join the Continental System. In 1793, Portugal signed a treaty of mutual assistance with Britain. After the
33:
1230:
220:
of 1807, declaring that all neutral shipping using British ports or paying British tariffs were to be regarded as British and seized.
1250:
1110:
3384:
2895:
478:
359:
Britain's first response to the Continental System was to launch a major naval attack on the weakest link in Napoleon's coalition,
3257:
2915:
1292:
147:
3115:
3015:
2935:
610:
572:
517:
421:
352:
2820:
3369:
2910:
1352:
736:
225:
2548:
3191:
1792:
1210:
425:
3110:
3105:
3090:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
2930:
2905:
2533:
1362:
1018:
650:
473:
with a Royal Navy escort. The Portuguese population rose in revolt against the French invaders, with the help of the
406:
185:
controlled the seas, but if Napoleon controlled the ports of Europe, he could prevent British products from landing.
718:
424:. In November 1810 France demanded that Sweden should declare war upon Britain and stop all trade. The result was a
3364:
3120:
2975:
2955:
1464:
1078:
1037:
59.suppl 1 (2007): i8âi30, uses econometrics to argue Britain fared better than either France or the United States.
128:
2980:
1235:
3339:
3196:
3025:
2900:
2256:
1661:
355:
was the commander of the Royal Navy in the Baltic campaign of 1808â1814 that secured British trade to the region.
315:, suffered from the reduction in trade. Moreover, the prices of staple foods rose in most of continental Europe.
3236:
2920:
2865:
2860:
2216:
2094:
1737:
1615:
1438:
3302:
3354:
3292:
3262:
1923:
1215:
1103:
152:
2870:
2603:
2502:
2170:
3282:
3020:
2195:
1943:
1858:
1570:
1282:
811:
François Crouzet, "A serious cause of social and economic dislocation", Frank Kafter and James Laux, eds.,
748:
2321:
2023:
1757:
1711:
1706:
1479:
1423:
1138:
683:
368:
364:
173:
120:
1635:
3267:
3078:
2960:
2694:
2099:
1983:
1686:
1418:
1240:
1166:
1152:
1131:
437:
was occupied in May 1809. A lighthouse on the island simplified navigation through the Danish straits.
398:
3000:
2825:
2392:
434:
3359:
3161:
2830:
2623:
2402:
2346:
2296:
2175:
1928:
1908:
1752:
1701:
1676:
1605:
1585:
1504:
1405:
1159:
418:
233:
2417:
2048:
2028:
1838:
1524:
1260:
3379:
3156:
2940:
2780:
2598:
2397:
2341:
2336:
2271:
2200:
2068:
1968:
1807:
1747:
1595:
1096:
885:
Alexander Grab and Charles F. Delzell, "The Kingdom of Italy and Napoleon's Continental Blockade,"
287:
267:
205:
2855:
2528:
1863:
139:
occurred simultaneously, and suffered severely in, and ultimately retreated from, Russia in 1812.
3206:
2875:
2729:
2301:
2221:
2109:
1978:
1963:
1898:
1893:
1666:
1600:
1494:
1377:
417:
in 1808 to simplify operations into the Baltic Sea. The Baltic campaign was under the command of
3181:
2467:
2432:
1519:
3241:
3201:
3186:
3166:
3141:
2995:
2739:
2654:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2588:
2578:
2482:
2437:
2422:
1953:
1671:
1575:
1550:
1509:
1459:
1443:
3146:
1833:
2945:
2845:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2649:
2538:
2462:
2452:
2286:
2226:
2155:
1988:
1938:
1873:
1868:
1545:
1372:
1255:
929:
507:
251:
194:
190:
165:
1878:
1474:
278:. This war, not Napoleon's blockade, sharply reduced British trade with the United States.
3226:
3176:
2790:
2679:
2669:
2644:
2543:
2477:
2291:
2281:
2261:
2241:
2150:
2130:
2008:
1802:
1727:
1529:
482:
95:, the blockade was also intended to establish French industrial and commercial hegemony in
2850:
2104:
1973:
1913:
1812:
1742:
8:
3231:
3010:
3005:
2734:
2684:
2568:
2553:
2457:
2351:
2251:
2165:
2053:
2013:
1933:
1903:
1883:
1817:
1782:
1732:
1696:
1691:
1651:
1514:
1499:
1484:
1469:
1428:
1205:
462:
458:
263:
178:
100:
24:
2472:
1767:
1762:
1610:
678:
3349:
3272:
3216:
3171:
3100:
2970:
2815:
2805:
2800:
2719:
2659:
2507:
2427:
2387:
2371:
2361:
2331:
2316:
2306:
2266:
2236:
2190:
2043:
2038:
2033:
1918:
1853:
1625:
1590:
1565:
1367:
1317:
1267:
1245:
1225:
1220:
1004:
688:
450:
360:
336:
198:
116:
2063:
1993:
1958:
1948:
1033:
O'Rourke, Kevin H. "War and welfare: Britain, France, and the United States 1807â14."
1028:
916:
Defying Napoleon: How Britain Bombarded Copenhagen and Seized the Danish Fleet in 1807
557:
The Cambridge History of the Napoleonic Wars: Volume 3: Experience, Culture and Memory
481:. Napoleon intervened, and the Peninsular War began in 1808. Napoleon also forced the
3374:
2628:
2593:
2563:
2523:
2497:
2487:
2442:
2412:
2366:
2311:
2231:
2180:
2160:
2145:
2135:
2114:
2058:
2018:
1843:
1777:
1772:
1630:
1560:
1413:
1332:
1327:
1014:
994:
646:
606:
568:
513:
454:
2084:
380:
3151:
3035:
2835:
2674:
2573:
2558:
2407:
2356:
2276:
2185:
2140:
2089:
2003:
1888:
1797:
1787:
1681:
1620:
1382:
872:
Eric A. Arnold, Jr. "Napoleon's St. Cloud Decree, 3 July 1810: Text and Analysis,"
598:
560:
486:
319:
financial support for its allies. The industrialised north and east of France, and
283:
135:, he invaded those two countries. His forces were tied down in Spain, in which the
2925:
1083:
950:
Revisiting Napoleon's Continental System: Local, Regional and European Experiences
3030:
2965:
2950:
2840:
2724:
2714:
2689:
2664:
2492:
2326:
1848:
1656:
1580:
1555:
1307:
1195:
1119:
953:
470:
332:
229:
157:
80:
60:
3297:
3309:
3221:
3211:
2744:
2583:
2447:
2246:
1998:
1342:
1322:
1312:
1272:
1145:
972:
Crouzet, François. "Wars, blockade, and economic change in Europe, 1792â1815."
410:
136:
132:
76:
1357:
640:
602:
595:
The Cambridge History of the Napoleonic Wars: Volume 1: Politics and Diplomacy
564:
347:
19:
3333:
2785:
1489:
1347:
1277:
259:
209:
161:
112:
108:
84:
1066:
1337:
1173:
737:
The Acts, Orders in Council, &c. of Great Britain (on Trade), 1793â1812
474:
217:
3125:
3095:
3083:
3040:
2795:
532:
453:
in July 1807, Napoleon attempted to capture the Portuguese fleet and the
402:
388:
312:
275:
271:
258:
This double threat created a difficult time for neutral nations like the
898:
A. N. Ryan, "The Causes of the British Attack upon Copenhagen in 1807."
2810:
1056:
977:
692:
505:
414:
384:
376:
371:, seized the Danish fleet, and assured control of the sea lanes in the
182:
903:
1045:
372:
304:
2775:
320:
308:
262:. In response to this prohibition, the U.S. government adopted the
250:
operated with the connivance of Napoleon's chosen rulers of Spain,
72:
1088:
587:
Marzagalli, Silvia (2022), Broers, Michael; Dwyer, Philip (eds.),
457:, and to occupy the Portuguese ports. He failed, as Prince-Regent
1079:"Documents upon the Continental System", from napoleon-series.org
549:
Aaslestad, Katherine (2022), Forrest, Alan; Hicks, Peter (eds.),
324:
291:
429:
785:
Gavin Daly, "Napoleon and the 'City of Smugglers', 1810â1814".
394:
115:, as well as large scale smuggling in Europe particularly from
96:
927:
681:, "Wars, blockade, and economic change in Europe, 1792â1815."
119:
which was used by the British to sell their goods to southern
597:, vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, pp. 232â252,
559:, vol. 3, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117â141,
526:
952:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2014). Wide-ranging essays by experts
641:
Alfred Fierro; André Palluel-Guillard; Jean Tulard (1995).
213:
1051:
Ruppenthal, Roland. "Denmark and the Continental System."
1003:(1922), the only global survey of the Continental System;
485:
to abdicate their throne in favour of Napoleon's brother,
887:
Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750â1850: Proceedings
1061:
Sloane, William M."The Continental System of Napoleon"
79:
from 21 November 1806 until 11 April 1814, during the
874:
Proceedings of the Western Society for French History
290:
to suppress the working class unrest, especially the
236:
was a disaster which set the stage for his downfall.
342:
3345:
19th-century military history of the United Kingdom
643:
Histoire et dictionnaire du Consulat et de l'Empire
413:. The Royal Navy set up a base outside the port of
1001:The continental system: an economic interpretation
861:The continental system: an economic interpretation
636:
634:
588:
550:
506:David Stephen Heidler; Jteanne T. Heidler (2004).
626:The Transformation of European Politics 1763â1858
499:
428:. A second navy base was set up on the island of
3331:
401:, refused to comply with French demands and was
297:
172:The British government was the central force in
3288:England expects that every man will do his duty
631:
948:Aaslestad, Katherine B., and Johan Joor, eds.
379:for the British merchant fleet. The island of
71:, was a large-scale embargo by French Emperor
1104:
1040:Rose, J. H. "Napoleon and English Commerce."
991:The Era of the French Revolution. (1715â1815)
960:The Age of Revolution and Reaction 1789â1850
719:"Documents upon the ContinentaI System 1806"
706:The Era of the French Revolution (1715â1815)
16:1806â1814 embargo of Europe against Britain
1111:
1097:
590:"Napoleonic Wars and Economic Imperialism"
586:
391:against Denmark, which lasted until 1814.
667:Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe
548:
367:in AugustâSeptember 1807, the Royal Navy
208:of 17 May 1806 blockading all ports from
346:
146:
18:
928:José Ferreira Borges de Castro (1857).
3332:
1434:Planned invasion of the United Kingdom
3116:Spanish American wars of independence
1092:
800:Napoleon Bonaparte: His rise and fall
512:. Naval Institute Press. p. 48.
444:
197:in October 1806, bringing swathes of
934:. Imprensa nacional. pp. 19â25.
426:phony war between Sweden and Britain
3101:Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War)
1118:
13:
942:
477:under Arthur Wellesley, later the
14:
3396:
1072:
343:Scandinavia and the Baltic region
244:
2976:Frederick William III of Prussia
2956:Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly
467:transferred the Portuguese court
3385:Blockades by the United Kingdom
3096:Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War)
3026:Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
986:(1971) pp. 126â39, 156â59.
921:
908:
892:
879:
866:
853:
840:
831:
818:
805:
792:
779:
772:On smuggling see Roger Knight,
766:
741:
729:
711:
552:"Blockade and Economic Warfare"
509:Encyclopedia of the War of 1812
461:, acting for his mother, Queen
3011:Prince Regent John of Portugal
2921:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
2866:Frederick Augustus I of Saxony
2861:Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria
698:
672:
659:
618:
580:
542:
1:
3036:Prince Charles John of Sweden
889:(1988), Vol. 18, pp. 587â604.
492:
298:France and Continental Europe
153:Entry of Napoleon into Berlin
142:
984:The Napoleonic era in Europe
7:
1084:Napoleon Continental System
1063:Political Science Quarterly
974:Journal of Economic History
753:National Geographic Society
684:Journal of Economic History
387:and Heligoland started the
365:Second Battle of Copenhagen
137:Spanish War of Independence
10:
3401:
3370:Military history of France
2871:Frederick I of WĂŒrttemberg
1241:Confederation of the Rhine
982:Godechot, Jacques, et al.
876:(1998), Vol. 25, pp. 49â54
239:
3250:
3134:
3049:
3031:Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden
3021:William, Prince of Orange
2884:
2831:Pierre-Charles Villeneuve
2764:
2757:
2637:
2516:
2380:
2209:
2123:
2077:
1826:
1720:
1644:
1538:
1452:
1404:
1395:
1291:
1192:
1183:
1160:French Invasion of Russia
1126:
1053:Journal of Modern History
1042:English Historical Review
1025:The Diplomacy of Napoleon
900:English Historical Review
749:"Napoleon Invades Russia"
603:10.1017/9781108334846.013
565:10.1017/9781108278119.007
311:, as well as the city of
174:encouraging and financing
2941:Archduke John of Austria
2936:Prince von Schwarzenberg
2781:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
1027:(1924) pp. 190â206
1013:(2013) pp. 386â416.
1011:Britain against Napoleon
993:(1929) pp. 373â99.
826:Britain against Napoleon
774:Britain against Napoleon
539:, Hachette, 2008, p. 207
397:, Britain's ally in the
50: Continental System
3365:War of 1812 legislation
2876:Frederick VI of Denmark
2826:Jean-Baptiste BessiĂšres
1616:Greater Poland uprising
1439:Duc d'Enghien Execution
914:Thomas Munch-Petersen,
723:www.napoleon-series.org
687:(1964) 24#4 pp. 567â88
3340:19th century in France
2996:Ferdinand VII of Spain
1444:Coronation of Napoleon
1035:Oxford Economic Papers
813:Napoleon and his times
356:
323:(the south of today's
169:
160:. Napoleon issued the
83:. Napoleon issued the
64:
52:
3283:Conference of Dresden
3192:Paris (February 1812)
3121:SwedishâNorwegian War
2946:Alexander I of Russia
1044:8#32 (1893): 704â25.
989:Gottschalk, Louis R.
976:24#4 (1964): 567â88.
967:Europe Under Napoleon
704:Louis R. Gottschalk,
465:, took the fleet and
350:
268:Macon's Bill Number 2
191:Industrial Revolution
150:
34:Directly administered
22:
3355:Economic nationalism
3237:Fontainebleau (1814)
2791:Louis-Nicolas Davout
1712:Invasion of Portugal
837:Knight, pp. 410â12.
789:50.2 (2007): 333â52.
483:Spanish royal family
369:bombarded Copenhagen
91:Aside from subduing
57:Continental Blockade
3263:Bourbon Restoration
3006:Maria I of Portugal
2991:Prince of Hohenlohe
2981:Gebhard von BlĂŒcher
1924:Neumarkt-Sankt Veit
1231:Swiss Confederation
1065:(1898) 12#2 213â31.
1055:15.1 (1943): 7â23.
815:(1989) pp. 179â92.
624:Paul W. Schroeder,
463:Maria I of Portugal
264:Embargo Act of 1807
201:under his control.
3278:Continental System
3273:Congress of Erfurt
3197:Paris (March 1812)
2971:Peter Wittgenstein
2896:Duke of Wellington
2851:Prince Poniatowski
2816:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
2801:Auguste de Marmont
2196:Arroyo dos Molinos
2044:Walcheren Campaign
2034:Armistice of Znaim
1929:Dalmatian Campaign
1854:Tyrolean Rebellion
969:(IB Tauris, 2014).
958:Breunig, Charles.
863:(1922) pp. 266â94.
850:(1990) pp. 277â79.
846:François Crouzet,
828:(2013) pp. 433â36.
787:Historical Journal
776:(2013) pp. 402â03.
645:. Robert Laffont.
479:Duke of Wellington
445:Portugal and Spain
403:attacked by Russia
357:
234:invasion of Russia
232:. Napoleon's 1812
170:
69:Continental System
65:Blocus continental
53:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3315:Types of military
3111:Russo-Turkish War
3106:Russo-Persian War
3074:Anglo-Turkish War
3069:Anglo-Swedish War
3064:Anglo-Spanish War
3059:Anglo-Russian War
2986:Duke of Brunswick
2889:political leaders
2769:political leaders
2753:
2752:
1758:Medina de Rioseco
1480:Haslach-Jungingen
1414:French Revolution
1391:
1390:
1174:Seventh Coalition
965:Broers, Michael.
962:(1970), Chapter 2
848:Britain Ascendant
802:(1951) pp. 235â40
628:(1999) pp. 305â10
612:978-1-108-42437-0
574:978-1-108-41767-9
519:978-1-59114-362-8
455:House of Braganza
407:by Denmark/Norway
3392:
3360:Economic warfare
3091:Dano-Swedish War
3079:Anglo-Danish War
2931:Archduke Charles
2846:JĂ©rĂŽme Bonaparte
2762:
2761:
2695:Castel di Sangro
2604:FĂšre-Champenoise
2257:GarcĂa HernĂĄndez
2171:Fuentes de Oñoro
1687:Guttstadt-Deppen
1424:Second Coalition
1402:
1401:
1383:French Royalists
1190:
1189:
1139:Fourth Coalition
1113:
1106:
1099:
1090:
1089:
999:Heckscher, Eli.
936:
935:
925:
919:
912:
906:
896:
890:
883:
877:
870:
864:
857:
851:
844:
838:
835:
829:
822:
816:
809:
803:
796:
790:
783:
777:
770:
764:
763:
761:
760:
745:
739:
733:
727:
726:
715:
709:
702:
696:
679:François Crouzet
676:
670:
669:(2003) pp. 29â33
665:Alexander Grab,
663:
657:
656:
638:
629:
622:
616:
615:
592:
584:
578:
577:
554:
546:
540:
530:
524:
523:
503:
451:Treaty of Tilsit
405:in February and
206:Order in Council
49:
40:
31:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3380:Napoleonic Wars
3330:
3329:
3328:
3319:
3246:
3130:
3051:
3045:
3001:Miguel de Ălava
2966:Pyotr Bagration
2961:Count Bennigsen
2951:Mikhail Kutuzov
2916:Thomas Cochrane
2888:
2886:
2880:
2841:Louis Bonaparte
2768:
2766:
2765:French and ally
2749:
2633:
2549:ChĂąteau-Thierry
2512:
2376:
2347:Maloyaroslavets
2205:
2119:
2073:
1864:Yevenes/YĂ©benes
1822:
1738:Rosily Squadron
1716:
1640:
1606:Waren-Nossentin
1534:
1465:Cape Finisterre
1448:
1419:First Coalition
1397:
1387:
1294:
1287:
1198:
1194:
1185:
1179:
1167:Sixth Coalition
1153:Fifth Coalition
1132:Third Coalition
1122:
1120:Napoleonic Wars
1117:
1075:
1009:Knight, Roger.
945:
943:Further reading
940:
939:
926:
922:
913:
909:
902:(1953): 37â55.
897:
893:
884:
880:
871:
867:
859:Eli Heckscher,
858:
854:
845:
841:
836:
832:
823:
819:
810:
806:
798:J. M. Thompson,
797:
793:
784:
780:
771:
767:
758:
756:
747:
746:
742:
734:
730:
717:
716:
712:
703:
699:
677:
673:
664:
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653:
639:
632:
623:
619:
613:
585:
581:
575:
547:
543:
531:
527:
520:
504:
500:
495:
447:
399:Third Coalition
345:
300:
266:and eventually
247:
242:
158:Charles Meynier
145:
81:Napoleonic Wars
51:
47:
45:
38:
36:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3398:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3310:Longwood House
3307:
3306:
3305:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3016:Count of Feira
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2911:Horatio Nelson
2908:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2821:Marshal Victor
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2770:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
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2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2599:Arcis-sur-Aube
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2342:Venta del Pozo
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2217:Ciudad Rodrigo
2213:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2095:Ciudad Rodrigo
2092:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2069:Alba de Tormes
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1969:Aspern-Essling
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
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1836:
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1828:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1646:
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1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
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1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1571:JenaâAuerstedt
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
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1497:
1492:
1487:
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1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1456:
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1449:
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1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1343:Ottoman Empire
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1303:United Kingdom
1299:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1273:Ottoman Empire
1270:
1268:DenmarkâNorway
1265:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1211:Polish Legions
1208:
1202:
1200:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1146:Peninsular War
1142:
1135:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1074:
1073:External links
1071:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1049:
1038:
1031:
1021:
1007:
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987:
980:
970:
963:
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852:
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830:
817:
804:
791:
778:
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740:
735:Holberg, Tom.
728:
710:
708:(1929) p. 373.
697:
671:
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651:
630:
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611:
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573:
541:
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497:
496:
494:
491:
446:
443:
422:James Saumarez
411:Danish straits
353:James Saumarez
344:
341:
299:
296:
246:
245:British Empire
243:
241:
238:
195:Fall of Berlin
166:Fall of Berlin
164:following the
144:
141:
77:British Empire
46:
37:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3276:
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3259:
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3255:
3253:
3251:Miscellaneous
3249:
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3200:
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2932:
2929:
2927:
2926:Manuel Lapeña
2924:
2922:
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2917:
2914:
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2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
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2883:
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2867:
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2862:
2859:
2857:
2856:Prince EugĂšne
2854:
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2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
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2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2806:André Masséna
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:Joachim Murat
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2730:Rocheserviere
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
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2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
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2418:San SebastiĂĄn
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2015:
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1979:Sankt Michael
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3258:Bibliography
3242:Paris (1815)
3202:Paris (1814)
3187:Paris (1810)
3167:Finckenstein
3142:Campo Formio
2901:Rowland Hill
2887:military and
2767:military and
2740:Rocquencourt
2609:Saint-Dizier
2579:Bar-sur-Aube
2534:Mincio River
2029:Schöngrabern
1808:2nd Zaragoza
1748:1st Zaragoza
1702:Stralsund II
1551:Campo Tenese
1525:Schöngrabern
1510:Cape Ortegal
1460:Diamond Rock
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3126:War of 1812
3084:Gunboat War
3041:Louis XVIII
2796:Jean Lannes
2710:Quatre Bras
2700:San Germano
2650:Occhiobello
2539:Champaubert
2529:La RothiĂšre
2453:San Marcial
2337:2nd Polotsk
2302:1st Polotsk
2287:Majadahonda
2227:Villagarcia
2156:Campo Maior
1944:Piave River
1869:Ciudad Real
1859:Villafranca
1728:Dos de Mayo
1677:Stralsund I
1429:18 Brumaire
1363:Netherlands
1261:WĂŒrttemberg
533:Jean Tulard
389:Gunboat War
313:La Rochelle
276:War of 1812
272:impressment
3334:Categories
3268:Casualties
3182:Schönbrunn
3157:Artlenburg
2906:John Moore
2811:Michel Ney
2680:Scapezzano
2670:Cesenatico
2614:Montmartre
2544:Montmirail
2478:Wartenburg
2433:GroĂbeeren
2292:Gorodechno
2282:Klyastitsy
2262:Saltanovka
2151:Casal Novo
2024:Hollabrunn
2009:Korneuburg
1803:Somosierra
1707:Copenhagen
1530:Austerlitz
1520:DĂŒrenstein
1256:Westphalia
1199:and allies
759:2021-08-19
493:References
415:Gothenburg
385:Copenhagen
381:Heligoland
377:Baltic Sea
303:cities of
294:movement.
252:Westphalia
183:Royal Navy
143:Background
73:Napoleon I
3350:Diplomacy
3232:Casalanza
3207:Tauroggen
3162:Pressburg
3147:Lunéville
3052:conflicts
2885:Coalition
2735:La Suffel
2685:Tolentino
2569:Montereau
2554:Vauchamps
2503:Bornhöved
2458:Dennewitz
2403:Tarragona
2352:Chashniki
2252:Salamanca
2176:Tarragona
2100:Barquilla
2054:Almonacid
2014:Stockerau
1984:Stralsund
1954:2nd Porto
1934:Ebelsberg
1904:Abensberg
1874:1st Porto
1834:CastellĂłn
1818:Benavente
1783:Valmaseda
1697:Friedland
1692:Heilsberg
1662:OstroĆÄka
1652:Mohrungen
1586:Magdeburg
1515:Amstetten
1500:Trafalgar
1485:Elchingen
1470:Wertingen
1368:Brunswick
1293:Coalition
373:North Sea
305:Marseille
179:Trafalgar
3375:Napoleon
3303:Uniforms
3217:Chaumont
3135:Treaties
2836:Joseph I
2776:Napoleon
2720:Waterloo
2660:Casaglia
2624:Toulouse
2508:Sehested
2483:Bidassoa
2463:2nd Kulm
2448:1st Kulm
2438:Katzbach
2428:Sorauren
2423:Pyrenees
2388:Castalla
2372:Berezina
2362:Smoliani
2332:Tarutino
2317:Borodino
2307:Valutino
2297:Smolensk
2267:Ostrovno
2237:Maguilla
2201:Valencia
2191:Saguntum
2039:Talavera
1919:Ratisbon
1909:Landshut
1884:Bergisel
1879:MedellĂn
1793:Espinosa
1753:Valencia
1626:Czarnowo
1596:Pasewalk
1591:Prenzlau
1566:Saalfeld
1505:Caldiero
1475:GĂŒnzburg
1353:Sardinia
1328:Portugal
1057:in JSTOR
978:in JSTOR
904:in JSTOR
824:Knight,
537:Napoléon
321:Wallonia
309:Bordeaux
284:Yeomanry
226:Portugal
168:in 1806.
27:in 1812
3050:Related
2629:Bayonne
2594:Craonne
2564:Mormant
2524:Brienne
2498:Nivelle
2488:Leipzig
2443:Dresden
2413:Vitoria
2398:Bautzen
2367:Krasnoi
2312:Mesoten
2272:Vitebsk
2232:Almaraz
2222:Badajoz
2181:Albuera
2166:Almeida
2161:Sabugal
2146:Redinha
2136:Barrosa
2115:Bussaco
2110:Almeida
2090:Astorga
2059:Tamames
2019:Gefrees
1974:Alcañiz
1914:EckmĂŒhl
1844:Corunna
1813:SahagĂșn
1778:Zornoza
1773:Vimeiro
1743:CabezĂłn
1667:Kolberg
1636:PuĆtusk
1631:Golymin
1621:Hamelin
1601:Stettin
1561:Schleiz
1406:Prelude
1398:battles
1373:Hanover
1318:Prussia
1308:Austria
1246:Bavaria
1226:Etruria
1221:Holland
1193:France,
1186:gerents
954:excerpt
693:2115762
459:John VI
361:Denmark
337:Holland
325:Belgium
292:Luddite
288:militia
240:Effects
212:to the
199:Prussia
93:Britain
3227:Mantua
3177:Cintra
3172:Tilsit
3152:Amiens
2690:Ancona
2675:Pesaro
2645:Panaro
2574:Orthez
2559:Garris
2473:RoĂlau
2468:Göhrde
2408:Luckau
2393:LĂŒtzen
2357:Vyazma
2327:Burgos
2322:Moscow
2277:Kobryn
2186:Usagre
2141:Pombal
2131:Gebora
2004:Wagram
1964:Tarvis
1939:Girona
1899:Raszyn
1889:Sacile
1798:Tudela
1788:Burgos
1768:Roliça
1763:Bailén
1682:Mileto
1672:Danzig
1611:LĂŒbeck
1576:Erfurt
1495:Verona
1378:Nassau
1358:Sweden
1348:Persia
1333:Sicily
1313:Russia
1295:forces
1278:Persia
1251:Saxony
1236:Naples
1206:France
1184:Belli-
1067:online
1046:online
1029:online
1017:
1005:online
995:online
918:(2007)
691:
649:
609:
571:
516:
487:Joseph
471:Brazil
435:Anholt
395:Sweden
230:Poland
133:Russia
97:Europe
67:), or
61:French
48:
41:
39:
32:
30:
3293:Films
2725:Wavre
2715:Ligny
2705:Gaeta
2665:Ronco
2655:Carpi
2619:Paris
2589:Reims
2493:Hanau
2085:CĂĄdiz
2064:Ocaña
2049:Ălper
1994:MarĂa
1959:Wörgl
1949:GrijĂł
1849:Valls
1839:Uclés
1733:Bruch
1657:Eylau
1581:Halle
1556:Maida
1546:Gaeta
1396:Major
1323:Spain
1283:Spain
1216:Italy
689:JSTOR
210:Brest
129:Spain
121:Italy
117:Malta
109:North
3222:Kiel
3212:Ried
2758:Info
2745:Issy
2638:1815
2584:Laon
2517:1814
2381:1813
2247:Ekau
2210:1812
2124:1811
2078:1810
1999:Graz
1989:Raab
1827:1809
1721:1808
1645:1807
1539:1806
1453:1805
1015:ISBN
647:ISBN
607:ISBN
569:ISBN
514:ISBN
430:Hanö
375:and
307:and
286:and
214:Elbe
131:and
111:and
55:The
23:The
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561:doi
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