Decolonization of public space

1686: 2480: 831: 2251: 343: 20: 1954: 1670: 2450: 1864: 506: 2063: 2039: 2438: 602: 1884: 365: 722: 1654: 1903: 2355:, home to elderly men, women and children, and set fire to the church, killing 12 people hiding there. In September 2017, Maori activist Shane Te Pou proposed the removal of his statue. The mayor of Auckland and the activist spoke and agreed not to remove the statue but to "ensure that the events of that time are explained and that the victims of the war are properly acknowledged... There could be a plaque on or next to the monument explaining what happened on both sides. At the moment, what the monument represents is not a very pretty picture". 2075: 2051: 973:, who constitute the largest Italian community in the country, then requested that the monument to Christopher Columbus be moved to the Plaza Colón in Mar del Plata, opposite to the casino. However, on April 5, 2013, the civil association "Basta de Demoler" presented an injunction to prevent the transfer of the monument to Mar del Plata and, on April 23, 2013, Italian community organizations demonstrated in the Plaza Colón in Buenos Aires against the transfer project. 2236: 2521:. This effort aims to target and change invasive species that refer to groups of individuals, or that inappropriately ignore the names that indigenous communities might give. According to American entomologists, "these problematic names perpetuate harms to people of diverse ethnicities and races, create an unwelcoming and non-inclusive entomological and cultural environment, disrupt communication and outreach, and defeat the very purpose of common names." 683:, the economic development of this region of southern Africa, and was to delay the desires of independence among the African population. The establishment of the federation granted certain political rights to blacks, but the white minority continued to dominate political life. The arrangement met with opposition from the majority of the inhabitants, both the small white settlers and the African leaders who were violently hostile to it. 1059:, the port where almost a third of the Africans brought to Brazil arrived. Historian Carlos da Silva Jr. pointed out that Pereira Marinho entered the slave trade after it was banned in Brazil in 1831 by the Feijó Law. The slave trader is estimated to have transported around 11,000 slaves, and at least 10% of them died during the voyage. Later, "in 1858, he created the African Union Company, to carry out legal trade with 1074:: "Here we don't even have an idea of the monuments dedicated in our cities to figures from the past who have links to the oppression of black people, indigenous people or to political emancipation movements. From time to time we have this debate among colleagues, especially when the discussion explodes in other countries, as happened in the United States in 2017 and now in England." 2510:. In November 2023, it expanded its approach and announced that it would rename about a hundred bird species, at a rate of ten per year. Another reason given was the lack of scientific effectiveness of choosing human surnames to name species. In order to be more descriptive and inclusive, the new names focused "on the unique characteristics and beauty of the birds themselves." 2010:", the French symbol and motto of the state. In a statement released on December 19, 2023, Andrew Prekker, the designer of the new flag, said he hoped that "all Minnesotans, regardless of their background, including Indigenous communities and tribal nations that have been historically excluded, can look at our flag with pride and honor, and identify with it." 1792:, a civil rights movement for Native Americans in the United States who organized the rally, said he negotiated for years with the Capitol occupiers and received the same response over and over again: "You have to wait; there is a process that you have to follow." But Forcia stated that, "the time for complacency is over" and "the paradigm shift is underway." 1134:, inequalities in land ownership, and their limited political representation. One of their main goals is for Chile to become a "plurinational state" like neighboring Bolivia, granting indigenous peoples greater political autonomy, as well as official status for their languages. These demands are shared by smaller aboriginal groups such as the 1981:). Pillories are associated with racial discrimination in the United States inherited from slavery, with Delaware being the last US state to have banned their practice in 1972. Between 1900 and 1945, 1,600 people were pilloried there, two-thirds of whom were black, while they represented only one-sixth of the state's population. 1482:— were sprayed with green paint by activists who considered them "racist" since the Queen's monuments symbolized the legacy of the British Empire for them. These actions were claimed by the Delhi-Dublin Anti-Colonial Solidarity Brigade. The same group vandalized the statue at McGill University again in 2021. 2220:'s party, the National Party, won the general election, he declared that "it was high time to remove the Union Jack from the national flag, which symbolizes the former British colonizer". A two-round referendum was held in 2015–2016. In the second round, 56.6% of citizens voted to keep the existing flag. 251:

The decolonization of public space can be achieved through spontaneous removals, during popular demonstrations (such as with the statue of Edward Colston in Bristol), or through long negotiations or awareness campaigns (as with the statue of Hamilton in New Zealand). Similarly, intermediate solutions

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explained that the bandeiras were expeditions characterized by torture, murder, and rape of indigenous people that headed into the interior of Brazil in search of indigenous people who were captured and sold into slavery. Most of the bandeirantes, the white men who led the bandeiras, were from

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When Zimbabwe gained independence in April 1980, its new authorities led a major campaign to decolonize its public space, both in its monuments and in its toponymy. This began in particular with the change of the country's name. Formerly called Southern Rhodesia in reference to the British colonizer

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The election of a segregationist party in Southern Rhodesia led to the breakup of the Federation of Rhodesia-Nyasaland, which was dissolved on 31 December 1963. Southern Rhodesia remained in the hands of white settlers, and became the only "Rhodesia". Nyasaland declared its independence and took the

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In August 2021, indigenous groups commemorating the Day of Indigenous Rurality tried to unbolt the statue of Christopher Columbus in the center of La Paz, but they only managed to break his nose and paint his face black. The mayor of La Paz decided to prosecute the leader of the group, who was part

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said he used to teach his students that many Minnesotans saw the Columbus statue as a "legacy of genocide," and added that it was time to "take a hard look at the outdated symbols and injustices around us." But he stressed that "removing the statue was wrong because the protesters could have gone

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and the northern coast of South America, he enslaved and killed thousands of indigenous people. He has become a controversial figure in history for the way he treated the indigenous communities he encountered and for his role in the violent colonization at their expense. Native American activists

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A double legal battle ensued, opposing, on the one hand, Italian associations to the authorities and, on the other, the city to the State: an agreement was finally signed in 2014 between the City and the State and ratified by Parliament, which also determined the sea wall located in front of the

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On June 9, 2020, the statue of Christopher Columbus located in Boston's Little Italy neighborhood was decapitated similarly to in 2006. After this action, the City of Boston removed the statue and the mayor announced "We will take the time to evaluate the historical significance of the statue".

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to protest another racist monument. Christopher Columbus murdered Indigenous people and embedded the genocidal culture against Indigenous people that we still see today." "This continent is built on the blood and bones of our ancestors," said Vanessa Bolin, a member of the Richmond Indigenous

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regions, and replaced it with a statue of "Milanka", a woman who represents the Diaguita people. On October 31, unknown persons destroyed the statue of Milanka, which had been made of cardboard and papier-mâché by students from the La Nuez school and installed after a ceremony by the Diaguita

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declared that he was initiating a process of decolonization: "I have decided (...) to initiate in a progressive, gradual, organized and disciplined manner a process of decolonization and reconquest of all public spaces bearing the name of the colonizers, conquerors and genocidaires". On this

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decided to remove the monumental statue of Jefferson Davis located in the heart of the campus on August 30, 2015. It was then installed in a more discreet part of the university, a research center dedicated to the history of the United States. On April 23, 2017, the municipality of

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On June 11, 2021, Colombian authorities moved the bronze statues of Christopher Columbus and Spanish Queen Isabella the Catholic that stood in the center of the capital Bogota, after two days of standoff with protesters from the indigenous Misak people who planned to topple them.

1278:, was not a specific target of the protesters but, since October 2019, had become the object of a symbolic quarrel between the protesters and the authorities for control of the square, the epicenter of the demonstrations during the social crisis in Chile. Conservative President 395:

broke out in 2015. This collective, composed of students and staff members, demanded and obtained the removal of a statue of Cecil Rhodes that stood at the entrance to the campus. Erected in 1934 in gratitude for the land he left to the university, the monument paid tribute to

995:. The lawyer of these associations denounced the lamentable state of the monument: "It is on the sea wall of Puerto Argentino, in front of the airport, broken into pieces. There has been damage to the pieces, they have not been properly maintained, there are broken pieces". 1837:

began remove its monuments glorifying the Confederate States (Lee, Beauregard, Davis, Liberty Place obelisk). Then, on June 10, 2020, following the murder of George Floyd by white police officers, protesters used ropes to unbolt the monumental statue of Jefferson Davis in

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called for the statue to be restored: "Whatever one may think of John A. MacDonald, destroying a monument in this way is unacceptable. We must fight racism, but destroying parts of our history is not the solution. Vandalism has no place in our democracy".

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New Zealand is rich in monuments that celebrate colonial figures, with comparatively little regard for Māori heritage. The controversy over colonial statues in New Zealand predates the Black Lives Matter movement (2013), and has occurred since 1995.

640:). This toponym was made official by the BSAC in May 1895, and by the United Kingdom in 1898. It pays tribute to Cecil Rhodes, British businessman, Prime Minister of the Cape Colony, and the founder and administrator of the BSAC. In 1911, the colonies of 496:

were rekindled in July 2020, following the murder of George Floyd in the United States. Colonialist monuments were once again targeted in the country. The bust of Cecil Rhodes, located in his memorial in Cape Town, was then decapitated with a grinder.

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created a commission to redesign the flag and seal of Minnesota. The commission selected a flag on December 19, 2023, to replace the previous flag starting on May 11, 2024. The new navy and sky blue banner features an eight-pointed star in white for

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and White Supremacy are not Welcome Here". After this action, the activist group sent a statement to the press claiming that the memorial was an "ode to the violent and brutal occupation of Māori lands; it celebrates the continued colonization of

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The council acknowledged that the removal is part of an effort to rid public spaces of heritage items "seen as representing cultural discord or repression." "More and more people see this statue as a personal and cultural insult," said Mayor

1517:, strongly condemned the activists who toppled the statue: "I do not support them in any way. I think it was absolutely the wrong approach. However, if anyone can say that they suffered because of John A. Macdonald, it is us." Similarly, 3452: 1054:

In 2020, while anti-racist protesters tore down the statue of Edward Colston and threw it into the water in Bristol, the statue of Portuguese slave trader Joaquim Pereira Marinho (1782–1854?) still stood in the centre of the city of

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In June 2020, the actions of Native American activists increased in the wake of the demonstrations against racism and police brutality following the murder of George Floyd by the police on May 25, 2020, in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

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decided to put the statue back in place, arguing that colonial history should not be forgotten "so that this does not happen again". Initially re-installed near Kinshasa's main train station, it was removed less than a day later.

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during the Moutoa land occupation. Ballance was Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1891 to 1893 and was involved in a number of land reforms, some of which came at great cost to Māori. The statue was replaced in 2009.

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The questioning of the public markers of European colonial history began in the 1960s, during the independence of many formerly colonized regions. Initially occurring in the former colonies, this movement would spread to

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resting against a stump, while in the background a Native American rides off into the sunset. Interpreted as a representation of a Native American being driven from his land, this symbol has been criticized for its

4045: 436:, called for the destruction of all monuments related to the history of white South Africa. Other statues symbolizing white domination were vandalized over several weeks, including the Statue of Queen Victoria in 4071: 4097: 671:(today Zimbabwe). This colonial experiment, which aimed to create a multi-racial society where political collaboration between the races would reign, had the objective of taking back control of the territory by 1883: 1635:. The statues of the two queens, seen as symbols of the country's colonial history, were targeted amid tensions over the discovery of children's remains near residential schools in Canada in May and June 2021. 412:

at the end of the 19th century. Subjects of discontent were invoked by the collective, such as the under-representation of non-whites within the management and teaching staff, and the supposed persistence of

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school paraded at the end of the procession with a float on which stood the bronze-coloured statues of three "invaders, slave traders and propagators of racism" which were then symbolically toppled: Admiral

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Since the early 2020s, many American scientists have been calling for a review of the common names chosen to designate plant and animal species when they pay homage to racist or misogynistic figures.

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In 2016, the monument to Christopher Columbus was replaced by the monument to Juana Azurduy, to the great displeasure of Italian community organizations who went so far as to send a letter to the

5232: 1378:, was removed from its pedestal by the authorities in order to submit the monument "to an examination and possible restoration". However, on September 5, 2021, the mayor of the Mexican capital 2428:

Maori tribe, who have also discussed the idea of returning the town to its original Maori name Kirikiriroa, and who are careful to identify street names that are offensive to their people.

1863: 2919: 1583:, leader of the Conservative Party of Canada, declared: "We will not build a better future by disfiguring our past. It is time for politicians to stop kowtowing to radical activists." 2329:

between 1845 and 1872, which killed 2,154 anti-government Māori according to historian James Cowan. The activists stole the palm and bronze flag that Zealandia held in her left hand.

793:, was renamed after its main township, Harare, on the second anniversary of independence in April 1982, thus paying tribute to the Harawa tribal leader (the township was then renamed 2719: 259:

Some activists cover monuments and statues with militant inscriptions or spray them with red paint, a symbol representing blood. The activists of this movement, who refute the term "

1367:. The Spanish government responded in a statement that "the arrival of the Spanish in present-day Mexican territory 500 years ago cannot be judged by contemporary considerations." 1575:). I could even be convinced that his statue should not have a place of honour. But it is not up to a group of protesters to decide whether his statue should be destroyed". The 1266:(1823–1897). Three days later, the protesters attempted to unbolt the statue and, on March 12, 2021, the statue was removed from its pedestal by the authorities to the sound of 1322:. For the Misak people, the conquistador "was one of the main peoples responsible for the servitude and extermination of indigenous peoples and African slaves in the region". 929:

presents structural deteriorations caused by the impacts of bullets of the Navy during the anti-Peronist bombings of June 1955, and by the blast of a bomb in April 1987: "His

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On January 11, 2018, the "Zealandia Memorial" was again vandalized by activists, who stuck an axe to the statue's head and a poster on the base of the monument, which read "

1126:, who constitute the largest indigenous population in the country and represent 10% of the national population, have many grievances against the state and government due to 5302: 3536: 3005: 2868: 5175: 2744: 1251:, Saavedra is considered one of the greatest military genocidaires during the occupation of Mapuche territories by the army, the oligarchy, and the political class in the 1046:

to put me in jail! History repeats itself, they will always try to show their supposed power. But what they don't know is that we are rebelling again, this is a warning".

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in 1769. His voyage led to the European colonization of New Zealand, a process that resulted in decades of death, disease and cultural degradation for the Māori people.

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Bitter harvest: Zimbabwe and the aftermath of its independence: the memoirs of Africa's most controversial leader / Ian Smith ; with a foreword by Rupert Cornwell

176:. As a result, there were then many militant depredations, destructions, and removals of statues that activists expressed a desire to de-commemorate, such as those of 687:

name Malawi. Finally, Northern Rhodesia, which also gained independence, abandoned its reference to Cecil Rhodes as a symbol of British imperialism at the end of the

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in several nations around the world, in the face of the persistence of colonialist symbols such as place names and statues. The movement and its actions emanate from

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to carry out ceremonies for the inauguration of the avenue bearing his name (formerly Jameson Avenue). The statue has since been on display on the grounds of the

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The statue finally joined the heights of the park of the National Museum of Kinshasa. Rehabilitated in 2010 with the help of the United Nations Mission in Congo (

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in the canton, has been criticized for many years for its reference to the former British Empire. A number of people have proposed alternative designs. In 1979,

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The Minnesota state flag has featured a "seal" since 1893 that is considered racist toward Native Americans. It shows a white farmer plowing his field, his

1533:, notes that the incident has the merit of recalling that John A. Macdonald was a notorious oppressor, who adopted policies with disastrous effects for the 4155: 2449: 1333:, founder of Bogota: "Historically, he was the greatest murderer, torturer, thief and rapist of our women and children" declared the group in a statement. 80: 5490: 5207: 4679: 2843: 2437: 4969: 2769: 1722:

oppose the idea of honoring Christopher Columbus, claiming that his expeditions to the Americas led to the colonization and genocide of their ancestors.

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assured that the monument, erected in 1928, would be restored and reinstalled quickly "because we want to show our gratitude and respect to our heroes".

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in the Araucanía Region, as part of protests against the repression and persecution of the Mapuche ethnic group by the Chilean state. According to

4593: 6249: 3865: 4394: 1329:, protesters from the Misak community, originally from the southwest of the country, overthrew the statue erected in 1960 of the Spanish conquistador 279:, colonialist references and the memory of atrocities are made up of very diverse elements. These may be statues or monuments, names of public roads ( 6407: 6402: 5573: 1506:

in Montreal, with the statue's head coming off as it fell. The statue of John A. Macdonald had already been sprayed with red paint in November 2017.

2325:, anti-colonial activists attacked the "Zealandia Memorial" which commemorated the imperial and colonial soldiers who fought for Britain during the 2152:

by Aboriginal protesters. The statue of British explorer James Cook was pulled down, cut at the shins, and its base was covered with the words "The

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for his actions during the New Zealand Wars. Nixon was considered a hero by settlers when, in 1864, his troops attacked the unfortified village of

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founded in 1550, demonstrators tore down his bust, grilled it, and impaled it at the foot of the statue of his historic enemy, the Mapuche leader

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Hamilton was a British naval commander who fought against the indigenous Māori defending their lands against British colonial expansion in the

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the state of São Paulo, where many streets, avenues, monuments, and squares are named after leading bandeirantes such as Manuel de Borba Gato,

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declared: "If the City of Montreal decides not to restore the statue , we would be happy to receive it for installation on the grounds of the

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neighborhood was vandalized as early as 2006, when his head was missing for several days, and vandalized again in 2015 with red paint.

5150: 5756: 2180: 1538: 1685: 6432: 2123: 4475: 3460: 5926: 5446: 5076: 3945: 1163:, who was accused of being a rapist of indigenous women and committing genocide against the indigenous peoples who inhabited the 5539: 5421: 4652:"Canada : symbole de la colonisation, des statues des reines Victoria et Elizabeth II renversées | TV5MONDE - Informations" 1889:

The Jefferson Davis Memorial in 2020, in Richmond, after the statue was removed, and before the monument was taken down in 2022.

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But things changed in July 2021 when a group called "Revolução Periférica" (Peripheral Revolution) set fire to a statue of the

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peoples, in order to protest against the "cultural and physical extermination of the indigenous peoples" of the department of

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Since the 2010s, monuments glorifying the Confederate States and their leaders have been regularly criticized and torn down.

1418:, would now bear the name of "Grand Cacique Guaicaipuro", named after an Indigenous resistance fighter against colonization. 855: 295:, currencies), cultural elements (names of works of art, gastronomic specialties, carnivals, etc.) or even commercial signs ( 68: 3333:"Decolonisation of the Zimbabwean linguistic landscape through renaming: a quantitative and linguistic landscaping analysis" 3268: 2818: 6304: 3970: 783: 656: 216: 5101: 4996:"After a Long Political Battle, a Statue of Thomas Jefferson Housed at New York's City Hall Will Move to a History Museum" 4747: 4450: 3611: 2281:

is as old as the European settlement of the island, but emerged in its modern form in the early 1970s, culminating in the

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In August 2020, protesters tore down the statue of General Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez (1759–1829) in the municipality of

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of the "Indigenous Resistance" (formerly "Race Day") commemorating the beginning of the Spanish colonization of America,

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Finally, in November 2017, the reassembly of the monument to Christopher Columbus on the Costanera Norte was completed.

873:"race". The homage paid to Christopher Columbus during the holiday, increasingly perceived as one of the figures of the 2615: 1509:

The removal of the statue provoked mixed reactions, even dividing representatives of the indigenous populations. Thus,

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of the United States, was also a slave-owning planter who owned 600 slaves. According to New York City Councilwoman

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community, in homage to the women who maintained the customs, traditions and languages of the indigenous peoples.

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then announced the removal of the statue of Columbus, which had stood on a pedestal in the Parque Colón near the

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was repeatedly defaced with red paint, sparking vigorous debate about the legacy of colonialism in New Zealand.

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through the proper process," before concluding, "Even in pain, we must work together to make changes, legally."

5954: 5867: 5731: 3798:"Au Brésil, faut-il déboulonner les statues des " bandeirantes ", les sinistres conquistadors portugais ?" 3693:"Bolivie: le procès pour vandalisme sur une statue de Christophe Colomb relance le débat sur le passé colonial" 1303: 1195:, and governor of Chile from 1541 to 1547. Not far away, another group demolished the statue of the politician 948: 539: 453: 3723:"Quem foi Joaquim Pereira Marinho, o traficante de escravos que virou estátua na capital mais negra do Brasil" 2074: 1969:

In July 2020, following the Black Lives Matter protests following the murder of George Floyd, the US state of

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In March 2013, the Bolivian government of Evo Morales approved the donation of just over a million dollars to

877:, provoked reluctance around this commemorative date. A large number of countries have renamed this holiday: " 575:, as well as a sculpture in memory of the Congolese soldiers of the colonial army. According to the historian 6422: 6187: 5601: 4367:"En Colombie, déboulonner les statues de conquistadores pour effacer cinq cents ans d'humiliation - Le Temps" 2104: 1829: 1127: 757: 549:, at the height of his policy of a "return to African authenticity", and then forgotten for nearly 40 years. 185: 5707: 1330: 6417: 6352: 1998:

vision of the violence committed against indigenous peoples during the European colonization of Minnesota.

1945:, "to protect the work and provide the opportunity to exhibit it with historical and educational context". 1576: 1299: 1240:, the bronze bust of General Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez, founder of the town, was overthrown using ropes. 617: 481: 3371:"Ce jeudi, c'est la fête nationale espagnole : que fêtent nos voisins ibériques le 12 octobre ?" 2374:

in Gisborne to a local museum. In November of the same year, a statue of Queen Victoria was graffitied in

2050: 184:, and of the British naval commander John Hamilton in New Zealand (contested by the Māori people), of the 6320: 6243: 5921: 5862: 2572: 2479: 2469: 1942: 1935: 1387: 1019: 333: 106:. This demand reached its peak among the Māori in New Zealand in the 2010s. It did not reach its peak in 1768:

was torn down, sprayed with paint, set on fire, and thrown into a lake. The Richmond Indigenous Society

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for Aboriginal children and refused in 1885 to allow an appeal of the condemnation of the Métis leader

200: 3006:"PICS | Beheaded Cecil John Rhodes bust cleaned as City of Cape Town mulls options on damaged statues" 1938:, the statue represented "some of the most shameful pages in our country's long and nuanced history." 576: 6192: 5969: 5882: 4046:"No fue la estatua pero sí el busto: empalan a Pedro de Valdivia a los pies de Lautaro en Concepción" 3562:"Controversies over Monuments: An Opportunity - Public History Weekly - The Open Peer Review Journal" 3332: 3293: 1471: 1411: 433: 5176:"William Crowther: statue of Tasmanian premier who beheaded body of Aboriginal man to be taken down" 5021:"Delaware just removed its last public whipping post. Here's a look at its history and significance" 3060: 2278: 1514: 1091: 933:

is split, separated from the head, and there is a crack around both arms", the specialists specify.

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can be found such as the installation of explanatory plaques (streets named after slave traders in

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This process began in the former colonies after they gained independence in the second half of the

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six meters high and weighing 24 tons. It was left in very poor condition at the beginning of the

381: 351: 4293:"Colombie : la statue d'un conquistador déboulonnée [archive] », sur Euronews" 2300:

A new phase of activism took place in the mid-1990s, with symbolic acts including the attack on

1107: 850:, October 12 is an official date of commemoration of the landing of Christopher Columbus in the 6172: 6129: 6124: 6057: 5964: 5909: 2542: 2538: 2133: 1995: 1403: 956: 645: 641: 169: 123: 2894:"Afrique du Sud: l'Université du Cap déboulonne sa statue de Cecil Rhodes - Jeune Afrique.com" 2745:"Reine Victoria, rois des Belges Léopold II et Baudouin, plusieurs de leurs statues dégradées" 2007: 6412: 6028: 5810: 4098:"Decapitan busto de histórico militar y cuelgan su cabeza en estatua de Caupolicán en Temuco" 3892:"Francisco de Aguirre hecho barricada: emblemática estatua fue lanzada al fuego en La Serena" 3773:"The burning of a statue brought to light the permanence of Brazil's history of colonization" 2578: 2503: 2484: 2399: 2333: 2002: 1973:

decided to comply with a request made for several years to remove the last vestige of public

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demanded an apology for the abuses committed against indigenous peoples in Mexico during the

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fall". The statue of Victoria, Australia's first queen in 1901, was defaced with red paint.

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For the new seal, the commission unanimously adopted a design by Ross Bruggink, depicting a

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The city remains the owner of the statue, but is lending it for a period of 10 years to the

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Roland Pichon, The Rhodesian Drama: Resurgence of Zimbabwe, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1975, 248

1207: 1034:, that America did not have to be discovered, that America already had formed societies." 505: 8: 6347: 6090: 6072: 2170: 1953: 1525:, emphasized: "That is not our approach, that is not how we operate." On the other hand, 1522: 1371: 1357: 1145:, known for leading the bloody "pacification" of the heart of the Mapuche country in the 800:

In 1984, Rhodes-Matopos National Park, where Cecil Rhodes' grave is located, was renamed

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statues. For example, in 1995, Māori activists decapitated the statue of Prime Minister

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since 1889. On August 23, 2023, the Hobart municipality voted to move the statue to the

1559: 1229:(1893–1960) was decapitated and his head was hung from the statue of the Mapuche leader 1180: 6437: 6342: 5233:"En Australie, des statues de l'histoire coloniale endommagées avant la fête nationale" 4949:"Une statue de Thomas Jefferson retirée à New York en raison de son passé esclavagiste" 2584: 2546: 2337: 1919: 1839: 1761: 1674: 1584: 1271: 864: 553: 193: 173: 4476:"Des communautés indigènes manifestent en Colombie, au Chili et en Bolivie - Le Temps" 4267:"Colombie : la statue d'un conquistador espagnol déboulonnée par des Amérindiens" 2794: 1262:, Chile, a group of protesters attempted to set fire to the statue of Chilean General 1067:, where the purchase and sale of slaves was still legal, he maintained the activity". 6225: 6139: 6037: 5886: 5183: 4534:"Des militants vandalisent deux statues " racistes " de la reine Victoria à Montréal" 4479: 4370: 3838: 3352: 3313: 3227: 3202: 3177: 3068: 2770:"Des anciens militaires campent à côté d'une statue de Baden-Powell pour la protéger" 2201:

as an alternative, which features a white fern on a black background, similar to the

2108: 1730: 1705:

Long presented as the "Discoverer of America" and as a symbol of the contribution of

1623:, Native American protesters tore down statues of Queen Victoria and Queen Elizabeth 1556: 1549: 1526: 1499: 1479: 1437: 1415: 1386:

navigator would be stored in the Park of the Americas, in a room of the city hall of

1379: 1346: 1248: 1211: 1188: 1184: 733:

In May 1980, the portrait of Cecil Rhodes was removed from the reception room of the

668: 649: 592: 484:, it was against a backdrop of violent racial and social tensions that the statue of 441: 219: 72: 4771: 3747: 1552: 1406: 480:

such as the Uitenhage War Memorial and the Horse Memorial in Port Elizabeth. At the

31:, the day after protesters felled the statue and rolled it into the harbour in 2020. 6392: 6010: 6000: 5254:"Melbourne Captain Cook statue sawn off at ankles, Queen Victoria monument defaced" 4188:"Chili: cible régulière de manifestants, la statue d'un général retirée à Santiago" 4156:"Chili: cible régulière de manifestants, la statue d'un général retirée à Santiago" 3344: 3305: 2590: 2562: 2371: 2326: 2198: 1923: 1911: 1451: 1319: 1263: 1199:(1793–1837) and hung a Mapuche flag in the hand of the statue of the naval officer 1153: 1026:, who had financed Christopher Columbus's expeditions, to re-dress the statue as a 847: 843: 546: 418: 389: 356: 337: 288: 119: 88: 4627:"" Ce n'est pas nous, les Premières Nations, qui allons déboulonner les statues "" 4395:"Le président mexicain exige des excuses pour les "abus" de la conquête espagnole" 4239:"Bloodied and burned, Chile statue caught in battle between protesters and police" 3348: 3309: 1669: 1466:

On the night of March 15, 2018, two statues of Queen Victoria located in downtown

991:

explaining the situation and asking him to intercede with the Argentine President

19: 6294: 6276: 6210: 6100: 6067: 6062: 3722: 2596: 2411: 2348: 1870: 1842:, Virginia, the former capital of the Confederate States. The next day, Democrat 1580: 1571:, reacted by stating: "I am not a fan of John A. Macdonald (who was not a fan of 1510: 1503: 1455: 1447: 1226: 1111: 1056: 1011: 859: 621: 477: 476:, and the third in Krugersdorp ), as well as various monuments commemorating the 405: 189: 162: 151: 5151:"Minnesota's new state seal has been chosen — and it has a loon - CBS Minnesota" 2981:"Afrique du Sud : la statue de Cecil Rhodes, suprématiste blanc, décapitée" 2869:"Biarritz : la pharmacie du quartier La Négresse retire le nom controversé" 1744:, in recognition of the pain and terror caused by Columbus and other Europeans. 1454:, considering that they were likely to "undermine the dignity of members of the 60: 6299: 6235: 6220: 6144: 6134: 6114: 5841: 5837: 5574:"La Nouvelle-Zélande retire la statue controversée d'un commandant britannique" 5335: 5278: 4123:"Chili : des manifestants déboulonnent la statue d'un génocidaire Mapuche" 2720:"La Nouvelle-Zélande retire la statue controversée d'un commandant britannique" 2609: 2567: 2507: 2488: 2425: 2340:

in Gisborne is where the British explorer first landed in New Zealand with the

2202: 1825: 1364: 1196: 1168: 992: 922: 918: 914: 710: 605: 457: 212: 196: 168:

This protest gained particular import in 2020, when the emotion aroused by the

115: 52: 24: 5683:"Les noms " offensants " d'une centaine d'oiseaux vont changer aux États-Unis" 4072:"Intentan derribar sin éxito estatua de Pedro de Valdivia en centro penquista" 4020:"Manifestantes derriban busto de Pedro de Valdivia y Diego Portales en Temuco" 3665:"Manifestations des communautés indigènes en Colombie, au Chili et en Bolivie" 1183:, a group of Mapuche militants overthrew the bust of the Spanish conquistador 6376: 6326: 5658:"Le nom anglais de ces insectes, jugé insultant, va être changé - Heidi.news" 5187: 4483: 4374: 3842: 3356: 3317: 3199:

The silence of Great Zimbabwe: contested landscapes and the power of heritage

3072: 3035:"A Kinshasa, le débat sur les statues coloniales ne passionne pas les foules" 2341: 2305: 2301: 2190: 2186:

suggested creating a new flag with a silver fern on its right side. In 1998,

2145: 2022: 1709:

to American history, Christopher Columbus is generally denounced in the 21st

1156:

in the north of the country, protesters tore down and burned a statue of the

1039: 970: 870: 794: 753: 429: 292: 135: 107: 99: 76: 4423:"Mexique: Christophe Colomb déboulonné à Mexico, AMLO interpelle le Vatican" 2136:. This was the first time in Australia that such a decision had been taken. 1270:

played by a row of soldiers. The statue of General Baquedano, a hero of the

1230: 1043: 6284: 6119: 6077: 6020: 5896: 5833: 2294: 2286: 2205:

which features a maple leaf. Canada is frequently cited as an example of a

2194: 2183: 1843: 1737: 1587: 1518: 1446:

announced the name change of eleven places containing the word "negro", in

1353: 1315: 1157: 1086: 1078: 988: 913:

a monument to Christopher Columbus on the occasion of the centenary of the

910: 835: 397: 385: 373: 347: 276: 235: 4680:"Déboulonnées, décapitées, vandalisées : cinq statues de la discorde" 1597: 1302:, erected in 1937, was pulled down with ropes by a group of several dozen 1082: 1006:

On October 12, 2020, during a rally in the center of the Bolivian capital

364: 180:

in the United States (contested by the Native Americans), of the explorer

6047: 6032: 5992: 5051:"États-Unis : jugé raciste, le drapeau du Minnesota fait peau neuve" 4748:"Statues of Christopher Columbus are being dismounted across the country" 4213:"Chili: la statue du général Baquedano, symbole des divisions politiques" 3946:"Desconocidos destruyen la imagen de milanka, la mujer diaguita - Es Hoy" 2352: 1874: 1834: 1375: 1311: 1200: 963: 851: 805: 760:. This was followed in 1981 by another statue of Rhodes, then located on 749:, was removed by the government a few hours before the official visit of 485: 465: 461: 445: 401: 280: 127: 64: 48: 4970:"La mairie de New York vote le retrait de la statue de Thomas Jefferson" 3992:"Milanka, estatua diaguita fue atacada por violentistas que la quemaron" 3971:"Desconocidos destruyen a Milanka, la mujer Diaguita | La Serena Online" 2139: 1902: 1370:

On October 10, 2020, the statue of Christopher Columbus, erected on the

768:

which was relocated to Centenary Park, near the city's National Museum.

601: 6105: 4886:"Etats-Unis : un symbole des Etats confédérés déboulonné au Texas" 3294:"Rhodes, Mugabe and the Politics of Commemorative Toponyms in Zimbabwe" 2530: 2290: 2175: 1620: 1542: 1237: 1102: 952: 676: 473: 264: 231: 181: 2285:, a protest march in which 5,000 marchers travelled the length of the 2235: 1780:

The day after June 10, the statue of Columbus erected in front of the

1291: 545:

The monument was torn down in 1967 on the orders of Zairean President

5393:"New Zealand Wars memorial statue defaced by anti-colonial activists" 4831:"Christopher Columbus statue torn down, thrown in lake by protesters" 2309: 2293:, and presented a petition signed by 60,000 people to Prime Minister 2149: 1773: 1718: 1698: 1530: 1349: 1307: 1131: 1110:, "discoverer" of Brazil, the writer considered by many to be racist 941: 937: 898: 890: 660: 489: 369: 260: 131: 5832: 4559:"Après John A. Macdonald, l'effigie de la reine Victoria vandalisée" 4505:"Les mots " nègre " et " nigger " bannis de la toponymie québécoise" 3866:"Derriban busto del fundador de Collipulli en la plaza de la comuna" 1326: 55:

associations, or from descendants of communities that suffered from

4807:"Christopher Columbus Statues Beheaded, Pulled Down Across America" 2844:"Bayonne : l'historique "Café Négro" est devenu "Kafe Beltza"" 2635:"Cinq statues dans le viseur des manifestants antiracistes (VIDEO)" 2364: 2322: 2217: 2120: 2029:" which translates to "the land where the waters reflect the sky." 1970: 1962: 1799: 1765: 1706: 1678: 1628: 1467: 1295: 1259: 1164: 1135: 1031: 765: 721: 637: 613: 588: 534: 514: 469: 449: 437: 308: 284: 253: 227: 5364:"Who are New Zealand's statues, monuments and places named after?" 5208:"L'Australie s'apprête à déboulonner sa première statue coloniale" 4861:"Group tears down Columbus statue outside Minnesota State Capitol" 3587:"Página/12 :: Sociedad :: La mudanza de Cristóbal Colón" 1653: 729:, removed in 1980 and now located in the National Archives Garden. 172:

in the United States spread in the Western world, relaunching the

6337: 3248:"DES MANIFESTANTS ABATTENT LA STATUE DE CECIL RHODES À SALISBURY" 2375: 2370:

In May 2019, a controversial statue of James Cook was moved from

2359: 2018: 1974: 1958: 1267: 1215: 1123: 629: 625: 561: 300: 208: 204: 111: 84: 28: 5732:"Better Common Names Project | Entomological Society of America" 5303:"La Nouvelle-Zélande prête à bannir l'Union Jack de son drapeau" 118:

until 2020 in the wake of the demonstrations against racism and

3831:"Conquistadors tumble as indigenous Chileans tear down statues" 2116: 1726: 1662: 1491: 1443: 1244: 1222: 1176: 1060: 1023: 1007: 886: 742: 672: 664: 633: 596: 158: 4317:"Indigenous Colombians topple conquistador statue in capital" 3512:"Página/12 :: Sociedad :: El último viaje de Colón" 2272: 1990: 1383: 1274:

that pitted Chile against Peru and Bolivia at the end of the

1114:, and Borba Gato symbolically placed higher than the others. 1027: 966:, to replace it with the statue of Juana Azurduy de Padilla. 930: 909:

In 1921, the significant Argentine-Italian community offered

894: 882: 804:. Similarly, Rhodes' Rhodes-Inyanga National Park in eastern 538:(named Leopoldville in his honor until 1966) in front of the 316: 5630:"Aux États-unis, on change les noms d'oiseaux qui dérangent" 5077:"As long as we're discussing flags, what about Minnesota's?" 4451:"À terre, les statues des conquistadors ! - L'Humanité" 3920:""Milanka": Un acto de justicia con los pueblos originarios" 1788:

was thrown to the ground. Mike Forcia, an activist with the

222:(whose remarks on racial issues sparked controversy) and of 4928:"Aux Etats-Unis, le débat ravivé sur le passé esclavagiste" 4772:"Confederate and Columbus statues toppled by US protesters" 2602: 2148:, statues of James Cook and Queen Victoria were damaged in 2014: 1390:, one of the sixteen territorial divisions of Mexico City. 1192: 1064: 1030:. The protesters intended to say "that colonization was a 492:

era, was set on fire, toppled, and thrown into a pond. The

3487:"Abrazo al monumento a Colón para evitar que lo trasladen" 2406:, the British commander for whom the city is named after. 1828:

church by a white gunman flying the Confederate flag, the

745:

two years later). In July, his statue, erected in 1928 on

1897: 1824:

in June 2015, when nine black people were shot dead in a

1548:

The Quebec political sphere broadly deplored the action.

1071: 263:", consider their actions as a form of strongly symbolic 5515:"Controversial statue of Captain James Cook to be moved" 5174:

Kelly, Cait; Press, Australian Associated (2023-08-24).

4591: 3396:"AMÉRIQUE LATINE. Déboulonnons Christophe Colomb !" 1042:

community, but the young man warned: "I challenge Mayor

4594:"La statue de John A. Macdonald déboulonnée à Montréal" 4592:

Gosselin, Janie; Ouellette-Vézina, Henri (2020-08-29).

3176:. New Aspects of archaeology. New York: Stein and Day. 2659:

ICI.Radio-Canada.ca, Zone International- (2020-06-13).

2553:

that his name was associated with these star clusters.

2098: 1537:, played an important role in the establishment of the 1490:

On August 29, 2020, protesters tore down the statue of

1149:, was destroyed by unknown persons and later replaced. 5628:

Inter, La rédaction numérique de France (2023-11-05).

4907:"La Nouvelle-Orléans démonte les monuments confédérés" 2443:

Statue of Captain John Hamilton in Hamilton, NZ (2017)

1965:, the last American state to ban the practice in 1972. 705:

and businessman Cecil Rhodes, the country was renamed

5757:"Des Japonais réduits en esclavage par les Portugais" 5323:

Official results of the first stage of the referendum

5102:"Racist state flags need to go — Minnesota's is next" 4994:

Article, Sarah Cascone ShareShare This (2021-11-16).

2140:

Statues of James Cook and Queen Victoria in Melbourne

5540:"Queen Victoria statue vandalised in Treaty protest" 5491:"Marmaduke Nixon monument in south Auckland to stay" 5464:"Captain Cook statue in Gisborne repeatedly defaced" 5422:"Controversy over NZ colonial statues long-standing" 3160:

Odette Guitard, The Rhodesias and Nyasaland (report)

2950:"Students deface statue as protests continue at UFS" 2819:"En Belgique, les statues du roi Léopold II tombent" 2661:"Déboulonner ou non? La guerre mondiale des statues" 2455:

The empty location after its unbolting in June 2020.

2424:

The removal of the statue had been requested by the

2209:

that has replaced its flag based on the traditional

1306:

following a call for mobilization by the indigenous

1298:, the equestrian statue of the Spanish conquistador 1236:

On the night of October 29–30, 2019, in the town of

564:), it is accompanied by the statue of his successor 448:

and the Rhodes Memorial in Cape Town, the statue of

161:

itself as a result of the advancement and spread of

4624: 4502: 3924:

El Observatodo.cl, Noticias de La Serena y Coquimbo

3269:"Put Rhodes statue back where it belongs, Zim told" 2795:"Robert Baden-Powell statue to be removed in Poole" 2658: 1854:that represent Confederate soldiers and officials. 608:"From Cairo to the Cape" according to Cecil Rhodes. 421:, or the housing conditions of non-white students. 126:, who was killed by the police on May 25, 2020, in 4102:BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile 4076:BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile 4050:BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile 3896:BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile 2537:to change the names of the two galaxies named the 2421:was killed in 1864 at the Battle of Pukehinahina. 2347:Another monument in Auckland commemorates Colonel 1948: 1850:, called for the removal of the 11 statues in the 1643: 16:Worldwide phenomenon of colonialist symbol removal 4706:"Philadelphia plans to take down Columbus statue" 4625:ICI.Radio-Canada.ca, Zone Société- (2020-09-02). 4556: 4503:ICI.Radio-Canada.ca, Zone Société- (2015-09-26). 2506:" to remove the reference to Confederate General 2393: 2107:, the state's colonial premier and controversial 1922:unanimously voted to remove the bronze statue of 6374: 5602:"What's in a name? More than you might think..." 2332:Also in 2016, a statue of Captain James Cook in 5126:"Conference Committees - Minnesota Legislature" 2686:"Captain James Cook statue defaced in Gisborne" 2390:") painted in red on the base of the monument. 500: 368:The bust of Cecil Rhodes at Rhodes Memorial in 5336:"New Zealand votes to keep flag in referendum" 5149:Cummings, Caroline; Staff, WCCO (2023-12-05). 2918:Moya, Zolani; Ngqina, Mcebisi (3 April 2015). 1736:In the 2010s, many cities and states replaced 1485: 834:Celebration of Race Day, October 12, 1929, in 39:is a movement that appeared at the end of the 5818: 5148: 4342:"Les statues de la colonisation déboulonnées" 3612:"El monumento a Colón, olvidado en Costanera" 3143:, Presses universitaire de France, 1964, 128 1877:in 2004, tagged with the words "slave owner." 1772:ahead of the rally that "We are gathering at 893:), "Day of the Discovery of the Two Worlds" ( 869:" or "Race Day" since 1917, referring to the 659:, grouping together three of their colonies: 579:, "The idea was to make an open-air museum". 417:, notably via the numbers of registration or 241: 4804: 4531: 1461: 1191:in the war of conquest and extermination in 1081:Manuel de Borba Gato (1649–1718) located in 725:Statue of Cecil Rhodes, formerly located on 5447:Whina Cooper leads land march to Parliament 3944:Castillo, Francisco Valdivia (2019-10-31). 3537:"Christophe Colomb, tombé de son piédestal" 3141:What do I know? The Rhodesias and Nyasaland 2491:, and to have its name be more descriptive. 2216:On 22 September 2014, after Prime Minister 2193:supported her Minister of Cultural Affairs 1442:In 2015, the Commission de la toponymie du 1141:In March 2017, the bust of Chilean general 897:), and "Day of the Indigenous Resistance" ( 5825: 5811: 5173: 5074: 4805:Magazine, Smithsonian; Machemer, Theresa. 4557:Teisceira-Lessard, Philippe (2021-03-25). 2978: 2917: 2545:. Their name pays homage to the navigator 2316: 2273:First attacks on Victorian statues in 1995 1984: 141: 3201:(1. publ ed.). New York: UCL Press. 1689:Christopher Columbus Statue torn down at 1598:Statues of Queens Victoria and Elizabeth 1414:, whose name pays homage to conquistador 889:), "Day of American Cultural Diversity" ( 815: 6408:2020s controversies in the United States 6403:2010s controversies in the United States 5279:"New Zealand - Proposals for a new flag" 4745: 3943: 3889: 3453:"Un millón de dólares por Juana Azurduy" 2478: 2132:as a gesture of reconciliation with the 1952: 1901: 1760:On the same day, the Columbus statue in 1717:because, during his four voyages to the 1684: 1668: 1652: 1431: 1063:, but, thanks to the contacts he had in 829: 720: 600: 504: 428:movement spread throughout the country. 363: 341: 87:). It is the most publicized example of 18: 5652: 5650: 5623: 5621: 5596: 5594: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5485: 5483: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5358: 5356: 4993: 4095: 4069: 4043: 3291: 3196: 3171: 3058: 2920:"EFF members torch war memorial statue" 1848:Speaker of the House of Representatives 1648: 1579:went even further with their contempt. 1398:In 2020, during the celebration of the 782:The capital Salisbury, named after the 552:In 2005, Congolese Minister of Culture 6375: 5780: 5099: 5044: 5042: 5040: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4703: 4674: 4672: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4527: 4525: 4445: 4443: 4417: 4415: 4261: 4259: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4014: 4012: 3914: 3912: 3860: 3858: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3687: 3685: 3659: 3657: 3484: 3330: 3061:"Leopold reigns for a day in Kinshasa" 2398:On June 12, 2020, the city council of 2144:During January 25, 2024 on the eve of 1898:Statue of Thomas Jefferson in New York 1725:The statue of Christopher Columbus in 1673:The statue of Christopher Columbus in 1175:On October 29, 2019, in the center of 885:), "Day of the Pluricultural Nation" ( 854:in 1492, marking the beginning of the 376:after being decapitated by a grinder. 5806: 5708:"The Movement to Rename Some Species" 5627: 5018: 4290: 4236: 3828: 3779:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 2021-07-30 3754:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 2020-11-18 3480: 3478: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3418: 3416: 3221: 3154: 3152: 3135: 3133: 3118: 3116: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3029: 3027: 3025: 2487:in 2020 as to no longer refer to the 2402:, New Zealand, removed the statue of 2263: 1806: 1665:prior to its beheading in June 2020. 856:European colonization of the Americas 542:, the current presidential building. 6305:Postcolonial international relations 5647: 5618: 5591: 5557: 5480: 5409: 5380: 5353: 4291:Peguy, Olivier (17 September 2020). 2813: 2811: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2502:renamed the "McCown's longspur" to " 2099:Statue of William Crowther in Hobart 1681:before its destruction in June 2020. 1085:. Historian and political scientist 716: 691:century, and became Zambia in 1964. 657:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 23:The empty pedestal of the statue of 6246:— Predecessors of sovereign states 5325:, New Zealand Electoral Commission. 5048: 5037: 4848: 4785: 4722: 4669: 4611: 4576: 4532:l'Église, Justine de (2018-03-15). 4522: 4440: 4412: 4256: 4173: 4153: 4140: 4009: 3909: 3855: 3811: 3710: 3682: 3654: 2529:In September 2023, a collective of 2474: 2463: 1813:Confederate monuments and memorials 1608:Statue of Queen Victoria (Winnipeg) 1374:, the main artery of the center of 955:, in Buenos Aires. Following this, 949:Latin American wars of independence 921:, the statue is made of a piece of 616:" refers to the possessions of the 270: 13: 3890:González, Valentina (2019-10-21). 3475: 3440: 3413: 3149: 3130: 3113: 3085: 3022: 2956:. 23 February 2016. Archived from 2616:Native American mascot controversy 2234: 2017:, Minnesota's state bird, and the 1910:Chamber before the removal of the 1101:During the Rio 2022 carnival, the 1070:Historian Moreno Pacheco told the 778:List of renamed places in Zimbabwe 322: 246: 98:From there, it then spread to the 14: 6454: 5075:Harrington, Judith (2015-07-02). 3643:(in European Spanish). 2017-11-08 2808: 2703: 2080:Minnesota Seal starting May 2024. 2021:. The new seal also contains the 1930:for over a century. Jefferson, a 1612:Statue of Elizabeth II (Winnipeg) 1555:"firmly" deplored the unbolting. 1138:, a people of the Andean desert. 655:In 1953, the British founded the 230:, after being accused of racism, 6267:Sovereign states formation dates 5774: 5749: 5724: 5700: 5675: 5532: 5507: 5456: 5439: 5328: 5316: 5295: 5271: 4237:Laing, Aislinn (11 March 2021). 4096:Márquez, Yessenia (2019-10-29). 4044:Márquez, Yessenia (2019-10-30). 3485:Clarín, Redacción (2013-04-24). 2535:International Astronomical Union 2515:Entomological Society of America 2448: 2436: 2279:Māori indigenous rights movement 2249: 2197:in proposing the quasi-national 2164: 2130:Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery 2073: 2061: 2049: 2037: 1882: 1862: 1715:genocide of the Native Americans 1638: 1421: 1410:occasion, he announced that the 1382:declared that the statue of the 1206:On the same day, in the city of 981:as the new site for the statue. 875:genocide of the Native Americans 820: 771: 6433:Nonviolent resistance movements 5605:American Ornithological Society 5246: 5225: 5200: 5167: 5142: 5118: 5093: 5068: 5012: 4987: 4962: 4941: 4920: 4899: 4878: 4823: 4764: 4697: 4644: 4550: 4496: 4468: 4387: 4359: 4334: 4309: 4284: 4230: 4205: 4115: 4089: 4063: 4037: 3984: 3963: 3937: 3883: 3790: 3765: 3740: 3629: 3604: 3579: 3554: 3529: 3504: 3459:. 23 March 2013. Archived from 3388: 3363: 3324: 3285: 3261: 3240: 3215: 3190: 3165: 3100:"LES FÉDÉRATIONS MALCHANCEUSES" 3052: 2998: 2972: 2942: 2911: 2886: 2861: 2500:American Ornithological Society 1949:Last public pillory in Delaware 1747: 1644:Statues of Christopher Columbus 1325:On May 7, 2021, in the capital 699: 675:in the face of the rise of the 400:, former prime minister of the 327: 6358:Decolonization of public space 4704:Alonso, Melissa (2020-06-25). 4070:Cabrera, Manuel (2019-10-29). 3829:Blair, Laurence (2019-11-05). 3331:Ndlovu, Sambulo (2023-04-03). 3292:Mangena, Tendai (2020-08-07). 3059:Vasagar, Jeevan (2005-02-04). 2836: 2787: 2762: 2737: 2678: 2652: 2627: 2483:McCown's longspur, renamed to 2394:Statue of John Hamilton (2020) 2367:, its lands and its peoples". 2159: 2068:Minnesota Seal until May 2024. 2044:Minnesota flag until May 2024. 1345:In March 2019, in a letter to 960:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner 354:on 9 April 2015 following the 37:decolonization of public space 1: 6398:21st-century social movements 6173:Couronian (Polish-Lithuanian) 5664:(in Swiss French). 2021-07-13 4746:Asmelash, Leah (2020-06-10). 4026:(in Spanish). 29 October 2019 3872:(in Spanish). 30 October 2019 3349:10.1080/14725843.2021.1910013 3310:10.1080/14650045.2018.1508017 2621: 2056:Minnesota flag from May 2024. 1830:University of Texas at Austin 1820:In particular, following the 1713:as one of the figures of the 1221:Also on October 29, 2019, in 758:National Archives of Zimbabwe 571:, of founder of Leopoldville 102:at the beginning of the 21st 6353:Christianity and colonialism 5019:Owens, Cassie (2020-07-02). 2524: 2380:Return stolen wealth Charles 2171:national flag of New Zealand 2093: 1592:Alberta Legislative Assembly 1393: 1225:, the statue of the aviator 904: 618:British South Africa Company 501:Democratic Republic of Congo 482:University of the Free State 7: 6321:Decolonization of knowledge 6244:Wars of national liberation 5781:Derome, Emma (2024-01-11). 5100:Grindy, Mark (2020-07-03). 3222:Smith, Ian Douglas (2008). 3162:, Tiers Monde Review, 1965. 2573:Decolonization of knowledge 2556: 2519:Better Common Names Project 2470:Decolonization of knowledge 2003:Minnesota State Legislature 1943:New York Historical Society 1486:Statue of John A. Macdonald 1474:and the second in front of 1361:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 1285: 1187:(1497–1553), lieutenant of 1143:Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez 825: 694: 334:Decolonization of knowledge 174:Black Lives Matter movement 10: 6459: 3424:"Página en reconstrucción" 3226:. London: John Blake Pub. 3172:Garlake, Peter S. (1973). 2498:In 2020, for example, the 2467: 2404:John Fane Charles Hamilton 2088: 1810: 1605: 1435: 1331:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 1290:On September 16, 2020, in 1001: 775: 667:), Northern Rhodesia, and 632:basin region (present-day 586: 424:Although unorganized, the 331: 242:Modes and fields of action 145: 6313: 6275: 6234: 6099: 6019: 5991: 5982: 5947: 5895: 5855: 5848: 4478:(in French). 2020-10-13. 4369:(in French). 2021-07-28. 3729:(in Brazilian Portuguese) 2979:AfricaNews (2020-07-16). 1926:, which had stood in the 1539:residential school system 1462:Statues of Queen Victoria 1426: 1412:Francisco Fajardo highway 1340: 1049: 951:who fought alongside the 940:to erect a statue of the 582: 525:, inaugurated in 1928 by 434:Economic Freedom Fighters 43:and the beginning of the 4656:information.tv5monde.com 3998:(in Spanish). 2019-11-01 3973:(in Spanish). 2019-10-31 1790:American Indian Movement 1513:, vice-president of the 1152:On October 20, 2019, at 1117: 1012:traditional Andean skirt 945:Juana Azurduy de Padilla 305:Pharmacie de la Négresse 226:, founder of world-wide 6262:Independence referendum 5763:(in French). 2021-12-14 5689:(in French). 2023-11-02 5305:(in French). 2014-09-22 5235:(in French). 2024-01-25 5214:(in French). 2023-08-25 4976:(in French). 2021-10-20 4951:(in French). 2021-10-19 4930:(in French). 2020-06-12 4909:(in French). 2017-04-24 4888:(in French). 2015-08-31 4686:(in French). 2020-06-12 4658:(in French). 2021-07-02 4457:(in French). 2021-09-30 4429:(in French). 2020-10-11 4401:(in French). 2019-03-26 4348:(in French). 2021-07-23 4273:(in French). 2020-09-17 4219:(in French). 2021-03-19 4194:(in French). 2021-03-12 3800:(in French). 2022-04-29 3699:(in French). 2022-03-17 3543:(in French). 2020-06-27 3402:(in French). 2007-10-15 3377:(in French). 2023-10-12 3250:(in French). 1980-08-02 3197:Fontein, Joost (2006). 3102:(in French). 1965-08-12 2875:(in French). 2021-08-16 2850:(in French). 2021-02-25 2825:(in French). 2020-06-14 2776:(in French). 2020-06-12 2751:(in French). 2020-06-13 2726:(in French). 2024-08-29 2641:(in French). 2020-06-12 2317:Peaked during the 2010s 1985:Minnesota Seal and Flag 1782:Minnesota State Capitol 1691:Minnesota State Capitol 1567:, former leader of the 1300:Sebastián de Belalcázar 488:, president during the 382:University of Cape Town 352:University Of Cape Town 350:being removed from the 142:History of the movement 6428:History of colonialism 5712:The Nature Conservancy 5212:Courrier international 3400:Courrier international 2543:Small Magellanic Cloud 2539:Large Magellanic Cloud 2492: 2239: 2111:surgeon, had stood in 1966: 1915: 1742:Indigenous Peoples Day 1702: 1682: 1666: 1577:Canadian Conservatives 1515:Métis National Council 1092:Antônio Raposo Tavares 1018:(1451–1504), Queen of 986:Italian Prime Minister 915:May Revolution of 1810 839: 816:Europeanized countries 784:British Prime Minister 741:in Salisbury (renamed 730: 709:("stone house" in the 646:North-Eastern Rhodesia 642:North-Western Rhodesia 609: 518: 377: 361: 217:British Prime Minister 170:murder of George Floyd 124:murder of George Floyd 32: 3566:Public History Weekly 2579:Decolonizing the Mind 2504:thick-billed longspur 2485:large-billed longspur 2482: 2283:1975 Māori Land March 2238: 2173:, which features the 1956: 1928:City Council Chambers 1918:On October 18, 2021, 1908:New York City Council 1905: 1852:United States Capitol 1688: 1672: 1656: 1529:, Grand Chief of the 1521:, Grand Chief of the 1432:Change of place names 1304:Colombian Amerindians 1258:On March 5, 2021, in 1016:Isabella the Catholic 1010:, activists placed a 979:Jorge Newbery airport 879:National Day of Spain 833: 724: 681:Union of South Africa 604: 509:Equestrian statue of 508: 464:, several statues of 367: 345: 287:), national symbols ( 234:, and links with the 57:European colonization 22: 6423:Transitional justice 6290:Internal colonialism 4811:Smithsonian Magazine 4633:(in Canadian French) 4600:(in Canadian French) 4565:(in Canadian French) 4511:(in Canadian French) 3996:Web Diario La Región 2667:(in Canadian French) 1659:Christopher Columbus 1649:Beginnings from 2006 1633:Manitoba Legislature 1404:Venezuelan President 1161:Francisco de Aguirre 1108:Pedro Alvares Cabral 1096:Domingos Jorge Velho 812:in the early 1980s. 810:Nyanga National Park 802:Matobo National Park 751:Mozambican President 573:Henry Morton Stanley 454:University of Durban 415:institutional racism 178:Christopher Columbus 163:postcolonial studies 148:Postcolonial studies 6418:Human rights abuses 6348:Uncontacted peoples 6199:Mostly contiguous: 6073:settler colonialism 6038:Chartered companies 5451:New Zealand History 5106:www.startribune.com 5081:www.startribune.com 3752:Galeria de Racistas 3616:www.laprensa.com.ar 3591:www.pagina12.com.ar 3516:www.pagina12.com.ar 2960:on 25 November 2016 2207:Commonwealth nation 2103:A bronze statue of 1822:Charleston shooting 1795:That same evening, 1565:Jean-François Lisée 1523:Huron-Wendat Nation 1372:Paseo de la Reforma 957:Argentine President 947:, a heroine of the 540:Palais de la Nation 533:, was installed in 410:British imperialism 224:Robert Baden-Powell 75:communities in the 6343:Indigenous peoples 6086:Non-self-governing 5453:, October 13, 1975 5049:AFP (2023-12-21). 4154:AFP (2021-03-12). 3337:African Identities 2585:Black Lives Matter 2547:Ferdinand Magellan 2513:In June 2021, the 2508:John Porter McCown 2493: 2378:, with the words " 2264:Victorian Statuary 2240: 1967: 1920:New York City Hall 1916: 1807:Southern Monuments 1797:Minnesota Governor 1703: 1683: 1667: 1272:War of the Pacific 1201:Arturo Prat Chacón 842:In countries with 840: 731: 610: 554:Christophe Muzungu 519: 378: 362: 81:Congolese diaspora 33: 6370: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6151:Overseas, minor: 6113:Overseas, major: 5978: 5977: 5915:European colonies 3748:"Joaquim Pereira" 3233:978-1-85782-604-3 3208:978-1-84472-123-8 3183:978-0-8128-1599-3 2419:19th century, and 2388:Uphold the Treaty 2261: 2260: 2254:Alternative flag 1701:on June 10, 2020. 1527:Constant Awashish 1500:John A. Macdonald 1480:Sherbrooke Street 1476:McGill University 1438:Slavery in Canada 1416:Francisco Fajardo 1400:528th anniversary 1380:Claudia Sheinbaum 1358:Mexican President 1249:Radio Habana Cuba 1212:Pedro de Valdivia 1185:Pedro de Valdivia 1014:on the statue of 927:21st century, and 717:Monuments toppled 669:Southern Rhodesia 650:Northern Rhodesia 648:merged to become 593:Northern Rhodesia 458:Johannes Strijdom 442:equestrian statue 432:, founder of the 406:white supremacist 398:Cecil John Rhodes 348:Cecil John Rhodes 220:Winston Churchill 6450: 6314:Related concepts 6255:in South America 6163:Austro-Hungarian 6101:Colonial empires 6011:Age of Discovery 6001:Maritime history 5989: 5988: 5853: 5852: 5827: 5820: 5813: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5794: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5718: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5694: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5669: 5654: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5625: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5612: 5598: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5570: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5526: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5501: 5487: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5460: 5454: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5418: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5389: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5374: 5360: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5347: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5283:www.crwflags.com 5275: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5265: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5240: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5219: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5136: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5062: 5046: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5016: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5006: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4981: 4974:www.20minutes.fr 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4914: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4872: 4857: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4835:12onyourside.com 4827: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4802: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4743: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4716: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4691: 4676: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4663: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4638: 4622: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4605: 4589: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4570: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4544: 4529: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4462: 4447: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4434: 4419: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4406: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4381: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4328: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4303: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4263: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4224: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4199: 4184: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4167: 4151: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4134: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4109: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4083: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4057: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4031: 4016: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4003: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3978: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3957: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3931: 3916: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3903: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3877: 3862: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3849: 3826: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3805: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3784: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3759: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3734: 3719: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3704: 3689: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3676: 3661: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3648: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3623: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3598: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3573: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3548: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3523: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3498: 3482: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3463:on 27 March 2013 3457:Tiempo Argentino 3449: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3434: 3428:www.telam.com.ar 3420: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3407: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3382: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3304:(4): 1015–1036. 3289: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3279: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3255: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3169: 3163: 3158:Robert Badouin, 3156: 3147: 3146: 3139:Odette Guitard, 3137: 3128: 3126: 3120: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3107: 3096: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3079: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3046: 3031: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3016: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2992: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2926:. 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sent to the 735:Government House 690: 569: 547:Mobutu Sese Seko 537: 530: 468:(one located in 456:, the statue of 426:Rhodes Must Fall 408:, and symbol of 391:Rhodes Must Fall 357:Rhodes Must Fall 338:Rhodes Must Fall 271:Fields of action 215:, of the former 120:police brutality 105: 97: 89:de-commemoration 73:African-American 46: 42: 6458: 6457: 6453: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6443:Removed statues 6383:Postcolonialism 6373: 6372: 6371: 6362: 6309: 6295:Nation-building 6277:Postcolonialism 6271: 6230: 6103: 6095: 6068:detribalization 6043:Interventionism 6015: 5984: 5974: 5943: 5891: 5844: 5831: 5801: 5792: 5790: 5779: 5775: 5766: 5764: 5755: 5754: 5750: 5741: 5739: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5716: 5714: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5692: 5690: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5667: 5665: 5656: 5655: 5648: 5639: 5637: 5626: 5619: 5610: 5608: 5600: 5599: 5592: 5583: 5581: 5572: 5571: 5558: 5549: 5547: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5524: 5522: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5499: 5497: 5495:www.stuff.co.nz 5489: 5488: 5481: 5472: 5470: 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