33:
695:
715:
69:
590:, stems, or roots of Crotalaria plants. Species with higher concentrations of pyrrolizidine alkaloids yield greater toxic effects compared to those with lower concentrations. In addition, species that contain only monocrotaline are more poisonous than species that contain only spectabiline at equal concentrations within the seeds, leaves, stems, or roots. There are no confirmed species to this date that contain both spectabiline and monocrotaline; a
1495:
1507:
51:
838:, and studies suggest that they co-evolved within certain geographic regions. To affirm this, a cytological study between the two species was conducted, and it was found that their chromosomes are very similar in shape and size. The highly symmetrical nature of these two karyotypes suggests a close phylogenetic relationship between the two.
834:
largest leaves were the most protein-rich, while the plants with the smallest leaves had the least amount of protein. This has important agricultural implications because these plants can be selected specifically for larger leaves in order to yield maximal protein content. Both of these plants are also considered to be valuable
447:, also known as longbeak rattlebox or chipilín, is found in Guatemala, El Salvador, and Oaxaca and is a popular addition to many local dishes. The edible portions of the plant are the leaves and shoots, which are cooked and served as a leafy green vegetable or desiccated and used as an herb. The foliage contains high amounts of
852:
are leafy vegetable species found to be cultivated in western Kenya. Several tribes known to reside in the country, including the Luhyas, Luos and Kisiis tribes, have been reported to have an extraordinarily high number of these species in comparison to other plant species in their communities. Over
824:
are tropical legumes domesticated since pre-Columbian times. They cover a wide range of uses such as: food and refreshing drink for humans, cover crop or green manure, improvement of fallows, paper elaboration, medicinal plant and honey production (melliferous species). Due to their high protein
833:
were further studied to observe potential improvements in the diets of those who consume it. In an experiment, this species of plant was collected in 5 communities of the state of
Veracruz. In comparing the relative protein content of each plant, it was found that the cultivated plants with the
594:
plant can only have either one or the other. Thus, plants that are less toxic and therefore more appropriate for human consumption carry only low concentrations of spectabiline. According to one study, species that display the greatest toxicity include
869:
can be used as cover crops. They have also been selected by these Kenyan tribes to have high tolerance to disease and poor soil. Both of these serve as indications that the food production systems of each tribe evolved with the emphasis of vegetable
674:
species cause the greatest range of tissue damage to most domesticated species, causing lung lesions in cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and pigs, and liver damage in most livestock. Some species produce severe kidney lesions
1269:
955:
Bhatt, KC; Pandey, A; Dhariwal, OP; Panwar, NS; Bhandari, DC (2009). ""Tum-thang" (Crotalaria tetragona Roxb. Ex Andr.): a little known wild edible species in the north-eastern hill region of India".
395:
are cultivated as crops to be consumed by human populations throughout the world. To ensure the survival and optimal cultivation of these plants, they are often selected for resistance to diseases,
1127:"Glucose, stem dry weight variation, principal components and cluster analysis for some agronomic traits among 16 regenerated Crotalaria juncea accessions for potential cellulosic ethanol"
810:
pollen may cause an allergic reaction in humans, including swelling of the eyes and face, a rash on the neck and shoulders, and itching. Symptoms may take up to a week to clear.
1519:
1327:
Kosanovic D, Kojonazarov B, Luitel H, Dahal BK, Sydykov A, Cornitescu T, Janssen W, Brandes RP, Davie N, Ghofrani HA, Weissmann N, Grimminger F, Seeger W, Schermuly RT (2011).
489:
have the capacity to be cultivated into potential grain crops that are adapted to dry environments, nutrient poor soils, and low-input agricultural systems. Australian
304:
species (approximately 400 species), which are mainly found in damp grassland, especially in floodplains, depressions and along edges of swamps and rivers, but also in
1265:
848:
699:
842:
625:
32:
820:
720:
619:
1025:
Morton, JF (1994). "Pito (Erythrina berteroana) and chipilin (Crotalaria longirostrata), (fabaceae) two soporific vegetables of
Central America.".
1752:
1244:
659:
The toxic alkaloids are attractive to butterflies in the subfamily
Danaiinae and large aggregations of butterflies occur during the flowering of
575:
479:
in the United States since it is avoided as a source of consumption by many animals and since its seeds shatter and spread over a wide range.
1778:
316:
is derived from the fact that the seeds become loose in the pod as they mature, and rattle when the pod is shaken. The name derives from the
1290:
Werchan PM, Summer WR, Gerdes AM, McDonough KH (1989). "Right ventricular performance after monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension".
1096:
1814:
1060:
Bell, LW; Bennett, RG; Ryan, MH; Clarke, H (2010). "The potential of herbaceous native
Australian legumes as grain crops: a review".
1640:
1700:
990:
Johns, T (1996). "Consumption patterns and nutritional contribution of
Crotalaria Brevidens (Mitoo) in Tarime District, Tanzania".
1765:
1713:
686:
seeds, from an earlier seeding intended to increase nitrogen levels in the soil, and at least 13 of them died of liver failure.
939:
1770:
1499:
1635:
663:
species in Asia. These butterflies also obtain alkaloids from sap emerging from withering stems and terminal branches.
853:
time, the Luhyas, Luos and Kisiis have selected both of these species of plants to have high yields. Alongside, this,
1858:
1783:
1739:
579:
1320:
426:, also known as “mitoo,” are harvested and eaten as a leafy vegetable in many popular cuisines. In Malawi it is
1853:
1538:
1292:
1170:
493:
species also show many suitable traits of harvestability, including an upright growth habit, a low tendency to
414:
are eaten as vegetables, the flowers and buds are used as garnishing, and the seeds are eaten as pulse. In the
1832:
566:, which are poisonous to birds and large mammals. The two kinds of pyrrolizidine alkaloids that are found in
1192:
Williams, MC; Molyneux, RJ (1987). "Occurrence, Concentration, and
Toxicity of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in
1609:
1511:
497:
and shatter, the bearing of its fruits and flowers at the ends of branches, and large to moderate seeds.
1692:
1827:
764:
728:
679:
509:
are currently being cultivated for suitable traits that are not directly related to human consumption.
202:
68:
1232:
1793:
1718:
1899:
814:
756:
578:. Monocrotaline is most toxic to the pulmonary vasculature and is used in animal studies to induce
443:
1819:
1687:
1532:
694:
1552:
787:
779:
739:
563:
1757:
1103:
371:. The toxic alkaloids produced by some members of this genus are known to be incorporated by
1806:
1442:"The Diversity of Cultivated African Leafy Vegetables in Three Communities in Western Kenya"
1648:
1590:
1380:
Arias, L.; Losada, H.; Rendon, A.; Grande, D.; Vieyra, J. (2003). "Evaluation of
Chipilin (
1333:
1138:
999:
406:, colloquially known as "Tum-thang", are grown and eaten by the tribal communities of the
8:
1894:
494:
361:
1679:
1142:
1003:
1866:
1473:
1357:
1328:
1213:
1162:
1077:
1042:
972:
806:
538:
464:
367:
355:
214:
63:
1305:
1801:
1622:
1362:
1309:
1166:
1154:
935:
835:
648:
533:
511:
41:
1477:
1081:
1046:
976:
1871:
1463:
1453:
1420:
1352:
1342:
1301:
1205:
1146:
1069:
1034:
1007:
964:
768:
293:
274:
1627:
1601:
1011:
1614:
1329:"Therapeutic efficacy of TBC3711 in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension"
1150:
924:
270:
106:
1458:
1441:
433:
Its wide consumption is mainly due to its nutritional value as a rich source of
1525:
1230:
714:
583:
93:
1384:) as a forage resource for ruminant feeding in the tropical areas of Mexico".
1209:
1073:
968:
1888:
1575:
1425:
1404:
931:
881:
775:
667:
571:
468:
434:
415:
317:
1347:
1283:
1845:
1366:
1158:
748:
476:
172:
1313:
1726:
1584:
791:
419:
350:
330:
1705:
1531:
1217:
1038:
795:
520:
460:
396:
1731:
1468:
1233:"Congregation of Danaid butteflies on Crotalaria retusa L. (Fabaceae)"
759:, it is considered a "soil builder". However, it is also poisonous to
1674:
1661:
911:(2 ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Angus & Robertson Publishers.
799:
482:
438:
305:
281:
162:
1546:
1126:
1840:
1569:
1494:
772:
704:
456:
335:
326:
277:
152:
119:
1744:
1666:
1266:"Ração contaminada mata 13 cavalos no DF; outros 17 estão doentes"
542:
516:
448:
407:
289:
142:
586:
and carcinogenicity. They can be found in the leguminous seeds,
1506:
1446:
African
Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development
1326:
760:
752:
708:
528:
524:
297:
132:
1653:
1231:
Prasad, V.P.; Kothari, M.J.; Barne, K.B.; Rao, P.S.N. (2008).
1100:
FAO (Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)
794:
feed on the plant and re-purpose the poisonous compound as a
763:(as are many legumes), and has spread rapidly throughout the
744:
515:, also known as sunn hemp, is currently grown throughout the
375:
346:
320:
266:
80:
1289:
1125:
Morris, J. Bradley; Antonius, George F. (February 1, 2013).
50:
587:
452:
1405:"Cytogenetic Studies in Mexican Populations of Species of
954:
1379:
312:
are grown as ornamentals. The common name rattlepod or
1059:
798:, excreting it when they are threatened by potential
471:, while the seeds and roots are considerably toxic.
1131:
885:, unrelated plant sometimes also called "rattlepod"
558:The primary source of toxicity for many species of
410:state of North-east India. The flowers and pods of
923:
537:is also being considered as a potential source of
582:for human modeling. Both alkaloids show clinical
378:and used to secure their defense from predators.
308:bush land, roadsides and fields. Some species of
1886:
1439:
1191:
1402:
300:. Africa is the continent with the majority of
1124:
381:
329:", and is the same root as the name for the
49:
31:
1467:
1457:
1424:
1356:
1346:
1237:Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India
921:
902:
900:
898:
1386:Livestock Research for Rural Development
713:
693:
623:L. Species that are least toxic include
906:
402:The wild and domesticated landraces of
345:species are used as food plants by the
1887:
1440:Abukutsa-Onyango, Mary (28 May 2007).
1062:Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems
1024:
895:
1551:
1550:
989:
790:in laboratory animals. Larvae of the
1859:817cb492-6bd5-4d81-970d-6cb9eb7c8f27
1794:c3e3186c-92ca-47eb-b587-faa5c1419a43
1526:West African plants – A Photo Guide.
1094:
957:Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution
422:, the wild and cultivated lines of
13:
1403:Palomino, G.; Vazquez, R. (1991).
1173:from the original on July 29, 2020
386:
14:
1911:
1487:
1306:10.1152/ajpheart.1989.256.5.H1328
786:, is used to induce experimental
1833:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:329745-2
1505:
1493:
682:were fed oats contaminated with
67:
1433:
1396:
1373:
1272:from the original on 2019-03-22
1258:
1247:from the original on 2021-09-01
1224:
580:pulmonary arterial hypertension
1539:New International Encyclopedia
1293:American Journal of Physiology
1185:
1118:
1088:
1053:
1018:
983:
948:
915:
782:, the main toxic principle of
767:where it is now considered an
743:was introduced to the US from
288:. The genus includes over 700
1:
1012:10.1080/03670244.1996.9991475
992:Ecology of Food and Nutrition
909:Poisonous Plants of Australia
889:
678:In March 2019, horses in the
548:
500:
1151:10.1080/03601234.2013.730333
670:alkaloid-containing plants,
7:
1459:10.18697/ajfand.14.IPGRI1-3
874:
656:Benth., among many others.
553:
399:, and nutritional quality.
10:
1916:
765:Southeastern United States
726:
689:
680:Federal District of Brazil
437:, which is a precursor of
382:Current and potential uses
321:
1559:
1300:(5, pt. 2): H1328–H1336.
1210:10.1017/S0043174500060410
1074:10.1017/s1742170510000347
969:10.1007/s10722-009-9428-0
220:
213:
199:
194:
64:Scientific classification
62:
57:
48:
39:
30:
23:
1426:10.1508/cytologia.56.343
1382:Crotalaria longirostrata
827:Crotalaria longirostrata
815:Crotalaria longirostrata
757:nitrogen fixing bacteria
473:Crotalaria longirostrata
444:Crotalaria longirostrata
1348:10.1186/1465-9921-12-87
926:For the Love of Insects
564:pyrrolizidine alkaloids
527:, lightened fiber, and
1097:"Crotalaria juncea L."
907:Everist, S.L. (1979).
788:pulmonary hypertension
784:Crotalaria spectabilis
780:pyrrolizidine alkaloid
740:Crotalaria spectabilis
724:
711:
597:Crotalaria spectabilis
1106:on September 24, 2015
849:Crotalaria ochroleuca
717:
700:Crotalaria grahamiana
697:
523:as a source of green
485:species of the genus
243:Wight & Arn. 1834
1514:at Wikimedia Commons
1334:Respiratory Research
843:Crotalaria brevidens
626:Crotalaria australis
424:Crotalaria brevidens
412:Crotalaria tetragona
404:Crotalaria tetragona
284:) commonly known as
1143:2013JESHB..48..214M
1004:1996EcoFN..35...59U
562:is the presence of
505:Several species of
391:Several species of
362:Etiella zinckenella
1533:"Crotalaria"
1039:10.1007/bf02908199
922:Eisner T. (2003).
807:Crotalaria pallida
725:
712:
539:cellulosic ethanol
368:Utetheisa ornatrix
356:Endoclita sericeus
353:species including
1882:
1881:
1802:Open Tree of Life
1553:Taxon identifiers
1510:Media related to
1268:. 22 March 2019.
941:978-0-674-01827-3
836:genetic resources
831:Crotalaria pumila
821:Crotalaria pumila
721:Crotalaria pumila
534:Crotalaria juncea
512:Crotalaria juncea
294:herbaceous plants
258:
257:
252:
244:
236:
228:
190:
42:Crotalaria retusa
1907:
1875:
1874:
1862:
1861:
1849:
1848:
1836:
1835:
1823:
1822:
1810:
1809:
1797:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1774:
1773:
1761:
1760:
1748:
1747:
1735:
1734:
1722:
1721:
1709:
1708:
1696:
1695:
1683:
1682:
1670:
1669:
1657:
1656:
1644:
1643:
1631:
1630:
1618:
1617:
1605:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1509:
1498:Data related to
1497:
1482:
1481:
1471:
1461:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1360:
1350:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1243:(104): 193–195.
1228:
1222:
1221:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1102:. Archived from
1095:Mannetje, L.'t.
1092:
1086:
1085:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1022:
1016:
1015:
987:
981:
980:
952:
946:
945:
929:
919:
913:
912:
904:
866:
858:
769:invasive species
645:C. sphaerocarpa,
475:is considered a
324:
323:
271:flowering plants
250:
242:
234:
226:
188:
72:
71:
53:
35:
21:
20:
16:Genus of legumes
1915:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1900:Fabaceae genera
1885:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1870:
1865:
1857:
1852:
1844:
1839:
1831:
1826:
1818:
1813:
1805:
1800:
1792:
1790:
1782:
1777:
1769:
1764:
1756:
1751:
1743:
1738:
1730:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1704:
1699:
1691:
1686:
1678:
1673:
1665:
1660:
1652:
1647:
1639:
1634:
1626:
1621:
1613:
1608:
1600:
1598:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1555:
1530:
1490:
1485:
1438:
1434:
1401:
1397:
1378:
1374:
1325:
1321:
1288:
1284:
1275:
1273:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1250:
1248:
1229:
1225:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1093:
1089:
1058:
1054:
1027:Economic Botany
1023:
1019:
988:
984:
953:
949:
942:
920:
916:
905:
896:
892:
877:
864:
856:
735:
692:
620:C. quinquefolia
556:
551:
503:
389:
387:Food and health
384:
187:
66:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1913:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1872:wfo-4000009787
1863:
1850:
1837:
1824:
1811:
1798:
1788:
1775:
1762:
1749:
1736:
1723:
1710:
1697:
1684:
1671:
1658:
1645:
1632:
1619:
1606:
1596:
1581:
1565:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1545:
1544:
1528:
1517:
1515:
1503:
1502:at Wikispecies
1489:
1488:External links
1486:
1484:
1483:
1432:
1419:(3): 343–351.
1395:
1372:
1319:
1282:
1257:
1223:
1204:(4): 476–481.
1184:
1137:(3): 214–218.
1117:
1087:
1052:
1033:(2): 130–138.
1017:
982:
963:(5): 729–733.
947:
940:
914:
893:
891:
888:
887:
886:
876:
873:
872:
871:
839:
811:
803:
755:that supports
727:Main article:
691:
688:
584:hepatotoxicity
555:
552:
550:
547:
502:
499:
388:
385:
383:
380:
256:
255:
254:
253:
245:
237:
229:
218:
217:
211:
210:
197:
196:
192:
191:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
123:
122:
117:
110:
109:
104:
97:
96:
91:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1912:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1452:(14): 01–15.
1451:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1407:Crotalaria L.
1399:
1392:(4): 104–115.
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
951:
943:
937:
933:
932:Belknap Press
928:
927:
918:
910:
903:
901:
899:
894:
884:
883:
882:Senna covesii
879:
878:
868:
860:
851:
850:
845:
844:
840:
837:
832:
828:
823:
822:
817:
816:
812:
809:
808:
804:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
776:monocrotaline
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
741:
737:
736:
734:
732:
723:
722:
716:
710:
706:
702:
701:
696:
687:
685:
681:
676:
673:
669:
668:pyrrolizidine
664:
662:
657:
655:
651:
650:
646:
643:
639:
638:C. maxillaris
636:
632:
628:
627:
622:
621:
616:
612:
609:
605:
602:
598:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:monocrotaline
569:
565:
561:
546:
544:
540:
536:
535:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:
508:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
478:
474:
470:
469:ascorbic acid
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:Lake Victoria
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
379:
377:
374:
370:
369:
364:
363:
358:
357:
352:
348:
344:
340:
338:
337:
332:
328:
319:
318:Ancient Greek
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
276:
272:
268:
264:
263:
249:
246:
241:
238:
233:
230:
225:
222:
221:
219:
216:
212:
209:
208:
206:
198:
193:
186:
185:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
94:Tracheophytes
92:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
70:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
44:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1560:
1537:
1520:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1398:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1338:
1332:
1322:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1274:. Retrieved
1260:
1249:. Retrieved
1240:
1236:
1226:
1201:
1198:Weed Science
1197:
1193:
1187:
1175:. Retrieved
1134:
1130:
1120:
1108:. Retrieved
1104:the original
1099:
1090:
1068:(1): 72–91.
1065:
1061:
1055:
1030:
1026:
1020:
998:(1): 59–69.
995:
991:
985:
960:
956:
950:
925:
917:
908:
880:
862:
854:
847:
841:
830:
826:
819:
813:
805:
783:
749:green manure
738:
730:
719:
698:
683:
677:
671:
665:
660:
658:
654:C. brevidens
653:
647:
644:
641:
637:
634:
630:
624:
618:
614:
610:
607:
603:
600:
596:
591:
576:spectabiline
567:
559:
557:
532:
510:
506:
504:
490:
486:
481:
477:noxious weed
472:
442:
432:
427:
423:
411:
403:
401:
392:
390:
372:
366:
360:
354:
342:
341:
334:
331:rattlesnakes
313:
309:
301:
285:
261:
260:
259:
247:
239:
231:
223:
204:
200:
183:
182:
173:Crotalarieae
126:
113:
100:
87:
40:
24:
18:
1727:iNaturalist
1585:Wikispecies
792:Ornate moth
633:Ex Verdoorn
570:plants are
420:East Africa
351:Lepidoptera
325:, meaning "
280:(subfamily
159:Subfamily:
107:Angiosperms
1895:Crotalaria
1889:Categories
1641:Crotalaria
1591:Crotalaria
1561:Crotalaria
1521:Crotalaria
1512:Crotalaria
1500:Crotalaria
1469:1807/55370
1276:2019-03-22
1251:2020-03-13
1194:Crotalaria
1110:October 8,
890:References
867:ochroleuca
825:contents,
731:Crotalaria
718:Fruits of
684:Crotalaria
672:Crotalaria
661:Crotalaria
592:Crotalaria
568:Crotalaria
560:Crotalaria
549:Properties
521:subtropics
507:Crotalaria
501:Other uses
491:Crotalaria
487:Crotalaria
483:Australian
461:riboflavin
435:β-carotene
393:Crotalaria
373:Utetheisia
343:Crotalaria
310:Crotalaria
302:Crotalaria
286:rattlepods
262:Crotalaria
240:Priotropis
205:Crotalaria
184:Crotalaria
58:Rattlepod
25:Crotalaria
1675:FloraBase
1413:Cytologia
1341:(1): 87.
1167:205552940
859:brevidens
800:predation
649:C. juncea
604:C. retusa
439:vitamin A
418:basin of
314:rattlebox
306:deciduous
282:Faboideae
232:Heylandia
224:Goniogyna
163:Faboideae
77:Kingdom:
1854:VicFlora
1846:40016956
1841:Tropicos
1745:329745-2
1636:eFloraSA
1570:Wikidata
1478:56218576
1367:21699729
1270:Archived
1245:Archived
1196:Seeds".
1177:July 14,
1171:Archived
1159:23356343
1082:84659352
1047:36195369
977:36530928
875:See also
870:cooking.
773:alkaloid
729:List of
705:Thekkady
640:Klotzsch
613:Leveille
611:C. alata
554:Toxicity
457:thiamine
349:of some
336:Crotalus
327:castanet
322:κρόταλον
278:Fabaceae
248:Quirosia
235:DC. 1825
227:DC. 1825
215:Synonyms
203:List of
195:Species
153:Fabaceae
149:Family:
120:Eudicots
1758:1364316
1706:2941719
1576:Q311148
1542:. 1905.
1358:3141422
1314:2524170
1218:4044515
1139:Bibcode
1000:Bibcode
796:defense
751:. As a
733:species
690:Species
652:L, and
588:foliage
543:biofuel
517:tropics
495:dehisce
449:calcium
408:Mizoram
290:species
273:in the
207:species
179:Genus:
169:Tribe:
143:Fabales
139:Order:
81:Plantae
1815:PLANTS
1807:612457
1791:NZOR:
1732:123472
1693:108442
1602:189787
1599:APDB:
1476:
1365:
1355:
1312:
1216:
1165:
1157:
1080:
1045:
975:
938:
865:
857:
771:. The
761:cattle
753:legume
709:Kerala
666:Among
529:fodder
525:manure
467:, and
465:niacin
376:larvae
347:larvae
298:shrubs
275:family
251:Blanco
133:Rosids
1820:CROTA
1771:26569
1753:IRMNG
1680:21554
1667:1CVTG
1654:27990
1615:85342
1474:S2CID
1214:JSTOR
1163:S2CID
1078:S2CID
1043:S2CID
973:S2CID
745:India
428:Zumba
397:yield
267:genus
265:is a
127:Clade
114:Clade
101:Clade
88:Clade
1828:POWO
1784:3828
1779:NCBI
1766:ITIS
1740:IPNI
1719:3105
1714:GRIN
1701:GBIF
1662:EPPO
1628:3W7T
1610:APNI
1363:PMID
1310:PMID
1179:2019
1155:PMID
1112:2015
936:ISBN
861:and
846:and
829:and
818:and
778:, a
747:for
617:and
599:Roth
574:and
541:for
519:and
453:iron
365:and
296:and
201:See
1867:WFO
1688:FoC
1649:EoL
1623:CoL
1524:in
1464:hdl
1454:doi
1421:doi
1353:PMC
1343:doi
1302:doi
1298:256
1206:doi
1147:doi
1070:doi
1035:doi
1008:doi
965:doi
703:in
629:Bak
339:).
292:of
269:of
1891::
1869::
1856::
1843::
1830::
1817::
1804::
1781::
1768::
1755::
1742::
1729::
1716::
1703::
1690::
1677::
1664::
1651::
1638::
1625::
1612::
1587::
1572::
1536:.
1472:.
1462:.
1448:.
1444:.
1417:56
1415:.
1411:.
1390:15
1388:.
1361:.
1351:.
1339:12
1337:.
1331:.
1308:.
1296:.
1241:50
1239:.
1235:.
1212:.
1202:35
1200:.
1169:.
1161:.
1153:.
1145:.
1135:48
1133:.
1129:.
1076:.
1066:26
1064:.
1041:.
1031:48
1029:.
1006:.
996:35
994:.
971:.
961:56
959:.
934:.
930:.
897:^
863:C.
855:C.
707:,
606:L.
545:.
531:.
463:,
459:,
455:,
451:,
441:.
430:.
359:,
189:L.
129::
116::
103::
90::
1480:.
1466::
1456::
1450:7
1429:.
1423::
1409:"
1369:.
1345::
1316:.
1304::
1279:.
1254:.
1220:.
1208::
1181:.
1149::
1141::
1114:.
1084:.
1072::
1049:.
1037::
1014:.
1010::
1002::
979:.
967::
944:.
802:.
642:,
635:,
631:.
615:,
608:,
601:,
333:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_Chain_of_Craters_Road_Hawaii_Volcanoes_National_Park_Hawaii.jpg)
