Daylight saving time

1367: 754: 8652: 50: 417: 3706: 1092:, reviewing a possible abolition of DST, approved a more in-depth evaluation examining the disruption of the human body's circadian rhythms which provided evidence suggesting the existence of an association between DST clock-shifts and a modest increase of occurrence of acute myocardial infarction, especially in the first week after the spring shift. However a Netherlands study found, against the majority of investigations, contrary or minimal effect. Year-round standard time (not year-round DST) is proposed by some to be the preferred option for public health and safety. Clock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent, and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency. Effects on seasonal adaptation of the 237: 1496: 382: 1541:

2021. In response to this proposition, the European Sleep Research Society stated "installing permanent Central European Time (CET, standard time or 'wintertime') is the best option for public health." As of October 2020, the decision has not been confirmed by the Council of the European Union. The council has asked the commission to produce a detailed assessment of its effects, but the Commission considers that the onus is on the Member States to find a common position in Council. As a result, progress on the issue is effectively blocked.

159:, where sunrise and sunset times do not vary enough to justify it; conversely, it is often not observed in places at high latitudes where a one-hour clock shift would provide little benefit because of the wide variations in sunrise and sunset times. Consequently, only a minority of the world's population uses DST. Some countries observe it only in some regions for example: it is observed only by some Australian states and by all states in the United States except for Hawaii and Arizona (within the latter, however, the 8646: 525: 539: 8383: 1134:

locations observe DST or observe it the same way. The length of the calendar day becomes variable; it is no longer always 24 hours. Disruption to meetings, travel, broadcasts, billing systems, and records management is common, and can be expensive. During an autumn transition from 02:00 to 01:00, a clock shows local times from 01:00:00 through 01:59:59 twice, possibly leading to confusion.

1023: 408:, who independently conceived DST in 1907 during a pre-breakfast ride when he observed how many Londoners slept through a large part of a summer day. Willett also was an avid golfer who disliked cutting short his round at dusk. His solution was to advance the clock during the summer, and he published the proposal two years later. Liberal Party member of parliament 2245:... researchers announced that the nation had reduced its energy consumption by an annual rate of 0.03%. The meager savings came in reduced electricity consumption in the evenings during the extra days of daylight time. Other research, however, has suggested the reverse: The semiannual time shift exacts a cost, and daylight time nets little or no savings. 466:, and many European neutrals soon followed. Russia and a few other countries waited until the next year, and the United States adopted daylight saving in 1918. Most jurisdictions abandoned DST in the years after the war ended in 1918, with exceptions including Canada, the United Kingdom, France, Ireland, and the United States. It became common during 640:(EET). As a result, the time differences across European time zones remain constant. North America coordination of the clock change differs, in that each jurisdiction changes at each local clock's 02:00, which temporarily creates an imbalance with the next time zone (until it adjusts its clock, one hour later, at 2 am there). For example, 746:(director of the Meteorological Office), many agricultural organizations, and theatre-owners. After many hearings, a parliamentary committee vote narrowly rejected the proposal in 1909. Willett's allies introduced similar bills every year from 1911 through 1914, to no avail. People in the US demonstrated even more skepticism; 314:, with locations farther east inside the time zone benefiting more from DST than locations farther west in the same time zone. In spite of a width spanning thousands of kilometers, all of China is located within a single time zone per government mandate, minimizing any potential benefit of daylight saving time there. 661:

year. Moreover, the beginning and ending dates are roughly reversed between the northern and southern hemispheres because spring and autumn are displaced six months. For example, mainland Chile observes DST from the second Saturday in October to the second Saturday in March, with transitions at the local clock's

1584:(AASM) holds the position that "seasonal time changes should be abolished in favor of a fixed, national, year-round standard time," and that "standard time is a better option than daylight saving time for our health, mood and well-being." The AASM's position is endorsed by 20 other nonprofits, including the 3383:

The time at which summer time begins and ends is given in the relevant EU Directive and UK Statutory Instrument as 1 am. Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)... All time signals are based on Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), which can be almost one second ahead of, or behind, GMT so there is a brief period

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Later sunsets from DST are thought to affect behavior; for example, increasing participation in after-school sports programs or outdoor afternoon sports such as golf, and attendance at professional sporting events. Advocates of daylight saving time argue that having more hours of daylight between the

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The end of World War I brought a change in DST use. Farmers continued to dislike DST, and many countries repealed it—like Germany itself, which dropped DST from 1919 to 1939 and from 1950 to 1979. Britain proved an exception; it retained DST nationwide but adjusted transition dates over the years for

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has been observed from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October; previously the rules were not uniform across the European Union. Starting in 2007, most of the United States and Canada observed DST from the second Sunday in March to the first Sunday in November, almost two-thirds of the

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took up the proposal, introducing the first Daylight Saving Bill to the British House of Commons on 12 February 1908. A select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearce's bill did not become law and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the

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After synchronously resetting all clocks in a region to one hour ahead of standard time in spring in anticipation of longer daylight hours, individuals following a clock-based schedule will be awakened an hour earlier in the solar day than they would have otherwise. They will begin and complete daily

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Today we know that changing the clocks does influence our behavior. For example, later sunset times have dramatically increased participation in afterschool sports programs and attendance at professional sports events. In 1920, The Washington Post reported that golf ball sales in 1918—the first year

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issued a regulation that moved certain meeting times forward by one hour from 1 May to 30 September in recognition of seasonal changes, but it did not change the clocks. It also acknowledged that private businesses were in the practice of changing their opening hours to suit daylight conditions, but

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to France (1776–1785) suggesting that Parisians economize on candles by rising earlier to use morning sunlight. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells and firing cannons at sunrise. Despite common misconception, Franklin did

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switched permanently back to standard time. However, the change to permanent DST has proven popular in Turkey, with the Minister of Energy and Natural Resources saying the practice saves "millions in energy costs and reduces depression and anxiety levels associated with short exposure to daylight".

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The United Kingdom and Ireland put clocks forward by an extra hour during World War II and experimented with year-round summer time between 1968 and 1971. Russia switched to permanent DST from 2011 to 2014, but the move proved unpopular because of the extremely late winter sunrises; in 2014, Russia

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that pokes fun at DST. Working together, they launched a website, BuryDaylightSavings.com. The website provides a place for Americans to find the email addresses of their local legislators and send them an email about ending daylight saving time. According to data shared by Titan, hospitals see a

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Some clock-shift problems could be avoided by adjusting clocks continuously or at least more gradually—for example, Willett at first suggested weekly 20-minute transitions—but this would add complexity and has never been implemented. DST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time.

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DST's clock shifts have the disadvantage of complexity. People must remember to change their clocks; this can be time-consuming, particularly for mechanical clocks that cannot be moved backward safely. People who work across time zone boundaries need to keep track of multiple DST rules, as not all

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findings is "associated with deactivation of key nodes within the social cognition brain network that facilitates prosociality." Furthermore, they detected, through analysis of over three million real-world charitable donations, that the loss of sleep inflicted by the transition to daylight saving

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The clock shift is also motivated by practicality. In American temperate latitudes, for example, the sun rises around 04:30 at the summer solstice and sets around 19:30. Since most people are asleep at 04:30, it is seen as more practical to treat 04:30 as if it is 05:30, thereby allowing people to

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Advocates cite the same advantages as normal DST without the problems associated with the twice yearly clock shifts. Additional benefits have also been cited, including safer roadways, boosting the tourism industry, and energy savings. Detractors cite the relatively late sunrises, particularly in

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proposed to end seasonal clock changes as of 2019. Member states would have the option of observing either daylight saving time all year round or standard time all year round. In March 2019, the European Parliament approved the commission's proposal, while deferring implementation from 2019 until

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experiences solar noon close to 13:00, in effect putting the city on permanent daylight time. Similarly, Yukon is classified as being in the Mountain Time Zone, though in effect it observes permanent Pacific Daylight Time to align with the Pacific time zone in summer, but local solar noon in the

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In the United States, several states have enacted legislation to implement permanent DST, but the bills would require Congress to change federal law in order to take effect. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 permits states to opt out of DST and observe permanent standard time, but it does not permit

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Some applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences. Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display. However, even if UTC is used internally, the systems still require

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formalized the United States' period of daylight saving time observation as lasting six months (it was previously declared locally); this period was extended to seven months in 1986, and then to eight months in 2005. The 2005 extension was motivated in part by lobbyists from the candy industry,

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indicate more Americans would prefer permanent Standard Time. The National Sleep Foundation, YouGov, and Monmouth University polls leaned significantly in favor of seeing daylight saving time made permanent. The Monmouth University poll reported 44% preferring year-round DST and 13% preferring

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states: "based on comparisons of large populations living in DST or ST or on western versus eastern edges of time zones, the advantages of permanent ST outweigh switching to DST annually or permanently." The World Federation of Societies for Chronobiology stated that "the scientific literature

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that shifts two hours directly between CEST and GMT since 2016. In all countries that observe daylight saving time seasonally (i.e., during summer and not winter), the clock is advanced from standard time to daylight saving time in the spring, and it is turned back from daylight saving time to

677:(31 October) within the daylight saving time period. In recent history, Australian state jurisdictions not only changed at different local times but sometimes on different dates. For example, in 2008 most states there that observed daylight saving time changed clocks forward on 5 October, but 504:

which standardized DST in 1966. Permanent daylight saving time was enacted for the winter of 1974, but there were complaints of children going to school in the dark and working people commuting and starting their work day in pitch darkness during the winter, and it was repealed a year later.

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into the Queensland parliament on 14 April 2010, after being approached by the DS4SEQ political party, calling for a referendum at the next state election on the introduction of daylight saving into South East Queensland under a dual-time-zone arrangement. The Queensland parliament rejected

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Proponents of DST generally argue that it saves energy, promotes outdoor leisure activity in the evening (in summer), and is therefore good for physical and psychological health, reduces traffic accidents, reduces crime or is good for business. Opponents argue the actual energy savings are

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and that in 2000, the daylight-saving effect implied an estimated one-day loss of $ 31 billion on US stock exchanges. Others have asserted that the observed results depend on methodology and disputed the findings, though the original authors have refuted points raised by disputers.

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Some religious groups and individuals have opposed DST on religious grounds. For religious Muslims and Jews it makes religious practices such as prayer and fasting more difficult or inconvenient. Some Muslim countries, such as Morocco, have temporarily abandoned DST during Ramadan.

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In the US, Orthodox Jewish groups have opposed extensions to DST, as well as a 2022 bipartisan bill that would make DST permanent, saying it will "interfere with the ability of members of our community to engage in congregational prayers and get to their places of work on time."

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Although energy conservation goals still remain, energy usage patterns have greatly changed since then. Electricity use is greatly affected by geography, climate, and economics, so the results of a study conducted in one place may not be relevant to another country or climate.

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in particular has promoted changing the federal law to implement permanent DST, with the support of the Florida Chamber of Commerce seeking to boost evening revenue. In 2022, Rubio's "Sunshine Protection Act" passed the United States Senate without committee review by way of

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For a midnight change in spring, a digital display of local time would appear to jump from 23:59:59.9 to 01:00:00.0. For the same clock in autumn, the local time would appear to repeat the hour preceding midnight, i.e. it would jump from 23:59:59.9 to 23:00:00.0.

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Ancient civilizations adjusted daily schedules to the sun more flexibly than DST does, often dividing daylight into 12 hours regardless of daytime, so that each daylight hour became progressively longer during spring and shorter during autumn. For example, the

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A correlation between clock shifts and increase in traffic accidents has been observed in North America and the UK but not in Finland or Sweden. Four reports have found that this effect is smaller than the overall reduction in traffic fatalities. In 2018, the

1201:, which typically describe actual usage instead of prescribing outdated usage (and therefore also list the newer form), still list the older form first. This is because the older form is still very common in print and is preferred by many editors. ("Although 805:—an avid golfer like Willett—vetoed the repeal twice, but his second veto was overridden. Only a few US cities retained DST locally, including New York (so that its financial exchanges could maintain an hour of arbitrage trading with London), and Chicago and 1124:

Another study, which also examined sleep manipulation due to the shift to daylight saving time in the spring, analyzed archival data from judicial punishment imposed by US federal courts which showed sleep-deprived judges exact more severe penalties.

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on 30 April 1916, aiming to alleviate hardships due to wartime coal shortages and air-raid blackouts. The political equation changed in other countries; the United Kingdom used DST first on 21 May 1916. US retailing and manufacturing interests—led by

656:, except for a few weeks in March and October/November, while the United Kingdom and mainland Chile could be five hours apart during the northern summer, three hours during the southern summer, and four hours for a few weeks per year. Since 1996, 1511:

A move to permanent daylight saving time (staying on summer hours all year with no clock shifts) is sometimes advocated and is currently implemented in some jurisdictions such as Argentina, Belarus, Iceland, Kyrgyzstan, Morocco, Namibia,

813:, opposed DST as a "deception", reasoning that people should instead get up and go to work earlier in the summer. He ordered District of Columbia federal employees to start work at 8 am rather than 9 am during the summer of 1922. Some 7562: 986:

has been a point of contention between the religious and secular, resulting in fluctuations over the years, and a shorter DST period than in the EU and US. Religious Jews prefer a shorter DST due to DST delaying scheduled

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only began participating in daylight saving time as recently as 2006. Since 2018, Florida Republican Senator Marco Rubio has repeatedly filed bills to extend daylight saving time permanently into winter, without success.

1560:, with many senators afterward stating they were unaware of the vote or its topic. The bill was stopped in the US House, where questions were raised as to whether permanent DST or standard time would be more beneficial. 897:, equating to around 2.5% across the 32 electorates contested. After a three-year trial, more than 55% of Western Australians voted against DST in 2009, with rural areas strongly opposed. Queensland Independent member 1141:

as the milking patterns of their cows do not change with the time, and others whose hours are set by the sun. There is concern for schoolchildren who are out in the darkness during the morning due to late sunrises.

999:(a 25-hour fast day starting and ending at sunset, much of which is spent praying in synagogue until the fast ends at sunset) since DST would result in the day ending later, which many feel makes it more difficult. 370:

not actually propose DST; 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks required a standardization of clocks unknown in Franklin's day.

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supported a proposal to observe year-round daylight saving time, but it has been opposed by some industries, by some postal workers and farmers, and particularly by those living in the northern regions of the UK.

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argued that it enlarges "the opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness among the millions of people who live in this country" and pundits have dubbed it "Daylight Slaving Time". Retailing, sports, and

665:. In some countries, clocks are governed by regional jurisdictions within the country such that some jurisdictions change and others do not; this is currently the case in Australia, Canada, and the United States. 8373: 651:

The dates on which clocks change vary with location and year; consequently, the time differences between regions also vary throughout the year. For example, Central European Time is usually six hours ahead of

1169:, suggests viewing sunlight before the sun is overhead & exercise, ideally outside, before 2 pm the day following the clock adjustment. This applies regardless of if the sky were to be covered by clouds. 184:

suggested that if Parisians could only wake up earlier in the summer they would economize on candle and oil usage, but he did not propose changing the clocks. In 1895, New Zealand entomologist and astronomer

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The North American English mnemonic "spring forward, fall back" (also "spring ahead ...", "spring up ...", and "... fall behind") helps people remember in which direction to shift the clocks.

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A 2017 meta-analysis of 44 studies found that DST leads to electricity savings of 0.3% during the days when DST applies. Several studies have suggested that DST increases motor fuel consumption, but a 2008

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interests have historically favored daylight saving, while agricultural and evening-entertainment interests (and some religious groups) have opposed it; energy crises and war prompted its initial adoption.

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In 2022, a publication of three replicating studies of individuals, between individuals, and transecting societies, demonstrated that sleep loss affects the human motivation to help others, which in its

1155:, one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies. Also, sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is in effect. 771: 437: 251:

usually follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, and the coordination of

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and on a weekend, in order to lessen disruption to weekday schedules. A one-hour change is usual, but twenty-minute and two-hour changes have been used in the past. Notable exceptions today include

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specifies time for the eastern United States starting in 2007. Such a TZ value must be changed whenever DST rules change, and the new value applies to all years, mishandling some older timestamps.

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from 1930 to at least 1982.) Russia's plan generated widespread complaints due to the dark of winter-time mornings, and thus was abandoned in 2014. The country changed its clocks to standard time (

7592: 836:, kept different clocks for two weeks in May 1965: the capital city decided to switch to daylight saving time, while Minneapolis opted to follow the later date set by state law. In the mid-1980s, 867:, in 1992, after a three-year trial of daylight saving. It was defeated with a 54.5% "no" vote, with regional and rural areas strongly opposed, and those in the metropolitan southeast in favor. 5890: 8128: 1426:'s "tztab" database is similar but incompatible. When temporal authorities change DST rules, zoneinfo updates are installed as part of ordinary system maintenance. In Unix-like systems the TZ 2266: 4721:"Daylight saving time as a potential public health intervention: an observational study of evening daylight and objectively-measured physical activity among 23,000 children from 9 countries" 4251: 7446: 8371: 5364: 3425: 9780: 4379: 5920: 797:

several reasons, including special rules during the 1920s and 1930s to avoid clock shifts on Easter mornings. As of 2009, summer time began annually on the last Sunday in March under a

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in North America required that many computer systems be upgraded, with the greatest onus on e-mail and calendar programs. The upgrades required a significant effort by corporate

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The Florida Chamber of Commerce and state business associations maintain an extra hour of sunlight in the winter, during peak tourist season, would translate into more sales.

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Mexico observed summertime daylight saving time starting in 1996. In late 2022, the nation's clocks "fell back" for the last time, in restoration of permanent standard time.

902: 1438:. In many of those systems there is also a system-wide setting that is applied if the TZ environment variable is not set: this setting is controlled by the contents of the 8372: 4876: 3601: 174:

to accommodate this. However, these were changes to the time divisions of the day rather than setting the whole clock forward. In a satirical letter to the editor of the

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industrialist Robert Garland—soon began lobbying for DST, but railroads opposed the idea. The US' 1917 entry into the war overcame objections, and DST started in 1918.

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report found no significant increase in motor gasoline consumption due to the 2007 United States extension of DST. An early goal of DST was to reduce evening usage of

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updates and time zone information to correctly calculate local time as needed. Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the

893:, while the rest of the state maintained standard time. DS4SEQ contested the March 2009 Queensland state election with 32 candidates and received one percent of the 396:

first proposed modern DST. His shift-work job gave him spare time to collect insects and led him to value after-hours daylight. In 1895, he presented a paper to the

4656: 8473: 6982: 6503: 1194: 470:(some countries adopted double summer time), and was standardized in the US by federal law in 1966, and widely adopted in Europe from the 1970s as a result of the 6280:

Rachel Pain; Robert MacFarlane; Keith Turner; Sally Gill (2006). "'When, where, if, and but': qualifying GIS and the effect of streetlighting on crime and fear".

4675: 3303: 6534: 1075:, negatively affecting human health in the process, and that the yearly DST clock-shifts can increase health risks such as heart attack, and traffic accidents. 2216:

One of the oldest arguments for daylight saving time is that it can save energy costs. There have been many conflicting studies about whether actually it does.

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of 1918, a wartime measure for seven months during World War I in the interest of adding more daylight hours to conserve energy resources. Year-round DST, or "

7299: 7539: 7230: 6771:"Atmospheric sun protection factor on clear days: its observed dependence on solar zenith angle and its relevance to the shadow guideline for sun protection" 4486: 2839: 2181: 1233:

is the original one, dating from the early 20th century—and is preferred by some usage critics—the plural form is now extremely common in AmE. The rise of

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time reduces altruistic giving compared to controls (being states not implementing DST). They conclude that the effects on civil society are "non-trivial".

5831:"Daylight saving time does not seem to be associated with number of percutaneous coronary interventions for acute myocardial infarction in the Netherlands" 345:, but at the summer solstice it started at 06:58 and lasted 75 minutes. From the 14th century onward, equal-length civil hours supplanted unequal ones, so 8008: 7614: 7584: 4827: 4194: 7475: 7330: 7087: 4789: 8078: 889:(DS4SEQ) political party was officially registered in Queensland, advocating the implementation of a dual-time-zone arrangement for daylight saving in 477:

It is a common myth in the United States that DST was first implemented for the benefit of farmers. In reality, farmers have been one of the strongest

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estimated that "the transition into DST caused over 30 deaths at a social cost of $ 275 million annually", primarily by increasing sleep deprivation.

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Although DST does not affect the duration of the fast, which is 25 hours regardless, many find it easier to start and end earlier rather than later.

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maps a name to the named location's historical and predicted clock shifts. This database is used by many computer software systems, including most

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Since Germany's adoption of DST in 1916, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals of DST, with similar politics involved. The

5372: 3417: 2778: 1474: 283:. DST is of little use for locations near the Equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight over the course of the year. 7416: 7189: 4371: 2465: 9787: 8427: 2864: 5916: 3876:

Most Islamic countries do not use daylight saving time as during Ramadan it can mean that the evening dinner is delayed till later in the day.

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year-round standard time. In 1973 and 1974, NORC found 79% of Americans to be in favor of permanent DST before its implementation during the

871: 6948: 4464: 3847: 8466: 3808: 3631: 7120: 1817: 500:", was implemented again during World War II. After the war, local jurisdictions were free to choose if and when to observe DST until the 7730: 6324: 3574: 2601: 2434: 2229: 1486: 287:

work routines an hour earlier; in most cases, they will have an extra hour of daylight available to them after their workday activities.

17: 7057: 2405: 1954: 1847: 9242: 4593: 4322: 1576: 879: 860: 7696: 7382: 4950: 4284: 3488: 2497: 1877: 1108:

and other theaters. Artificial outdoor lighting has a marginal and sometimes even contradictory influence on crime and fear of crime.

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Impact of Extended Daylight Saving Time on national energy consumption: report to Congress, Energy Policy Act of 2005, Section 110

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Jason Varughese; Richard P. Allen (2001). "Fatal accidents following changes in daylight savings time: the American experience".

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Pablo Valdez; Candelaria Ramírez; Aída García (2003). "Adjustment of the sleep–wake cycle to small (1–2h) changes in schedule".

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Roenneberg T, Wirz-Justice A, Skene DJ, Ancoli-Israel S, Wright KP, Dijk DJ, Zee P, Gorman MR, Winnebeck EC, Klerman EB (2019).

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When DST observation ends and standard time observation resumes, clocks are turned back one hour during the very early morning.

7352: 6560: 3153: 8313: 8296: 8275: 7011: 6924: 6753: 6264: 4516: 4081: 2368: 2321: 1948: 1593: 1117: 856:, voted for it based on the premise that fast-food restaurants sell more French fries (made from Idaho potatoes) during DST. 359:

published the proverb "early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise", and published a letter in the

6573:... Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins ...' 4541: 3548: 1580:

strongly argues against the switching between DST and Standard Time and even more so against adopting DST permanently." The

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provided the primary funding for the Daylight Saving Time Coalition behind the 1987 extension to US DST. Both senators from

617:(UTC+00:00, which geographically overlaps most of the nation). At the close of that month, its clocks are turned forward to 404:; he followed up with an 1898 paper. Many publications credit the DST proposal to prominent English builder and outdoorsman 9821: 8973: 5975: 5160:

Mark J. Kamstra; Lisa A. Kramer; Maurice D. Levi (2002). "Losing sleep at the market: the daylight saving anomaly: Reply".

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Havranek, Tomas; Herman, Dominik; Irsova, Zuzana (1 June 2018). "Does Daylight Saving Save Electricity? A Meta-Analysis".

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Current public opinion polls show mixed results. Surveys reported between 2021 and 2022 by the National Sleep Foundation,

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Proponents of daylight saving time argue that most people prefer a greater increase in daylight hours after the typical "

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so that darkness falls at a later clock time. The typical implementation of DST is to set clocks forward by one hour in

8340: 3310: 2399: 1581: 1043: 409: 3247: 1454:; the TZ is used by each of potentially many simultaneous users and processes to independently localize time display. 648:

instead of the usual one hour ahead, and instead of one hour in the autumn, briefly zero hours ahead of Pacific Time.

489:'s readiness to be milked, are ultimately dictated by the sun, so the clock change introduces unnecessary challenges. 166:

Historically, several ancient societies adopted seasonal changes to their timekeeping to make better use of daylight;

8724: 7051: 6526: 4650: 3743: 3131: 1913: 1612: 7291: 2972: 416: 212:), in Ontario, Canada, in 1908, but only locally, not nationally. The first nation-wide implementations were by the 8441: 7563:"The plan to abolish the time change is "completely blocked" at European level, says specialist in European issues" 7212: 4490: 4029: 2018: 1693: 1012: 190: 7531: 7241: 6511: 4669: 2185: 9847: 9831: 9738: 9733: 7142:

A. Gut; L. Miclea; Sz. Enyedi; M. Abrudean; I. Hoka (2006). "Database globalization in enterprise applications".

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groups against DST since it was first implemented. The factors that influence farming schedules, such as morning

221: 7162: 5663:"Daylight savings time (DST) transition: the effect on serious or fatal road traffic collision related injuries" 5254:

Rishi, M. A.; Ahmed, O.; Barrantes Perez, J. H.; Berneking, J.; Flynn-Evans, E. E.; Gurubhagavatula, I. (2020).

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by reducing the need for lighting and heating, but the actual effect on overall energy use is heavily disputed.

259:'s daily routines for work and personal conduct are more likely governed by the length of daylight hours and by 9811: 9235: 8797: 8418: 6910: 6806: 6712: 1679: 1654: 1490: 1189:

in American English ("the change has been virtually accomplished") in 1978. Nevertheless, dictionaries such as

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no longer varied by season. Unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as monasteries of

113: 7670: 4812: 4348: 4221: 4186: 1225:. The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style explains the development and current situation as follows: 726:, and the manager of the National Bank Ltd. However, the opposition proved stronger, including Prime Minister 128:, and others), is the practice of advancing clocks to make better use of the longer daylight available during 9868: 9773: 9718: 8978: 8388: 7982: 7468: 7322: 7079: 6225: 4781: 3764: 731: 331:

that had different scales for different months of the year; at Rome's latitude, the third hour from sunrise (

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Mats Lambe; Peter Cummings (2000). "The shift to and from daylight savings time and motor vehicle crashes".

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Smith, Austin C. (2016). "Spring Forward at Your Own Risk: Daylight Saving Time and Fatal Vehicle Crashes".

4646: 3739: 3735: 3719: 310:

The effect of daylight saving time also varies according to how far east or west the location is within its

9816: 7268: 6390:"Sleep loss leads to the withdrawal of human helping across individuals, groups, and large-scale societies" 5001: 3270: 3179: 1659: 1346: 894: 801:

directive, which may be Easter Sunday (as in 2016). In the US, Congress repealed DST after 1919. President

618: 435:, Ontario, introduced by William Sword Frost while mayor from 1911 to 1912. The first states to adopt DST ( 393: 385: 186: 4401: 2933: 8933: 8913: 8859: 8744: 8580: 3904: 2619: 1071:

There are measurable adverse effects of clock-shifts on human health. It has been shown to disrupt human

668:

From year to year, the dates on which to change clock may also move for political or social reasons. The

201:

as a way to save energy; although seriously considered by Parliament, it was not implemented until 1916.

8055: 8009:"Daylight Saving Time: Americans want to stay permanently 'sprung forward' and not 'fall back' | YouGov" 6682: 6358:

Dana Knight (17 April 2006). "Daylight-saving time becomes daylight-spending time for many businesses".

9251: 8600: 8585: 8523: 8502: 5032: 2039: 1371: 629: 7671:"Everyone Was Surprised By The Senate Passing Permanent Daylight Saving Time. Especially The Senators" 2200: 702:

Willett's 1907 proposal illustrates several political issues. It attracted many supporters, including

662: 9228: 8754: 8565: 8407: 8212:"A Chronobiological Evaluation of the Acute Effects of Daylight Saving Time on Traffic Accident Risk" 8033: 7408: 5976:"Year-round daylight time will cause 'permanent jet lag,' sleep experts warn in letter to government" 5571:"A Chronobiological Evaluation of the Acute Effects of Daylight Saving Time on Traffic Accident Risk" 5459:

Orsini, Federico; Zarantonello, Lisa; Costa, Rodolfo; Rossi, Riccardo; Montagnese, Sara (July 2022).

5396:"A Chronobiological Evaluation of the Acute Effects of Daylight Saving Time on Traffic Accident Risk" 2597: 1198: 1080: 7258: 5538: 5052: 2457: 1482: 8432: 5368: 2656: 2100: 1431: 949: 669: 602: 563: 7185: 6138: 4594:"Rubio to keep fighting for permanent daylight saving time after clock runs out for this Congress" 4090: 2807: 2079: 1640:

24% increase in heart attacks and a 6% increase in fatal crashes each year when the time changes.

750:

introduced a DST bill to the House of Representatives in May 1909, but it soon died in committee.

9754: 9429: 9355: 9014: 8792: 8694: 8610: 8605: 6940: 6617: 6373:

Bradley, Barbara (3 April 1987). "For business, Daylight Saving Time is daylight spending time".

5883:"Turn back the clock on Daylight Savings: Why Standard Time all year round is the healthy choice" 5090:

Luisa Müller; Dirk Schiereck; Marc W. Simpson; Christian Voigt (2009). "Daylight saving effect".

3778:"Senate passes bill to make daylight saving time permanent, complicating life for observant Jews" 1698: 1589: 1571:

recommend year-round standard time as the preferred option for public health and safety. Several

38: 7110: 6044:"Transitions into and out of daylight saving time compromise sleep and the rest–activity cycles" 4460: 3627: 3029: 420:

DST was first implemented in the United States to conserve energy during World War I (poster by

7803:"Daylight Saving Time and Artificial Time Zones – A Battle Between Biological and Social Times" 5533: 5047: 1383: 1295: 833: 6589: 6204: 2588: 2428: 1809: 291: 9826: 9167: 8129:"A casket company is trying to save lives. How? Bury Daylight Saving time change permanently" 7039: 6527:"PG&E says patching meters for an early daylight-saving time will cost $ 38 million" 5696:"Daylight saving time transitions and hospital treatments due to accidents or manic episodes" 3033: 2385: 2307: 1938: 1839: 1664: 1047: 890: 864: 657: 637: 633: 614: 463: 431:, Canada, was the first city in the world to enact DST, on 1 July 1908. This was followed by 125: 6914: 4314: 2132: 2130: 462:

commencing on 30 April 1916, as a way to conserve coal during wartime. Britain, most of its

8994: 8908: 8734: 8403: 8223: 6833: 6741: 6289: 6153: 6105: 5582: 5472: 5461:"Driving simulator performance worsens after the Spring transition to Daylight Saving Time" 5407: 5208: 4942: 4121: 2702: 2690: 2494: 2493:

Its first publication was in the journal's "Économie" section in a French translation. The

1869: 1521: 1513: 1427: 530:

When DST observation begins, clocks are advanced by one hour during the very early morning.

428: 205: 31: 7955:"Sleep Awareness Week 2021: Over 70% say daylight saving time change doesn't affect sleep" 4564: 3948: 3946: 1575:

societies have published position papers against adopting DST permanently. A paper by the

574:

In most countries that observe seasonal daylight saving time, clocks revert in winter to "

8: 9723: 9710: 9204: 8999: 8854: 8719: 8671: 8415: 4006: 3466: 3098: 2750: 2391: 2127: 1608: 1537: 1378:

Changes to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations. For example, the

1302:

The name of local time typically changes when DST is observed. American English replaces

1166: 1112:

end of a typical workday and evening induces people to consume other goods and services.

1089: 1059: 829: 758: 747: 591: 583: 471: 421: 225: 198: 121: 69: 59: 9765: 8540: 8227: 6745: 6293: 6157: 6132: 6109: 6041: 5586: 5476: 5411: 5212: 5089: 4699: 4697: 4125: 3961: 2706: 1273:

in draft legislation. The same or similar expressions are used in many other languages:

9728: 9653: 9545: 9433: 9351: 9289: 9179: 8953: 8877: 8807: 8286: 8210:

Fritz, Josef; VoPham, Trang; Wright Jr., Kenneth P.; Vetter, Céline (30 January 2020).

8187: 7891: 7878: 7853: 7852:

Rishi, Muhammad Adeel; Ahmed, Omer; Barrantes Perez, Jairo H.; etc. (15 October 2020).

7829: 7802: 7778: 7753: 7115: 6897: 6829: 6798: 6786: 6484: 6424: 6389: 6305: 6177: 6121: 6070: 6043: 5855: 5830: 5806: 5781: 5722: 5695: 5608: 5501: 5460: 5441: 5331: 5304: 5280: 5255: 5231: 5196: 5177: 5142: 5134: 4997: 4923: 4760: 4747: 4720: 3983: 3943: 3928: 3913: 2858: 2714: 2569: 2531: 2311: 1636: 1158: 983: 973: 798: 707: 641: 610: 400:

proposing a two-hour daylight-saving shift, and considerable interest was expressed in

295: 248: 7500: 6139:"The human circadian clock's seasonal adjustment is disrupted by daylight saving time" 5758: 5639: 4133: 3000: 374: 9027: 8892: 8709: 8336: 8309: 8292: 8271: 8265: 8241: 8192: 8174: 7895: 7883: 7834: 7783: 7047: 6920: 6852: 6790: 6749: 6735: 6622: 6476: 6468: 6429: 6411: 6388:

Simon, Eti Ben; Vallat, Raphael; Rossi, Aubrey; Walker, Matthew P. (23 August 2022).

6309: 6260: 6169: 6075: 6024: 5860: 5811: 5762: 5727: 5693: 5643: 5612: 5600: 5551: 5506: 5488: 5445: 5433: 5425: 5336: 5285: 5236: 4915: 4752: 4694: 4137: 4077: 4035: 3855: 3691: 2941: 2904: 2573: 2549: 2523: 2426: 2395: 2364: 2317: 1944: 1557: 1461:, which specify at most one start and end rule explicitly in the value. For example, 1328:). In the United Kingdom, the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is 1312: 953: 810: 753: 690: 678: 653: 645: 493: 356: 324: 181: 167: 8103: 6612: 6488: 6125: 5146: 4927: 3881: 3076: 554:

The relevant authorities usually schedule clock changes to occur at (or soon after)

189:

made the first realistic proposal to change clocks by two hours every spring to the

9418: 9220: 9172: 8918: 8897: 8849: 8812: 8625: 8231: 8182: 8166: 7873: 7865: 7824: 7814: 7773: 7765: 7007: 6889: 6802: 6782: 6556: 6460: 6419: 6401: 6297: 6181: 6161: 6113: 6065: 6055: 6014: 5850: 5842: 5801: 5793: 5754: 5717: 5707: 5674: 5635: 5590: 5543: 5496: 5480: 5415: 5326: 5316: 5275: 5267: 5226: 5216: 5169: 5126: 5099: 5057: 4907: 4868: 4742: 4732: 4512: 4129: 4050: 2721: 2710: 2629: 2624: 2561: 2515: 2337: 1616: 1245:

is a gerund (the saving of daylight) or a participle (the time for saving). Using

1105: 1093: 1072: 898: 735: 719: 711: 559: 501: 361: 256: 252: 176: 7932:"American Academy of Sleep Medicine calls for elimination of daylight saving time" 6447:

Cho, Kyoungmin; Barnes, Christopher M.; Guanara, Cristiano L. (13 December 2016).

6279: 4764: 3047: 2487:

Benjamin Franklin, writing anonymously (26 April 1784). "Aux auteurs du Journal".

8903: 8882: 8714: 8686: 8451: 6406: 6134: 5679: 5662: 5394:

Fritz, Josef; VoPham, Trang; Wright, Kenneth P.; Vetter, Céline (February 2020).

5221: 5103: 2746: 2501: 1621: 1500: 1423: 1257:—makes perfect sense. More than that, it ought to be accepted as the better form. 1190: 1026: 775: 689:

The concept of daylight saving has caused controversy since its early proposals.

598: 459: 441: 405: 217: 194: 133: 8170: 8154: 7910:"American Academy of Sleep Medicine opposes permanent daylight saving time bill" 7854:"Daylight saving time: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement" 6117: 5917:"Who wants to go to work in the dark? Californians need Permanent Standard Time" 5256:"Daylight saving time: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement" 4872: 4072:

David P. Baron (2005). "The politics of the extension of daylight saving time".

3335: 3209: 2504:

is commonly called "An Economical Project", a title that is not Franklin's; see

1529:

occurs nearer to 14:00, in effect putting Whitehorse on "double daylight time".

1209:(with an "s") is commonly used.") The first two words are sometimes hyphenated ( 624:

The time at which to change clocks differs across jurisdictions. Members of the

9649: 9549: 9285: 9199: 8958: 8948: 8887: 8844: 8676: 8666: 8635: 8535: 8507: 7642:"Time – and money – at stake in Florida-led proposal to extend daylight saving" 7144:

2006 IEEE International Conference on Automation, Quality and Testing, Robotics

5846: 5484: 4911: 4206: 4112:

Ian R. Bartky; Elizabeth Harrison (1979). "Standard and daylight-saving time".

3804: 3447: 2313:

Daily Life in Ancient Rome: The People and the City at the Height of the Empire

1450:

to one of the zoneinfo files. Internal time is stored in time-zone-independent

992: 937: 802: 766: 703: 628:

conduct a coordinated change, changing all zones at the same instant, at 01:00

625: 606: 578:". An exception exists in Ireland, where its winter clock has the same offset ( 8236: 8211: 6448: 6165: 5797: 5595: 5570: 5420: 5395: 5173: 5130: 4971: 3450:(in Spanish). Chilean Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service. 1 October 2008. 1782: 1755: 9862: 9411: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9374: 9368: 9363: 9341: 9336: 9330: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9308: 9302: 9297: 9265: 9086: 9037: 9022: 8968: 8739: 8575: 8570: 8486: 8288:

Seize the Daylight: The Curious and Contentious Story of Daylight Saving Time

8178: 8079:"Senate Votes Return to Standard Time For Four Months and Sends Bill to Ford" 7819: 7769: 6626: 6472: 6464: 6415: 6019: 6002: 5555: 5492: 5429: 5321: 4919: 4345:"Total Candidates Nominated for Election by Party – 2009 State Election" 4157:"'Chaos of time': The history of daylight saving time, why we spring forward" 4141: 3859: 2945: 2908: 2527: 2153: 2078:. Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents. October 2006. Archived from 1632: 1572: 1568: 1443: 1138: 780: 739: 727: 575: 451: 446: 381: 366: 213: 160: 137: 7801:

Roenneberg, Till; Winnebeck, Eva C.; Klerman, Elizabeth B. (7 August 2019).

5159: 5030: 4857:"Effect of daylight saving time on lighting energy use: a literature review" 4737: 4039: 3367:"At what time should clocks go forward or back for summer time (FAQ – Time)" 1903: 817:

followed suit, though many others did not; the experiment was not repeated.

474:. Since then, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals. 9184: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9048: 8787: 8245: 8196: 7887: 7838: 7787: 6480: 6433: 6173: 6079: 6028: 5864: 5815: 5766: 5731: 5712: 5647: 5604: 5510: 5437: 5340: 5289: 5240: 4756: 4222:"Statement to the U.S. House, Committee on Science, Subcommittee on Energy" 3683:

Winston S. Churchill (28 April 1934). "A silent toast to William Willett".

3402: 3239: 1628: 1419: 1162: 914: 486: 467: 401: 236: 8423: 7752:

Roenneberg, Till; Wirz-Justice, Anna; Skene, Debra J; etc. (6 June 2019).

6794: 6060: 5197:"Measurable health effects associated with the daylight saving time shift" 5061: 4810: 4782:"Tired of turning clocks forward and back? You have big business to thank" 3123: 1457:

Older or stripped-down systems may support only the TZ values required by

579: 9702: 9194: 9189: 8834: 8817: 8749: 8729: 8615: 8497: 6095: 5547: 5006:

Energy Conservation Potential of Extended and Double Daylight Saving Time

5002:"Statement to the US House, Committee on Science, Subcommittee on Energy" 4226:

Energy Conservation Potential of Extended and Double Daylight Saving Time

3822:"What permanent daylight saving time could mean for the Jewish community" 1611:

indicate more Americans would prefer permanent DST. A 2019 survey by the

1552: 1478: 1407: 1395: 1391: 945: 918: 849: 785: 743: 455: 350: 328: 241: 209: 171: 7216: 5302: 4813:"Energy savings from advancing the Indian Standard Time by half an hour" 4043: 3809:"Orthodox groups launch uphill battle against daylight saving time bill" 2012: 1520:. Although Saskatchewan follows Central Standard Time, its capital city 193:, but this was not implemented until 1928 and in another form. In 1907, 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9638: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9616: 9610: 9605: 9599: 9592: 9586: 9580: 9573: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9535: 9529: 9523: 9518: 9512: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9485: 9479: 9473: 9466: 9460: 9454: 9447: 9441: 9261: 9209: 9162: 9146: 9032: 8938: 8759: 8620: 8590: 8528: 8391:

was created from a revision of this article dated 20 May 2008

6709:"Proposal for a finer adjustment of summer time (daylight saving time)" 6042:

Tuuli A. Lahti; Sami Leppämäki; Jouko Lönnqvist; Timo Partonen (2008).

5947:"Circadian rhythm expert argues against permanent daylight saving time" 5181: 5138: 2535: 1722: 1526: 1504: 1415: 1177:

As explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the (American)

996: 853: 825: 790: 715: 587: 346: 338: 279:, with the effect becoming greater the farther one moves away from the 268: 260: 7869: 6901: 6325:"One Hundred Years Later, the Madness of Daylight Saving Time Endures" 5660: 5271: 3522:"One Hundred Years Later, the Madness of Daylight Saving Time Endures" 2552:(1982). "The standardization of time: a sociohistorical perspective". 2486: 9695: 9106: 8943: 8827: 8802: 8782: 8699: 8651: 8645: 8630: 7158: 4616:"Mexico falls back but won't spring forward as summer time abolished" 3493: 1451: 1447: 1411: 988: 922: 910: 806: 674: 311: 7353:"Russia set to turn back the clocks with daylight-saving time shift" 7141: 6770: 6708: 5782:"Daylight saving time, circadian rhythms, and cardiovascular health" 5694:

Tuuli A. Lahti; Jari Haukka; Jouko Lönnqvist; Timo Partonen (2008).

4941:

Irsova, Zuzana; Havranek, Tomas; Herman, Dominik (2 December 2017).

2519: 586:)—but while its summer clock also has the same offset as Britain's ( 49: 9141: 9121: 8963: 8869: 8769: 8560: 8555: 7615:"Rubio's Bill to Make Daylight Saving Time Permanent Passes Senate" 7439:"European parliament votes to scrap daylight saving time from 2021" 6893: 6301: 4725:

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

3602:"The Sweet Relationship Between Daylight Saving Time and Halloween" 2871: 2565: 1718: 1495: 841: 814: 555: 497: 478: 342: 255:, for example, usually remain constant year-round. In contrast, an 149: 7292:"Think of the cows: clocks go forward for the last time in Russia" 6613:"Daylight Saving Time Pitted Farmers Against The 'Idle' City Folk" 5253: 5117:

Michael J. Pinegar (2002). "Losing sleep at the market: Comment".

2427:

Benjamin Franklin; William Temple Franklin; William Duane (1834).

1366: 1022: 9136: 9126: 9056: 8928: 8839: 8704: 7723:"Permanent Daylight Saving Time? Might Boost Tourism, Efficiency" 6845: 5661:

J. Alsousoua; T. Jenks; O. Bouamra; F. Lecky; K. Willett (2009).

3418:"US gets summertime blues as the clocks go forward 3 weeks early" 2934:"Daylight Saving Time: Why Does It Exist? (It's Not for Farming)" 2783: 1795: 1768: 1546: 1487:

Daylight saving time in Asia § Asian countries not using DST

1152: 957: 929: 909:

Russia declared in 2011 that it would stay in DST all year long (

723: 695: 432: 280: 272: 156: 7262: 4402:"Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Bill 2010" 1624:, and only 42% to support permanent DST the following February. 605:. During the holy month (the date of which is determined by the 9131: 9081: 9076: 8153:

Sandhu, Amneet; Seth, Milan; Gurm, Hitinder S. (1 March 2014).

7983:"States Object to Changing the Clocks for Daylight Saving Time" 7751: 7532:"Stopping the clock on seasonal time changes? Not anytime soon" 6001:

Barnes, Christopher M.; Drake, Christopher L. (November 2015).

5625: 4854: 4111: 3628:"Implementation dates of daylight saving time within Australia" 1600: 1549: 1185:(with an "s") was already much more common than the older form 1029:

independently proposed DST in 1907 and advocated it tirelessly.

933: 837: 809:(to keep pace with New York). Wilson's successor as president, 302:

wake closer to the sunrise and be active in the evening light.

276: 264: 141: 129: 8424:

Information about the Current Daylight Saving Time (DST) Rules

7383:"Turkey will not turn back the clock for daylight saving time" 2359:

Hertzel Hillel Yitzhak (2006). "When to recite the blessing".

2230:"Is Daylight saving time a scam? Time, money may not be saved" 1237:

appears to have resulted from the avoidance of a miscue: when

1058:

It has been argued that clock shifts correlate with decreased

903:

Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Bill 2010

878:

In 2005, the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association and the

9111: 8923: 8822: 8777: 8436: 7851: 7210: 5195:

Zhang, H.; Khan, A.; Edgren, G.; Rzhetsky, A. (8 June 2020).

2506:

A.O. Aldridge (1956). "Franklin's essay on daylight saving".

1517: 1458: 845: 524: 332: 6880:

Richard A. Meade (1978). "Language change in this century".

5458: 3384:

in the UK when the directive is not being strictly followed.

3364: 3099:"Time Zone & Clock Changes in Troll Station, Antarctica" 2259:"Why daylight saving time isn't as terrible as people think" 2101:"On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30°" 1870:"Full text – Benjamin Franklin – The Journal of Paris, 1784" 9116: 9101: 9091: 8545: 8482: 8446: 8209: 4972:

David B. Belzer; Stanton W. Hadley; Shih-Miao Chin (2008).

4315:"Daylight Saving group launched as new Qld political party" 4031:

Ten years of daylight saving from the Pittsburgh standpoint

3271:"Morocco to Switch Clocks Back 1 Hour on May 5 for Ramadan" 1784:

Verify: Answering your questions about daylight saving time

941: 925:) on 26 October 2014, intending to stay there permanently. 538: 8551:

International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service

8267:

Spring Forward: The Annual Madness of Daylight Saving Time

7800: 5779: 4347:. Electoral Commission of Queensland (ECQ). Archived from 294:" workday. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases 224:

have adopted DST at various times, particularly since the

9795: 9096: 7697:"Permanent daylight saving time hits brick wall in House" 7024:

Congressional Findings; Expansion of Daylight Saving Time

5033:"Losing sleep at the market: the daylight saving anomaly" 5031:

Mark J. Kamstra; Lisa A. Kramer; Maurice D. Levi (2000).

3575:"Energy Policy Act of 2005, Public Law 109-58 § 110" 2661:

Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute

2105:

Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute

1974: 1972: 1604: 1516:, Singapore, Syria, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and 482: 6916:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

5828: 5744: 5365:"Time to Move On? The Case Against Daylight Saving Time" 2787:. House of Commons. 12 February 1908. col. 155–156. 913:) and Belarus followed with a similar declaration. (The 547:

Specific times of the clock change vary by jurisdiction.

5393: 5194: 4811:

Dilip R. Ahuja; D. P. Sen Gupta; V. K. Agrawal (2007).

4187:"Twin cities disagree over daylight savings time, 1965" 1241:

is used, readers might puzzle momentarily over whether

882:

successfully lobbied for the 2007 extension to US DST.

590:), its legal name is Irish Standard Time as opposed to 8333:

One Time Fits All: The Campaigns for Global Uniformity

7186:"Why does Windows keep your BIOS clock on local time?" 6387: 5910: 5908: 5876: 5874: 3848:"When do the clocks change around the world? And why?" 3075:. Lord Howe Island Tourism Association. Archived from 2973:"8 Things You May Not Know About Daylight Saving Time" 2358: 2007: 2005: 1969: 828:, but no standardization of peacetime DST until 1966. 136:

or late winter, and to set clocks back by one hour to

7530:

Posaner, Joshua; Cokelaere, Hanne (24 October 2020).

7213:"Sources for time zone and daylight saving time data" 6257:

A Time for Every Purpose: Law and the Balance of Life

5829:

Derks, L.; Houterman, S.; Geuzebroek, G.S.C. (2021).

5296: 4934: 2897:"Perspective | Five myths about daylight saving time" 2455: 1635:

teamed up to release a satirical commercial starring

1017: 220:

Empires, both starting on 30 April 1916. Since then,

9250: 8437:

Telecommunications Standardization Bureau of the ITU

7977: 7975: 4940: 4897: 3682: 2310:(1968). "The days and hours of the Roman calendar". 2288:

Berthold (1918). "Daylight saving in ancient Rome".

8442:

Sources for time zone and daylight saving time data

8428:

U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology

8304: 6557:"Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea" 5905: 5871: 5780:Manfredini, F.; Fabbian, F.; Cappadona, R. (2018). 2094: 2092: 2046:. Minnesota House Public Information Office. 1991. 2002: 1104:DST hurts prime-time television broadcast ratings, 8481: 8306:Saving the Daylight: Why We Put the Clocks Forward 8284: 6858: 6663: 5940: 5938: 5116: 4996: 4719:Goodman, A, Page, A, Cooper, A (23 October 2014). 4703: 4681: 4662: 4639: 4096: 4012: 3967: 3952: 3934: 3919: 3909:(Privately published ed.). The National Bank. 3887: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3712: 3697: 3666: 3489:"Why Arizona doesn't observe daylight-saving time" 3472: 2877: 2727: 2590:Reglamento para el gobierno interior de las Cortes 2136: 1261:In Britain, Willett's 1907 proposal used the term 8155:"Daylight savings time and myocardial infarction" 7972: 7375: 6908: 4776: 4774: 4487:"Russia abandons year-round daylight-saving time" 4219: 3651: 3649: 2828: 2548: 861:referendum on the introduction of daylight saving 644:is for one hour in the spring two hours ahead of 275:, daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in 9860: 7529: 7211:Paul Eggert; Arthur David Olson (30 June 2008). 6879: 6651:Effect on those whose hours are set by the sun: 6446: 4607: 3180:"Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971, Section 1" 2995: 2993: 2306: 2184:. National Maritime Museum. 2008. Archived from 2089: 7080:"Remember to Put Clocks Hour Ahead on Retiring" 6733: 6133:Thomas Kantermann; Myriam Juda; Martha Merrow; 5935: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5350: 4587: 4585: 4461:"Eternal Daylight Saving Time (DST) in Belarus" 3834: 3765:"Politicians fight over setting the clock back" 3298: 3296: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2745: 2192: 1840:"Did Ben Franklin Invent Daylight Saving Time?" 1475:Permanent time observation in the United States 684: 305: 8263: 8152: 6768: 6680: 6654: 6524: 6254: 5362: 4771: 4071: 4056: 4027: 3658: 3646: 3365:National Physical Laboratory (31 March 2016). 2927: 2925: 2618:Martín Olalla, José María (3 September 2018). 2221: 1468: 1099: 956:) do not participate in daylight saving time. 601:observes daylight saving time every month but 9781: 9236: 8467: 8330: 7754:"Why Should We Abolish Daylight Saving Time?" 7688: 7633: 7585:"Fall back! Daylight saving time ends Sunday" 7044:Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style 6909:Joseph P. Pickett; et al., eds. (2000). 6501: 6316: 5305:"Why Should We Abolish Daylight Saving Time?" 5092:Journal of Multinational Financial Management 4718: 4458: 3048:"World War I Centenary: Daylight-Saving Time" 2990: 2617: 2505: 2336: 2176: 2174: 1897: 1895: 1332:(BST), and British English typically inserts 991:, thus conflicting with standard working and 872:Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents 492:DST was first implemented in the US with the 388:was the first to propose modern DST, in 1895. 8303:The British version, focusing on the UK, is 8070: 8048: 8026: 7662: 7505:Mobility and Transport – European Commission 7320: 7183: 6223: 5970: 5968: 5526:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 5347: 4979:(Report). US Dept. of Energy. Archived from 4582: 4369: 4252:"1992 Queensland Daylight Saving Referendum" 3630:. Bureau of Meteorology. 22 September 2009. 3513: 3400: 3293: 3154:"Time in the Sky and the Amateur Astronomer" 2883: 2654: 2098: 1940:The Global Transformation of Time: 1870–1950 1081:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 722:" at Sandringham), the managing director of 632:(UTC), which means that it changes at 02:00 6827: 6357: 6346:of daylight saving—increased by 20 percent. 6000: 4544:. National Conference of State Legislatures 3845: 3415: 3309:(Press release) (in Arabic). Archived from 2922: 932:(with the exception of the Navajo Nation), 609:and thus moves annually with regard to the 9788: 9774: 9243: 9229: 8474: 8460: 8056:"Dislike for changing the clocks persists" 7924: 7902: 7323:"Whatever happened to Double Summer Time?" 7240:. Hewlett–Packard Co. 2010. Archived from 7108: 6919:(4th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 6205:"Daylight saving hits late risers hardest" 4855:Myriam B.C. Aries; Guy R. Newsham (2008). 4613: 3549:"The Financial History of Daylight Saving" 3540: 3304:"Release of the Moroccan Official Journal" 3124:"Time Zone Abbreviations – Worldwide List" 3001:"When Daylight Saving Time Was Year-Round" 2863:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2741: 2739: 2171: 1892: 1577:Society for Research on Biological Rhythms 1401: 1213:). Merriam-Webster's also lists the forms 880:National Association of Convenience Stores 30:"DST" redirects here. For other uses, see 8235: 8186: 7877: 7828: 7818: 7777: 7714: 7283: 6867: 6423: 6405: 6069: 6059: 6018: 5965: 5880: 5854: 5805: 5721: 5711: 5678: 5594: 5537: 5500: 5419: 5330: 5320: 5279: 5230: 5220: 5051: 4990: 4965: 4891: 4850: 4848: 4746: 4736: 4282: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3151: 2151: 2032: 1675:Daylight saving time in the United States 887:Daylight Saving for South East Queensland 673:seeking to increase profits by including 9005:International Commission on Stratigraphy 8399:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 8382: 7720: 7156: 7111:"Time change a 'mini-Y2K' in tech terms" 6645: 6588:. National Farmers Union. Archived from 6259:. Harvard University Press. p. 26. 6217: 4542:"Daylight Saving Time State Legislation" 4213: 3902: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3268: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2480: 2387:The Facts on File dictionary of proverbs 2363:. Nanuet, NY: Feldheim. pp. 53–58. 2287: 2073:"Single/Double Summer Time policy paper" 2067: 2065: 1943:. Harvard University Press. p. 51. 1494: 1365: 1021: 752: 415: 380: 235: 48: 8104:"Help us bury Daylight Savings forever" 8034:"Daylight Saving Time vs Standard Time" 7694: 7639: 7345: 7289: 7046:. Oxford University Press. p. 95. 6737:Sundials: Their Theory and Construction 6610: 6372: 6322: 4614:Perlmutter, Lillian (27 October 2022). 4536: 4534: 4285:"Dim-witted proposal for daylight time" 3984:"Time Changes in Berlin Over the Years" 3519: 2894: 2736: 2458:"Benjamin Franklin: America's inventor" 2256: 1980:"Time to change your clocks – but why?" 1463:TZ='EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00' 1179:National Council of Teachers of English 373:In 1810, the Spanish National Assembly 244:that lets hour lengths vary with season 204:The first implementation of DST was by 14: 9861: 8447:Use of Changing Times Around the World 8076: 7952: 7668: 7560: 7445:(US ed.). London. 26 March 2019. 7037: 6449:"Sleepy Punishers Are Harsh Punishers" 6035: 5881:Cermakian, Nicolas (2 November 2019). 5071:from the original on 21 September 2017 4845: 4804: 4591: 4513:"Russian clocks go back for last time" 4372:"Daylight saving at a sunset out west" 3819: 3790: 3749: 3025: 3023: 3021: 2931: 2693:(1 October 1947). "New Zealand time". 2607:from the original on 5 September 2018. 2383: 1932: 1930: 1567:Some experts in circadian rhythms and 1137:Many farmers oppose DST, particularly 1050:, once a primary use of electricity. 936:, and the five populated territories ( 613:), the country's civil clocks observe 9769: 9224: 8455: 7481:from the original on 30 December 2020 7363:from the original on 21 December 2016 6191:from the original on 16 November 2020 6007:Perspectives on Psychological Science 5944: 5568: 5523: 4434:"Daylight saving silence 'deafening'" 4197:from the original on 10 November 2020 3846:Fitzpatrick, Kyle (21 October 2019). 3775: 3762: 3546: 3528:from the original on 19 February 2020 3389: 3220:from the original on 31 December 2019 2959: 2829:League of Nations (20 October 1923). 2636:from the original on 4 September 2018 2586: 2408:from the original on 4 September 2015 2198: 2062: 1880:from the original on 15 November 2017 1564:winter, that year-round DST entails. 582:) and legal name as that in Britain ( 155:DST is not usually observed near the 148:in North American English, hence the 9822:Daylight saving time in the Americas 7595:from the original on 2 November 2018 7561:Lawson, Patrick (18 November 2020). 7542:from the original on 26 October 2020 7419:from the original on 23 October 2020 7302:from the original on 27 October 2019 7238:HP-UX Reference: HP-UX 11i Version 3 7165:from the original on 13 January 2012 7123:from the original on 1 February 2017 7090:from the original on 8 November 2021 7060:from the original on 9 November 2021 7014:from the original on 9 November 2021 6611:Crossen, Cynthia (6 November 2003). 6578: 6537:from the original on 6 December 2008 5893:from the original on 20 October 2020 4953:from the original on 3 December 2017 4879:from the original on 26 October 2019 4833:from the original on 1 February 2014 4792:from the original on 4 December 2020 4592:Howell, Tom Jr. (21 December 2022). 4531: 4519:from the original on 26 October 2014 4467:from the original on 19 October 2017 4382:from the original on 27 October 2011 4276: 4167:from the original on 20 January 2021 3866:from the original on 1 November 2020 3803: 3190:from the original on 30 October 2013 3045: 2845:from the original on 24 October 2020 2797: 2437:from the original on 1 February 2017 2433:. McCarty & Davis. p. 477. 2227: 1990:from the original on 10 October 2018 1936: 1820:from the original on 2 November 2021 1670:Daylight saving time in the Americas 1586:American College of Chest Physicians 1066: 995:. Additionally, DST is ended before 822:history of time in the United States 341:and lasted 44 minutes at the winter 7721:Handwerk, Brian (6 November 2011). 7640:Haughey, John (18 September 2022). 7192:from the original on 3 January 2012 6945:Merriam–Webster's Online Dictionary 6715:from the original on 8 October 2011 5012:from the original on 25 August 2007 4459:Time and Date (19 September 2011). 4325:from the original on 4 January 2009 4232:from the original on 25 August 2007 3134:from the original on 21 August 2018 3018: 2689: 2228:Visé, Daniel de (3 November 2023). 2021:from the original on 9 October 2018 1927: 1909:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography 1483:Summer time in Europe § Future 1053: 906:Wellington's bill on 15 June 2011. 152:: "spring forward and fall back"). 78: Formerly used daylight saving 24: 8369: 8324: 8077:Ripley, Anthony (1 October 1974). 7333:from the original on 22 March 2021 6809:from the original on 9 August 2020 6787:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb02151.x 6681:Jesse Ruderman (1 November 2006). 6633:from the original on 28 March 2021 6504:"Daylight saving time ends Sunday" 6335:from the original on 11 March 2018 6236:from the original on 13 April 2009 5945:Antle, Michael (30 October 2019). 5747:Accident Analysis & Prevention 5363:Brian Handwerk (1 December 2013). 5260:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 4562: 4154: 4034:. Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. 3501:from the original on 30 March 2019 3403:"History of legal time in Britain" 3240:"Time Zones in the United Kingdom" 2806:. Orillia, Ontario. Archived from 2759:from the original on 30 March 2019 2715:10.1111/j.1745-7939.1947.tb01466.x 2468:from the original on 29 March 2019 2269:from the original on 11 March 2018 2182:"100 years of British Summer Time" 2152:Mikkelson, David (13 March 2016). 2115:from the original on 30 March 2019 1957:from the original on 22 March 2021 1582:American Academy of Sleep Medicine 1096:can be severe and last for weeks. 1044:United States Department of Energy 1018:Effects on electricity consumption 25: 9880: 9276:Italics: historical or unofficial 8725:Discrete time and continuous time 8350: 7695:Schnell, Mychael (25 July 2022). 7511:from the original on 30 June 2019 7501:"Seasonal clock change in the EU" 7449:from the original on 20 June 2019 6951:from the original on 11 June 2011 6683:"Continuous daylight saving time" 6502:Joey Crandall (24 October 2003). 6323:Downing, Michael (9 March 2018). 5982:from the original on 8 March 2021 5953:from the original on 4 March 2020 5923:from the original on 4 March 2020 5914: 4943:"Daylight saving saves no energy" 4489:. AP. 1 July 2014. Archived from 4414:from the original on 13 June 2010 4295:from the original on 3 March 2016 4220:James C. Benfield (24 May 2001). 4134:10.1038/scientificamerican0579-46 3655:DST practices and controversies: 3634:from the original on 4 April 2016 3581:from the original on 16 July 2009 3555:from the original on 11 July 2020 3454:from the original on 2 April 2019 3428:from the original on 2 April 2019 3346:from the original on 27 June 2020 3269:Kasraoui, Safaa (16 April 2019). 3160:from the original on 11 July 2020 2970: 2767:– via Daylight Saving Time. 2620:"La gestión de la estacionalidad" 2554:The American Journal of Sociology 2050:from the original on 16 June 2016 1914:Ministry for Culture and Heritage 1901: 1507:, south London, is always on DST. 1374:reminded people to adjust clocks. 1336:into other time zone names, e.g. 562:with a thirty-minute change, and 27:Seasonal change of clock settings 8650: 8644: 8381: 8203: 8146: 8121: 8096: 8001: 7953:Davies, Claire (14 March 2021). 7946: 7845: 7794: 7745: 7607: 7577: 7554: 7523: 7493: 7461: 7431: 7401: 7321:Hollingshead, Iain (June 2006). 7314: 7271:from the original on 6 July 2010 7251: 7223: 7204: 7177: 7150: 7135: 7102: 7072: 7031: 6821: 6762: 6727: 6701: 6674: 6669:, pp. 103–110, 149–151, 198 6604: 6563:from the original on 9 June 2016 6549: 6518: 6495: 6440: 6381: 6366: 6351: 6273: 6248: 6086: 5994: 5822: 5773: 5738: 5687: 5654: 5619: 5562: 5517: 5452: 5387: 5247: 5188: 5153: 5110: 5083: 5024: 4712: 3994:from the original on 27 May 2019 3599: 3448:"Historia Hora Oficial de Chile" 3281:from the original on 5 June 2019 3250:from the original on 8 July 2020 3152:MacRobert, Alan (18 July 2006). 2932:Victor, Daniel (11 March 2016). 2895:Feltman, Rachel (6 March 2015). 2671:from the original on 23 May 2010 1850:from the original on 1 June 2021 1728: 1711: 1694:Analysis of daylight saving time 1613:National Opinion Research Center 1128: 1013:Analysis of daylight saving time 769:led the way in introducing DST ( 537: 523: 398:Wellington Philosophical Society 191:Wellington Philosophical Society 84: Never used daylight saving 9848:Daylight saving time by country 9832:Daylight saving time in Oceania 9739:Daylight saving time by country 6830:"Daylight savings time is here" 6775:Photochemistry and Photobiology 6689:from the original on 4 May 2016 6525:Paul McDougall (1 March 2007). 5786:Internal and Emergency Medicine 4556: 4505: 4479: 4452: 4426: 4394: 4363: 4337: 4307: 4244: 4179: 4148: 4105: 4076:(5th ed.). Prentice Hall. 4065: 4021: 3976: 3896: 3820:Berman, Jesse (18 March 2022). 3676: 3620: 3593: 3567: 3481: 3440: 3409: 3358: 3328: 3262: 3232: 3202: 3172: 3145: 3116: 3091: 3065: 3039: 2822: 2791: 2784:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2771: 2683: 2648: 2611: 2580: 2542: 2449: 2420: 2377: 2352: 2330: 2300: 2281: 2257:Swanson, Anna (11 March 2016). 2250: 2201:"When Is Daylight Saving Time?" 2145: 1687:Daylight saving time in Oceania 1650:Daylight saving time by country 757:Retailers generally favor DST; 515:Daylight saving time by country 450:) nationally were those of the 378:they did so of their volition. 9812:Daylight saving time in Africa 8798:History of timekeeping devices 8419:Congressional Research Service 7669:McLeod, Paul (17 March 2022). 7290:Parfitt, Tom (25 March 2011). 7184:Raymond Chen (November 2000). 6828:@hubermanlab (12 March 2023). 6586:"Should we change the clocks?" 6226:"Daylight-saving dock ratings" 6224:Rick Kissell (20 March 2007). 4436:. 16 June 2011. Archived from 3903:Slattery, Sir Matthew (1972). 2456:Seymour Stanton Block (2006). 1862: 1832: 1802: 1775: 1757:Daylight Saving Time Explained 1748: 1680:Daylight saving time in Canada 1655:Daylight saving time in Africa 1491:Daylight saving time in Brazil 1172: 1145: 870:In 2003, the United Kingdom's 567:standard time in the autumn. 53:Daylight saving time regions: 13: 1: 8335:. Stanford University Press. 7758:Journal of Biological Rhythms 7469:"To the EU Commission on DST" 7259:"Other environment variables" 7008:"15 U.S.C. § 260a notes" 6375:The Christian Science Monitor 6211:. Australia. 25 October 2007. 5978:. CBC News. 31 October 2019. 5759:10.1016/S0001-4575(99)00088-3 5640:10.1016/S1389-9457(00)00032-0 5309:Journal of Biological Rhythms 3416:Tom Baldwin (12 March 2007). 3401:Joseph Myers (17 July 2009). 3184:electronic Irish Statute Book 2838:. Geneva. pp. 5, 22–24. 2798:Moro, Teviah (16 July 2009). 2340:(2003). "The holy mountain". 1741: 917:had operated under permanent 9817:Daylight saving time in Asia 7003:"also daylight savings time" 6407:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001733 5680:10.1016/j.injury.2009.06.241 5222:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007927 5104:10.1016/j.mulfin.2008.09.001 4370:Paige Taylor (18 May 2009). 4102:, pp. 147–155, 175–180. 4074:Business and its Environment 3906:The National Bank, 1835–1970 3763:Stoil, Rebecca Anna (2010). 2430:Memoirs of Benjamin Franklin 2199:Yuhas, Alan (6 March 2024). 1660:Daylight saving time in Asia 1372:public service advertisement 1361: 1347:Central European Summer Time 1151:For example, when reading a 718:(who used half-hour DST or " 685:Politics, religion and sport 619:Western European Summer Time 508: 413:UK until his death in 1915. 306:Variation within a time zone 231: 7: 8745:Gravitational time dilation 8581:Barycentric Coordinate Time 8171:10.1136/openhrt-2013-000019 7109:Steve Lohr (5 March 2007). 6118:10.1076/brhm.34.2.145.14494 6003:"Prioritizing Sleep Health" 4873:10.1016/j.enpol.2007.05.021 4565:"No DST in Most of Arizona" 2491:(in French) (117): 511–513. 1643: 1627:In March 2024, the company 1469:Opposition to clock changes 1229:Although the singular form 1100:Effects on social relations 967: 654:North American Eastern Time 636:(CET), equivalent to 03:00 18:Daylight Saving Association 10: 9885: 9252:Coordinated Universal Time 8601:Geocentric Coordinate Time 8586:Barycentric Dynamical Time 8524:Coordinated Universal Time 8256: 7157:Ron Bean (November 2000). 6282:Environment and Planning A 6098:Biological Rhythm Research 6092:DST and circadian rhythm: 5847:10.1007/s12471-021-01566-7 5485:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104666 4912:10.5547/01956574.39.2.thav 4283:Alex Beam (26 July 2005). 3073:"Information for visitors" 2384:Manser, Martin H. (2007). 1472: 1010: 1006: 971: 630:Coordinated Universal Time 512: 353:and in Jewish ceremonies. 317: 36: 29: 9840: 9804: 9747: 9709: 9694: 9648: 9544: 9428: 9350: 9284: 9259: 9155: 9046: 9013: 8987: 8868: 8768: 8755:Time-translation symmetry 8685: 8659: 8642: 8566:International Atomic Time 8516: 8493: 8291:. Thunder's Mouth Press. 8270:. Shoemaker & Hoard. 8237:10.1016/j.cub.2019.12.045 7646:The Center Square Florida 7040:"daylight saving(s) time" 7038:Garner, Bryan A. (2000). 6166:10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.025 5835:Netherlands Heart Journal 5798:10.1007/s11739-018-1900-4 5596:10.1016/j.cub.2019.12.045 5421:10.1016/j.cub.2019.12.045 5174:10.1257/00028280260344795 5131:10.1257/00028280260344786 4193:. 5 May 1965. p. 1. 3604:. History. Archived from 3520:Downing, Michael (2018). 2878:Seize the Daylight (2005) 2832:Regulation of summer time 2800:"Faded Memories for Sale" 2598:Congreso de los Diputados 2316:. Yale University Press. 1615:and a 2021 survey by the 1442:file, which is usually a 1384:information technologists 824:features DST during both 392:New Zealand entomologist 271:. North and south of the 197:proposed the adoption of 170:even included changes to 9724:Time zones by UTC offset 8264:Michael Downing (2005). 7820:10.3389/fphys.2019.00944 7770:10.1177/0748730419854197 7267:. The Open Group. 2004. 6734:Albert E. Waugh (1973). 6465:10.1177/0956797616678437 6020:10.1177/1745691615598509 5369:National Geographic News 5322:10.1177/0748730419854197 5162:American Economic Review 5119:American Economic Review 5040:American Economic Review 4515:. BBC. 25 October 2014. 3776:Cohen, Benyamin (2022). 3046:Graphics, WSJ com News. 2804:Orillia Packet and Times 2500:15 November 2017 at the 1704: 1398:also known as zoneinfo. 1380:2007 change to DST rules 1265:, but by 1911, the term 950:Northern Mariana Islands 670:Uniform Time Act of 1966 564:Troll (research station) 365:when he was an American 249:Industrialized societies 9755:Abolition of time zones 9734:Time zone abbreviations 9015:Astronomical chronology 8988:Archaeology and geology 8695:Absolute space and time 8611:IERS Reference Meridian 8606:International Date Line 8517:International standards 7807:Frontiers in Physiology 7359:. London. 1 July 2014. 6769:Leith Holloway (1992). 6618:The Wall Street Journal 6255:Todd D. Rakoff (2002). 4738:10.1186/1479-5868-11-84 4028:Robert Garland (1927). 3547:Korch, Travers (2015). 3336:"Time Zones in Morocco" 3210:"Time Zones in Ireland" 3052:The Wall Street Journal 2495:revised English version 2040:"Daylight savings time" 1984:Northern Ontario Travel 1904:"Hudson, George Vernon" 1699:Winter time (clock lag) 1590:National Safety Council 1536:In September 2018, the 1402:IANA time zone database 1249:as the adjective—as in 1211:daylight-saving(s) time 1205:is considered correct, 761:hailed a 1918 DST bill. 681:changed on 26 October. 267:because of the Earth's 96:), also referred to as 8377: 8357:Listen to this article 8331:Ian R. Bartky (2007). 7159:"The Clock Mini-HOWTO" 6983:"daylight saving time" 6941:"daylight saving time" 6911:"daylight-saving time" 5919:. The Sacramento Bee. 5713:10.1186/1471-2458-8-74 3826:Baltimore Jewish Times 3030:A Time-Change Timeline 2779:"Daylight Saving Bill" 2695:New Zealand Geographer 2587:Luxan, Manuel (1810). 2154:"Daylight Saving Time" 1937:Ogle, Vanessa (2015). 1844:The Franklin Institute 1508: 1436:TZ=':America/New_York' 1375: 1259: 1221:(without "time"), and 1030: 928:In the United States, 895:statewide primary vote 885:In December 2008, the 834:Minneapolis, Minnesota 779: 762: 445: 425: 389: 245: 86: 9827:Summer time in Europe 9719:Time zones by country 8974:Weekday determination 8860:Sundial markup schema 8376: 8285:David Prerau (2005). 8133:The Indianapolis Star 7507:. 22 September 2016. 7415:. 12 September 2018. 7247:on 21 September 2013. 6971:daylight savings time 6933:daylight-savings time 6711:. 28 September 2011. 6453:Psychological Science 6061:10.1186/1472-6793-8-3 5569:Fritz, Josef (2020). 5062:10.1257/aer.90.4.1005 4046:on 28 September 2006. 3600:Morgan, Thad (2017). 3156:. Sky and Telescope. 3034:National Public Radio 2752:The waste of daylight 2655:G. V. Hudson (1898). 2361:Tzel HeHarim: Tzitzit 2290:The Classical Journal 2099:G. V. Hudson (1895). 2085:on 13 September 2012. 1665:Summer time in Europe 1498: 1479:Decree time in Russia 1369: 1338:Central European Time 1322:Pacific Daylight Time 1313:Pacific Standard Time 1235:daylight savings time 1227: 1207:daylight savings time 1183:daylight savings time 1048:incandescent lighting 1025: 891:South East Queensland 865:Queensland, Australia 756: 638:Eastern European Time 634:Central European Time 615:Western European Time 419: 384: 239: 102:daylight savings time 52: 9869:Daylight saving time 9797:Daylight saving time 9270:Daylight saving time 8995:Chronological dating 8735:Theory of relativity 8596:Daylight saving time 8416:Daylight Saving Time 8408:More spoken articles 7573:on 12 February 2021. 7264:IEEE Std 1003.1–2004 6874:Daylight saving time 6514:on 29 February 2012. 5548:10.1257/app.20140100 4321:. 14 December 2008. 4264:on 11 September 2017 3524:. The Conversation. 2971:Klein, Christopher. 2188:on 28 December 2014. 2014:Daylight Saving Time 1725:(less than 180 days) 1503:Memorial Sundial in 1428:environment variable 1271:daylight saving time 1231:daylight saving time 1203:daylight saving time 1187:daylight saving time 1078:A 2017 study in the 658:European Summer Time 429:Port Arthur, Ontario 90:Daylight saving time 32:DST (disambiguation) 9711:Lists of time zones 9205:Time value of money 9000:Geologic time scale 8855:History of sundials 8720:Cosmological decade 8672:Greenwich Mean Time 8503:Orders of magnitude 8228:2020CBio...30E.729F 7727:National Geographic 7591:. 1 November 2018. 7413:European Commission 7146:. pp. 356–359. 6987:Oxford Dictionaries 6746:1973sttc.book.....W 6294:2006EnPlA..38.2055P 6158:2007CBio...17.1996K 6110:2003BioRR..34..145V 5587:2020CBio...30E.729F 5477:2022iSci...25j4666O 5412:2020CBio...30E.729F 5213:2020PLSCB..16E7927Z 4493:on 4 September 2015 4351:on 26 February 2011 4161:Great Falls Tribune 4126:1979SciAm.240e..46B 4114:Scientific American 4018:, pp. 103–110. 3478:, pp. 179–180. 2707:1947NZGeo...3..197L 2508:American Literature 2392:Infobase Publishing 2263:The Washington Post 2142:, pp. 115–118. 1874:www.webexhibits.org 1814:Timetemperature.com 1810:"Arizona Time Zone" 1609:Monmouth University 1538:European Commission 1414:operating systems, 1330:British Summer Time 1167:Stanford University 1090:European Parliament 1060:economic efficiency 759:United Cigar Stores 592:British Summer Time 584:Greenwich Mean Time 472:1970s energy crisis 422:United Cigar Stores 337:) started at 09:02 226:1970s energy crisis 208:(today merged into 199:British Summer Time 70:Southern Hemisphere 60:Northern Hemisphere 9729:Military time zone 9180:Mental chronometry 8808:Marine chronometer 8660:Obsolete standards 8378: 8083:The New York Times 7116:The New York Times 6876:and its variants: 6860:Seize the Daylight 6665:Seize the Daylight 5949:. U Calgary News. 5887:The Globe and Mail 4998:Roscoe G. Bartlett 4900:The Energy Journal 4705:Seize the Daylight 4683:Seize the Daylight 4664:Seize the Daylight 4641:Seize the Daylight 4098:Seize the Daylight 4014:Seize the Daylight 3973:, pp. 80–101. 3969:Seize the Daylight 3954:Seize the Daylight 3936:Seize the Daylight 3921:Seize the Daylight 3889:Seize the Daylight 3769:The Jerusalem Post 3714:Seize the Daylight 3699:Seize the Daylight 3668:Seize the Daylight 3474:Seize the Daylight 3373:on 11 October 2016 3316:on 26 October 2019 3275:Morocco World News 2938:The New York Times 2729:Seize the Daylight 2657:"On seasonal time" 2205:The New York Times 2138:Seize the Daylight 1637:David Dastmalchian 1509: 1376: 1217:(without "time"), 1159:Andrew D. Huberman 1031: 974:Israel Summer Time 799:European Community 763: 708:David Lloyd George 611:Gregorian calendar 426: 390: 296:energy consumption 246: 163:does observe it). 98:daylight saving(s) 87: 37:For the film, see 9856: 9855: 9763: 9762: 9690: 9689: 9218: 9217: 9028:Nuclear timescale 8710:Continuous signal 8433:"Legal Time 2015" 8374: 8315:978-1-86207-796-6 8298:978-1-56025-655-7 8277:978-1-59376-053-3 8222:(4): 729–735.e2. 7870:10.5664/jcsm.8780 7864:(10): 1781–1784. 7389:. 7 December 2021 7086:. 25 April 1936. 6926:978-0-395-82517-4 6755:978-0-486-22947-8 6360:Indianapolis Star 6288:(11): 2055–2074. 6266:978-0-674-00910-3 6152:(22): 1996–2000. 5700:BMC Public Health 5581:(4): 729–735.e2. 5406:(4): 729–735.e2. 5272:10.5664/jcsm.8780 5266:(10): 1781–1784. 5201:PLOS Comput. Biol 5008:. Serial 107-30. 4407:. 14 April 2010. 4228:. Serial 107-30. 4083:978-0-13-187355-1 4062:, pp. 47–48. 3958:, pp. 51–70. 3940:, pp. 72–73. 3925:, pp. 12–24. 3577:. 8 August 2005. 2880:, pp. 51–89. 2810:on 26 August 2016 2550:Eviatar Zerubavel 2370:978-1-58330-292-7 2323:978-0-300-00031-3 1950:978-0-674-28614-6 1721:and ended before 1287:horario de verano 1195:American Heritage 1191:Merriam-Webster's 1161:, a professor of 1073:circadian rhythms 1067:Effects on health 954:US Virgin Islands 811:Warren G. Harding 691:Winston Churchill 679:Western Australia 494:Standard Time Act 357:Benjamin Franklin 182:Benjamin Franklin 168:Roman timekeeping 16:(Redirected from 9876: 9799:(or summer time) 9790: 9783: 9776: 9767: 9766: 9282: 9281: 9278: 9245: 9238: 9231: 9222: 9221: 8919:Dominical letter 8850:Equation of time 8813:Marine sandglass 8654: 8648: 8626:Terrestrial Time 8483:Time measurement 8476: 8469: 8462: 8453: 8452: 8398: 8396: 8385: 8384: 8375: 8365: 8363: 8358: 8346: 8319: 8308:. Granta Books. 8302: 8281: 8250: 8249: 8239: 8207: 8201: 8200: 8190: 8150: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8139: 8125: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8100: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8089: 8074: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8063: 8052: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8041: 8030: 8024: 8023: 8021: 8019: 8013:today.yougov.com 8005: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7994: 7989:. 6 January 2023 7979: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7965: 7950: 7944: 7943: 7941: 7939: 7934:. 27 August 2020 7928: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7906: 7900: 7899: 7881: 7858:J Clin Sleep Med 7849: 7843: 7842: 7832: 7822: 7798: 7792: 7791: 7781: 7749: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7738: 7729:. Archived from 7718: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7692: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7681: 7666: 7660: 7659: 7654: 7652: 7637: 7631: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7619:rubio.senate.gov 7611: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7581: 7575: 7574: 7569:. Archived from 7558: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7547: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7516: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7480: 7473: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7435: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7424: 7405: 7399: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7349: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7338: 7318: 7312: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7287: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7235: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7219:on 23 June 2012. 7215:. Archived from 7208: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7197: 7181: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7170: 7154: 7148: 7147: 7139: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7106: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7084:Brooklyn Citizen 7076: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7035: 7029: 7026: 7021: 7019: 7002: 7000: 6998: 6993:on 22 March 2014 6989:. Archived from 6978: 6967:daylight savings 6958: 6956: 6936: 6905: 6871: 6865: 6856: 6850: 6849: 6843: 6841: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6766: 6760: 6759: 6731: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6705: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6678: 6672: 6660:, pp. 19–33 6649: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6592:on 14 March 2012 6582: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6568: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6510:. Archived from 6499: 6493: 6492: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6427: 6409: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6342: 6340: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6221: 6215: 6212: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6190: 6143: 6129: 6090: 6084: 6083: 6073: 6063: 6039: 6033: 6032: 6022: 5998: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5972: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5942: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5912: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5878: 5869: 5868: 5858: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5809: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5725: 5715: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5598: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5541: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5504: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5423: 5391: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5375:on 13 March 2014 5371:. Archived from 5360: 5345: 5344: 5334: 5324: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5283: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5234: 5224: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5168:(4): 1257–1263. 5157: 5151: 5150: 5125:(4): 1251–1256. 5114: 5108: 5107: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5070: 5055: 5046:(4): 1005–1011. 5037: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5017: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4978: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4867:(6): 1858–1866. 4852: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4832: 4817: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4778: 4769: 4768: 4750: 4740: 4716: 4710: 4701: 4692: 4679: 4673: 4660: 4654: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4589: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4538: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4413: 4406: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4263: 4257:. Archived from 4256: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4204: 4202: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4109: 4103: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4069: 4063: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4042:. Archived from 4025: 4019: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3980: 3974: 3965: 3959: 3950: 3941: 3932: 3926: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3900: 3894: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3873: 3871: 3843: 3832: 3829: 3816: 3799: 3788: 3785: 3772: 3758: 3747: 3720:"God's time" 106 3710: 3704: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3685:Pictorial Weekly 3680: 3674: 3653: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3485: 3479: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3398: 3387: 3386: 3380: 3378: 3369:. Archived from 3362: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3315: 3308: 3300: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3043: 3037: 3027: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3011: 2997: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2968: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2929: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2892: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2862: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2844: 2837: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2755:(1st ed.). 2743: 2734: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2630:Unidad Editorial 2615: 2609: 2608: 2606: 2595: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2492: 2489:Journal de Paris 2484: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2462:American History 2453: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2308:Jérôme Carcopino 2304: 2298: 2297: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2242: 2240: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2178: 2169: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2149: 2143: 2134: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2096: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2077: 2069: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2009: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1986:. 8 March 2018. 1976: 1967: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1934: 1925: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1899: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1793: 1791: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1766: 1764: 1752: 1735: 1732: 1726: 1715: 1617:Associated Press 1464: 1441: 1437: 1408:tz database 1396:tz database 1293:in Spanish, and 1219:daylight savings 1094:circadian rhythm 1054:Economic effects 899:Peter Wellington 774: 736:Astronomer Royal 732:William Christie 720:Sandringham time 712:Ramsay MacDonald 560:Lord Howe Island 541: 527: 502:Uniform Time Act 440: 362:Journal de Paris 325:Romans kept time 257:agrarian society 218:Austro-Hungarian 177:Journal de Paris 83: 77: 67: 57: 40:Daylight Savings 21: 9884: 9883: 9879: 9878: 9877: 9875: 9874: 9873: 9859: 9858: 9857: 9852: 9836: 9800: 9794: 9764: 9759: 9743: 9705: 9686: 9644: 9540: 9424: 9346: 9274: 9273: 9260: 9255: 9249: 9219: 9214: 9151: 9042: 9009: 8983: 8864: 8764: 8715:Coordinate time 8687:Time in physics 8681: 8655: 8649: 8640: 8512: 8489: 8480: 8412: 8411: 8400: 8394: 8392: 8389:This audio file 8386: 8379: 8370: 8367: 8361: 8360: 8356: 8353: 8343: 8327: 8325:Further reading 8322: 8316: 8299: 8278: 8259: 8254: 8253: 8216:Current Biology 8208: 8204: 8151: 8147: 8137: 8135: 8127: 8126: 8122: 8112: 8110: 8102: 8101: 8097: 8087: 8085: 8075: 8071: 8061: 8059: 8054: 8053: 8049: 8039: 8037: 8032: 8031: 8027: 8017: 8015: 8007: 8006: 8002: 7992: 7990: 7981: 7980: 7973: 7963: 7961: 7951: 7947: 7937: 7935: 7930: 7929: 7925: 7915: 7913: 7908: 7907: 7903: 7850: 7846: 7799: 7795: 7750: 7746: 7736: 7734: 7733:on 9 April 2019 7719: 7715: 7705: 7703: 7693: 7689: 7679: 7677: 7667: 7663: 7650: 7648: 7638: 7634: 7624: 7622: 7621:. 15 March 2022 7613: 7612: 7608: 7598: 7596: 7583: 7582: 7578: 7559: 7555: 7545: 7543: 7528: 7524: 7514: 7512: 7499: 7498: 7494: 7484: 7482: 7478: 7471: 7467: 7466: 7462: 7452: 7450: 7437: 7436: 7432: 7422: 7420: 7407: 7406: 7402: 7392: 7390: 7381: 7380: 7376: 7366: 7364: 7351: 7350: 7346: 7336: 7334: 7319: 7315: 7305: 7303: 7288: 7284: 7274: 7272: 7257: 7256: 7252: 7244: 7233: 7229: 7228: 7224: 7209: 7205: 7195: 7193: 7182: 7178: 7168: 7166: 7155: 7151: 7140: 7136: 7126: 7124: 7107: 7103: 7093: 7091: 7078: 7077: 7073: 7063: 7061: 7054: 7036: 7032: 7017: 7015: 7006: 6996: 6994: 6981: 6963:daylight saving 6954: 6952: 6939: 6927: 6882:English Journal 6872: 6868: 6857: 6853: 6839: 6837: 6826: 6822: 6812: 6810: 6767: 6763: 6756: 6732: 6728: 6718: 6716: 6707: 6706: 6702: 6692: 6690: 6679: 6675: 6650: 6646: 6636: 6634: 6609: 6605: 6595: 6593: 6584: 6583: 6579: 6566: 6564: 6555: 6554: 6550: 6540: 6538: 6531:InformationWeek 6523: 6519: 6500: 6496: 6445: 6441: 6400:(8): e3001733. 6386: 6382: 6371: 6367: 6356: 6352: 6338: 6336: 6321: 6317: 6278: 6274: 6267: 6253: 6249: 6239: 6237: 6222: 6218: 6203: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6146:Current Biology 6141: 6135:Till Roenneberg 6091: 6087: 6040: 6036: 5999: 5995: 5985: 5983: 5974: 5973: 5966: 5956: 5954: 5943: 5936: 5926: 5924: 5913: 5906: 5896: 5894: 5879: 5872: 5827: 5823: 5778: 5774: 5743: 5739: 5692: 5688: 5673:(10): 211–212. 5659: 5655: 5624: 5620: 5575:Current Biology 5567: 5563: 5539:10.1.1.676.1062 5522: 5518: 5457: 5453: 5400:Current Biology 5392: 5388: 5378: 5376: 5361: 5348: 5301: 5297: 5252: 5248: 5207:(6): e1007927. 5193: 5189: 5158: 5154: 5115: 5111: 5088: 5084: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5053:10.1.1.714.2833 5035: 5029: 5025: 5015: 5013: 5000:(24 May 2001). 4995: 4991: 4986:on 18 May 2013. 4983: 4976: 4970: 4966: 4956: 4954: 4939: 4935: 4896: 4892: 4882: 4880: 4853: 4846: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4820:Current Science 4815: 4809: 4805: 4795: 4793: 4780: 4779: 4772: 4717: 4713: 4702: 4695: 4680: 4676: 4661: 4657: 4638: 4634: 4624: 4622: 4612: 4608: 4598: 4596: 4590: 4583: 4573: 4571: 4569:timeanddate.com 4561: 4557: 4547: 4545: 4540: 4539: 4532: 4522: 4520: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4457: 4453: 4443: 4441: 4440:on 18 June 2011 4432: 4431: 4427: 4417: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4368: 4364: 4354: 4352: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4328: 4326: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4298: 4296: 4281: 4277: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4235: 4233: 4218: 4214: 4200: 4198: 4191:St. Cloud Times 4185: 4184: 4180: 4170: 4168: 4155:Murray, David. 4153: 4149: 4110: 4106: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4070: 4066: 4055: 4051: 4026: 4022: 4011: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3988:timeanddate.com 3982: 3981: 3977: 3966: 3962: 3951: 3944: 3933: 3929: 3918: 3914: 3901: 3897: 3886: 3882: 3869: 3867: 3844: 3835: 3805:Kornbluh, Jacob 3800: 3791: 3759: 3750: 3736:"religious" 208 3711: 3707: 3696: 3692: 3681: 3677: 3654: 3647: 3637: 3635: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3598: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3558: 3556: 3545: 3541: 3531: 3529: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3471: 3467: 3457: 3455: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3414: 3410: 3399: 3390: 3376: 3374: 3363: 3359: 3349: 3347: 3340:timeanddate.com 3334: 3333: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3302: 3301: 3294: 3284: 3282: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3244:timeanddate.com 3238: 3237: 3233: 3223: 3221: 3214:timeanddate.com 3208: 3207: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3163: 3161: 3150: 3146: 3137: 3135: 3128:timeanddate.com 3122: 3121: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3103:timeanddate.com 3097: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3044: 3040: 3028: 3019: 3009: 3007: 2999: 2998: 2991: 2981: 2979: 2969: 2960: 2950: 2948: 2930: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2901:Washington Post 2893: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2856: 2855: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2813: 2811: 2796: 2792: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2762: 2760: 2747:William Willett 2744: 2737: 2726: 2722: 2688: 2684: 2674: 2672: 2653: 2649: 2639: 2637: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2593: 2585: 2581: 2547: 2543: 2520:10.2307/2922719 2502:Wayback Machine 2485: 2481: 2471: 2469: 2454: 2450: 2440: 2438: 2425: 2421: 2411: 2409: 2402: 2382: 2378: 2371: 2357: 2353: 2335: 2331: 2324: 2305: 2301: 2286: 2282: 2272: 2270: 2255: 2251: 2238: 2236: 2226: 2222: 2209: 2207: 2197: 2193: 2180: 2179: 2172: 2162: 2160: 2150: 2146: 2135: 2128: 2118: 2116: 2097: 2090: 2082: 2075: 2071: 2070: 2063: 2053: 2051: 2038: 2037: 2033: 2024: 2022: 2011: 2010: 2003: 1993: 1991: 1978: 1977: 1970: 1960: 1958: 1951: 1935: 1928: 1918: 1916: 1902:Gibbs, George. 1900: 1893: 1883: 1881: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1853: 1851: 1846:. 7 July 2017. 1838: 1837: 1833: 1823: 1821: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1789: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1776: 1762: 1760: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1717:Starting after 1716: 1712: 1707: 1646: 1545:permanent DST. 1501:William Willett 1493: 1471: 1462: 1439: 1435: 1404: 1364: 1310:: for example, 1263:daylight saving 1251:savings account 1215:daylight saving 1175: 1148: 1131: 1102: 1069: 1056: 1027:William Willett 1020: 1015: 1009: 989:morning prayers 976: 970: 901:introduced the 770: 687: 552: 551: 550: 549: 548: 546: 545: 542: 533: 532: 531: 528: 517: 511: 460:Austria-Hungary 436: 406:William Willett 375:Cortes of Cádiz 320: 308: 263:, which change 234: 195:William Willett 85: 81: 79: 75: 73: 65: 63: 55: 45: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9882: 9872: 9871: 9854: 9853: 9851: 9850: 9844: 9842: 9838: 9837: 9835: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9808: 9806: 9802: 9801: 9793: 9792: 9785: 9778: 9770: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9757: 9751: 9749: 9748:Related topics 9745: 9744: 9742: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9715: 9713: 9707: 9706: 9701: 9699: 9692: 9691: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9658: 9656: 9646: 9645: 9643: 9642: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9596: 9589: 9584: 9577: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9554: 9552: 9542: 9541: 9539: 9538: 9533: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9482: 9477: 9470: 9463: 9458: 9451: 9444: 9438: 9436: 9426: 9425: 9423: 9422: 9415: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9371: 9366: 9360: 9358: 9348: 9347: 9345: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9305: 9300: 9294: 9292: 9279: 9257: 9256: 9248: 9247: 9240: 9233: 9225: 9216: 9215: 9213: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9200:Time metrology 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9176: 9175: 9165: 9159: 9157: 9156:Related topics 9153: 9152: 9150: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9053: 9051: 9044: 9043: 9041: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9019: 9017: 9011: 9010: 9008: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8991: 8989: 8985: 8984: 8982: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8874: 8872: 8866: 8865: 8863: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8845:Dialing scales 8842: 8837: 8832: 8831: 8830: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8774: 8772: 8766: 8765: 8763: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8691: 8689: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8679: 8677:Prime meridian 8674: 8669: 8667:Ephemeris time 8663: 8661: 8657: 8656: 8643: 8641: 8639: 8638: 8636:180th meridian 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8532: 8531: 8520: 8518: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8494: 8491: 8490: 8479: 8478: 8471: 8464: 8456: 8450: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8430: 8421: 8401: 8387: 8380: 8368: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8351:External links 8349: 8348: 8347: 8342:978-0804756426 8341: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8320: 8314: 8297: 8282: 8276: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8252: 8251: 8202: 8165:(1): e000019. 8145: 8120: 8095: 8069: 8047: 8025: 8000: 7971: 7945: 7923: 7901: 7844: 7793: 7764:(3): 227–230. 7744: 7713: 7687: 7661: 7632: 7606: 7576: 7553: 7522: 7492: 7474:. March 2019. 7460: 7430: 7409:"Press corner" 7400: 7374: 7344: 7313: 7282: 7250: 7222: 7203: 7176: 7149: 7134: 7101: 7071: 7052: 7030: 7028: 7027: 7004: 6979: 6937: 6925: 6906: 6894:10.2307/815124 6866: 6851: 6820: 6781:(2): 229–234. 6761: 6754: 6726: 6700: 6673: 6671: 6670: 6661: 6656:Spring Forward 6644: 6603: 6577: 6548: 6517: 6508:Record–Courier 6494: 6459:(2): 242–247. 6439: 6380: 6365: 6350: 6315: 6302:10.1068/a38391 6272: 6265: 6247: 6216: 6214: 6213: 6201: 6130: 6104:(2): 145–155. 6085: 6048:BMC Physiology 6034: 6013:(6): 733–737. 5993: 5964: 5934: 5904: 5870: 5841:(9): 427–432. 5821: 5792:(5): 641–646. 5772: 5753:(4): 609–611. 5737: 5686: 5653: 5628:Sleep Medicine 5618: 5561: 5516: 5451: 5386: 5346: 5315:(3): 227–230. 5295: 5246: 5187: 5152: 5109: 5098:(2): 127–138. 5082: 5023: 4989: 4964: 4933: 4890: 4844: 4826:(3): 298–302. 4803: 4770: 4711: 4693: 4674: 4655: 4632: 4606: 4581: 4563:Buckle, Anne. 4555: 4530: 4504: 4478: 4451: 4425: 4393: 4376:The Australian 4362: 4336: 4306: 4275: 4243: 4212: 4207:Newspapers.com 4178: 4147: 4104: 4089: 4082: 4064: 4058:Spring Forward 4049: 4020: 4005: 3975: 3960: 3942: 3927: 3912: 3895: 3880: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3817: 3789: 3787: 3786: 3773: 3748: 3705: 3703:, p. 117. 3690: 3675: 3673: 3672: 3664: 3660:Spring Forward 3645: 3619: 3608:on 12 May 2020 3592: 3566: 3539: 3512: 3480: 3465: 3439: 3408: 3388: 3357: 3327: 3292: 3261: 3231: 3201: 3171: 3144: 3115: 3090: 3064: 3038: 3036:, 8 March 2007 3017: 2989: 2958: 2921: 2882: 2870: 2821: 2790: 2770: 2735: 2720: 2682: 2647: 2628:(in Spanish). 2610: 2579: 2566:10.1086/227631 2541: 2479: 2448: 2419: 2401:978-0816066735 2400: 2394:. p. 70. 2376: 2369: 2351: 2329: 2322: 2299: 2280: 2249: 2220: 2191: 2170: 2144: 2126: 2088: 2061: 2044:Session Weekly 2031: 2001: 1968: 1949: 1926: 1891: 1861: 1831: 1801: 1774: 1746: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1727: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1645: 1642: 1470: 1467: 1440:/etc/localtime 1430:specifies the 1403: 1400: 1363: 1360: 1291:hora de verano 1174: 1171: 1147: 1144: 1130: 1127: 1101: 1098: 1068: 1065: 1055: 1052: 1034:inconclusive. 1019: 1016: 1011:Main article: 1008: 1005: 993:business hours 969: 966: 938:American Samoa 863:took place in 803:Woodrow Wilson 704:Arthur Balfour 686: 683: 626:European Union 607:lunar calendar 543: 536: 535: 534: 529: 522: 521: 520: 519: 518: 510: 507: 319: 316: 307: 304: 233: 230: 222:many countries 126:European Union 122:United Kingdom 80: 74: 64: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9881: 9870: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9849: 9846: 9845: 9843: 9839: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9809: 9807: 9803: 9798: 9791: 9786: 9784: 9779: 9777: 9772: 9771: 9768: 9756: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9746: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9716: 9714: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9697: 9693: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9659: 9657: 9655: 9651: 9647: 9641: 9640: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9618: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9601: 9597: 9595: 9594: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9582: 9578: 9576: 9575: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9555: 9553: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9531: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9514: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9487: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9475: 9471: 9469: 9468: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9456: 9452: 9450: 9449: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9439: 9437: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9421: 9420: 9416: 9414: 9413: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9376: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9361: 9359: 9357: 9353: 9349: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9332: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9310: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9295: 9293: 9291: 9287: 9283: 9280: 9277: 9271: 9267: 9266:standard time 9263: 9258: 9253: 9246: 9241: 9239: 9234: 9232: 9227: 9226: 9223: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9174: 9171: 9170: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9154: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9054: 9052: 9050: 9049:units of time 9045: 9039: 9038:Sidereal time 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9023:Galactic year 9021: 9020: 9018: 9016: 9012: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8992: 8990: 8986: 8980: 8979:Weekday names 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8969:Tropical year 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8934:Intercalation 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900:(lunar Hijri) 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8875: 8873: 8871: 8867: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8775: 8773: 8771: 8767: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8740:Time dilation 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8692: 8690: 8688: 8684: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8664: 8662: 8658: 8653: 8647: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8576:24-hour clock 8574: 8572: 8571:12-hour clock 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8530: 8527: 8526: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8515: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8477: 8472: 8470: 8465: 8463: 8458: 8457: 8454: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8414: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8390: 8344: 8338: 8334: 8329: 8328: 8317: 8311: 8307: 8300: 8294: 8290: 8289: 8283: 8279: 8273: 8269: 8268: 8262: 8261: 8247: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8206: 8198: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8149: 8134: 8130: 8124: 8109: 8105: 8099: 8084: 8080: 8073: 8057: 8051: 8035: 8029: 8014: 8010: 8004: 7988: 7984: 7978: 7976: 7960: 7959:TopTenReviews 7956: 7949: 7933: 7927: 7912:. 23 May 2022 7911: 7905: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7848: 7840: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7797: 7789: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7748: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7717: 7702: 7698: 7691: 7676: 7672: 7665: 7658: 7647: 7643: 7636: 7620: 7616: 7610: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7580: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7557: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7526: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7496: 7477: 7470: 7464: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7434: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7404: 7388: 7384: 7378: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7348: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7317: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7286: 7270: 7266: 7265: 7260: 7254: 7243: 7239: 7232: 7226: 7218: 7214: 7207: 7191: 7187: 7180: 7164: 7160: 7153: 7145: 7138: 7122: 7118: 7117: 7112: 7105: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7075: 7059: 7055: 7053:9780195135084 7049: 7045: 7041: 7034: 7025: 7013: 7009: 7005: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6977: 6976: 6975:daylight time 6972: 6968: 6964: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6935: 6934: 6928: 6922: 6918: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6870: 6864:, p. xv. 6863: 6861: 6855: 6847: 6835: 6831: 6824: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6765: 6757: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6738: 6730: 6714: 6710: 6704: 6688: 6684: 6677: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6653: 6652: 6648: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6619: 6614: 6607: 6591: 6587: 6581: 6574: 6562: 6558: 6552: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6521: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6498: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6443: 6435: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6384: 6376: 6369: 6361: 6354: 6347: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6319: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6276: 6268: 6262: 6258: 6251: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6220: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6140: 6136: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6094: 6093: 6089: 6081: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6038: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 5997: 5981: 5977: 5971: 5969: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5939: 5922: 5918: 5915:Block, Gene. 5911: 5909: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5877: 5875: 5866: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5825: 5817: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5776: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5741: 5733: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5690: 5681: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5622: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5565: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5520: 5512: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5471:(7): 104666. 5470: 5466: 5462: 5455: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5390: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5342: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5299: 5291: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5250: 5242: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5086: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5034: 5027: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4993: 4982: 4975: 4968: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4937: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4894: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4861:Energy Policy 4858: 4851: 4849: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4814: 4807: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4777: 4775: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4709:, p. 22. 4708: 4706: 4700: 4698: 4690: 4686: 4684: 4678: 4671: 4667: 4665: 4659: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4642: 4636: 4621: 4617: 4610: 4595: 4588: 4586: 4570: 4566: 4559: 4543: 4537: 4535: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4492: 4488: 4482: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4410: 4403: 4397: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4366: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4310: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4279: 4260: 4253: 4247: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4208: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4182: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4108: 4101: 4099: 4093: 4085: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4061: 4059: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4024: 4017: 4015: 4009: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3979: 3972: 3970: 3964: 3957: 3955: 3949: 3947: 3939: 3937: 3931: 3924: 3922: 3916: 3908: 3907: 3899: 3893:, p. xi. 3892: 3890: 3884: 3877: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3827: 3823: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3715: 3709: 3702: 3700: 3694: 3686: 3679: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3650: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3527: 3523: 3516: 3500: 3496: 3495: 3490: 3484: 3477: 3475: 3469: 3453: 3449: 3443: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3404: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3385: 3372: 3368: 3361: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3312: 3305: 3299: 3297: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3235: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3119: 3104: 3100: 3094: 3079:on 3 May 2009 3078: 3074: 3068: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2994: 2978: 2974: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2928: 2926: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2879: 2874: 2866: 2860: 2841: 2834: 2833: 2825: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2786: 2785: 2780: 2774: 2758: 2754: 2753: 2748: 2742: 2740: 2732: 2730: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2686: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2651: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2621: 2614: 2603: 2599: 2592: 2591: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2545: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2503: 2499: 2496: 2490: 2483: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2452: 2436: 2432: 2431: 2423: 2407: 2403: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2388: 2380: 2372: 2366: 2362: 2355: 2348:(5): 138–141. 2347: 2343: 2339: 2338:Robert Kaplan 2333: 2325: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2309: 2303: 2296:(6): 450–451. 2295: 2291: 2284: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2253: 2246: 2235: 2231: 2224: 2217: 2206: 2202: 2195: 2187: 2183: 2177: 2175: 2159: 2155: 2148: 2141: 2139: 2133: 2131: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2095: 2093: 2081: 2074: 2068: 2066: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2035: 2020: 2016: 2015: 2008: 2006: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1975: 1973: 1956: 1952: 1946: 1942: 1941: 1933: 1931: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1905: 1898: 1896: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1865: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1835: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1805: 1797: 1786: 1785: 1778: 1770: 1759: 1758: 1751: 1747: 1731: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1710: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1633:Ryan Reynolds 1630: 1625: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1573:chronobiology 1570: 1565: 1561: 1559: 1558:voice consent 1554: 1551: 1548: 1542: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1466: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1444:symbolic link 1433: 1432:location name 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1373: 1368: 1359: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1226: 1224: 1223:daylight time 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1154: 1143: 1140: 1139:dairy farmers 1135: 1129:Inconvenience 1126: 1122: 1119: 1113: 1109: 1107: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1085: 1083: 1082: 1076: 1074: 1064: 1061: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1039: 1035: 1028: 1024: 1014: 1004: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 985: 980: 975: 965: 962: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 926: 924: 920: 919:"summer time" 916: 912: 907: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 883: 881: 876: 873: 868: 866: 862: 857: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 818: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 794: 792: 787: 783: 782: 777: 773: 768: 760: 755: 751: 749: 748:Andrew Peters 745: 741: 740:George Darwin 737: 733: 729: 728:H. H. 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