1071:
1064:
340:(914-928) to send him an imperial crown and to recognize the head of the Bulgarian church as Patriarch. Naturally, Simeon had to promise to recognize the papal primacy in the Church. John X accepted Simeon's request and sent a solemn mission to Bulgaria, headed by Cardinal Madalbertus and John, illustrious Duke of Cumae. The papal mission reached Bulgaria at the end of summer or during the fall of 926, carrying a crown and scepter with which they would crown Simeon as Bulgarian Emperor.
1078:
428:
Croatian soldiers would probably have been more experienced in fighting in the mountainous terrain of the
Bosnian highlands. The Croats adjusted their military tactics, time and place of the battle to their opponents who possibly outnumbered them, which brought themselves a decisive advantage. Duke Alogobotur most likely perished in the battle along with most of his soldiers since he is no longer mentioned in sources.
37:
371:. The Bulgarian armies ravaged Serbia and forced Zaharija to flee to Croatia. Serbia was annexed by Bulgaria by which Simeon considerably expanded his state. After Simeon's annexation of Serbia the Bulgarian state bordered the Croatian kingdom under Tomislav, who was a Byzantine ally. Croatia was now located between Bulgaria and the weakly defended Byzantine
436:
Simeon suffered a crushing defeat, but did not lose the bulk of his forces. He had sent a part of his army on that campaign and those forces had suffered heavy losses, but his overall army was strong enough to carry out another invasion of
Byzantium. The Croatian-Bulgarian war did not continue in a
395:
took the side of the
Byzantine Emperor and that they would support him actively in the future. Therefore, Simeon saw Croatia, harboring his enemies and allied to the empire, as a threat and he could not direct all his forces towards Byzamtium since there was nothing to prevent Croatia from striking
327:
in 913. He was later crowned at the church of Ohrid as "Tsar of all
Bulgarians and Greeks" by the newly appointed Bulgarian patriarch in 925. However, the Byzantines always addressed Simeon as "prince" (archon) and the prelate continued to be referred to as an archbishop. According to the juridical
427:
The
Croatian forces completely destroyed the Bulgarians. Arguably key to the overwhelming victory was the choice of terrain on which the battle took place. Bulgarians at the time when the battle started were in an unfavorable position and the Croatian army had made a surprise attack against them.
420:, the estimation of the number of inhabitants in medieval Croatia between 440 and 880 thousand people, and military numbers of Franks and Byzantines - the Croatian military force was most probably composed of 20,000-100,000 infantrymen, and 3,000-24,000 horsemen organized in 60
390:
some years previously with some form of control over the coastal cities of the
Byzantine Theme of Dalmatia and rewarded with some share of the tribute collected from the cities, thus securing the friendship of Tomislav. These events were a sufficient proof to Simeon that the
412:, Croatia at the time was able to field an army of 100,000 foot soldiers, 60,000 horse soldiers, 80 big battleships and 100 smaller battleships, but these numbers are generally taken as a considerable exaggeration. According to the
299:
regularly went through
Croatian territory to Bulgaria and received escorts to the border, while the Pope had regular conversations with both countries. Croatia bordered Bulgaria probably somewhere in present-day
696:: XXXI. Of the Croats and of the country they now dwell in. "Baptized Croatia musters as many as 60 thousand horse and 100 thousand foot, and galleys up to 80 and cutters up to 100."
1312:
1676:
347:, Madalbertus started long negotiations with Simeon and the representatives of the Bulgarian church. Probably, Madalbertus convoked a church synod in Bulgaria as he later did in
1177:
328:
reasoning of the time, only the Pope and the
Byzantine Emperor could bestow royal or imperial titles, and an emperor might be crowned only by a patriarch. Byzantine Emperor
1365:
850:
897:
1287:
965:
1701:
1691:
355:
in 928. The negotiations regarding ecclesiastical matters were successful, and
Archbishop Leontius was created Patriarch in Preslav, still during Simeon's reign.
1350:
2215:
404:
In 926 Simeon sent a large army to invade
Croatia. The strength of Simeon's army is unknown. The commander of the Bulgarian forces in this battle was Duke
2240:
2225:
2200:
843:
719:[On the occasion of the new interpretation of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus'report concerning the strength of the Croatian army].
77:
2220:
2165:
836:
1095:
464:
and other, could take the advantage of Simeon's death to attack Bulgaria. In addition, Bulgaria had a major domestic problem, a severe
2132:
604:
John Van Antwerp Fine: The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, 1991, p. 155-156
368:
271:
437:
significant extent, no territorial changes followed, and peace was concluded after the death of Emperor Simeon in 927. In 927
323:
Simeon captured a large part of the Byzantine territory in Europe and was crowned as "Emperor of the Bulgarians" by Patriarch
809:
John Van Antwerp Fine: The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, 1991, p. 161
794:
764:
705:
John Van Antwerp Fine: The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, 1991, p. 262
631:
John Van Antwerp Fine: The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, 1991, p. 157
613:
John Van Antwerp Fine: The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, 1991, p. 154
937:
1267:
2235:
1585:
1132:
1257:
295:
in 853, which resulted in a peace treaty, the relations between Bulgaria and Croatia improved greatly. Ambassadors from
2181:
2122:
1247:
1629:
2230:
1874:
1651:
825:(Петър Коледаров: "Схема на българските граници с Византия към 865 и 905 г. и с Хърватско през 30-те години на X в.")
238:
198:
126:
41:
1634:
1623:
1934:
1753:
1728:
1345:
1277:
2044:
448:
renewed the war with the Byzantines and concluded a peace treaty the same year. Byzantine sources, specifically
1974:
975:
1433:
2024:
1555:
592:Петър Коледаров: Политическа география на средновековната българска държава. Част I. От 681 до 1018 г., p. 47
1924:
1844:
1423:
1182:
929:
859:
481:
409:
28:
1147:
1929:
1476:
1413:
1297:
1070:
1024:
332:
protested bitterly against Simeon's usurpation of the imperial title. The Patriarch of Constantinople,
1829:
1428:
1307:
1758:
1696:
1550:
1540:
1530:
1502:
1481:
1384:
1272:
1262:
1086:
2138:
2069:
1834:
1661:
1461:
970:
919:
780:
692:
254:
1317:
1202:
258:("On the Governance of the Empire") and in the collection of preserved historical writings called
2205:
2099:
2079:
2034:
2009:
1999:
1859:
1560:
1302:
1167:
1137:
1029:
1013:
452:, say that the cause for Peter's peace treaty proposal was his fear that all his neighbors, the
2049:
1994:
1979:
1919:
1804:
1774:
1686:
1666:
1355:
1232:
1207:
1107:
957:
259:
242:
183:
131:
70:
45:
320:. The conflict went in favor of Bulgaria and the Byzantines found themselves in great danger.
1799:
1748:
1738:
1565:
1515:
1142:
913:
887:
274:
and finally attacked Croatia. The result of the battle was an overwhelming Croatian victory.
1641:
1187:
750:
2059:
1864:
1789:
1545:
1395:
1360:
947:
313:
288:
190:
1904:
1615:
8:
2089:
1984:
1959:
1743:
1605:
1466:
1443:
1370:
1322:
1237:
1192:
491:
445:
387:
329:
292:
202:
143:
2084:
1899:
1595:
1122:
717:"Povodom novog tumačenja vijesti Konstantina VII. Porfirogeneta o snazi hrvatske vojske"
424:. The Bulgarians were met by a Croatian army in the mountainous area of Eastern Bosnia.
312:. The situation started changing in the early 10th century when the new Bulgarian ruler
2074:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1451:
533:
486:
364:
210:
1939:
1456:
1157:
2054:
2039:
1989:
1964:
1914:
1889:
1869:
1794:
1733:
1575:
1535:
1525:
1520:
1471:
1418:
1172:
1034:
828:
790:
760:
372:
333:
324:
218:
383:
1969:
1894:
1884:
1824:
1779:
1408:
1222:
1112:
1049:
1039:
1019:
317:
194:
153:
1610:
2064:
2014:
2004:
1909:
1784:
1600:
1507:
1327:
1212:
1197:
1152:
784:
679:
649:
578:
566:
537:
449:
441:
sent his legates with Bishop Madalbert to mediate between Croats and Bulgarians.
249:
2157:
1819:
1570:
1127:
1008:
998:
993:
892:
882:
263:
1063:
2194:
2149:
2094:
1879:
1814:
1809:
1162:
1117:
1044:
1003:
645:
305:
230:
92:
79:
2210:
1854:
413:
348:
226:
1077:
746:
438:
337:
579:
Maddalena Betti: The Making of Christian Moravia (858-882), 2013, p. 130
205:, the first king of the Croatian state. The battle is also known as the
69:
Croatian–Bulgarian border in the Bosnian highlands (present-day eastern
453:
405:
149:
2152:
1403:
716:
538:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology
421:
822:
344:
267:
469:
465:
457:
392:
301:
248:
Principal information on the battle is provided by the emperor
179:
680:
Florin Curta: Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250
262:. Simeon's aim was to defeat the Byzantine Empire and conquer
461:
379:
309:
266:. To achieve his aim, Simeon overran the eastern and central
234:
36:
352:
296:
187:
789:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 126, 136–138, 149.
667:: XXXII. Of the Serbs and of the country they now dwell in
552:: XXXI. Of the Croats and of the country they now dwell in
172:
Heavy, almost the entire army was lost on the battlefield
336:, did the same. In such a predicament, Simeon demanded
858:
823:
Map of Bulgaria in the late 9th and early 10th century
2166:
United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)
2192:
386:. Tomislav may have been granted by the Emperor
759:]. Leykam international. pp. 223–224.
2133:International Security Assistance Force (ISAF)
444:Simeon died in May 927. His son and successor
844:
773:
193:, who at the time also fought a war with the
2216:Battles involving the First Bulgarian Empire
641:
639:
637:
588:
586:
282:
2241:Medieval history of Bosnia and Herzegovina
2226:Military history of Bosnia and Herzegovina
851:
837:
35:
779:
634:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
511:
509:
507:
2201:10th-century military history of Croatia
675:
673:
583:
572:
529:
527:
525:
363:In 924 Simeon sent a large army against
562:
560:
558:
416:analysis of the original manuscript of
16:Military engagement in the Dinaric Alps
2193:
714:
660:
658:
616:
600:
598:
504:
358:
832:
745:
670:
522:
757:Croatian history from 550 until 1100
567:Neven Budak - Prva stoljeća Hrvatske
555:
378:Tomislav received and protected the
252:of the Byzantine Empire in his work
182:highlands between the armies of the
2139:Resolute Support Mission Force (RS)
2080:Battle of Kupres (Operation Cincar)
655:
595:
408:. According to Byzantine historian
375:, a possible new target of Simeon.
13:
2221:Battles involving medieval Croatia
860:Wars and battles involving Croatia
343:When the papal mission arrived in
229:of Eastern Bosnia near the rivers
178:In 926 a battle was fought in the
14:
2252:
1875:1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia
1030:Bosnian-Dubrovnik War (1403-1404)
816:
752:Hrvatska povijest od 550. do 1100
382:who were expelled by Simeon from
351:, in Croatia, on his way back to
1935:Battle of the Dalmatian Channels
1754:Second Battle of the Piave River
1076:
1069:
1062:
943:Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 927
938:Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 854
786:The Magyars in the Ninth Century
1346:Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705)
1278:Battle of Saint Gotthard (1664)
1133:Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528
803:
739:
708:
699:
685:
316:started a campaign against the
207:Battle of the Bosnian Highlands
22:Battle of the Bosnian Highlands
1975:Battle of the Miljevci Plateau
607:
543:
237:, the border area between the
223:Bitka na Bosanskim visoravnima
186:, under the rule of Bulgarian
1:
2025:War in Bosnia and Herzegovina
1556:Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit
1313:Siege of Udbina Castle (1689)
497:
277:
215:Битка при Босненските планини
1845:Croatian War of Independence
1424:Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)
468:resulting from an attack by
431:
7:
1434:Battle of Nördlingen (1634)
1183:Battle of Hrastovica (1561)
650:Hrvatski rani srednji vijek
475:
410:Constantine Porphyrogenitus
10:
2257:
2236:Battles of the Middle Ages
1930:Siege of Bjelovar Barracks
1925:Siege of Varaždin Barracks
1477:Battle of Landeshut (1760)
1414:Siege of Heidelberg (1622)
1371:Relief of Cetingrad (1790)
1298:Siege of Virovitica (1684)
1268:Second Battle of Novi Zrin
976:Siege of Zadar (1345–1346)
652:, Zagreb, 1995, p. 289-291
2179:
2148:
2121:
2112:
2023:
1843:
1835:Battle of Sarajevo (1945)
1767:
1759:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
1721:
1714:
1697:Battle of Sarajevo (1878)
1675:
1650:
1584:
1551:Battle of Landshut (1809)
1541:Battle of Caldiero (1805)
1531:Battle of Stockach (1799)
1501:
1494:
1482:Battle of Liegnitz (1760)
1442:
1394:
1383:
1336:
1286:
1273:Siege of Novi Zrin (1664)
1258:First Battle of Novi Zrin
1246:
1221:
1094:
1085:
1060:
985:High and Late Middle Ages
984:
956:
928:
906:
875:
866:
569:, Zagreb, 1994., p. 21-22
399:
214:
163:
137:
120:
52:
34:
26:
21:
2231:10th century in Bulgaria
2045:Siege of Bihać (1992–95)
1679:Bosnia-Herzegovinian War
1462:Battle of Breslau (1757)
1366:Relief of Drežnik (1788)
1178:Siege of Đurđevac (1552)
1148:Siege of Varaždin (1527)
971:Battle of Lastovo (1000)
920:Battle of Gvozd Mountain
898:Battle of Makarska (887)
715:Vedriš, Trpimir (2007).
693:De Administrando Imperio
665:De Administrando Imperio
550:De Administrando Imperio
283:Events preceding the war
270:several times, occupied
255:De Administrando Imperio
225:). It was fought in the
2100:Operation Southern Move
2035:Battle of Kupres (1992)
1860:Plitvice Lakes incident
1830:Battle of Lijevče Field
1561:Battle of Sankt Michael
1429:Battle of Lützen (1632)
1308:Battle of Mohács (1687)
1303:Osijek Incursion (1685)
1263:Battle of Otočac (1663)
1138:Balkan campaign of 1529
1014:Battle of Grobnik Field
930:Croatian–Bulgarian wars
907:Croatian–Hungarian wars
876:8th/9th-century battles
482:Croatian–Bulgarian wars
29:Croatian–Bulgarian wars
1995:Operation Medak Pocket
1920:Battle of the Barracks
1805:Battle of the Sutjeska
1775:Invasion of Yugoslavia
1702:Battle of Livno (1878)
1692:Battle of Vitez (1878)
1687:Battle of Jajce (1878)
1356:Battle of Petrovaradin
1233:Battle of Brest (1596)
1208:Battle of Brest (1592)
1108:Battle of Krbava Field
1050:Battle of Vrpile Gulch
1025:War of Hum (1326–1329)
958:Croatian-Venetian wars
369:Principality of Serbia
287:After the war between
260:Theophanes Continuatus
222:
138:Commanders and leaders
71:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2070:Operation Neretva '93
1749:Bombardment of Ancona
1566:Battle of Raab (1809)
1516:Battle of Castiglione
1318:Siege of Bihać (1697)
1203:Siege of Bihać (1592)
1143:Little War in Hungary
1087:Croatian–Ottoman wars
914:Battle of Drava River
888:Rebellion of Ljudevit
517:Istorija na Bǎlgarija
304:, between the rivers
164:Casualties and losses
2090:Operation Maestral 2
2010:Operation Summer '95
2000:Operation Winter '94
1865:Borovo Selo killings
1790:Battle of Stalingrad
1586:Hungarian Revolution
1546:Battle of Austerlitz
1503:French Revolutionary
1361:Battle of Banja Luka
1351:Siege of Sinj (1715)
1168:Katzianer's Campaign
1098:Croatian–Ottoman War
966:Battle of Omiš (948)
948:Siege of Zadar (998)
519:, "Simeon I Veliki".
291:and Bulgarian Knyaz
2050:Operation Vrbas '92
1985:Operation Maslenica
1960:Operation Whirlwind
1744:Battle of Caporetto
1620:Battles of Komárom
1606:Battle of Schwechat
1467:Battle of Hochkirch
1385:European 17th/18th-
1323:Battle of Slankamen
1238:Battle of Keresztes
1193:Siege of Gvozdansko
721:Historijski zbornik
492:History of Bulgaria
388:Romanos I Lekapenos
359:Reasons for the war
330:Romanos I Lekapenos
144:Tomislav of Croatia
89: /
2123:War in Afghanistan
2075:Operation Tvigi 94
1955:Operation Orkan 91
1950:Operation Otkos 10
1945:Siege of Dubrovnik
1677:Austro-Hungarian –
1642:Battle of Temesvár
1452:Battle of Lobositz
1248:Austro-Turkish War
1188:Siege of Szigetvár
534:Clifford J. Rogers
487:History of Croatia
239:Kingdom of Croatia
199:Kingdom of Croatia
127:Kingdom of Croatia
2188:
2187:
2175:
2174:
2108:
2107:
2055:Operation Koridor
2040:Siege of Sarajevo
1990:Daruvar Agreement
1965:Operation Baranja
1915:Battle of Kusonje
1905:Battle of Šibenik
1890:Battle of Vukovar
1870:Operation Stinger
1795:Battle of Neretva
1734:Battle of Galicia
1729:Adriatic Campaign
1715:20th-century wars
1710:
1709:
1662:Battle of Custoza
1652:Third Italian War
1616:Battle of Kápolna
1576:Battle of Leipzig
1536:Battle of Marengo
1526:Battle of Ostrach
1521:Battle of Bassano
1495:19th-century wars
1490:
1489:
1472:Battle of Meissen
1419:Sack of Magdeburg
1396:Thirty Years' War
1379:
1378:
1288:Great Turkish War
1173:Battle of Gorjani
1058:
1057:
1035:Battle of Samobor
796:978-0-521-08070-5
766:978-953-340-061-7
373:Theme of Dalmatia
334:Nicholas Mysticus
325:Nicholas Mystikos
176:
175:
116:
115:
93:45.000°N 16.500°E
2248:
2119:
2118:
2085:Battle of Orašje
1970:Operation Jackal
1900:Battle of Gospić
1895:Vukovar massacre
1885:Battle of Osijek
1825:Battle of Mostar
1780:Battle of Kozara
1719:
1718:
1596:Battle of Pákozd
1499:
1498:
1444:Seven Years' War
1409:Battle of Sablat
1392:
1391:
1123:Battle of Mohács
1113:Battle of Dubica
1092:
1091:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1040:Crusade of Varna
1020:Battle of Bliska
987:wars and battles
873:
872:
853:
846:
839:
830:
829:
810:
807:
801:
800:
781:MacArtney, C. A.
777:
771:
770:
743:
737:
736:
734:
732:
712:
706:
703:
697:
689:
683:
677:
668:
662:
653:
643:
632:
629:
614:
611:
605:
602:
593:
590:
581:
576:
570:
564:
553:
547:
541:
531:
520:
513:
318:Byzantine Empire
243:Bulgarian Empire
216:
195:Byzantine Empire
184:Bulgarian Empire
158:
132:Bulgarian Empire
112:Croatian victory
104:
103:
101:
100:
99:
94:
90:
87:
86:
85:
82:
54:
53:
39:
19:
18:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2171:
2155:
2144:
2124:
2114:
2104:
2065:Siege of Mostar
2060:Battle of Žepče
2027:
2019:
2015:Operation Storm
2005:Operation Flash
1980:Operation Tiger
1940:Gospić massacre
1910:Battle of Zadar
1847:
1839:
1785:Battle of Livno
1763:
1706:
1678:
1671:
1654:of Independence
1653:
1646:
1601:Vienna Uprising
1587:
1580:
1508:Napoleonic Wars
1505:
1486:
1457:Battle of Kolín
1438:
1386:
1375:
1338:
1332:
1328:Battle of Senta
1290:
1282:
1250:
1242:
1225:
1217:
1213:Battle of Sisak
1198:Battle of Slunj
1158:Siege of Kőszeg
1153:Battle of Belaj
1100:
1097:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1054:
986:
980:
952:
924:
902:
868:
862:
857:
819:
814:
813:
808:
804:
797:
778:
774:
767:
744:
740:
730:
728:
723:(in Croatian).
713:
709:
704:
700:
690:
686:
678:
671:
663:
656:
644:
635:
630:
617:
612:
608:
603:
596:
591:
584:
577:
573:
565:
556:
548:
544:
532:
523:
514:
505:
500:
478:
450:George Kedrenos
434:
402:
361:
285:
280:
250:Constantine VII
154:
97:
95:
91:
88:
83:
80:
78:
76:
75:
74:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2254:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2206:920s conflicts
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2158:Yom Kippur War
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2141:(2015–present)
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1096:Hundred Years'
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883:Siege of Trsat
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817:External links
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1163:Siege of Klis
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1118:Siege of Knin
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1045:Battle of Una
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1004:Fifth Crusade
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867:Medieval wars
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646:Ivo Goldstein
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414:palaeographic
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25:
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2113:21st-century
1855:Pakrac clash
1768:World War II
1635:Third battle
1624:First battle
1387:century wars
1339:Ottoman wars
1337:18th-century
942:
805:
785:
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747:Budak, Neven
741:
729:. Retrieved
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227:Dinaric Alps
206:
177:
155:
121:Belligerents
27:Part of the
2168:(2008–2013)
2135:(2003–2014)
2125:(2001–2021)
2028:(1992–1995)
1848:(1991–1995)
1722:World War I
1291:(1683–1699)
1251:(1663–1664)
1226:(1593–1606)
1101:(1493–1593)
1016:(legendary)
869:and battles
439:Pope John X
338:Pope John X
96: /
48:c. 925
2195:Categories
1588:of 1848–49
498:References
454:Hungarians
406:Alogobotur
396:his rear.
278:Background
197:, and the
150:Alogobotur
2153:ceasefire
2115:conflicts
1404:Uskok War
515:Bakalov,
432:Aftermath
422:allagions
289:Trpimir I
211:Bulgarian
2182:Category
1223:Long War
783:(2008).
749:(2018).
682:, p. 196
540:, p. 162
476:See also
365:Zaharija
314:Simeon I
241:and the
219:Croatian
203:Tomislav
191:Simeon I
65:Location
46:Bulgaria
731:29 July
470:locusts
446:Peter I
367:in the
345:Preslav
293:Boris I
268:Balkans
180:Bosnian
169:Unknown
156:†
84:16°30′E
81:45°00′N
42:Croatia
2156:after
793:
763:
727:: 1–33
466:famine
458:Croats
400:Battle
393:Croats
384:Rascia
302:Bosnia
272:Serbia
201:under
152:
109:Result
916:(925)
755:[
462:Serbs
380:Serbs
349:Split
310:Drina
306:Bosna
235:Drina
231:Bosna
148:Duke
1506:and
791:ISBN
761:ISBN
733:2020
353:Rome
308:and
297:Rome
233:and
188:Tsar
57:Date
44:and
2211:926
418:DAI
60:926
2197::
725:60
672:^
657:^
648::
636:^
618:^
597:^
585:^
557:^
536::
524:^
506:^
472:.
460:,
456:,
245:.
221::
217:,
213::
1626:)
852:e
845:t
838:v
799:.
769:.
735:.
209:(
73:)
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