1193:
295:
3669:
1924:
197:
452:
302:
275:
422:
dialects of Iraq, Syria, and Turkey, and a pre-Cypriot medieval antecedent has been deduced as belonging to this dialect area. Indications of an
Aramaic substrate suggest it was close to the time of the language shift from Aramaic to Arabic; other features are common to those of Syro-Lebanese and
658:
In May 2009, the
Committee of Experts for the Codification of Cypriot Maronite Arabic submitted an action plan for the codification and revitalisation of the language to the Cypriot government. The Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research reported in 2006 that both the
378:, as of some time prior to 2000, all remaining speakers of Cypriot Arabic were over 30 years of age. A 2011 census reported that, of the 3,656 Maronite Cypriots in Republic of Cyprus-controlled areas, none declared Cypriot Arabic as their
438:. Its Arabic component is a hybrid of dialects from diverse areas and times of Southeastern Anatolia, northern Syria, and Mesopotamia, as well as the Levant, offering unique insights into the historical evolution of Eastern Arabic.
413:
classification, likely owing to the contemporary presence of a large
Lebanese-speaking Maronite community on the mainland. However, more recently it has been shown to share a large number of common features with the
434:, acquiring numerous features and constraints not typical of Arabic. Essentially unintelligible to mainland Arabic speakers, it is characterized as an isolated "peripheral Arabic" along with others such as
1537:
Cypriot Arabic: A Historical and
Comparative Investigation into the Phonology and Morphology of the Arabic Vernacular Spoken by the Maronites of Kormakiti Village in the Kyrenia District of North-Western
1626:"European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Fourth periodical presented to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe in accordance with Article 15 of the Charter. CYPRUS"
1614:"European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Third periodical presented to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe in accordance with Article 15 of the Charter. CYPRUS"
1696:
1136:
1523:
1912:
402:
as early as the seventh century, with waves of immigration up to the thirteenth century. Since 2002, it is one of UNESCO-designated severely
1292:
1494:
1206:
1890:
678:
for the revitalisation of the language "Hki Fi Sanna" endorsed in 2007, and some "small texts" have apparently been translated into it.
674:
Alexander Borg, a linguist specialising in the language, created a Latin-based alphabet with elements from
Maltese and Greek that the
3713:
2074:
2200:
2125:
374:
in 1974, the majority relocated to the south and dispersed, leading to the decline of the language. Traditionally bilingual in
3703:
2207:
1830:
1799:
1583:
3708:
406:
and, since 2008, it is recognised as a minority language of Cyprus, coinciding with an attempt to revitalise the language.
2668:
1656:
Hadjioannou, Xenia; Tsiplakou, Stavroula; Kappler, Matthias (2011). "Language policy and language planning in Cyprus".
1625:
1613:
1905:
1776:
1727:
1602:
1564:
1545:
3693:
1848:
950:
896:
1703:
3315:
2212:
1524:"Cypriot Maronite Arabic in Cyprus through the lenses of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages"
869:
2842:
2108:
667:
script had been suggested for adoption. The Greek script is used for
Cypriot Arabic in a Cypriot Arabic–Greek
265:
294:
3290:
2067:
937:
923:
675:
606:
3723:
3698:
2607:
2158:
1898:
1872:
315:
247:
1462:
624:
614:
610:
602:
588:
584:
580:
568:
553:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
464:
1920:
1527:
883:
3251:
2730:
1768:
963:
371:
3004:
2994:
2971:
1697:"Comments in accordance with Article 16.2 of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages"
961:
948:
935:
921:
908:
894:
881:
514:
419:
129:
114:
1192:
3672:
3580:
3062:
2060:
1849:
Cypriot
Maronite Arabic grammar (in Greek), includes a list of published literature on the language
1738:
646:
is inherited from the nasal before it and the voicing from the continuant or sonorant that follows.
516:
510:
259:
2827:
2770:
2173:
2010:
1719:
1300:
910:
3129:
1501:
2935:
2895:
2820:
2815:
2579:
2115:
668:
618:
109:
3661:
3494:
3446:
3256:
3238:
3231:
3221:
3216:
3208:
3028:
2763:
2735:
2725:
2529:
2153:
2041:
2031:
643:
99:
1522:
1468:
3397:
3157:
3077:
2557:
403:
2198:
8:
3456:
3266:
3139:
2962:
2513:
2427:
2364:
2036:
1928:
1637:
1146:
1141:
596:
498:
470:
359:
351:
124:
119:
2355:
469:
Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
3718:
3624:
3310:
3226:
3023:
2948:
2687:
2673:
1683:
2693:
2490:
2472:
2265:
493:
argues that the sound system of
Cypriot Arabic has been heavily influenced by that of
239:
3371:
3044:
2984:
2747:
2639:
2550:
2193:
2005:
1826:
1795:
1772:
1723:
1687:
1598:
1579:
1560:
1541:
565:
430:
In the
Cypriot stage, the language was extensively restructured through contact with
424:
348:
104:
68:
64:
3124:
2654:
2481:
1526:. Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research. 2006. Archived from
3392:
3190:
3171:
3134:
3013:
2943:
2886:
2798:
2644:
2629:
2574:
2536:
2240:
2183:
2143:
2015:
1963:
1947:
1818:
1791:
1673:
1665:
435:
410:
3534:
2871:
505:-voicing opposition (though this is subject to debate in literature)—but retained
3575:
3504:
3441:
3435:
3304:
3179:
3119:
2979:
2923:
2908:
2903:
2876:
2866:
2810:
2783:
2758:
2659:
2616:
2598:
2188:
2168:
2103:
1989:
1984:
1854:
1669:
502:
391:
355:
332:
91:
252:
3655:
3585:
3519:
3424:
3198:
3087:
3082:
3067:
3052:
2803:
2178:
2120:
1942:
660:
379:
158:
1651:(21). Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza: 176–187 – via univie.ac.at.
1299:. Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research. Archived from
3687:
3617:
3612:
3598:
3544:
3479:
3461:
3347:
3332:
3326:
3295:
3114:
3109:
3094:
3057:
2918:
2913:
2837:
2793:
2649:
2623:
2148:
2135:
1979:
1180:
494:
431:
375:
1636:
El Shazli, Hana (2024). C.Berlinches Ramos; J. Guerrero; M. Benítez (eds.).
1555:
Borg, Alexander (1997). "Cypriot Arabic
Phonology". In Kaye, Alan S. (ed.).
1233:
1231:
3590:
3549:
3489:
3469:
3429:
3342:
3337:
3104:
3099:
2989:
2712:
2698:
2402:
2312:
2285:
1822:
572:
274:
169:
165:
3415:
2500:
2491:
2482:
2473:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2446:
2437:
2428:
2419:
2410:
2400:
2392:
2382:
2374:
2365:
2356:
2347:
2338:
2328:
2320:
2310:
2302:
2293:
2283:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2256:
1315:
223:
3484:
3414:
3376:
3320:
3072:
2233:
1273:
1228:
650:
Phenomena similar to the first three are also observed in Cypriot Greek.
2373:
2319:
2292:
2634:
2543:
2409:
1678:
1185:
639:
635:
506:
367:
320:
53:
2499:
2445:
2436:
2391:
2384:
2337:
2330:
2301:
3539:
628:
561:
557:
409:
Cypriot Arabic has in the past been assigned to a Syrian-Lebanese or
232:
216:
16:
Moribund variety of Arabic spoken by the Maronite community of Cyprus
2463:
2274:
1810:
1559:. Vol. 1. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. pp. 219–244.
1297:
Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
3524:
3514:
2217:
1469:
Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research (2006)
576:
3407:
2052:
1595:
A Comparative Glossary of Cypriot Maronite Arabic (Arabic-English)
3559:
2223:
1495:"First steps in Cypriot Maronite Arabic (CMA), Lesson 1/Μάθημα 1"
1251:
545:
395:
1576:
Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East
1164:
1162:
451:
3474:
3402:
2098:
2083:
1923:
1207:"Cyprus Maronite Minority Sees Chance to Save Ancient Language"
427:
between the Mesopotamian dialects and the Syrian dialect area.
363:
202:
173:
43:
1474:
1450:
1263:
1261:
1100:
I ate bread with olives, some honey and drank some cow's milk
3554:
3509:
3499:
2418:
2346:
2228:
1159:
904:
664:
399:
423:
Palestinian, which go back to a period in which there was a
3529:
1873:"Κυπριακά αραβικά: Ακούστε την άγνωστη διάλεκτο της Κύπρου"
1655:
1321:
1279:
1258:
1237:
1363:
1218:
1216:
944:
917:
890:
591:. Phonological rules observed in Cypriot Arabic include:
1375:
1351:
1557:
Phonologies of Asia and Africa (including the Caucasus)
1438:
1426:
1414:
1213:
1095:
Kilt xops ma zaytun, xaytċ casel u şraft xlip tel pakra
1739:"The Spoken Arabic Dialect Of The Maronites Of Cyprus"
1638:"Borrowings and Suppletion in Cypriot Maronite Arabic"
1392:
1390:
571:. Voiced stops occur as allophones of voiceless stops
1855:"Cypriot Arabic alphabet, pronunciation and language"
957:
931:
877:
1817:. Berlin: Language Science Press. pp. 159–175.
1540:. Stuttgart: Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft.
1339:
1117:
1105:
1093:
1081:
1069:
1057:
1045:
1033:
1021:
1009:
997:
985:
595:
Historical stop + stop clusters are dissimilated to
1402:
1387:
1756:A Descriptive Analysis of Cypriot Maronite Arabic
1694:
1623:
1611:
1480:
1456:
1327:
1168:
390:Cypriot Arabic was first introduced to Cyprus by
3685:
509:. Geminate voiceless stop consonants surface as
1788:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics
1645:AIDA Granada: A Pomegranate of Arabic Varieties
1064:What day was yesterday? Yesterday was Thursday
2068:
1906:
1071:Aş xar tte kun pukra? Pukra tte kun Yamussift
385:
1492:
1004:My name is Pavlo. What is your name? (fem.)
366:. Formerly speakers were mostly situated in
323:in Cyprus, former stronghold of the language
1322:Hadjioannou, Tsiplakou & Kappler (2011)
1280:Hadjioannou, Tsiplakou & Kappler (2011)
1238:Hadjioannou, Tsiplakou & Kappler (2011)
1076:What day is tomorrow? Tomorrow is Saturday
2075:
2061:
1913:
1899:
273:
1785:
1762:
1677:
1635:
1381:
1357:
1293:"Implementation of the Charter in Cyprus"
1267:
1222:
1753:
1152:
992:My name is Kumetto. What is your name?
3686:
1808:
1736:
79:
2056:
1894:
1713:
1592:
1573:
1369:
1345:
1333:
999:Ismi l-ana o Pavlo. Ayşo ismik l-idi?
1695:Hki Fi Sanna; Ztite, Kermia (2008).
1554:
1534:
1444:
1432:
1420:
1408:
1396:
1137:Cypriot Maronite Arabic Swadesh list
868:All letters loosely represent their
549:
490:
445:
2082:
1658:Current Issues in Language Planning
336:
13:
3660:Languages between parentheses are
1243:
1059:Aş xar kan imps? Imps kan Yamuxmis
638:stop occurs between a nasal and a
467:became in Cypriot Maronite Arabic.
301:
14:
3735:
1842:
1815:Arabic and contact-induced change
653:
583:. There are five vowel phonemes,
82:speakers in the south (2011)
3714:Endangered Afroasiatic languages
3668:
3667:
1922:
1624:Council of Europe (2014-01-16).
1612:Council of Europe (2011-01-18).
1493:Katsioloudis, Koumettos (2008).
1191:
987:Ismi o Kumetto. Ayşo ismak l-id?
548:of Cypriot Arabic, according to
450:
300:
293:
195:
84:9,800 total speakers (2013 UNSD)
1809:Walter, Mary Ann (2020-04-08).
1743:The Journal of Maronite Studies
1515:
1486:
1481:Hki Fi Sanna & Ztite (2008)
3664:of the language on their left.
1716:A Linguistic History of Arabic
1702:. Hki Fi Sanna. Archived from
1285:
1199:
1174:
872:values, with some exceptions:
684:Cypriot Arabic Latin Alphabet
497:. Cypriot Arabic has lost all
1:
1040:What do eight and nine make?
1035:Xmenye u tisca aşka pisawnna?
676:non-governmental organisation
3704:Languages of Northern Cyprus
2159:Ancient South Arabian script
2126:Influence on other languages
1670:10.1080/14664208.2011.629113
1118:
1106:
1094:
1082:
1070:
1058:
1046:
1034:
1022:
998:
986:
441:
56:and urban areas in the south
7:
3709:Lebanese diaspora in Cyprus
3416:
2501:
2492:
2483:
2474:
2465:
2456:
2447:
2438:
2429:
2420:
2411:
2401:
2393:
2383:
2375:
2366:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2329:
2321:
2311:
2303:
2294:
2284:
2276:
2267:
2258:
2199:
1130:
1083:Yamuxxat marrux fi li knise
1028:My father's name is Antoni
1023:L-ism tel l-yapati o Antoni
972:
10:
3740:
1769:Edinburgh University Press
1737:Thomas, George J. (2000).
1088:On Sunday we go to church
683:
513:. Furthermore, Old Arabic
386:History and classification
372:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
3647:
3640:Islam and Arabic language
3633:
3568:
3455:
3385:
3364:
3289:
3207:
3189:
3150:
3043:
3003:
2970:
2961:
2934:
2894:
2885:
2859:
2746:
2606:
2597:
2588:
2567:
2521:
2512:
2249:
2134:
2091:
2024:
1998:
1972:
1956:
1935:
1811:"Cypriot Maronite Arabic"
1664:(4). Routledge: 503–569.
1593:Borg, Alexander (2004b).
1574:Borg, Alexander (2004a).
1500:(handout). Archived from
631:and a vowel surfaces as .
420:North Mesopotamian Arabic
272:
258:
246:
230:
214:
209:
185:
180:
155:
88:
74:
60:
49:
39:
31:
26:
21:
3581:Arabic script in Unicode
3316:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
2676:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
1786:Versteegh, Kees (2011).
1763:Versteegh, Kees (2001).
1754:Tsiapera, Maria (1969).
1714:Owens, Jonathan (2006).
1535:Borg, Alexander (1985).
1457:Council of Europe (2011)
1169:Council of Europe (2014)
3694:Arab diaspora in Europe
2843:Western Egyptian Bedawi
2011:Cypriot Maronite Arabic
1720:Oxford University Press
1047:Pisawnna caşra u sapca.
1010:
341:Cypriot Maronite Arabic
27:Cypriot Maronite Arabic
1879:(in Greek). 2022-09-26
1823:10.5281/zenodo.3744513
587:, and two diphthongs,
463:about what Old Arabic
461:is missing information
3447:Quranic Arabic Corpus
2154:Ancient North Arabian
2042:Turkish Sign Language
2032:Cypriot Sign Language
1957:Semiofficial language
644:place of articulation
394:who came mainly from
253:Cypriot Spoken Arabic
3398:Sun and moon letters
2558:Pre-classical Arabic
1973:Vernacular languages
1877:www.koutipandoras.gr
1758:. The Hague: Mouton.
1372:, p. xviii-xix.
1153:Notes and references
1052:They make seventeen
554:/mnptkfvθðszʃʒxjlrʕ/
404:endangered languages
370:, but following the
316:class=notpageimage|
283: Cypriot Arabic
3724:Mesopotamian Arabic
3699:Languages of Cyprus
3252:Judeo-Tripolitanian
2731:Judeo-Tripolitanian
2037:Greek Sign Language
1929:Languages of Cyprus
1765:The Arabic Language
1447:, pp. 223–225.
1435:, pp. 222–223.
1423:, pp. 228–229.
1147:Varieties of Arabic
1142:Languages of Cyprus
1011:L-aẟa aş pikulullu?
499:emphatic consonants
187:Recognised minority
3625:MacArabic encoding
1999:Minority languages
1936:Official languages
1303:on 24 October 2011
1270:, p. 536-537.
1249:Cypriot Arabic at
1016:What is his name?
3681:
3680:
3656:extinct languages
3595:MS-DOS codepages
3360:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3039:
3038:
2957:
2956:
2855:
2854:
2551:Old Hijazi Arabic
2050:
2049:
1832:978-3-96110-251-8
1801:978-90-04-14976-2
1585:978-90-04-13198-9
1255:(13th ed., 1996).
1189:(25th ed., 2022)
1128:
1127:
866:
865:
642:or sonorant. The
488:
487:
425:dialect continuum
339:), also known as
289:
288:
69:Lebanese Cypriots
65:Maronite Cypriots
3731:
3671:
3670:
3419:
2968:
2967:
2892:
2891:
2828:Western Algerian
2775:Eastern Algerian
2771:Algerian Saharan
2701:(Lesser Kabylia)
2604:
2603:
2595:
2594:
2537:Nabataean Arabic
2519:
2518:
2504:
2495:
2486:
2477:
2468:
2459:
2450:
2441:
2432:
2423:
2414:
2406:
2396:
2388:
2378:
2369:
2360:
2351:
2342:
2334:
2324:
2316:
2306:
2297:
2289:
2279:
2270:
2261:
2241:Maltese alphabet
2204:
2184:Algerian Braille
2174:Eastern numerals
2144:Nabataean script
2077:
2070:
2063:
2054:
2053:
1927:
1926:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1836:
1805:
1782:
1759:
1750:
1733:
1710:
1708:
1701:
1691:
1681:
1652:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1608:
1589:
1570:
1551:
1531:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1499:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1385:
1382:Versteegh (2011)
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1358:Versteegh (2011)
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1268:Versteegh (2011)
1265:
1256:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1226:
1223:Versteegh (2001)
1220:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1121:
1109:
1097:
1085:
1073:
1061:
1049:
1037:
1025:
1013:
1001:
989:
982:
981:
967:
954:
941:
927:
914:
900:
887:
681:
680:
626:
616:
612:
604:
590:
586:
582:
573:intervocalically
570:
555:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
483:
480:
474:
466:
454:
446:
411:Levantine Arabic
338:
337:العربية القبرصية
304:
303:
297:
282:
277:
268:
242:
226:
219:
201:
199:
198:
189:language in
161:
94:
81:
19:
18:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3643:
3629:
3576:Arabic keyboard
3564:
3459:
3451:
3436:Mater lectionis
3430:Triliteral root
3381:
3352:
3293:
3285:
3203:
3185:
3146:
3035:
2999:
2953:
2930:
2881:
2851:
2742:
2722:Judeo-Maghrebi
2590:
2584:
2580:Modern Standard
2563:
2508:
2245:
2189:Maltese Braille
2169:Arabic numerals
2130:
2087:
2081:
2051:
2046:
2020:
1994:
1985:Cypriot Turkish
1968:
1952:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1882:
1880:
1871:
1863:
1861:
1853:
1845:
1840:
1833:
1802:
1779:
1730:
1706:
1699:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1605:
1586:
1567:
1548:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1259:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1229:
1221:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1133:
975:
970:
656:
484:
478:
475:
468:
455:
444:
388:
326:
325:
324:
318:
312:
311:
310:
309:
305:
285:
284:
280:
264:
238:
222:
215:
205:
196:
194:
190:
188:
181:Official status
172:
162:
157:
151:
115:Central Semitic
95:
92:Language family
90:
83:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3737:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3665:
3658:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3593:
3588:
3586:ISO/IEC 8859-6
3583:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3520:Naskh (script)
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3300:
3298:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3257:Judeo-Tunisian
3254:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3239:Judeo-Moroccan
3236:
3235:
3234:
3224:
3222:Judeo-Egyptian
3219:
3217:Judeo-Algerian
3213:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3199:Bedouin Arabic
3195:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3049:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2811:Moroccan koiné
2808:
2807:
2806:
2796:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2784:Tunisian koiné
2780:Eastern Hilal
2778:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2764:Judeo-Algerian
2759:Algerian koiné
2755:Central Hilal
2752:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2736:Judeo-Tunisian
2733:
2728:
2726:Judeo-Moroccan
2720:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2696:
2691:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2620:
2612:
2610:
2601:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2523:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2497:
2488:
2479:
2470:
2461:
2452:
2443:
2434:
2425:
2416:
2407:
2398:
2389:
2380:
2371:
2362:
2353:
2344:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2179:Arabic Braille
2176:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2025:Sign languages
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1869:
1851:
1844:
1843:External links
1841:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1806:
1800:
1783:
1777:
1760:
1751:
1734:
1728:
1711:
1709:on 2014-03-26.
1692:
1653:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1603:
1590:
1584:
1571:
1565:
1552:
1546:
1532:
1530:on 2013-05-08.
1519:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:on 2014-03-18.
1485:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1411:, p. 229.
1401:
1399:, p. 228.
1386:
1384:, p. 541.
1374:
1362:
1360:, p. 539.
1350:
1348:, p. 274.
1338:
1326:
1324:, p. 508.
1314:
1284:
1282:, p. 535.
1272:
1257:
1242:
1240:, p. 507.
1227:
1225:, p. 212.
1212:
1198:
1181:Cypriot Arabic
1173:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1006:
1005:
1002:
994:
993:
990:
980:
979:
974:
971:
969:
968:
955:
942:
929:
915:
902:
888:
874:
864:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
775:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
686:
685:
655:
654:Writing system
652:
648:
647:
632:
622:
600:
575:and next to a
544:The consonant
486:
485:
458:
456:
449:
443:
440:
387:
384:
380:first language
358:spoken by the
329:Cypriot Arabic
314:
313:
307:
306:
299:
298:
292:
291:
290:
287:
286:
279:
278:
270:
269:
262:
256:
255:
250:
244:
243:
236:
228:
227:
220:
212:
211:
210:Language codes
207:
206:
193:
191:
186:
183:
182:
178:
177:
163:
159:Writing system
156:
153:
152:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
145:
144:
143:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:
135:Cypriot Arabic
98:
96:
89:
86:
85:
76:
72:
71:
62:
58:
57:
51:
47:
46:
41:
40:Native to
37:
36:
29:
28:
24:
23:
22:Cypriot Arabic
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3736:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3674:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:Sini (script)
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3535:Ruqʿah script
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3480:Hijazi script
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3158:Central Asian
3156:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3130:Taʽizzi-Adeni
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2714:
2711:
2709:Traras-Msirda
2708:
2707:
2705:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2149:Arabic script
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1980:Cypriot Greek
1978:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1778:0-7486-1436-2
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1729:0-19-929082-2
1725:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1634:
1627:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1604:90-04-13198-1
1600:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1566:1-57506-017-5
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1547:3-515-03999-6
1543:
1539:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1471:, p. 12.
1470:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1417:
1410:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1383:
1378:
1371:
1366:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1342:
1335:
1330:
1323:
1318:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1281:
1276:
1269:
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495:Cypriot Greek
492:
482:
472:
462:
459:This section
457:
453:
448:
447:
439:
437:
433:
432:Cypriot Greek
428:
426:
421:
417:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
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383:
381:
377:
376:Cypriot Greek
373:
369:
365:
362:community of
361:
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353:
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334:
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296:
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192:
184:
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175:
174:Arabic script
171:
167:
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154:
136:
133:
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128:
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63:
59:
55:
52:
48:
45:
42:
38:
35:
30:
25:
20:
3651:
3591:Windows-1256
3550:Taliq script
3490:Jeli Thuluth
3470:Ajami script
3434:
3338:Pidgin madam
3325:
3303:
3267:Judeo-Yemeni
3209:Judeo-Arabic
3191:Sociological
3178:
3140:Judeo-Yemeni
3018:
2963:Mesopotamian
2838:Libyan koiné
2622:
2615:
2608:Pre-Hilalian
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2530:Proto-Arabic
2528:
2163:Zabūr script
2116:Romanization
1881:. Retrieved
1876:
1862:. Retrieved
1859:omniglot.com
1858:
1837:</ref>
1814:
1787:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1742:
1715:
1704:the original
1661:
1657:
1648:
1644:
1594:
1575:
1556:
1536:
1528:the original
1516:Bibliography
1502:the original
1488:
1483:, p. 3.
1476:
1464:
1459:, p. 3.
1452:
1440:
1428:
1416:
1404:
1377:
1370:Borg (2004b)
1365:
1353:
1346:Owens (2006)
1341:
1334:Borg (2004a)
1329:
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1301:the original
1296:
1287:
1275:
1250:
1245:
1201:
1184:
1176:
1171:, p. 4.
928:(biphonemic)
901:(biphonemic)
867:
673:
657:
649:
543:
537:merged with
521:merged with
489:
479:January 2017
476:
460:
429:
415:
408:
389:
344:
340:
328:
327:
319:Location of
260:Linguasphere
231:
176:(historical)
134:
125:Mesopotamian
110:West Semitic
100:Afro-Asiatic
33:
3485:Jawi script
3457:Calligraphy
3386:Linguistics
3311:Gulf Pidgin
3227:Judeo-Iraqi
3168:Kashkadarya
3024:Judeo-Iraqi
2949:Palestinian
2860:Nile Valley
2522:Pre-Islamic
2234:Dagger alif
1679:10278/29371
1445:Borg (1997)
1433:Borg (1997)
1421:Borg (1997)
1409:Borg (1997)
1397:Borg (1997)
627:between an
619:assimilated
609:to before
607:palatalized
550:Borg (1997)
491:Borg (1997)
3688:Categories
3372:Literature
3045:Peninsular
2985:Khuzestani
2715:(Mountain)
2635:Australian
2544:Old Arabic
2194:Diacritics
2121:Numerology
1883:2022-09-27
1864:2022-09-27
1252:Ethnologue
1186:Ethnologue
669:dictionary
640:continuant
636:epenthetic
562:allophones
558:Affricates
507:gemination
368:Kormakitis
321:Kormakitis
308:Kormakitis
266:12-AAC-ehx
54:Kormakitis
3719:Maronites
3662:varieties
3654:indicate
3569:Technical
3540:Shahmukhi
3495:Kairouani
3393:Phonology
3172:Khorasani
3162:Bakhtiari
3014:Anatolian
2944:Jordanian
2924:Damascene
2887:Levantine
2799:Hassaniya
2640:Cottenera
2575:Classical
2514:Varieties
2092:Overviews
1688:143966308
1597:. Brill.
629:obstruent
617:is fully
597:fricative
560:occur as
511:aspirates
471:talk page
442:Phonology
392:Maronites
233:Glottolog
217:ISO 639-3
61:Ethnicity
3673:Category
3525:Nastaliq
3515:Muhaqqaq
3505:Maghrebi
3365:Academic
3305:Bimbashi
3261:Tunisene
3232:Baghdadi
3180:Shirvani
3120:Hadhrami
3078:Bahraini
3029:Baghdadi
2980:Baghdadi
2919:Aleppine
2909:Lebanese
2904:Cilician
2877:Sudanese
2867:Egyptian
2748:Hilalian
2706:Western
2684:Eastern
2681:Village
2660:Żurrieqi
2624:Sicilian
2617:Andalusi
2599:Maghrebi
2568:Literary
2220:(tanwin)
2218:Nunation
2104:Alphabet
2099:Language
2086:language
2006:Armenian
1131:See also
973:Examples
577:sonorant
566:clusters
546:phonemes
360:Maronite
349:moribund
240:cypr1248
75:Speakers
32:Σάννα ·
3652:Italics
3560:Thuluth
3425:Grammar
3296:pidgins
3291:Creoles
3280:Sanʽani
3165:Bukhara
3125:Sanʽani
3088:Kuwaiti
3083:Emirati
3068:Dhofari
3053:Bahrani
3019:Cypriot
3007:(Qeltu)
2834:Sulaym
2821:Western
2816:Eastern
2694:Sfaxian
2690:(Sahel)
2645:Gozitan
2630:Maltese
2250:Letters
2224:Shaddah
2213:Harakat
2208:Tashkil
2136:Scripts
2109:History
2016:Russian
1964:English
1948:Turkish
978:Phrases
599:+ stop.
585:/aeiou/
529:became
465:/ħ,ʔ,ʁ/
436:Maltese
396:Lebanon
352:variety
347:, is a
105:Semitic
3475:Diwani
3462:Script
3420:(case)
3417:ʾIʿrāb
3403:Tajwid
3348:Bongor
3327:Maridi
3277:Habban
3151:Others
3135:Tihami
3115:Yemeni
3110:Shihhi
3095:Hejazi
3063:Bedawi
3058:Bareqi
2914:Syrian
2872:Saʽidi
2804:Nemadi
2790:Maqil
2688:Sahili
2655:Żejtun
2591:spoken
2589:Modern
2084:Arabic
1990:Kurbet
1829:
1798:
1775:
1726:
1686:
1601:
1582:
1563:
1544:
1538:Cyprus
1307:20 May
589:/ajaw/
569:/tʃdʒ/
552:, are
533:, and
364:Cyprus
356:Arabic
333:Arabic
281:
203:Cyprus
200:
120:Arabic
50:Region
44:Cyprus
3634:Other
3555:Tawqi
3510:Mashq
3500:Kufic
3408:Imāla
3377:Names
3343:Turku
3271:Adeni
3105:Omani
3100:Najdi
3005:North
2995:South
2990:Shawi
2972:Gilit
2936:South
2896:North
2794:Fessi
2713:Jebli
2699:Jijel
2674:Tunis
2669:Urban
2650:Qormi
2259:ʾAlif
2229:Hamza
2201:i‘jām
1943:Greek
1792:Brill
1707:(PDF)
1700:(PDF)
1684:S2CID
1641:(PDF)
1629:(PDF)
1617:(PDF)
1505:(PDF)
1498:(PDF)
966:]
962:[
953:]
949:[
940:]
936:[
926:]
922:[
913:]
909:[
899:]
895:[
886:]
882:[
665:Latin
661:Greek
611:/iej/
416:qeltu
400:Syria
345:Sanna
170:Latin
166:Greek
130:Qeltu
34:Sanna
3530:Rasm
3333:Nubi
3321:Juba
3294:and
3274:Beda
3246:Wqal
3243:Kjal
3073:Gulf
2421:Ġayn
2412:ʿAyn
1827:ISBN
1796:ISBN
1773:ISBN
1749:(1).
1724:ISBN
1599:ISBN
1580:ISBN
1561:ISBN
1542:ISBN
1309:2013
1112:Yes
663:and
605:are
603:/kx/
503:stop
501:and
398:and
168:and
3618:864
3613:720
3609:711
3606:710
3603:709
3599:708
3442:IPA
2502:Yāʾ
2493:Wāw
2484:Hāʾ
2475:Nūn
2466:Mīm
2457:Lām
2448:Kāf
2439:Qāf
2430:Fāʾ
2403:Ẓāʾ
2394:Ṭāʾ
2385:Ḍād
2376:Ṣād
2367:Šīn
2358:Sīn
2349:Zāy
2340:Rāʾ
2331:Ḏāl
2322:Dāl
2313:Ḫāʾ
2304:Ḥāʾ
2295:Ǧīm
2286:Ṯāʾ
2277:Tāʾ
2268:Bāʾ
1819:doi
1674:hdl
1666:doi
1183:at
1124:No
870:IPA
634:An
625:/j/
615:/j/
581:/z/
579:or
564:of
539:/t/
535:/d/
531:/p/
527:/b/
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224:acy
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3460:·
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1260:^
1230:^
1215:^
1161:^
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1107:Ye
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924:dʒ
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907::
897:tʃ
893::
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1209:.
964:j
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884:ʕ
878:c
859:z
856:y
853:x
847:v
844:u
841:t
838:s
832:θ
829:p
826:o
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808:i
802:ġ
799:g
796:f
793:e
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778:a
770:Z
767:Y
764:X
758:V
755:U
752:T
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743:Θ
740:P
737:O
734:N
728:L
725:K
722:J
719:I
713:Ġ
710:G
707:F
704:E
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692:B
689:A
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477:(
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