Cultural diplomacy

455:, and senior executives from Pepsi, Kodak and Macy's. It featured American consumer goods, cars, boats, RCA color TVs, food, clothing, etc., and samples of American products such as Pepsi. There was a typical American kitchen set up inside in which spectators could watch a Bird's Eye frozen meal be prepared. An IBM RAMAC computer was programmed to answer 3,500 questions about America in Russian. The most popular question was "what is the meaning of the American Dream?" The Soviets tried to limit the audience by only giving tickets to party members and setting up their own rival exhibition. But ultimately people came, and the souvenir pins that were given out turned up in every corner of the country. The Soviets banned printed material, but the Americans gave it out anyway. The most popular items were the Bible and a Sears catalogue. The guides for the exhibition were American graduate students, including African Americans and women, who spoke Russian. This gave Russians the ability to speak to real Americans and ask difficult questions. The ambassador to Moscow, 830:, the founder of The Beatles museum and the Temple of Love, Peace and Music in St. Petersburg, commented that The Beatles "were like an integrity test. When anyone said anything against them, we knew just what that person was worth. The authorities, our teachers, even our parents, became idiots to us." Despite the attempts of the Soviet Union's government to prevent the spread of the Beatles' popularity amongst their citizens, the band proved to be as popular in the USSR as it was in Britain. The government went as far as censoring the expression of all Western ideals, including the Beatles' bourgeois eccentricity, limiting the Soviet citizens' access to their music. Leslie Woodland, a documentary film maker, commented regarding what the Russian people were told about the West – "Once people heard the Beatles' wonderful music, it just didn't fit. The authorities' prognosis didn't correspond to what they were listening to. The system was built on fear and lies, and in this way, the Beatles put an end to the fear, and exposed the lies." Pavel Palazchenko, 144:– millions of daily cross-cultural encounters. If that is correct, cultural diplomacy can only be said to take place when formal diplomats, serving national governments, try to shape and channel this natural flow to advance national interests." It is important to note that, while cultural diplomacy is, as indicated above, a government activity, the private sector has a very real role to play because the government does not create culture, therefore, it can only attempt to make a culture known and define the impact this organic growth will have on national policies. Cultural diplomacy attempts to manage the international environment by utilizing these sources and achievements and making them known abroad. An important aspect of this is listening- cultural diplomacy is meant to be a two-way exchange. This exchange is then intended to foster a mutual understanding and thereby win influence within the target nation. Cultural diplomacy derives its credibility not from being close to government institutions, but from its proximity to cultural authorities. 407:. Also, NYCB making an appearance in the Soviet Union was questionable because reviews of Balanchine's ballets had been censored. Instead of feelings of hostility, the company received a warm welcome. Both the United States and the Soviet Union agreed with Balanchine’s decision to emphasize music throughout his choreography. There was still a fundamental disagreement to this as Balanchine often declared that music has no meaning and Soviet society did not have the same ideology. Because each company's ballets were being judged with preconceived notions about society and the arts, opinions clashed and interpretations were different. The United States was mainly known for producing abstract modern pieces which align with Capitalist and individualistic thinking. On the other hand, the Soviet Union was producing narrative ballets which were meant to reeducate citizens and emphasize the importance of society. These exchanges were also seen as a battle between Capitalism and 31: 183:

commercial opportunities. It allows the government to create a "foundation of trust" and a mutual understanding that is neutral and built on people-to-people contact. Another unique and important element of cultural diplomacy is its ability to reach youth, non-elites and other audiences outside of the traditional embassy circuit. In short, cultural diplomacy plants the seeds of ideals, ideas, political arguments, spiritual perceptions and a general view point of the world that may or may not flourish in a foreign nation. Therefore, ideologies spread by cultural diplomacy about American values enables those that seek a better life to look towards the

808: 1020: 125:. Public diplomacy is enhanced by a larger society and culture, but simultaneously public diplomacy helps to "amplify and advertise that society and culture to the world at large". It could be argued that the information component of public diplomacy can only be fully effective where there is already a relationship that gives credibility to the information being relayed. This comes from knowledge of the other's culture. Cultural diplomacy has been called the "linchpin of public diplomacy" because cultural activities have the potential to demonstrate the best of a nation. 1046: 1423: 1280: 1449: 1436: 468: 1267: 1371: 1358: 284: 6045: 5282: 1189: 666: 615: 1319: 1033: 1111: 1410: 1163: 1072: 1332: 1059: 1462: 1241: 4017: 1150: 1137: 987:, a government must exercise control over the flows of information and communication technologies, including trade. This is also difficult for governments that operate in a free market society where the government does not control the bulk of information flows. What the government can do is work to protect cultural exports where they flourish, by utilizing trade agreements or gaining access for foreign telecommunication networks. 476: 1124: 420: 1397: 1306: 1293: 1007: 1345: 1098: 1085: 834:'s conference interpreter, stated that the Beatles' music was a "source of musical relief. They helped us create a world of our own, a world different from the dull and senseless ideological liturgy that increasingly reminded me of Stalinism...". Like Gorbachev, many Russian youth agreed that the Beatles were a way to overcome the cultural isolation imposed by the Cold War and reinforced by their current political system. 757:. In addition, the State Department selected Hanson's Eastman Philharmonia Orchestra to perform during a sweeping international cultural exchange tour in 1961. Concert performances by this elite group of students from the Eastman School of Music were received to critical acclaim by enthusiastic audiences in thirty four cities in sixteen countries throughout Europe, the Middle East and Russia. Similarly, the bass-baritone 1228: 1215: 1202: 1384: 1254: 1176: 5306: 6057: 5294: 3668: 788:, and the cultural and political rivalry of the United States and the Soviet Union created the need for cultural exchange. As a result, the United States government sent a jazz band composed of African American musicians abroad to tour places, including the Middle East and Africa, with the goal of the black musicians establishing connections with their African heritage. 796:

trip to Athens, Greece, a performance transformed an audience of Anti-American students angered by the U.S. stance on Greece's right-wing dictatorship. By the end of the performance, Gillespie said the audience loved the music and threw him up on their shoulders after the performance. Diplomats emphasized the positive effects of musical diplomacy on the public.

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freedom of expression. As many as thirty million listeners worldwide, including millions in the Soviet Union, listened to the forty-five minutes of pop music and forty-five minutes of jazz with a newscast preceding each. Many critics have stated that Conover's program played a major role in the resurgence of jazz within the Soviet Union after the WWII.

403:, who is considered a very influential figure in American ballet though he was born in Russia, were being performed in the Soviet Union. Once again ballet was used to showcase artistry and power while bettering international affairs. Many factors made this tour a pinnacle in Cold war exchanges. The tour occurred at the same time as the 380:

the joy of seeing the ballet company while critiquing Soviet politics. The complaint that Communism was an old-fashioned ideology was given life as most of the ballets performed were classical pieces. Dance produced in the United States, for example Balanchine and Martha Graham, was seen as modern with an individualistic style.

360:. The choreography mixed Asian aesthetics with American values, creating an innovative performance that showed what the United States and a capitalist society was capable of producing. Her performances were received with praise and repositioned the image of the United States in the eyes of the international community. 315:. The images were multi-cultured and only a few were overtly political serving to show the eclecticism and diversity of American culture, which is America's soft power foundation. The display was extremely popular and attracted large numbers of crowds, in short America "showed the world, the world and got credit for it". 331:

intended to show a story of recovery and resolution through documenting not only the grief and pain, but also the recovery efforts. In many countries where the display was run, it was personalized for the population. For example, relatives of those who died in the Towers were often invited to the event openings.

371:, to tour the United States. Their goal was to demonstrate the artistic and physical abilities of their citizens. The repertoire included Romeo and Juliet, Sawn Lake, Giselle, and The Stone Flower. There were also two mixed bills that included both pre and post-revolutionary content. Swan Lake and its composer, 211:, and a nation's overall confidence. The perception of power has important implications for a nation's ability to ensure its security. Furthermore, because cultural diplomacy includes political and ideological arguments, and uses the language of persuasion and advocacy, it can be used as an instrument of 954:

Goodwill tours are meant to be friendly; however, in some cases, they may be intimidating to the people or the government at the place visited. At the same time, a visit by a goodwill tour might be used as a way of "reminding" the place and government visited of a friendship previously established or

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Cultural diplomacy presents a number of unique challenges to any government attempting to carry out cultural diplomacy programs. Most ideas that a foreign population observes are not in the government's control. The government does not usually produce the books, music, films, TV programs, consumer

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took on the role as a musical ambassador during his trip to the Middle East. He reported to President Eisenhower that he and his jazz band were effective against Red propaganda. With their interracial group, the jazz band was able to communicate across social and language barriers. During the band's

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established an Emergency Fund for International Affairs in 1954 to stimulate the presentation of America's cultural achievements to international audiences in the realms of dance, theatre and music. In 1954, the State Department's Cultural Presentations program established a cooperative relationship

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and other values. For example, Soviet audiences watching American films learned that Americans owned their own cars, did not have to stand in long lines to purchase food, and did not live in communal apartments. These observations were not intended to be political messages when Hollywood created the

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ideology and were therefore accepted in the Communist repertoire. Other classic ballets were redesigned to demonstrate this ideology. While Americans were extremely excited to see the ballets and praised the ballerinas, the repertoire was not received as well. This was a tool critics used to express

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that circulated, with the backing of embassies and consulates, to 60 nations. The display was intended to shape and maintain the public memory of the attack and its aftermath. The display sought to show the human side of the tragedy, and not just the destruction of buildings. The display was also

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Eastman School of Music - University of Rochester - Sibley Music Library: John J. Serry Sr. Collection: Autographed Photograph of John Serry accordionist on CBS' C de Las A program circa 1940s p. 3, Series 3, Collection Box 3, Item 1: The John J. Serry Sr. Collection archived at the University of

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It is also possible that foreign government officials may oppose or resist certain cultural exports while the people cheer them on. This can make support for official policies difficult to obtain. Cultural activities may be both a blessing and a curse to a nation. This may be the case if certain

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is an example of how music artists and their songs can become political. During this time, rock music channelled liberal "Western" ideas as a progressive and modernized art form. The Beatles symbolized the Western culture in a way that introduced new ideas that many believe assisted in the collapse

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In turn, cultural diplomacy can help a nation better understand the foreign nation it is engaged with and it fosters mutual understanding. Cultural diplomacy is a way of conducting international relations without expecting anything in return in the way that traditional diplomacy typically expects.

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is "the totality of the thoughts, feelings, associations and expectations that come to mind when a prospect or consumer is exposed to an entity's name, logo, products, services, events, or any design or symbol representing them." Place branding is required to make a country's image acceptable for

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that read "In releasing this record, made especially and exclusively for the USSR, I am extending a hand of peace and friendship to the Soviet people." During Paul McCartney's first trip to Russia in May 2003, nearly half a million fans greeted him. One Russian critic reported, "The only person in

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In terms of policy that supports national security goals, the information revolution has created an increasingly connected world in which public perceptions of values and motivations can create an enabling or disabling environment in the quest for international support of policies. The struggle to

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Generally, cultural diplomacy is more focused on the longer term and less on specific policy matters. The intent is to build up influence over the long term for when it is needed by engaging people directly. This influence has implications ranging from national security to increasing tourism and

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hosted a music program called "Music USA," for the Voice of America to assist in the emergence of jazz musicians as U.S. ambassadors. Conover explained: "Jazz is a cross between total discipline and anarchy," for the way the musicians agree on tempo, key, and chord, but is distinguishable by its

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The usefulness of exchanges is based on two assumptions- some form of political intent lies behind the exchange and the result will have some sort of political effect. The idea is that exchanges will create a network of influential people abroad that will tie them to their host country and will

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that includes the "exchange of ideas, information, art, language and other aspects of culture among nations and their peoples in order to foster mutual understanding". The purpose of cultural diplomacy is for the people of a foreign nation to develop an understanding of the nation's ideals and

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All of these tools seek to bring understanding of a nation's culture to foreign audiences. They work best when they are proven to be relevant to the target audience. The tools can be utilized by working through NGOs, diasporas and political parties abroad, which may help with the challenge of

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leveraged food as a tool of diplomacy in 2023, when its public affairs section collected lunch photos from officers posted across the country and created a "photo montage video titled “What American Diplomats Have for Lunch,” which became one of the most-viewed and most-engaged posts on its

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A goodwill tour is a tour by someone or something famous to a series of places, with the purpose of expressing benevolent interest or concern for a group of people or a region, improving or maintaining a relationship between parties, and exhibiting the item or person to places visited.

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Jazz played a critical role during the Cold War in establishing political ties. Producer Willis Conover explained jazz as an embodiment of an anti-ideology or an alternative way of living by introducing a new style of music with a loose structure and improvisation. In November 1955,

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Participants in cultural diplomacy often have insights into foreign attitudes that official embassy employees do not. This can be used to better understand a foreign nation's intentions and capabilities. It can also be used to counter hostile propaganda and the collection of

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In this way the music of The Beatles struck a political chord in the Soviet Union, even when the songs were not meant to be political. This contact went both ways. In 1968, when the song "Back in the USSR" was released, the album included a quote on the cover from

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affect important international developments is increasingly about winning the information struggle to define the interpretation of states' actions. If an action is not interpreted abroad as the nation meant to it be, then the action itself can become meaningless.

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Ultimately, the goal of cultural diplomacy is to influence a foreign audience and use that influence, which is built up over the long term, as a good will reserve to win support for policies. It seeks to harness the elements of culture to induce foreigners to:

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to many countries affected by the Cold War. Some of these countries included Burma, India, Pakistan, Japan, the Philippines, and Thailand which were all a concern to the United States because they could be easily lost to Communism as predicted in Eisenhower's

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Red Square who wasn't moved was Lenin". This is an example of how products of culture can have an influence on the people they reach outside of their own country. It also shows how a private citizen can unintentionally become a cultural ambassador of sorts.

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wrote: "Public diplomacy consists of all a nation does to explain itself to the world, and cultural diplomacy – the use of creative expression and exchanges of ideas, information, and people to increase mutual understanding – supplies much of its content."

307:. The display originally showed in the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, but then USIA helped the display to be seen in 91 locations in 39 countries. The 503 photographs by 237 professional and amateur photographers were curated and put together by 903:

investment, tourism, political power, etc. As Joseph Nye commented, "in an information age, it is often the side which has the better side of the story that wins," this has resulted in a shift from old style diplomacy to encompass brand building and

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In the 1950s the Soviet Union had a reputation that was associated with peace, international class solidarity and progress due to its sponsorship of local revolutionary movements for liberation. The United States was known for its involvement in the

1949:"Cultural Diplomacy, Political Influence, and Integrated Strategy," in Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda, and Political Warfare, ed. Michael J. Waller (Washington, DC: Institute of World Politics Press, 2009), 82–87. 1940:"Cultural Diplomacy, Political Influence, and Integrated Strategy," in Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda, and Political Warfare, ed. Michael J. Waller (Washington, DC: Institute of World Politics Press, 2009), 78–79. 1782:"Cultural Diplomacy, Political Influence, and Integrated Strategy," in Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda, and Political Warfare, ed. Michael J. Waller (Washington, DC: Institute of World Politics Press, 2009), 74–75. 179:

Cultural exchange programs work as a medium to relay a favourable impression of the foreign country in order to gain outsiders' understanding and approval in their cultural practices and naturalize their social norms among other cultures.

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declared Louis Armstrong as America's most effective ambassador. What American diplomats could not do, Armstrong and his jazz music did. This article claimed that musicians, such as Armstrong, created a universal language to communicate.

1904:"Cultural Diplomacy, Political Influence, and Integrated Strategy," in Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda, and Political Warfare, ed. Michael J. Waller (Washington, DC: Institute of World Politics Press, 2009), 93. 1882:"Cultural Diplomacy, Political Influence, and Integrated Strategy," in Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda, and Political Warfare, ed. Michael J. Waller (Washington, DC: Institute of World Politics Press, 2009), 76. 1827:"Cultural Diplomacy, Political Influence, and Integrated Strategy," in Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda, and Political Warfare, ed. Michael J. Waller (Washington, DC: Institute of World Politics Press, 2009), 89. 1818:"Cultural Diplomacy, Political Influence, and Integrated Strategy," in Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda, and Political Warfare, ed. Michael J. Waller (Washington, DC: Institute of World Politics Press, 2009), 77. 1533:"Cultural Diplomacy, Political Influence, and Integrated Strategy," in Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda, and Political Warfare, ed. Michael J. Waller (Washington, DC: Institute of World Politics Press, 2009), 74. 395:. This ballet was meant to excite American audiences and prove that the Soviet Union could produce new, action-packed performances. The Soviet Union's creation was still not considered innovative because the Hollywood film Spartacus by 492:

appreciate their host country more due to their time spent there. Exchanges generally take place at a young age, giving the host country the opportunity to create an attachment and gain influence at a young impressionable age.

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As the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union escalated in the 1950s, the Department of State also supported the performance of classical music as an indispensable diplomatic tool. With this in mind, President

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Giles Scott-Smith, "Mapping the Undefinable: Some Thoughts on the Relevance of Exchange Programs within International Relations Theory," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 16 (March 2008):

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of communism. As a result, the Beatles served as cultural diplomats through their popularity in the Soviet Union. Their music fostered youth communication and united people with a common spirit of popular culture.

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Sergei Gavrov, Lev Vostryakov, Cultural diplomacy as a tool for constructing and broadcasting an attractive brand of the Russian state. (Moscow, Russia: Moscow State University of Culture and Arts, 2018, № 2),

729:(ANTA) to evaluate potential musical performers who could best represent America at performance venues throughout the world. Members of the advisory panel included such noted American composers and academics as: 983:

products, etc. that reaches an audience. The most the government can do is try to work to create openings so the message can get through to mass audiences abroad. To be cultural relevant in the age of

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elements of a culture are offensive to the foreign audience. Certain cultural activities can also undermine national policy objectives. An example of this was the very public American dissent to the

780:. He considered jazz as corrupt and capitalistic due to the fact that it grew out of the United States during a time of political unrest. During the 1950s to 1960s, the Civil Rights Movement, the 3700: 128:

Richard T. Arndt, a former State Department cultural diplomacy practitioner, said: "Cultural relations grow naturally and organically, without government intervention – the transactions of

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A later example of dance during the Cold War was the Soviet Union and the United States exchanging ballet companies for a time in order to improve cultural relations. In October 1962, the

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Media Sound & Culture in Latin America & the Caribbean. Editors – Bronfman, Alejandra & Wood, Andrew Grant. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 2012 Pg. 49

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because it demonstrates to foreign audiences every aspect of culture, including wealth, scientific and technological advances, competitiveness in everything from sports and industry to

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institutions in an effort to build broad support for economic and political objectives. In essence "cultural diplomacy reveals the soul of a nation", which in turn creates influence.

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Nicholas John. Cull, The Cold War and the United States Information Agency: American Propaganda and Public Diplomacy, 1945–1989 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 162–167.

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The positioning of the performing arts throughout history shows that dance was a tool for showing power, promoting national pride, and maintaining international relations. During the

367:" was expected to have an understanding of the arts and be able to contribute to society. In 1959, the Soviet Union decided to send one of its highly regarded ballet companies, the 3288:

Louis Belanger, "Redefining Cultural Diplomacy: Cultural Security and Foreign Policy in Canada," Political Psychology 20, no. 4 (December 1999): 677–8, doi:10.1111/0162-895X.00164.

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In the post World War II era, the United States Army also acknowledged the importance of cultural programming as a valuable diplomatic tool amidst the ruins in Europe. In 1952 the

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Louis Belanger, "Redefining Cultural Diplomacy: Cultural Security and Foreign Policy in Canada," Political Psychology 20, no. 4 (December 1999): 678, doi:10.1111/0162-895X.00164.

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Peter Van Ham, "Place Branding: The State of the Art," The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616 (March 2008): 127–133, doi:10.1177/0002716207312274.

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Mary N. Maack, "Books and Libraries as Instruments of Cultural Diplomacy in Francophone Africa during the Cold War," Libraries & Culture 36, no. 1 (Winter 2001): 59.

4903: 411:, with each showing off its values and power. These are only a few examples of dance being used to showcase artistry and power while bettering international affairs. 3381:

Becard, Danielly Silva Ramos, and Paulo Menechelli. "Chinese Cultural Diplomacy: instruments in China’s strategy for international insertion in the 21st Century."

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while official government policy still supported it. Simultaneously the prevalence of the protest may have attracted some foreigners to the openness of America.

311:. The images showed glimpses of everyday human life in its various stages; courtship, birth, parenting, work, self-expression, etc., including images from the 3035:

Fosler-Lussier, Danielle, "Jazz Diplomacy: Promoting America in Cold War Era by Lisa E. Davenport (review)," American Music 31, no. 1, (Spring 2013), 117–118.

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Carnes Lord, Losing Hearts and Minds?: Public Diplomacy and Strategic Influence in the Age of Terror (Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2006), 52.

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Carnes Lord, Losing Hearts and Minds?: Public Diplomacy and Strategic Influence in the Age of Terror (Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2006), 30.

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Carnes Lord, Losing Hearts and Minds?: Public Diplomacy and Strategic Influence in the Age of Terror (Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2006), 15.

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Popular entertainment is a statement about the society which it is portraying. These cultural displays can carry important messages regarding individualism,

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Cultural diplomacy through the arts was also used by the Soviet Union due to the high value they placed on culture and the belief it could unite people. The "

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Jazz originally surfaced in the Soviet Union during the 1920s and 1930s, but quickly faded. After World War II, jazz began to reemerge, but was condemned by

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Geduld, Victoria Phillips (2010). "Dancing Diplomacy: Martha Graham and the Strange Commodity of the Cold-War Cultural Exchange in Asia, 1955 and 1975".

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United States, Department of State, Advisory Committee on Cultural Diplomacy, Diplomacy Report of the Advisory Committee on Cultural Diplomacy, 3, 4, 9.

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Nicholas J. Cull, "Public Diplomacy: Taxonomies and Histories," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616 (March 2008): 39–40.

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Nicholas J. Cull, "Public Diplomacy: Taxonomies and Histories," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616 (March 2008): 36.

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Nicholas J. Cull, "Public Diplomacy: Taxonomies and Histories," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616 (March 2008): 33.

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United States, Department of State, Advisory Committee on Cultural Diplomacy, Diplomacy Report of the Advisory Committee on Cultural Diplomacy, 7 .

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United States, Department of State, Advisory Committee on Cultural Diplomacy, Diplomacy Report of the Advisory Committee on Cultural Diplomacy, 3.

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Fan, Shuhua (2024). "Confucius Institutes in the Xi Jinping Era: From Peak to Demise in the United States". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.).

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Richmond, Yale. Cultural Exchange and the Cold War: Raising the Iron Curtain. (University Park, PA: Penn State University Press, 2004), 205–209.

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Clarke, David, and Paweł Duber. "Polish cultural diplomacy and historical memory: the case of the Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk."

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Bratersky, Alexander, "Back in the USSR: the Beatles shaped a generation in Soviet Russia," Russia: beyond the headlines.(November 8, 2012).

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France has led the way in using the return on art and artifacts looted during their colonial past to its home country for diplomatic means.

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was recruited by the Department of State to perform in six separate European tours during the 1950s which featured productions of the opera

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by the orchestra continued throughout Europe until 1962. They showcased the talents of several noted conductors and musicians including:

1440: 117:(appeals to the masses). This is what governments seek to show foreign audiences when engaging in cultural diplomacy. It is a type of 3586:

Singh, Rana PB, and Pravin S. Rana. "Cultural Diplomacy in India: Dispersal, Heritage Representation, Contestation, and Development."

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Duke Ellington, B.B. King, and Dizzy Gillespie all made trips to Africa that fostered connections with the African diaspora. In 1956,

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Liam Kennedy, "Remembering September 11: Photography as Cultural Diplomacy," International Affairs 79, no. 2 (March 2003): 315–323.

1115: 5536: 3124: 2540: 219:– they feature weddings, funerals and going to court. So now we think it's only natural to go to court a few times in your life." 2854: 1662: 3425: 3765: 2922: 2895: 2866: 2754: 2670: 2620: 2537: 1180: 878: 726: 3088: 594:

participated in this truly international effort to foster peace throughout the Americas through shared musical performances

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to showcase leading musicians from both North and South America for audiences on both continents. Musical artists such as

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values. Through this, countries were able to share their ideas. In 1955, the United States state department sent the

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Ignorance Abroad: American Educational and Cultural Foreign Policy and the Office of the Assistant Secretary of State

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Photograph of actor Pat O'Brien and singer Kate Smith on the Viva America program for CBS Radio on Getty Images.com

1453: 907:. In short, a country can use its culture to create a brand for itself which represents positive values and image. 300: 215:

and be useful in achieving traditional goals of war. A Chinese activist was quoted as saying "We've seen a lot of

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Clarke, D., "Theorising the role of cultural products in cultural diplomacy from a cultural studies perspective"

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in Stuttgart, Germany in order to demonstrate the shared cultural heritage of America and Europe. Performances of

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Faculty Portraits of Samuel Adler at the Juilliard School of Music, New York, October 2013 on Juilliard.edu

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Coca-Colonization and the Cold War: The Cultural Mission of the U.S. in Austria after the Second World War

2041:"Music and dance diplomacy in the COVID-19 era: Jerusalema and the promotion of South Africa's soft power" 6088: 6083: 5589: 5192: 3924: 1336: 352: 3503:

Lee, Seow Ting. "Film as cultural diplomacy: South Korea’s nation branding through Parasite (2019)." in

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Joseph S. Nye, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (Cambridge: Perseus Books, 2004), 56.

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Joseph S. Nye, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (Cambridge: Perseus Books, 2004), 23.

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Joseph S. Nye, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (Cambridge: Perseus Books, 2004), 18.

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Joseph S. Nye, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (Cambridge: Perseus Books, 2004), 22.

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Transmission impossible : American journalism as cultural diplomacy in postwar Germany, 1945–1955

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Ang, Ien, Yudhishthir Raj Isar, and Phillip Mar. "Cultural diplomacy: beyond the national interest?"

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Cosmopolitan Ambassadors: International exhibitions, cultural diplomacy and the polycentral museum

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they exhibit. This can take the form of building/supporting museums, gifting art/antiquities, and

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in February 2002 entitled Images from Ground Zero. The display included 27 images, detailing the

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to demonstrate culture and progress by both the United States and the Soviet Union. In 1959, the

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Not like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated and Transformed American Culture since World War II

2648:"Seventh Army Symphony on Armed Forces Radio in 1961 performing works by Vivaldi and Dvorak" on 255:

Literature – the establishment of libraries abroad and translation of popular and national works

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Mark Leonard, "Diplomacy by Other Means," Foreign Policy 132 (September/October 2002): 51, 52.

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Photograph of Manolita Arriola and Nestor Chayres for "Viva America" 1946 CBS on Getty Images

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The Soviet cultural offensive : the role of cultural diplomacy in Soviet foreign policy

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Mark Leonard, "Diplomacy by Other Means," Foreign Policy 132 (September/October 2002): 50.

1922:

Mark Leonard, "Diplomacy by Other Means," Foreign Policy 132 (September/October 2002): 49.

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Mark Leonard, "Diplomacy by Other Means," Foreign Policy 132 (September/October 2002): 51.

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The German-American Encounter: Conflict and Cooperation Between Two Cultures, 1800–2000

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This Image and reputation has become an essential part of a "state's strategic equity".

459:, commented that "the exhibition would be 'worth more to us than five new battleships." 6048: 5975: 5937: 5932: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5887: 5851: 5746: 5721: 5660: 5577: 5557: 5337: 5227: 5160: 5008: 4968: 4888: 4750: 4730: 4685: 4665: 4625: 4554: 4529: 4499: 4479: 4474: 4442: 4344: 4142: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4049: 4039: 4020: 3842: 3573: 3563: 3541:

Paschalidis, G., "Exporting national culture: histories of cultural institutes abroad"

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William Warfield – Biography at the Rochester Music Hall of Fame on rochestermusic.org

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is a set of values and practices that creates meaning for society. This includes both

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Jonathan D. Green, Scarecrow Press, Oxford, 1994, Chapter II – Survey of Works p. 14

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Nestor Mesta Chayres photographed on the CBS "Viva America" Program on Getty Images

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had been released prior to this performance. At the same time, seventeen ballets by

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The US and Soviet Union hosted a range of educational exchange programs during the

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Jamie Frederic Metzl, "Popular Diplomacy," Daedalus 128, no. 2 (Spring 1999): 178.

1565:"Public Diplomacy as a National Security Tool – Foreign Policy Research Institute" 962:

by President-elect Herbert Hoover in November–December 1928, the goodwill tour to

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and for preserving the status quo. In an effort to change this perception, the

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The first resort of kings. American cultural diplomacy in the twentieth century

3089:"For young Soviets, the Beatles were a first, mutinous rip in the iron curtain" 3059:"Beatles books & records discography :: Something Books – Kolya Vasin" 3047:

John Alter, "You say you want a revolution," Newsweek (September 22, 2003): 37.

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Brown, John. "Arts diplomacy: The neglected aspect of cultural diplomacy." in

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William Warfield biography at the Eastman School of Music on esm.rochester.edu

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Exhibitions which offer the potential to showcase numerous objects of culture

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Green, Shannon N.; Brown, Katherine A.; Wang, Jian “Jay” (17 January 2017).

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Fosler-Lussier, Danielle (2015). "Introduction: Instruments of Diplomacy".

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aid in changing the policies or political environment of the target nation,

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American–Soviet Cultural Diplomacy .The Bolshoi Ballet's American Premiere

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Carta, Caterina, and Richard Higgott. "Cultural Diplomacy in Europe." in

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Topics Performing arts, International relations, Multiculturalism in art

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The History of United States Cultural Diplomacy: 1770 to the Present Day

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has played an important role in advancing national security objectives.

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Transcultural Diplomacy and International Law in Heritage Conservation

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Educational programs such as universities and language programs abroad

243:

Arts including films, dance, music, painting, sculpture, among others.

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Americans all : good neighbor cultural diplomacy in World War II

1713:"Cultural Diplomacy: Hard to Define, but You'd Know It If You Saw It" 866: 579: 408: 344: 188: 3604:(Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, Georgetown University, 1990). 3169:"Pump up the volume: Music diplomacy as soft power | Lowy Institute" 3117:"Back in the USSR: the Beatles shaped a generation in Soviet Russia" 2665:

Amy C. Beal, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2006, P. 49,

2323:

Designed for hi-fi living : the vinyl LP in mid-century America

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Tchaikovsky's Ballets : Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, Nutcracker

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have a positive view of the country's people, culture and policies,

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Museum diplomacy is a subset of cultural diplomacy concerned with

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Borgerson, Janet; Schroeder, Jonathan E.; Miller, Daniel (2017).

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Don't Act, Just Dance : The Metapolitics of Cold War Culture

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Gifts to a nation, which demonstrates thoughtfulness and respect

5811: 5437: 4317: 3667: 1461: 1396: 1344: 1305: 1292: 1240: 1149: 1136: 1097: 1084: 1006: 883: 527: 343:, the plot and choreography choices used in dance demonstrated 110: 3115:

Alexander Bratersky, special to Russia Now (8 November 2012).

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Howard Hanson and the Eastman Philharmonia on books.google.com

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Cultural diplomacy relies on a variety of mediums, including:

2289:"Educational Exchange and Cultural Diplomacy in the Cold War" 2188:

Swans of the Kremlin : Ballet and Power in Soviet Russia

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Jacqueline Kennedy's 1962 goodwill tour of India and Pakistan

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Uncle Sam's Orchestra: Memories of the Seventh Army Symphony

1688:"Diplomacy, Development and Security in the Information Age" 3560:

Dance for export : cultural diplomacy and the Cold War

3194:"American diplomats showcase lunchbox diplomacy in Beijing" 2890:. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. p. 10. 2749:. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. p. 23. 2702: 2674: 2649: 2624: 2103:"Martha Graham's Cold War: The Dance of American Diplomacy" 3975: 3602:

Communicating with the World: US Public Diplomacy Overseas

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You may listen to radio broadcasts of performances by the

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Allen Laurence Cohen, Praeger Publishers, CT., 2004 p.13

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in Moscow. The exhibition was opened by Vice President

3645:

Gienow-Hecht, Jessica C.E., and Mark C. Donfried, eds.

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International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society

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Dissonant Divas in Chicana Music: The Limits of la Onda

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Religious diplomacy, including inter-religious dialogue

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Isar, Y. R. "Cultural diplomacy: an overplayed hand?"

2637:

The Directory of the Armed Forces Radio Service Series

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A Conductor's Guide to Choral-Orchestral Works, Part 1

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Promotion and explanation of ideas and social policies

2801:

Dance for Export: Cultural Diplomacy and the Cold War

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Harry MacKenzie, Greeenwood Press, CT. 1999, p. 198

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Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs

198: 136:, student flows, communications, book circulation, 2173:Ballet in the Cold War: A Soviet-American Exchange 1835: 1833: 1663:"Community and Communalism in the Information Age" 303:(USIA) sponsored a photographic exhibition titled 252:Exchanges – scientific, artistic, educational etc. 109:(literature, art, and education, which appeals to 3515:China's Cultural Diplomacy: A Great Leap Outward? 3031: 3029: 2975: 2855:"The Golden Age of Cultural Diplomacy, 1953-1961" 2204:Siegel, Marcia B. "George Balanchine 1904–1983". 1627:"The National Security Need for Public Diplomacy" 375:, were considered Russian classics that fit into 195:are portrayed as desirable and achievable goals. 6075: 3581:The Cultural Cold War in Western Europe, 1945–60 2553:"Artist Biography: Eva Garza – Frontera Project" 1591:"Public Diplomacy and National Security in 2017" 1545: 3404: 2861:. London: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 96–98. 2743:"Classical Music and the Mediation of Prestige" 1830: 3710:International cultural promotion organizations 3579:Scott-Smith, Giles, and Hans Krabbendam, eds. 3533:U.S. information policy and cultural diplomacy 3458: 3221: 3026: 2910: 2881: 2740: 1588: 1077:European Union National Institutes for Culture 869:to strengthen its music diplomacy activities. 688:enlisted the expertise of the young conductor 495:An example of exchanges is the United States' 5345: 3991: 3694: 3590:(Springer, Singapore, 2021) pp. 231–256. 2803:. CT: Wesleyan University Press. p. 11. 2038: 3654:Cultural Imperialsm: A Critical Introduction 3632: 3383:Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 3255:"Artefacts paving France's return to Africa" 2316: 2314: 5359: 3451:Goff, Patricia M. "Cultural diplomacy." in 3082: 3080: 3043: 3041: 846:In September 2023, U.S. Secretary of State 534:as an important diplomatic tool during the 5352: 5338: 3998: 3984: 3701: 3687: 3642:(2014). doi:10.1080/10286632.2014.958481. 3459:Hebert, David; McCollum, Jonathan (2022). 3401:Between the Domestic and the International 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2262:Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs 1441:Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs 519:films, but they nonetheless carried them. 258:Broadcasting of news and cultural programs 3593:Trommler, Frank, and Elliott Shore, eds. 3543:International journal of cultural policy, 3227: 2832:. MA: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 370–375. 2311: 1900: 1898: 1710: 203:Cultural diplomacy is a demonstration of 3855:Finnish Cultural and Academic Institutes 3640:International journal of cultural policy 3495:French scientific and cultural diplomacy 3353:International Journal of Cultural Policy 3321:China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment 3077: 3056: 3038: 2884:"Introduction: Instruments of Diplomacy" 2133: 1660: 1116:Finnish Cultural and Academic Institutes 806: 474: 466: 418: 318:A similar effort was carried out by the 282: 29: 3086: 2999: 2794: 2771:"Music in America's Cold War Diplomacy" 2713: 2325:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 1769: 1767: 1765: 427:Exhibitions were often used during the 14: 6076: 3462:Ethnomusicology and Cultural Diplomacy 3453:Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy 3394:Routledge handbook of public diplomacy 3305: 3303: 2569: 2407: 2185: 2170: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2082: 1895: 1667:Brown Journal of International Affairs 1624: 998: 5537:Conseiller chargé des investissements 5333: 3979: 3766:Indian Council for Cultural Relations 3682: 3621:10 Great Moments in Music Diplomacy, 2914:Music in America's Cold War Diplomacy 2888:Music in America's Cold War Diplomacy 2852: 2747:Music in America's Cold War Diplomacy 2222: 2199: 2197: 2148: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2013: 1985: 1181:Indian Council for Cultural Relations 727:American National Theatre and Academy 725:with the Music Advisory Panel of the 234: 6056: 5293: 4894:Role of Christianity in civilization 3405:org/10.1007/978-3-030-21544-6 online 3312: 2938:Howard Hanson in Theory and Practice 2823: 2687:A Dictionary for the Modern Composer 2138:. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. 1986:Davis, Rachel Lowy (15 April 2018). 1762: 5305: 3611:( U of North Carolina Press, 1995). 3505:Place Branding and Public Diplomacy 3318: 3300: 3230:Museum Diplomacy in the Digital Age 3139:"Global Music Diplomacy Initiative" 3131: 2830:A Companion to Dwight D. Eisenhower 2701:founded by Samuel Adler in 1952 on 2157: 2120: 958:Notable goodwill tours include the 942:to advance its national interests. 910: 27:Exchange of culture between nations 24: 3647:Searching for a cultural diplomacy 3435:(Naval Postgraduate School, 2010) 3345: 3252: 3228:Grincheva, Natalia (6 July 2020). 2570:Vargas, Deborah R. (21 May 2018). 2364:Rochester Eastman School of Music 2286: 2203: 2194: 2091:– via Taylor Francis Online. 2071: 1717:The Brown Journal of World Affairs 1661:Kalathil, Shanthi (1 March 2022). 933: 509: 25: 6110: 3660: 3455:(Routledge, 2020) pp. 30–37. 3396:(Routledge, 2020) pp. 79–81. 3143:United States Department of State 2882:Fosler-Lussier, Danielle (2015). 2826:"Propaganda and Public Diplomacy" 2741:Fosler-Lussier, Danielle (2015). 2720:. University of Rochester Press. 2444:"Copyright 2018, J. David Goldin" 2223:Kodat, Catherine Gunther (2015). 2134:McDaniel, Cadra Peterson (2015). 1654: 945: 893: 852:Global Music Diplomacy Initiative 799:From 1955 to 1996, jazz producer 532:United States Department of State 320:United States Department of State 6055: 6044: 6043: 5304: 5292: 5281: 5280: 4015: 3666: 3526:International cultural relations 1460: 1454:United States Information Agency 1447: 1434: 1421: 1408: 1395: 1382: 1369: 1356: 1343: 1330: 1317: 1304: 1291: 1278: 1265: 1252: 1239: 1226: 1213: 1200: 1187: 1174: 1161: 1148: 1135: 1122: 1109: 1096: 1083: 1070: 1057: 1044: 1031: 1018: 1005: 977: 664: 622:' Tipica Orchestra conducted by 613: 301:United States Information Agency 199:Connections to national security 6031:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy 5106:Culture and positive psychology 4016: 3881:Hellenic Foundation for Culture 3291: 3282: 3273: 3246: 3212: 3186: 3161: 3108: 3099: 3050: 2964: 2953: 2931: 2904: 2875: 2846: 2817: 2788: 2763: 2734: 2707: 2699:Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra 2679: 2654: 2629: 2604: 2590: 2563: 2545: 2526: 2514: 2502: 2490: 2478: 2466: 2436: 2401: 2390: 2379: 2368: 2356: 2347: 2280: 2250: 2240: 2231: 2216: 2179: 2142: 2095: 2032: 2007: 1979: 1970: 1961: 1952: 1943: 1934: 1925: 1916: 1907: 1885: 1876: 1867: 1858: 1821: 1812: 1803: 1794: 1785: 1776: 1753: 1744: 1735: 1155:Hellenic Foundation for Culture 694:Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra 671:Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra 522:Cultural programming featuring 4545:High- and low-context cultures 3624:USC Center on Public Diplomacy 2824:Pach, Chester J., ed. (2017). 2014:Mehta, Anjali (3 April 2014). 1711:Schneider, Cynthia P. (2006). 1704: 1680: 1618: 1582: 1557: 1536: 1527: 968:San Francisco Seals (baseball) 530:was already recognized by the 414: 91:Brown Journal of World Affairs 13: 1: 3877:Center for the Greek Language 3232:(First ed.). Routledge. 2057:10.1080/00358533.2021.1956816 1520: 1272:Korean Friendship Association 1142:Center for the Greek Language 275:relevance and understanding. 170:prevent, manage and mitigate 147: 83: 53: 6026:Twin towns and sister cities 5111:Culture and social cognition 4096:Cross-cultural communication 3903:Istituto Italiano di Cultura 3441:Gienow-Hecht, Jessica C. E. 2410:A Pictorial History of Radio 2175:. New York: Oxford Academic. 1515:Twin towns and sister cities 1207:Istituto Italiano di Cultura 1027:, People's Republic of China 865:There are growing calls for 538:period. 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(2017). 2523:, January 18, 1942, pg. 27 2186:Ezrahi, Christina (2012). 6039: 5989: 5963: 5865: 5689: 5618: 5598: 5570: 5514: 5481: 5465: 5420: 5387: 5378: 5371: 5276: 5248:Transformation of culture 4941: 4861: 4681:Cultural environmentalism 4618: 4358: 4221: 4111:Cross-cultural psychology 4106:Cross-cultural psychiatry 4101:Cross-cultural leadership 4078: 4027: 4013: 3909:Adam Mickiewicz Institute 3837:Danish Cultural Institute 3816: 3751: 3716: 3633:Historiography and memory 2586:– via Google Books. 2557:frontera.library.ucla.edu 2511:February 28, 1943, pg. X9 2487:, January 1, 1942, pg. 27 1456:, United States (1953–99) 1430:, United Kingdom (1934– ) 1298:Adam Mickiewicz Institute 1064:Danish Cultural Institute 1038:Caro and Cuervo Institute 1012:Brazilian Cultural Center 819:had in Russia during the 663: 612: 607: 88:In a 2006 article in the 61: early 19th century 6009:Parliamentary delegation 5888:Diplomatic accreditation 5654:African Diplomatic Corps 5395:Permanent representative 5208:Living things in culture 5198:Intercultural competence 5101:Culture and menstruation 4600:Trans-cultural diffusion 3528:(Allen and Unwin, 1986). 3371:Barghoorn, Frederick C. 2703:https://books.google.com 2675:https://books.google.com 2650:https://books.google.com 2625:https://books.google.com 2576:. U of Minnesota Press. 2499:, May 10, 1942, pg. Sm10 2475:, January 8, 1941, pg. 8 2408:Settel, Irving (1967) . 1625:Wallin, Matthew (2012). 1246:Jewish Agency for Israel 860:U.S. Department of State 782:decolonization of Africa 634:performing the boleros: 471:New US-UK Fulbright Logo 334: 229:open-source intelligence 164:between the two nations, 5457:Deputy chief of mission 5412:Resident representative 5019:Cultural homogenization 4249:Individualistic culture 4183:Popular culture studies 4168:Intercultural relations 3899:Società Dante Alighieri 3737:Instituto Caro y Cuervo 3649:(Berghahn Books, 2010). 3545:(2009) 15 (3), 275–289. 3487:18 October 2018 at the 3365:(Potomac Books, 2006). 3325:Leiden University Press 2795:Prevots, Naima (1998). 1220:Dante Alighieri Society 872: 753:, and the music critic 739:Eastman School of Music 453:William Randolph Hearst 278: 174:with the target nation. 5903:Diplomatic credentials 4954:Archaeological culture 4701:Cultural globalization 4570:Organizational culture 4418:Cultural communication 4376:Cultural appropriation 4163:Intercultural learning 4091:Cross-cultural studies 3931:Russkiy Mir Foundation 3825:Ramon Llull Foundation 3792:Korean Cultural Center 3607:Wagnleiter, Reinhold. 3355:21.4 (2015): 365–381. 2714:Canaria, John (1998). 2258:"Notable Fulbrighters" 2212:(3) – via JSTOR. 1642:Cite journal requires 1606:Cite journal requires 1363:Korean Cultural Center 1350:Russkiy Mir Foundation 925:travelling exhibitions 812: 488: 472: 424: 291: 290:(1936), Dorothea Lange 63: 5494:Resident commissioner 5466:Bilateral-subnational 5223:Participatory culture 5014:Cultural evolutionism 4838:Multiracial democracy 4716:Cultural intelligence 4661:Cultural conservatism 4651:Cultural backwardness 4641:Cultural assimilation 4515:Cultural reproduction 4371:Cultural appreciation 4323:Far-right subcultures 4213:Transcultural nursing 4178:Philosophy of culture 4055:Cultural neuroscience 4035:Cultural anthropology 3796:King Sejong Institute 3507:18.2 (2022): 93–104. 3424:(Vernon Press, 2019) 3259:www.lowyinstitute.org 3173:www.lowyinstitute.org 2598:The Juilliard Journal 2171:Searcy, Anne (2020). 938:China has been using 905:reputation management 879:US Embassy in Beijing 856:The Recording Academy 810: 478: 470: 422: 286: 33: 5626:Apostolic nunciature 5526:Agricultural attaché 5218:Oppositional culture 5188:Emotions and culture 5096:Cultural sensibility 5086:Cultural translation 5024:Cultural institution 5004:Cultural determinism 4726:Cultural nationalism 4711:Cultural imperialism 4671:Cultural deprivation 4565:Non-material culture 4198:Sociology of culture 4193:Semiotics of culture 3941:Institut Ramon Llull 3808:Yunus Emre Institute 3675:at Wikimedia Commons 3568:Sadlier, Darlene J. 3531:Ninkovich, Frank A. 3127:on 12 November 2012. 3021:Von Eschen, Penny M. 2662:New Music New Allies 2414:Grosset & Dunlap 1467:Yunus Emre Institute 854:in partnership with 722:Dwight D. Eisenhower 714:Kenneth Schermerhorn 592:Nestor Mesta Chayres 405:Cuban Missile Crisis 385:New York City Ballet 324:September 11 attacks 96:Cynthia P. Schneider 5918:Diplomatic immunity 5878:Consular assistance 5407:Ambassador-at-large 5069:Culture speculation 5064:Cultural relativism 4994:Cultural competence 4884:Cultural Christians 4756:Cultural Revolution 4746:Cultural radicalism 4721:Cultural liberalism 4656:Cultural Bolshevism 4631:Consumer capitalism 4585:Relational mobility 4525:Cultural technology 4433:Cultural dissonance 4350:Culture by location 4313:Alternative culture 4229:Constructed culture 4208:Theology of culture 4148:Cultural psychology 4128:Cultural entomology 3959:Ukrainian Institute 3937:Instituto Cervantes 3760:Confucius Institute 3614:Wieck, Randolph R. 3431:DeCarli, Ashley M. 3413:33.1 (2020): 49–66 3253:Manuel, Charmaine. 3149:on 30 November 2023 2797:"Eisenhower's Fund" 2287:Bu, Liping (1999). 1993:Wesleyan University 1415:Ukrainian Institute 1389:Instituto Cervantes 1025:Confucius Institute 999:Sample institutions 755:Alfred Frankenstein 657:Here on archive.org 6089:Types of diplomacy 6084:Cultural diplomacy 5976:Letter of credence 5938:Diplomatic uniform 5933:Diplomatic service 5913:Diplomatic illness 5908:Diplomatic history 5661:Diplomatic mission 5578:Diplomatic courier 5558:Trade commissioner 5421:Bilateral-national 5228:Permission culture 5161:Disability culture 5141:Children's culture 5009:Cultural diversity 4969:Circuit of culture 4751:Cultural retention 4731:Cultural pessimism 4686:Cultural exception 4676:Cultural diplomacy 4666:Cultural contracts 4626:Colonial mentality 4555:Manuscript culture 4530:Cultural universal 4500:Cultural pluralism 4480:Cultural landscape 4475:Cultural invention 4443:Cultural framework 4345:Vernacular culture 4143:Cultural mediation 4123:Cultural economics 4118:Cultural analytics 4050:Cultural geography 4040:Cultural astronomy 3861:Alliance Française 3843:Estonian Institute 3673:Cultural diplomacy 3628:February 12, 2015. 3576:, in Latin America 3517:(Routledge, 2019) 2775:musicdiplomacy.org 2521:The New York Times 2509:The New York Times 2497:The New York Times 2485:The New York Times 2473:The New York Times 2454:on 6 February 2012 2448:radiogoldindex.com 2268:on 16 October 2016 2085:Dance Chronicle 33 1480:Culinary diplomacy 1170:, Hungary (1927– ) 1090:Alliance Française 1066:, Denmark (1940– ) 921:cultural artifacts 813: 770:The New York Times 648:El Bigote de Tomas 546:collaborated with 540:Nelson Rockefeller 489: 473: 457:Llewellyn Thompson 449:Buckminster Fuller 425: 423:Soviet Pepsi label 292: 235:Tools and examples 69:Cultural diplomacy 64: 6099:Cultural politics 6094:Cultural exchange 6071: 6070: 5981:Letter of protest 5949:Persona non grata 5883:Consular immunity 5681:Exclusive mandate 5614: 5613: 5566: 5565: 5531:Chargé de mission 5482:Bilateral-insular 5446:Chargé d'affaires 5433:High commissioner 5327: 5326: 5156:Death and culture 5049:Cultural movement 5039:Cultural literacy 4899:Eastern Orthodoxy 4811:Dominator culture 4806:Deculturalization 4706:Cultural hegemony 4696:Cultural genocide 4691:Cultural feminism 4510:Cultural property 4505:Cultural practice 4490:Cultural leveling 4485:Cultural learning 4470:Cultural industry 4465:Cultural identity 4448:Cultural heritage 4438:Cultural emphasis 4423:Cultural conflict 4396:Cultural behavior 4386:Cultural artifact 4298:Primitive culture 4274:Political culture 3973: 3972: 3947:Swedish Institute 3887:Balassi Institute 3865:Institut Français 3770:Samskrita Bharati 3671:Media related to 3652:Tomlinson, John. 3261:. The Interpreter 3200:. 1 November 2023 2924:978-0-520-28413-5 2897:978-0-520-28413-5 2868:978-1-4725-0860-7 2756:978-0-520-28413-5 2671:978-0-520-24755-0 2621:978-0-8108-4720-0 2538:978-0-8229-6187-1 2206:The Hudson Review 1841:"Foreign Affairs" 1505:Science diplomacy 1485:Digital diplomacy 1402:Swedish Institute 1376:Korean Foundation 1168:Balassi Institute 1103:Institut Français 832:Mikhail Gorbachev 692:to establish the 686:U.S. Seventh Army 682: 681: 584:Manuolita Arriola 548:Edmund A. Chester 497:Fulbright Program 483:was a pioneer of 481:Riccardo Giacconi 479:Fulbright Fellow 401:George Balanchine 393:Aram Khachaturian 373:P. I. Tchaikovsky 305:The Family of Man 213:political warfare 18:Cultural exchange 16:(Redirected from 6106: 6059: 6058: 6047: 6046: 5898:Diplomatic cable 5676:Protecting power 5649:Diplomatic corps 5590:Foreign minister 5583:King's Messenger 5548:Military attaché 5543:Cultural attaché 5385: 5384: 5376: 5375: 5354: 5347: 5340: 5331: 5330: 5308: 5307: 5296: 5295: 5284: 5283: 5173:Drinking culture 5126:Culture industry 5074:Cultural tourism 5054:Cultural mulatto 5029:Cultural jet lag 4964:Cannabis culture 4921:Cultural Muslims 4843:Pluriculturalism 4826:Multiculturalism 4816:Interculturalism 4791:Culture minister 4781:Cultural Zionism 4776:Cultural subsidy 4771:Cultural silence 4646:Cultural attaché 4605:Transculturation 4560:Material culture 4550:Interculturality 4406:Cultural capital 4391:Cultural baggage 4328:Youth subculture 4269:Official culture 4234:Dominant culture 4173:Internet culture 4138:Cultural mapping 4133:Cultural history 4060:Cultural studies 4045:Cultural ecology 4019: 4018: 4000: 3993: 3986: 3977: 3976: 3963:United Kingdom: 3919:Instituto Camões 3913:Polish Institute 3847:European Union: 3829:Czech Republic: 3788:Korea Foundation 3776:Japan Foundation 3703: 3696: 3689: 3680: 3679: 3670: 3618:(Praeger, 1992). 3583:(Routledge 2004) 3558:Prevots, Naima. 3548:Pells, Richard. 3524:Mitchell, J. M. 3493:Lane, Philippe. 3480:3, Winter 2010. 3466: 3339: 3338: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3298: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3280: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3225: 3219: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3145:. Archived from 3135: 3129: 3128: 3123:. Archived from 3112: 3106: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3084: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3065:on 2 August 2018 3061:. Archived from 3054: 3048: 3045: 3036: 3033: 3024: 3018: 2997: 2994: 2973: 2968: 2962: 2957: 2951: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2711: 2705: 2683: 2677: 2658: 2652: 2633: 2627: 2623:Samuel Adler on 2608: 2602: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2549: 2543: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2450:. 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5861: 5685: 5666:High commission 5610: 5606:Diplomatic rank 5594: 5562: 5553:Science attaché 5510: 5477: 5461: 5452:Head of mission 5416: 5380: 5367: 5358: 5328: 5323: 5272: 5263:Western culture 5258:Welfare culture 5183:Eastern culture 5044:Cultural mosaic 4999:Cultural critic 4989:Cultural center 4937: 4911:Cultural Hindus 4857: 4848:Polyculturalism 4821:Monoculturalism 4796:Culture of fear 4766:Cultural safety 4761:Cultural rights 4741:Cultural racism 4736:Cultural policy 4614: 4520:Cultural system 4495:Cultural memory 4428:Cultural cringe 4354: 4286:Popular culture 4217: 4153:Cultural values 4074: 4023: 4009: 4004: 3974: 3969: 3965:British Council 3893:Culture Ireland 3871:Goethe-Institut 3812: 3747: 3741:United States: 3712: 3707: 3663: 3656:(Pinter, 1991). 3635: 3489:Wayback Machine 3348: 3346:Further reading 3343: 3342: 3335: 3327:. p. 172. 3317: 3313: 3308: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3251: 3247: 3240: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3203: 3201: 3192: 3191: 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1944: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1896: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1849: 1847: 1845:Foreign Affairs 1839: 1838: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1709: 1705: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1671: 1669: 1659: 1655: 1643: 1641: 1632: 1631: 1623: 1619: 1607: 1605: 1596: 1595: 1587: 1583: 1573: 1571: 1563: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1490:Panda diplomacy 1476: 1459: 1446: 1443:, United States 1433: 1428:British Council 1420: 1407: 1394: 1381: 1368: 1355: 1342: 1329: 1316: 1303: 1290: 1277: 1264: 1251: 1238: 1225: 1212: 1199: 1194:Culture Ireland 1186: 1173: 1160: 1147: 1134: 1129:Goethe-Institut 1121: 1108: 1095: 1082: 1069: 1056: 1043: 1030: 1017: 1004: 1001: 980: 948: 940:panda diplomacy 936: 934:Panda diplomacy 913: 896: 875: 793:Dizzy Gillespie 763:Porgy and Bess 743:William Schuman 698:classical music 673:from 1956–1960 665: 614: 568:Miguel Sandoval 512: 510:TV, music, film 485:X-ray astronomy 465: 417: 397:Stanley Kubrick 337: 328:Joel Meyerowitz 309:Edward Steichen 281: 237: 201: 160:induce greater 150: 115:popular culture 86: 60: 56: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6112: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6053: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6022: 6021: 6011: 6006: 6005: 6004: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5957: 5952: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5923:Diplomatic law 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5893:Diplomatic bag 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5646: 5638: 5633: 5631:Consular corps 5628: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5602: 5600: 5599:Classification 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5533: 5528: 5522: 5520: 5515:By portfolio ( 5512: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5435: 5424: 5422: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5403: 5402: 5400:United Nations 5391: 5389: 5382: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5357: 5356: 5349: 5342: 5334: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5314: 5302: 5290: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5169: 5168: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5059:Cultural probe 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4984:Cross-cultural 4981: 4979:Coffee culture 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4949:Animal culture 4945: 4943: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4913: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4871: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4855: 4853:Transculturism 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4834: 4833: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4786:Culture change 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4612: 4610:Visual culture 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4590:Safety culture 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4456: 4455: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4414: 4413: 4411:Cross-cultural 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4362: 4360: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4336: 4335: 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6054: 6052: 6051: 6042: 6041: 6038: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5988: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5950: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5807:Paradiplomacy 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5762:Full-spectrum 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5688: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5588: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5538: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5513: 5507: 5506:Agent-general 5504: 5502: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5383: 5381:leader titles 5377: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5355: 5350: 5348: 5343: 5341: 5336: 5335: 5332: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5313: 5312: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5291: 5289: 5288: 5279: 5278: 5275: 5269: 5268:Youth culture 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5253:Urban culture 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5238:Remix culture 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5213:Media culture 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5203:Languaculture 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5163: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5131:Culture shock 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5091:Cultural turn 5089: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4959:Bennett scale 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4889:Protestantism 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4832: 4831:Biculturalism 4829: 4828: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4595:Technoculture 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4575:Print culture 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4540:Enculturation 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4460:Cultural icon 4458: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4401:Cultural bias 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4381:Cultural area 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4366:Acculturation 4364: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4340:Super culture 4338: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4254:Legal culture 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4203:Sound culture 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 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3534: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3473: 3472:9781793642912 3469: 3464: 3463: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3349: 3336: 3334:9789087284411 3330: 3326: 3322: 3315: 3306: 3304: 3294: 3285: 3276: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3241: 3239:9780815369998 3235: 3231: 3224: 3215: 3199: 3195: 3189: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3111: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3087:Ed Vulliamy. 3083: 3081: 3064: 3060: 3053: 3044: 3042: 3032: 3030: 3022: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2972: 2967: 2961: 2956: 2950: 2947: 2946:0-313-32135-3 2943: 2939: 2934: 2926: 2920: 2916: 2915: 2907: 2899: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2870: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2841: 2839:9780470655214 2835: 2831: 2827: 2820: 2812: 2810:9780819573360 2806: 2802: 2798: 2791: 2776: 2772: 2766: 2758: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2737: 2729: 2727:9781580460194 2723: 2719: 2718: 2710: 2704: 2700: 2697: 2696:9780810884014 2693: 2689: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2647: 2646:0-313-30812-8 2643: 2639: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2599: 2593: 2585: 2583:9780816673162 2579: 2575: 2574: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2539: 2535: 2529: 2522: 2517: 2510: 2505: 2498: 2493: 2486: 2481: 2474: 2469: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2404: 2398: 2393: 2387: 2382: 2376: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2350: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2332:9780262036238 2328: 2324: 2317: 2315: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2283: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2253: 2243: 2234: 2226: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2200: 2198: 2189: 2182: 2174: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2152: 2145: 2137: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2108: 2107:Columbia News 2104: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2035: 2017: 2010: 1995: 1994: 1989: 1982: 1973: 1964: 1955: 1946: 1937: 1928: 1919: 1910: 1901: 1899: 1888: 1879: 1870: 1861: 1846: 1842: 1836: 1834: 1824: 1815: 1806: 1797: 1788: 1779: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1756: 1747: 1738: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1707: 1689: 1683: 1668: 1664: 1657: 1649: 1636: 1628: 1621: 1613: 1600: 1592: 1585: 1570: 1566: 1560: 1551: 1549: 1539: 1530: 1526: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1495:Paradiplomacy 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1378:, South Korea 1377: 1372: 1367: 1365:, South Korea 1364: 1359: 1354: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1287:, Philippines 1286: 1281: 1276: 1274:, North Korea 1273: 1268: 1263: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1052: 1051:Czech Centres 1047: 1042: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1013: 1008: 1003: 1002: 996: 994: 988: 986: 985:globalization 978:Complications 975: 973: 969: 965: 961: 956: 952: 943: 941: 931: 928: 926: 922: 918: 908: 906: 901: 891: 889: 885: 880: 870: 868: 863: 861: 857: 853: 850:launched the 849: 844: 841: 835: 833: 829: 825: 822: 818: 809: 805: 802: 797: 794: 789: 787: 783: 779: 774: 771: 765: 764: 760: 756: 752: 751:Milton Katims 748: 744: 740: 736: 735:Howard Hanson 732: 728: 723: 717: 715: 711: 707: 706:John Ferritto 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 678: 677: 672: 662: 659: 658: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 618:You may hear 611: 606: 603: 601: 599: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 520: 517: 507: 505: 500: 498: 493: 486: 482: 477: 469: 460: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 441:Richard Nixon 438: 434: 430: 421: 412: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 381: 378: 374: 370: 366: 361: 359: 358:Domino Theory 354: 350: 346: 342: 332: 329: 325: 321: 316: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 289: 285: 276: 269: 266: 263: 260: 257: 254: 251: 248: 245: 242: 241: 240: 232: 230: 224: 220: 218: 214: 210: 206: 196: 194: 190: 186: 185:Western world 180: 173: 169: 166: 163: 159: 156: 155: 154: 145: 143: 139: 135: 131: 126: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 97: 93: 92: 81: 79: 74: 71:is a type of 70: 66: 51: 47: 46: 42: 38: 35:A meeting of 32: 19: 6061: 6049: 5990:Other topics 5947: 5857:Wolf warrior 5716: 5641: 5535: 5444: 5388:Multilateral 5316: 5309: 5297: 5285: 5233:Rape culture 5178:Drug culture 5166:Deaf culture 5151:Cyberculture 5121:Culture hero 5034:Cultural lag 4974:Civilization 4874:Christianity 4675: 4580:Protoculture 4264:Microculture 4244:High culture 4239:Folk culture 4188:Postcritique 3953:Pro Helvetia 3782:Sentro Rizal 3653: 3646: 3639: 3622: 3615: 3608: 3601: 3594: 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