514:
33:
449:
644:
525:
500:
849:, had been in power at the time of the massacre, then the only political party in Turkey. He described the massacre as "one of the most tragic events of our near history" saying that, whilst some sought to justify it as a legitimate response to events on the ground, it was in reality "an operation which was planned step by step".
1493:
416:. The Fourth Inspectorate-General was governed by a "Governor Commander" within a military authority. He was given wide-ranging authority in juridical, military and civilian matters. He also had the power to resettle or exile people who lived in the region. To quell the rebellion, the Turkish Interior Minister
1481:
420:
ordered that boys and girls of the Dersim region were to be educated in boarding schools outside of the Dersim region. In those schools, they were to be
Turkified and following their graduation, married off to each other. Women were to be Turkified at an earlier stage than men as women lacked contact
463:
built observation posts in certain districts. Following public meetings in
January 1937, a letter of protest against the law was written to be sent to the local governor. According to Kurdish sources, the emissaries of the letter were arrested and executed. In May, a group of local people ambushed a
83:
apologized for the massacre, describing it as "one of the most tragic events of our near history" adding that, whilst some sought to justify it as a legitimate response to events on the ground, it was in reality "an operation which was planned step by step". However, this is viewed with suspicion by
2981:
Excerpts from: Martin van
Bruinessen, "Genocide in Kurdistan? The suppression of the Dersim rebellion in Turkey (1937–38) and the chemical war against the Iraqi Kurds (1988)", in: George J. Andreopoulos (ed), Conceptual and historical dimensions of genocide. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994,
792:
The contemporary
British estimate of the number of deaths was 40,000, although McDowall writes that this could be exaggerated. It has been suggested that the total number of deaths may be 7,594, over 10,000. In 2011, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan acknowledged that 13,806 citizens had been
800:
writes that 40,000 is implausibly high. Historian Annika Törne estimates 32,000 to 70,000 dead as a result of massacres, citing as sources among others Nicole Watts (Relocating Dersim: Turkish State-Building and
Kurdish Resistance, 1931–1938, in: New Perspectives on Turkey 23 (2000), S. 5–30.)
532:
Around 25,000 troops were deployed to quell the rebellion. This task was substantially completed by the summer and the leaders of the rebellion, including tribal leader Seyid Riza, were hanged. However, remnants of the rebel forces continued to resist and the number of troops in the region was
773:
This time all the people in the area will be collected and deported out of the area and this collection operation will attack the villages without warning and collect the people. To do this, we will collect the people as well as the arms they have. At the moment, we are ready to deport 2,000
826:), which depicts Dersim as a security threat to the Turkish Republic. It was not until 2009 that the massacre was publicly acknowledged, and in recent years, oral history has been used as a method to study anti-civilian violence excluded from the official history of the event.
478:
According to
Turkish authorities, on March 20–21, 1937, at 23:00 hrs, the Demenan and Haydaran tribes broke a bridge connecting Pah and Kahmut in the Harçik Valley. The Inspector General gave the order to prepare for action to the 2nd Mobile Gendarmerie Battalion at
752:: "The rebellion was clearly caused by provocation. It caused the most violent tortures that were ever seen in a rebellion in the Republican years. Those who didn't take part in the rebellion, and the families of the rebels, were also tortured."
1467:, "Zaza, Alevi and Dersimi as Deliberately Embraced Ethnic Identities" in '"Aslını İnkar Eden Haramzadedir!" The Debate on the Ethnic Identity of The Kurdish Alevis' in Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi, Barbara Kellner-Heinkele, Anke Otter-Beaujean,
1469:
Syncretistic
Religious Communities in the Near East: Collected Papers of the International Symposium "Alevism in Turkey and Comparable Sycretistic Religious Communities in the Near East in the Past and Present" Berlin, 14-17 April
836:
apologized "on behalf of the state" over the killing of over 13,000 people during the rebellion. His remarks were widely commented on both inside and outside Turkey. His comments were pointedly directed at opposition leader
3446:
889:
directed against the local language and identity. According to Van
Bruinessen, the 1934 law created "the legal framework for a policy of ethnocide." Dersim was one of the first territories where this policy was applied.
900:
In March 2011, a
Turkish court ruled that the actions of the Turkish government in Dersim could not be considered genocide according to the law because they were not directed systematically against an ethnic group.
341:. Its measures included the forced relocation of people within Turkey, with the aim of promoting cultural homogeneity. In 1935, the Tunceli Law was passed to apply the Resettlement Law to the newly-named region of
818:). It contributed to a Kemalist perception of Dersim and its populace, which characterises the province as unruly and defends violent state intervention. This narrative is encountered in Naşit Hakkı Uluğ's book
725:
According to an official report of the Fourth
General Inspectorate, 13,160 civilians were killed by the Turkish Army and 11,818 people were taken into exile, depopulating the province. According to a claim by
766:
Around 3,000 people were forcibly deported from Dersim. On the 4th of May 1938 a Turkish Cabinet decision resolved that Turkish military forces which had previously been massed in the area would attack
1492:
Martin van Bruinessen, "Zaza, Alevi and Dersimi as Deliberately Embraced Ethnic Identities" in '"Aslını İnkar Eden Haramzadedir!" The Debate on the Ethnic Identity of The Kurdish Alevis',
274:
tribes became unhappy about certain aspects of Atatürk's "Kemalist policies", described as "the ideology of the new political élite tied to the single-party régime", imposing a policy of
64:
rebels and civilians in 1937 and 1938. Although most Kurds in Dersim remained in their home villages, thousands were killed and many others were expelled to other parts of Turkey. Twenty
1580:
112:
1526:
293:
Dersim had been a particularly difficult province for the Ottoman government to control, with 11 different armed rebellions between 1876 and 1923. The rebellious stance of the
698:, the first female fighter pilot. A report of the General Staff mentioned the "serious damage" that had been caused by her 50 kg bomb, upon a group of fleeing civilians,
36:
Turkish soldiers with civilians who official documents say were internally exiled; Salman Yeşildağ said they included his sister and were executed after the photo was taken.
2267:, November 18, 1937, 17 Kasım 1937: Atatürk'ün Diyarbakır'dan Elâzığ'a gelişi, Tunceli'nin Pertek kazasına geçerek Murat Nehri üzerinde Singeç Köprüsü'nü hizmete açışı.
1272:
Basaranlar, Burak (2 November 2022). "Pragmatic coexistence: local responses to the state intrusion in Dersim during the early Republican period of Turkey (1938–1950)".
709:
Muhsin Batur, engaged in massacres for about two months over Dersim, stated in his memoirs that he wanted to avoid talking about this part of his life. Kurdish leader
631:(in office: October 25, 1937 – January 25, 1939) had agreed to an attack on the Dersim rebels. The operation started on January 2, 1938 and finished on August 7, 1938.
533:
doubled. The area was also bombed from the air. The rebels continued to resist until they ran out of ammunition, in late 1938, by which time the region was devastated.
4366:
897:
in Dersim, concludes that the 1938 massacres and forced assimilation amounts to genocide. According to Dilsa Deniz, convincing evidence points towards a genocide.
321:. In an Interior Ministry report in 1926, it was considered necessary to use force against the aghas of Dersim. On November 1, 1936, during a speech in parliament,
2974:
2451:
2912:
4346:
4361:
3605:
105:
3441:
1549:
3473:
3238:
Ilengiz, Çiçek (2019). "Erecting a Statue in the Land of the Fallen: Gendered Dynamics of the Making of Tunceli and Commemorating Seyyid Rıza in Dersim".
1129:
Ilengiz, Çiçek (2019). "Erecting a Statue in the Land of the Fallen: Gendered Dynamics of the Making of Tunceli and Commemorating Seyyid Rıza in Dersim".
384:
passed Law No. 1164 on 25 June 1927 which allowed the state to establish Inspectorates-General. Following the First Inspectorate-General (1 January 1928,
254:
and other dignitaries, who owned the land and ruled over the serfs who lived and worked on their estates. However, the general political authority in the
4196:
2351:
1708:
3102:
2429:
2096:
603:
4152:
98:
1308:
4242:
1353:
352:. This area had a reputation for being rebellious, having been the scene of eleven separate periods of armed conflict over the previous 40 years.
3966:
3350:
3087:
2664:
1418:
1258:
4326:
4269:
Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.
3468:
255:
3506:
2762:
1576:
885:, because they were not aimed at the extermination of a people, but at resettlement and suppression. Van Bruinessen has instead talked of an
3885:
4406:
2502:
But by far the bloodiest violence targeted Kurds during the Dersim uprising of 1937–38, when Turkish troops massacred about 30,000 people.
4381:
4170:
3359:
3999:
3166:
Ayata, Bilgin; Hakyemez, Serra (2013). "The AKP's engagement with Turkey's past crimes: an analysis of PM Erdoğan's "Dersim apology"".
1522:
1045:
Ayata, Bilgin; Hakyemez, Serra (2013). "The AKP's engagement with Turkey's past crimes: an analysis of PM Erdoğan's "Dersim apology"".
475:, the chieftain of Yukarı Abbas Uşağı, sent his followers to the Haydaran, Demenan, Yusufan, and Kureyşan tribes to make an alliance.
3152:
1989:
3757:
565:, who would later become foreign minister, arranged the trials and hanging of the leaders of the rebellion and some of their sons.
730:, many tribesmen were shot dead after surrendering, and women and children were locked into haysheds which were then set on fire.
4416:
4331:
4306:
3915:
949:
3989:
4301:
3577:
167:
1443:
421:
with the outside world and if not Turkified, were unable to pass the Turkishness on to their children. In September 1937, the
4178:
3385:
3026:
2808:
2609:
2546:
2522:
2495:
2417:
2019:
1933:
1882:
1828:
1613:
996:
846:
85:
3803:
297:
in Dersim continued during the early years of the Republic of Turkey. Aghas in Dersim objected to losing authority in their
1832:
397:
2567:
1756:
4209:
3932:
3424:
3343:
557:
for peace talks and was arrested. On the next day, he was transferred to the headquarters of the General Inspectorate at
2877:
2458:
3873:
536:
According to Osman Pamukoğlu, a general in Turkish Army in the 1990s, Atatürk had given the operational order himself.
4356:
4083:
3453:
2947:
2282:
2164:
1477:
1029:
433:
2971:
2899:
1012:Çelik, Filiz (1 January 2013). "Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma: The Case of the Dersim Massacre 1937-38".
796:
Turkish Kurdish anthropologist Dilşa Deniz estimates the number of deaths to be between 46.000 to 63.000. Historian
4336:
4183:
3819:
3726:
3567:
17:
2824:
Astourian, Stephan; Kévorkian, Raymond (eds.). "Physical and Epistemic Violence against Alevis in Modern Turkey".
1695:
4391:
4386:
4139:
1553:
422:
381:
2714:
1808:
562:
4100:
3336:
3955:
3706:
2348:
4321:
3979:
3620:
3412:
2048:
858:
338:
3842:
3798:
3322:
2594:
Collective and State Violence in Turkey: The Construction of a National Identity from Empire to Nation-State
4431:
4054:
3960:
3774:
3516:
2225:
1506:
Devletin Gözüyle Türkiye'de Kürt İsyanlar (Kurdish rebellions in Turkey, from the government point of view)
838:
784:
concludes this meant to kill them, along with orders to destroy their homes and deporting those remaining.
123:
513:
4426:
4396:
4341:
4189:
3769:
3557:
3435:
3419:
977:"Dersim Across Borders: Political Transmittances Between the Kurdish-Turkish Province Tunceli and Europe"
2826:
Collective and State Violence in Turkey: Construction of a National Identity from Empire to Nation-State
2589:
1987:"Üçüncü Umumi Müfettişliği'nin Kurulması ve III. Umumî Müfettiş Tahsin Uzer'in Bazı Önemli Faaliyetleri"
1896:"Üçüncü Umumi Müfettişliği'nin Kurulması ve III. Umumî Müfettiş Tahsin Uzer'in Bazı Önemli Faaliyetleri"
1745:
Hasretyan, M. A. (1995) Türkiye'de Kürt Sorunu (1918–1940), Berlin, Wêşanên, ënstîtuya Kurdî: I., p. 262
364:
whose name was changed from Dersim to Tunceli with the "Law on Administration of the Tunceli Province" (
4411:
4376:
4371:
4296:
4291:
4094:
4059:
3895:
3890:
3868:
3763:
3643:
3615:
3562:
2044:"Maternal Colonialism and Turkish Woman's Burden in Dersim: Educating the "Mountain Flowers" of Dersim"
1846:"Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913– 1950"
3133:
2576:
Altruism and Imperialism. The Western Religious and Cultural Missionary Enterprise in the Middle East.
793:
murdered and 11,683 individuals displaced—these figures were based on contemporary Turkish documents.
655:
4286:
4042:
3663:
3657:
32:
3006:
2790:
4421:
4401:
4113:
3701:
3458:
3429:
3007:"Dersim – Geographie der Erinnerungen: Eine Untersuchung von Narrativen über Verfolgung und Gewalt"
2841:"Remembering a Massacre: How Did the Rise of Oral History as a Methodology Improve Dersim Studies?"
690:
Turkish planes flew numerous sorties against the rebels during the rebellion. Among the pilots was
814:
Turkish state's reaction to the uprising was publicly justified as "disciplining and punishment" (
595:
301:
and refused to pay taxes; and complaints from the provincial governors in Dersim were sent to the
4037:
4032:
3610:
3480:
2792:
Dersim – Geographie der Erinnerungen: Eine Untersuchung von Narrativen über Verfolgung und Gewalt
1633:
976:
80:
4316:
4311:
4134:
4118:
3984:
3328:
3107:
2304:"Spatializing Difference: The Making of an Internal Border in Early Republican Elazığ, Turkey"
1603:
870:
781:
606:. In his journey to Elazığ the same month, he was accompanied by the Minister of the Interior
385:
3974:
3787:
3526:
3390:
3081:
2658:
2156:
1760:
1464:
1412:
1252:
920:
878:
861:
was a key component of the Turkification process that began to be implemented first with the
761:
150:
145:
1332:""Gas at 'Home,' Gas in the World, On the Use of Poison Gas by the Turkish State in Dersim""
4235:
4049:
4022:
3927:
3905:
3863:
3547:
833:
409:
377:
287:
3065:
2642:
2335:
2303:
1986:
1895:
1396:
1236:
915:
139:
84:
some, "who see it as an opportunistic move against the main opposition party, the secular
8:
4229:
4089:
3994:
3922:
3741:
3731:
3649:
3637:
3627:
3521:
2538:
Primitive Rebels Or Revolutionary Modernizers: The Kurdish Nationalist Movement in Turkey
448:
2564:
Some Remarks on Alevi Responses to the Missionaries in Eastern Anatolia (19th–20th cc.).
250:. Local authority in these small manorial communities was in the hands of feudal lords,
4351:
4027:
3910:
3879:
3825:
3793:
3736:
3572:
3463:
3304:
3296:
3255:
3191:
2858:
2331:
2073:
1821:
Primitive rebels or revolutionary modernizers?: the Kurdish national movement in Turkey
1653:
1201:
1193:
1146:
1070:
930:
866:
745:
695:
611:
517:
503:
302:
267:
607:
417:
413:
3949:
3496:
3402:
3373:
3308:
3288:
3259:
3226:
3195:
3183:
3069:
3022:
2943:
2862:
2804:
2758:
2646:
2605:
2542:
2518:
2491:
2483:
2413:
2323:
2160:
2149:
2077:
2065:
2015:
1929:
1878:
1824:
1657:
1609:
1473:
1400:
1289:
1240:
1205:
1185:
1150:
1111:
1074:
1062:
1025:
992:
894:
882:
862:
797:
731:
554:
279:
69:
425:
in which the aim was to raise Turkish women out of Kurdish girls was established in
404:) was established in January 1936, in the traditional Dersim region, which includes
4162:
4145:
4106:
3781:
3716:
3711:
3683:
3582:
3542:
3280:
3247:
3216:
3204:
3175:
3061:
3014:
2848:
2796:
2638:
2597:
2315:
2057:
1845:
1645:
1435:
1392:
1281:
1232:
1177:
1138:
1101:
1089:
1054:
1017:
984:
910:
460:
405:
393:
361:
342:
161:
155:
49:
3049:
2626:
1380:
1285:
1220:
691:
682:
Sweep Massacre Carryouts that started on September 6, were continued for 17 days.
3858:
3835:
3552:
3511:
2978:
2571:
2536:
2355:
2286:
2179:
1993:
925:
483:, the 3rd Mobile Gendarmerie Battalion at Pülür, the 9th Gendarmier Battalion at
389:
188:
53:
3221:
1298:
notes that "Dersim rebellion" is a label applied by some and contested by others
1106:
988:
480:
4249:
3830:
3813:
3808:
3678:
3632:
3251:
2902:
UC Berkeley Center for Right Wing Studies Working Paper Series. March 26, 2015.
2562:
2319:
1142:
830:
776:
In the same decision ordering to respond to any resistance by rendering those "
491:, and sent one infantry company of the 9th Mobile Gendarmier Battalion to Pah.
440:
described the situation in Dersim as Turkey's most important internal problem.
314:
237:
90:
3284:
3179:
2601:
1649:
1181:
1058:
1021:
426:
4280:
4202:
3900:
3292:
3230:
3187:
3073:
2650:
2327:
2069:
1404:
1293:
1244:
1189:
1115:
1066:
714:
334:
275:
61:
3599:
3501:
2410:
Kurdish ethno-nationalism versus nation-building states: collected articles
2081:
2061:
739:
727:
710:
294:
251:
246:
232:
227:
3018:
2800:
2279:
2000:, Ankara Üniversitesi Türk İnkılâp Tarihi Enstitüsü, Vol. 33–34, pp. 1–14.
1733:(The 1935 law concerning Tunceli and the genocide of Dersim), Bonn, p.29.
1354:"Dersim Katliamı'nda kullanılan zehirli gazlar Almanya'dan alınmış- VİDEO"
4263:
3721:
3673:
3668:
3397:
3379:
2767:
628:
558:
376:
In order to consolidate its authority in the process of Turkification of
318:
298:
283:
241:
240:
period, enjoyed a certain degree of freedom within the boundaries of the
223:
3300:
3268:
2695:
Hüseyin Aygün, Dersim 38 Resmiyet ve Hakikat (Ankara: Dipnot, 2010), 99.
2184:
1197:
1165:
768:
674:
The Third Tunceli Operation was carried out between August 10–17, 1938.
643:
881:
has argued that the actions of the government were not genocide, under
550:
524:
507:
472:
2853:
2840:
2043:
437:
322:
886:
506:
holding a bomb before the bombardment operation over Dersim with her
219:
172:
3155:." Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies (2015): 1–20.
2452:"The Suppression of the Dersim Rebellion in Turkey (1937–38) Page 4"
1331:
499:
4076:
4016:
874:
869:, multi-ethnic society to a "unidimensional Turkish nation-state".
310:
309:, which favoured land reform and direct control over the country's
2748:
Uluğ, Derebeyi ve Dersim, 64; Ağar, Tunceli-Dersim Coğrafyası, 18.
2012:
Islam, Secularism and Nationalism in Modern Turkey: Who is a Turk?
702:, T. C. Genelkurmay Baskanlığı Harp Tarihi Dairesi, 1972, p. 382.
3153:
Did a Genocide Take Place in the Dersim Region of Turkey in 1938?
2434:
842:
561:
and hanged with 6 (or 10) of his fellows on November 15–18, 1937
484:
349:
184:
57:
4266:
and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each
3205:"Re-assessing the Genocide of Kurdish Alevis in Dersim, 1937-38"
3050:"Re-assessing the Genocide of Kurdish Alevis in Dersim, 1937-38"
2627:"Re-assessing the Genocide of Kurdish Alevis in Dersim, 1937-38"
1381:"Re-assessing the Genocide of Kurdish Alevis in Dersim, 1937-38"
1221:"Re-assessing the Genocide of Kurdish Alevis in Dersim, 1937-38"
1090:"Re-assessing the Genocide of Kurdish Alevis in Dersim, 1937-38"
845:). Erdogan reminded his audience that Kılıçdaroğlu's party, the
3358:
2962:
Martin van Bruinessen: Genocide in Kurdistan? 1994, S. 141–170.
2578:
Middle East Institute Conference: Bellagio Italien, August 2000
2515:
Dersim 1938 ve zorunlu iskân: telgraflar, dilekçeler, mektuplar
599:
306:
2250:
Van Bruinessen, Martin (1994). Andreopoulos, George J. (ed.).
325:
described Dersim as Turkey's most important interior problem.
278:, including the removal of functionaries of "Kurdish race" in
258:, such as Dersim, was in the hands of the Ottoman government.
3407:
2360:
1014:
Is This a Culture of Trauma? An Interdisciplinary Perspective
873:
has argued that the Turkish government actions in Dersim was
735:
488:
453:
346:
271:
215:
194:
73:
3103:"Turkish prosecutor refuses to hear Dersim 'genocide' claim"
713:
claimed that the Turkish air force bombed the district with
2972:
The Suppression of the Dersim Rebellion in Turkey (1937–38)
2913:"Turkey apologises for 1930s killing of thousands of Kurds"
2715:"1938 Dersim: Bir belge de Nazımiye Nüfus Müdürlüğü'nden!"
2115:
The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development
1550:"A short history of Turkification: From Dersim to Tunceli"
2430:"Resmi raporlarda Dersim katliamı: 13 bin kişi öldürüldü"
1436:"Turkey PM Erdogan apologises for 1930s Kurdish killings"
65:
1709:"Military documents to shine light on 'Dersim massacre'"
950:"'Dersim Katliamı'ndaki o fotoğrafın sırrı ortaya çıktı"
1605:
Longing for the Lost Caliphate: A Transregional History
388:), the Second Inspectorate-General (19 February 1934,
578:
Seyit Hüseyin (the chieftain of Kureyşan-Seyhan tribe)
392:) and the Third Inspectorate-General (25 August 1935,
3269:"The Armenian Genocide, AKA the Elephant in the Room"
3134:"The Massacre in Dersim Still Haunts Kurds in Turkey"
2254:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 141–170.
1523:"The Massacre in Dersim Still Haunts Kurds in Turkey"
1166:"The Armenian Genocide, AKA the Elephant in the Room"
286:, and staged armed revolts that were put down by the
2878:"Turkish PM apologizes over 1930s killings of Kurds"
520:
and her colleagues in front of a Breguet 19, 1937–38
368:), no. 2884 of 25 December 1935 on January 4, 1936.
2151:
A People without a country: the Kurds and Kurdistan
981:
Migration and Social Remittances in a Global Europe
778:
incapable of movement on the spot and until the end
584:
Hasan Aga (of the Demenan tribe, Cebrail Ağa's son)
452:A 1937 map of Dersim showing the central district,
2900:Turkey and the Kurds – From War to Reconciliation?
2308:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
2148:
76:and so on” were ordered and used in the massacre.
4044:Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present)
1807:, Issues 1–4, Simon's Rock of Bard College, 1999
4367:Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1930s
4278:
2252:Conceptual and historical dimensions of genocide
2100:, Berlin, Wêşanên, ënstîtuya Kurdî: I., p. 262.
1792:The unwelcome neighbour: Turkey's Kurdish policy
857:The policy of population resettlement under the
634:
120:
4197:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)
2875:
1757:"Reconfiguring the Turkish nation in the 1930s"
1634:"Reconfiguring the Turkish nation in the 1930s"
974:
700:Türkiye Cumhuriyetinde Ayaklanmalar (1924–1938)
4347:Military operations involving chemical weapons
2823:
2249:
1631:
685:
575:Resik Hüseyin (Seyit Rıza's son, 16 years old)
494:
371:
345:, previously known as Dersim and populated by
4362:Attacks on buildings and structures in Turkey
3507:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
3344:
3165:
2226:"List of Former Ministers of Foreign Affairs"
1044:
602:to take part in the opening ceremony for the
106:
3273:International Journal of Middle East Studies
1785:
1783:
1781:
1691:
1689:
1170:International Journal of Middle East Studies
79:On 23 November 2011, Turkish prime minister
3360:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
3086:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (
2704:Yeşiltuna, Devletin Dersim Arşivi, 300-301.
2686:Jandarma Üst Komutanligi JUK Report, 13-17.
2677:Kaynak, Genelkurmay Belgeleri II, 203, 205.
2663:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (
2490:. Cambridge University Press. p. 401.
2180:"Pamukoğlu: Dersim'in emrini Atatürk verdi"
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1627:
1625:
1417:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (
1257:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (
983:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 143–163.
975:Strasser, Sabine; Akçınar, Mustafa (2017).
677:
467:
432:On 1 November 1936, during a speech in the
52:over the course of three operations in the
3351:
3337:
2739:Aslan, Genel Nüfus Sayımı Verilerine, 404.
2126:
2124:
2041:
1574:
1271:
622:
366:Tunceli Vilayetinin İdaresi Hakkında Kanun
355:
113:
99:
3220:
2852:
2394:Anılar, Görüşler, Üç Dönemin Perde Arsası
2117:. Syracuse University Press. p. 215.
1948:Birinci Genel Müfettişlik Bölgesi, p. 66.
1926:Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law
1778:
1706:
1686:
1105:
893:Historian Annika Thörne, in her study of
587:Hasan (a Kureyşan tribesman Ulkiye's son)
544:
487:, and the Mobile Gendarmerie Regiment at
4243:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)
2940:Tunceli Kanunu (1935) ve Dersim jenosidi
2423:
2146:
2009:
1789:
1754:
1731:Tunceli Kanunu (1935) ve Dersim Jenosidi
1707:Ziflioğlu, Vercihan (18 November 2009).
1696:NTV Tarih, Issue: 11, "Dersim 1937–1938"
1677:
1664:
1622:
1351:
523:
512:
498:
447:
31:
3916:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution
3237:
3066:10.5038/1911-9933.14.2.1728</p>
2643:10.5038/1911-9933.14.2.1728</p>
2482:
2476:
2155:. London: Olive Branch Press. pp.
2121:
2112:
1397:10.5038/1911-9933.14.2.1728</p>
1237:10.5038/1911-9933.14.2.1728</p>
1128:
553:came to the government building of the
261:
14:
4279:
3100:
2937:
2757:
2555:
2488:The Extermination of the European Jews
1794:. London: Tauris & Co. p. 44.
1601:
1547:
1430:
1428:
942:
865:in 1915 as Turkey transitioned from a
27:Turkish military operations, 1937–1938
4327:Aerial bombing operations and battles
3332:
3266:
3202:
3131:
3047:
3013:(in German), De Gruyter, p. 81,
3004:
2838:
2788:
2624:
2596:. Berghahn Books. pp. 303–346 .
2587:
2534:
2301:
2289:, The government of Pertek District.
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1583:from the original on 11 November 2021
1525:. Fondation-Institut kurde de Paris.
1520:
1498:
1446:from the original on 23 November 2011
1378:
1329:
1218:
1163:
1087:
1011:
809:
750:Dersim 1938 and Obligatory Settlement
748:, a jurist author, wrote in his book
581:Fındık Aga (Yusfanlı Kamer Aga's son)
94:
3011:Dersim – Geographie der Erinnerungen
2876:Selcan Hacaoglu (23 November 2011).
2845:Wrocławski Rocznik Historii Mówionej
2349:"1937–1938’de Dersim’de neler oldu?"
1638:Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 8:2
638:
2396:, Milliyet Yayınları, 1985, p. 25.
1957:Birinci Genel Müfettişlik Bölgesi,
1575:Hans-Lukas, Kieser (27 July 2011).
1529:from the original on 12 August 2021
1425:
1265:
328:
266:Following the establishment of the
168:Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency
24:
4382:20th-century mass murder in Turkey
4153:Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)
3578:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
3132:Ashly, Jaclynn (12 January 2021).
3125:
2942:. İsmail Beşikçi Vakfı Yayınları.
2817:
2097:Türkiye'de Kürt Sorunu (1918–1940)
2028:
1951:
1914:
1888:
1521:Ashly, Jaclynn (13 January 2021).
1301:
852:
25:
4443:
3990:1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt
3316:
3048:Deniz, Dilşa (4 September 2020).
3005:Törne, Annika (5 November 2019),
2789:Törne, Annika (5 November 2019).
2625:Deniz, Dilşa (4 September 2020).
1843:
1379:Deniz, Dilşa (4 September 2020).
1309:"16. Turkey/Kurds (1922–present)"
1219:Deniz, Dilşa (4 September 2020).
804:
434:Grand National Assembly of Turkey
210:
4407:Battles of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
4028:Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s)
3101:Saymaz, Ismail (14 March 2011).
1875:Umumi müfettişlikler (1927–1952)
1602:Hassan, Mona (10 January 2017).
1508:, Yön Yayınclık, 1991, 214–215.
771:, Keçigezek Sin and Karaoglan. "
642:
443:
4210:Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
4179:Syrian War spillover in Lebanon
3933:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
3209:Genocide Studies and Prevention
3094:
3054:Genocide Studies and Prevention
3041:
2998:
2985:
2965:
2956:
2931:
2905:
2892:
2869:
2832:
2782:
2751:
2742:
2733:
2707:
2698:
2689:
2680:
2671:
2631:Genocide Studies and Prevention
2618:
2590:"State Violence in 'Kurdistan'"
2581:
2535:White, Paul J. (October 2000).
2528:
2507:
2444:
2402:
2386:
2370:
2342:
2295:
2273:
2258:
2243:
2218:
2206:
2194:
2173:
2140:
2106:
2088:
2014:. Routledge. pp. 108–110.
2003:
1979:
1967:
1942:
1867:
1837:
1813:
1798:
1748:
1739:
1723:
1700:
1595:
1568:
1541:
1514:
1486:
1458:
1385:Genocide Studies and Prevention
1372:
1345:
1323:
1225:Genocide Studies and Prevention
1094:Genocide Studies and Prevention
755:
382:Turkish Grand National Assembly
378:religious and ethnic minorities
360:The Dersim region included the
4417:Massacres in Turkish Kurdistan
4332:Airstrikes conducted by Turkey
4307:Persecution of Kurds in Turkey
2010:Cagaptay, Soner (2 May 2006).
1924:Bayir, Derya (22 April 2016).
1608:. Princeton University Press.
1352:kahraman, sevim (3 May 2019).
1330:Aksoy, Gürdal (7 March 2020).
1212:
1157:
1122:
1081:
1038:
1005:
968:
13:
1:
4302:Massacres committed by Turkey
3980:1986 Egyptian conscripts riot
3621:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
2212:Ahmet Kahraman, pp. 292–293.
2200:Ahmet Kahraman, pp. 286–287.
1680:A Modern History of the Kurds
1644:(2). Yale University: 67–82.
1286:10.1080/00263206.2022.2028623
936:
787:
635:Third Dersim Massacre Attempt
459:After the "Tunceli" Law, the
339:1934 Turkish Resettlement Law
205:
4184:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
4171:Turkish involvement in Syria
4055:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
3886:Political violence in Turkey
3820:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
3727:Yemeni–Adenese clan violence
3606:Italian bombing of Palestine
3568:1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts
3517:Arab separatism in Khuzestan
2763:"Dersim Massacre, 1937-1938"
2721:(in Turkish). 28 August 2014
1877:, İletişim Yayınları, 2003,
1548:Kardaş, Ümit (30 May 2019).
720:
528:Local people of Dersim, 1938
125:Kurdish rebellions in Turkey
7:
3436:Turkish War of Independence
3420:Unification of Saudi Arabia
3222:10.5038/1911-9933.14.2.1728
2042:Turkyilmaz, Zeynep (2016).
1107:10.5038/1911-9933.14.2.1728
989:10.1057/978-1-137-60126-1_7
904:
686:Aerial Bombing of Civilians
495:Turkish military operations
464:police convoy in response.
398:Fourth Inspectorate-General
372:Fourth General Inspectorate
10:
4448:
4101:Iran–Israel proxy conflict
4095:Houthi insurgency in Yemen
4084:Balochi insurgency in Iran
4060:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq
3896:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
3891:Islamist uprising in Syria
3869:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
3758:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
3644:Kurdish separatism in Iran
3563:Goharshad Mosque rebellion
3323:Dersim Massacre, 1937-1938
3252:10.14220/lhom.2019.30.2.75
3159:
2517:, Dipnot Yayınları, 2009,
2336:10.1525/jsah.2014.73.4.507
2320:10.1525/jsah.2014.73.4.507
2049:Journal of Women's History
1928:. Routledge. p. 139.
1805:New perspectives on Turkey
1682:. London: Tauris & Co.
1143:10.14220/lhom.2019.30.2.75
820:The Feudal Lord and Dersim
759:
549:On September 10–12, 1937,
402:Dördüncü Umumi Müfettişlik
4259:
4222:
4127:
4068:
4008:
3941:
3859:Black September in Jordan
3851:
3750:
3694:
3591:
3535:
3489:
3366:
3285:10.1017/S0020743815000987
3180:10.1007/s10624-013-9304-3
2602:10.1515/9781789204513-012
2541:. Zed Books. p. 82.
2147:Chaliand, Gerard (1993).
1759:. Harvard. Archived from
1650:10.1080/13537110208428662
1577:"Dersim massacre 1937–38"
1182:10.1017/S0020743815000987
1059:10.1007/s10624-013-9304-3
1022:10.1163/9781848881624_008
590:Ali Aga (Mirza Ali's son)
181:
134:
48:) was carried out by the
4357:Ethnic cleansing in Asia
3961:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
3956:1980 Turkish coup d'état
3775:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
3707:1953 Iranian coup d'état
3702:1952 Egyptian revolution
3430:1919 Egyptian revolution
3413:Mount Lebanon starvation
3168:Dialectical Anthropology
2938:İsmail, Beşikçi (2013).
2094:Hasretyan, M. A. (1995)
1961:, İstanbul, p. 66, 194.
1755:Çağaptay, Soner (2002).
1729:Beşikçi, Ismail. (1990)
1678:McDowall, David (2007).
1047:Dialectical Anthropology
859:1934 Law on Resettlement
678:Sweep Massacre Carryouts
468:Meeting at Halbori cells
4337:20th-century rebellions
4190:War in Iraq (2013–2017)
4038:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
4033:Yemeni Civil War (1994)
3843:1966 Syrian coup d'état
3770:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
3611:Allied invasion of Iraq
3558:Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)
3481:Mahmud Barzanji revolts
3068:(inactive 7 May 2024).
2991:George J Andreopoulos,
2645:(inactive 7 May 2024).
2570:12 October 2017 at the
2408:Martin van Bruinessen,
2113:Jwaideh, Wadie (2006).
1992:26 October 2010 at the
1853:University of Amsterdam
1632:Soner Çağaptay (2002).
1552:. Ahval. Archived from
1399:(inactive 7 May 2024).
1239:(inactive 7 May 2024).
623:Second Dersim Operation
617:
563:Ihsan Sabri Çağlayangil
539:
423:Elazig Girls' Institute
337:process began with the
319:agricultural production
4392:1938 murders in Turkey
4387:1937 murders in Turkey
4135:2011 Bahraini uprising
4119:South Yemen insurgency
4000:Abu Nidal's executions
3985:1986 Damascus bombings
3764:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
3616:Syria–Lebanon campaign
3386:Middle Eastern theatre
2302:Kezer, Zeynep (2014).
2062:10.1353/jowh.2016.0029
1790:Lundgren, Asa (2007).
1274:Middle Eastern Studies
829:On November 23, 2011,
738:were massacred by the
594:On November 17, 1937,
545:First Dersim Operation
529:
521:
510:
456:
37:
3975:South Yemen civil war
3874:Shatt al-Arab clashes
3799:Mar. 1963 Syrian coup
3788:North Yemen civil war
3737:1958 Iraqi revolution
3664:1948 Arab–Israeli War
3658:Arab–Israeli conflict
3527:Sheikh Said rebellion
3391:Battle of Robat Karim
3203:Deniz, Dilşa (2020).
3151:Boztas, Özgür Inan. "
3019:10.1515/9783110630213
2839:Orhan, Gozde (2020).
2801:10.1515/9783110630213
2588:Yeğen, Mesut (2020).
2438:, November 19, 2009.
2364:, November 16, 2008.
1711:. Hurriyet Daily News
1465:Martin van Bruinessen
1088:Deniz, Dilşa (2020).
921:Sheikh Said rebellion
879:Martin van Bruinessen
841:(who in fact is from
762:Deportations of Kurds
760:Further information:
742:after the rebellion.
694:'s adopted daughter,
596:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
527:
516:
502:
451:
226:) communities led by
151:Sheikh Said rebellion
146:Beytussebab rebellion
35:
4322:Rebellions in Turkey
4114:Fatah–Hamas conflict
4050:Operation Desert Fox
4023:1991 Iraqi uprisings
4017:Gulf War (1990–1991)
3928:Grand Mosque seizure
3906:Yemenite War of 1979
3864:Yemenite War of 1972
3804:Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup
3794:Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup
3548:Ahmed Barzani revolt
3459:Turkish–Armenian War
3267:Erbal, Ayda (2015).
2898:Arin, Kubilay Yado.
2412:, Isis Press, 2000,
1442:. 23 November 2011.
1164:Erbal, Ayda (2015).
834:Recep Tayyip Erdogan
734:reports that 30,000
627:The prime minister,
262:Early republican era
81:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
4432:1930s fires in Asia
4262:This list includes
4230:2021 Beirut clashes
4090:2004 Qamishli riots
3967:Turkey–PKK conflict
3923:1979 Qatif Uprising
3742:1959 Mosul uprising
3732:1958 Lebanon crisis
3679:1973 Yom Kippur War
3650:Iran crisis of 1946
3638:Al-Wathbah uprising
3628:1943 Barzani revolt
3522:Great Syrian Revolt
3502:Iraqi Revolt (1920)
3425:Simko Shikak revolt
3325:, Hans-Lukas Kieser
3108:Hürriyet Daily News
2761:(19 January 2016).
2561:Hans-Lukas Kieser:
2280:"Atatürk Pertek'te"
2188:, August 19, 2010.
1823:, Zed Books, 2000,
1556:on 28 November 2020
386:Diyarbakır Province
218:tribes, which were
4427:Arson in the 1930s
4397:Turkish war crimes
4342:Massacres of Kurds
3911:Iranian Revolution
3880:Lebanese Civil War
3826:1948 Palestine war
3573:1935 Yazidi revolt
3464:Franco-Turkish War
2977:2016-01-08 at the
2919:. 24 November 2011
2759:Kieser, Hans-Lukas
2484:Gerlach, Christian
2354:2010-05-22 at the
2285:2010-07-27 at the
1976:, August 26, 1935.
1855:. pp. 244–247
956:. 23 December 2014
931:Turkish war crimes
839:Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu
824:Derebeyi ve Dersim
810:Turkish government
654:. You can help by
530:
522:
511:
457:
303:central government
268:Republic of Turkey
38:
4412:Torture in Turkey
4377:Massacres in 1938
4372:Massacres in 1937
4297:Conflicts in 1938
4292:Conflicts in 1937
4274:
4273:
3497:Franco-Syrian War
3454:Greco-Turkish War
3442:Anglo-Turkish War
3408:Assyrian genocide
3403:Armenian genocide
3374:Italo-Turkish War
3028:978-3-11-063021-3
2854:10.26774/wrhm.249
2828:. Berghahn Books.
2810:978-3-11-063021-3
2611:978-1-78920-451-3
2548:978-1-85649-822-7
2523:978-975-9051-75-4
2497:978-0-521-88078-7
2418:978-975-428-177-4
2021:978-1-134-17448-5
1935:978-1-317-09579-8
1883:978-975-05-0129-6
1829:978-1-85649-822-7
1615:978-1-4008-8371-4
998:978-1-137-60126-1
916:Koçgiri rebellion
895:historical memory
883:international law
863:Armenian genocide
798:Hans-Lukas Kieser
732:Christian Gerlach
672:
671:
555:Erzincan Province
280:Turkish Kurdistan
252:tribal chieftains
202:
201:
140:Koçgiri rebellion
16:(Redirected from
4439:
4287:Dersim rebellion
4236:Israel–Hamas war
4163:Syrian civil war
4146:Sinai insurgency
4107:2006 Lebanon War
3782:Dhofar Rebellion
3717:Cyprus Emergency
3712:Jebel Akhdar War
3684:1982 Lebanon War
3674:1967 Six-Day War
3583:Dersim rebellion
3543:Ararat rebellion
3447:Al-Jazeera Front
3353:
3346:
3339:
3330:
3329:
3312:
3263:
3234:
3224:
3199:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3085:
3077:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3002:
2996:
2989:
2983:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2909:
2903:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2880:. News.yahoo.com
2873:
2867:
2866:
2856:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2786:
2780:
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2777:
2775:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2711:
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2702:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2662:
2654:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2585:
2579:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2532:
2526:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2463:
2457:. Archived from
2456:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2427:
2421:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2154:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2039:
2026:
2025:
2007:
2001:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1892:
1886:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1850:
1841:
1835:
1817:
1811:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1787:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1765:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1704:
1698:
1693:
1684:
1683:
1675:
1662:
1661:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1416:
1408:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1349:
1343:
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1340:
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1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1256:
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1216:
1210:
1209:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1109:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1009:
1003:
1002:
972:
966:
965:
963:
961:
946:
911:Ararat rebellion
705:
667:
664:
646:
639:
461:Turkish military
406:Tunceli Province
394:Erzurum Province
362:Tunceli Province
329:Resettlement Law
299:manorial affairs
288:Turkish military
162:Dersim rebellion
156:Ararat rebellion
129:
128:
126:
115:
108:
101:
92:
91:
70:Chloracetophenon
50:Turkish military
21:
18:Dersim rebellion
4447:
4446:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4422:Arson in Turkey
4402:Alevi massacres
4277:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4268:
4255:
4218:
4140:Egyptian Crisis
4123:
4064:
4004:
3937:
3847:
3836:Second Intifada
3746:
3690:
3587:
3553:Simele massacre
3531:
3512:Adwan Rebellion
3485:
3362:
3357:
3319:
3162:
3142:
3140:
3128:
3126:Further reading
3123:
3113:
3111:
3099:
3095:
3079:
3078:
3046:
3042:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3003:
2999:
2990:
2986:
2979:Wayback Machine
2970:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2920:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2881:
2874:
2870:
2837:
2833:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2771:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2656:
2655:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2586:
2582:
2572:Wayback Machine
2560:
2556:
2549:
2533:
2529:
2513:Hüseyin Aygün,
2512:
2508:
2498:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2428:
2424:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2356:Wayback Machine
2347:
2343:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2287:Wayback Machine
2278:
2274:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2122:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2040:
2029:
2022:
2008:
2004:
1994:Wayback Machine
1985:Erdal Aydoğan,
1984:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1922:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1819:Paul J. White,
1818:
1814:
1803:
1799:
1788:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1676:
1665:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1472:, BRILL, 1997,
1463:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1410:
1409:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1361:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1270:
1266:
1250:
1249:
1217:
1213:
1162:
1158:
1127:
1123:
1086:
1082:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1010:
1006:
999:
973:
969:
959:
957:
948:
947:
943:
939:
926:Kurdish Alevism
907:
855:
853:Genocide debate
816:tedip ve tenkil
812:
807:
790:
764:
758:
723:
703:
688:
680:
668:
662:
659:
652:needs expansion
637:
625:
620:
547:
542:
497:
470:
446:
414:Bingöl Province
410:Elazığ Province
390:Edirne Province
374:
358:
331:
264:
213:
208:
203:
198:
192:
177:
130:
124:
122:
121:
119:
54:Dersim Province
46:Dersim genocide
44:(also known as
42:Dersim massacre
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4445:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
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4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
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4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4272:
4271:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4250:Red Sea crisis
4246:
4239:
4232:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4200:
4193:
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4157:
4156:
4149:
4137:
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4110:
4109:
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4072:
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4062:
4057:
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4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3995:Mecca massacre
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3958:
3953:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3938:
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3918:
3908:
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3898:
3893:
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3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3831:First Intifada
3828:
3816:
3814:1964 Hama riot
3811:
3809:Aden Emergency
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3784:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3760:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3640:
3635:
3633:Al-Waziri coup
3630:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3575:
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3565:
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3545:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3318:
3317:External links
3315:
3314:
3313:
3279:(4): 783–790.
3264:
3235:
3200:
3174:(1): 131–143.
3161:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3149:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3093:
3040:
3027:
2997:
2984:
2964:
2955:
2948:
2930:
2904:
2891:
2868:
2831:
2816:
2809:
2795:. De Gruyter.
2781:
2750:
2741:
2732:
2706:
2697:
2688:
2679:
2670:
2617:
2610:
2580:
2554:
2547:
2527:
2506:
2496:
2475:
2464:on 21 May 2013
2443:
2422:
2401:
2392:Muhsin Batur,
2385:
2369:
2341:
2294:
2272:
2257:
2242:
2230:www.mfa.gov.tr
2217:
2205:
2193:
2172:
2165:
2139:
2120:
2105:
2087:
2056:(3): 166–167.
2027:
2020:
2002:
1978:
1966:
1950:
1941:
1934:
1913:
1887:
1866:
1836:
1812:
1797:
1777:
1766:on 12 May 2013
1747:
1738:
1722:
1699:
1685:
1663:
1621:
1614:
1594:
1579:. SciencesPo.
1567:
1540:
1513:
1497:
1485:
1457:
1424:
1371:
1344:
1322:
1300:
1280:(6): 931–949.
1264:
1211:
1176:(4): 783–790.
1156:
1121:
1080:
1053:(1): 131–143.
1037:
1030:
1004:
997:
967:
940:
938:
935:
934:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
906:
903:
871:İsmail Beşikçi
854:
851:
831:Prime Minister
811:
808:
806:
805:Historiography
803:
789:
786:
782:İsmail Beşikçi
757:
754:
722:
719:
687:
684:
679:
676:
670:
669:
649:
647:
636:
633:
624:
621:
619:
616:
592:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
546:
543:
541:
538:
496:
493:
469:
466:
445:
442:
373:
370:
357:
354:
330:
327:
315:state planning
270:in 1923, some
263:
260:
212:
211:Ottoman period
209:
207:
204:
200:
199:
182:
179:
178:
176:
175:
170:
165:
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148:
143:
135:
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131:
118:
117:
110:
103:
95:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4444:
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4425:
4423:
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4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4317:1938 protests
4315:
4313:
4312:1937 protests
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4267:
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4244:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4203:Yemeni crisis
4201:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4172:
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4159:
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4026:
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4019:
4018:
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4011:
4007:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3950:Iran–Iraq War
3947:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3901:NDF Rebellion
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
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3829:
3827:
3824:
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3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
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3474:United States
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2949:9786058693395
2945:
2941:
2934:
2918:
2917:The Telegraph
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2692:
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2166:9780940793927
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2032:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1960:
1954:
1945:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1918:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1873:Cemil Koçak,
1870:
1854:
1847:
1844:Üngör, Umut.
1840:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1816:
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1478:9789004108615
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747:
746:Hüseyin Aygün
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
718:
716:
715:poisonous gas
712:
707:
706:</ref>
701:
697:
696:Sabiha Gökçen
693:
692:Kemal Atatürk
683:
675:
666:
657:
653:
650:This section
648:
645:
641:
640:
632:
630:
615:
613:
612:Sabiha Gökçen
609:
605:
604:Singeç Bridge
601:
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518:Sabiha Gökçen
515:
509:
505:
504:Sabiha Gökçen
501:
492:
490:
486:
482:
476:
474:
465:
462:
455:
450:
444:The rebellion
441:
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428:
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419:
415:
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387:
383:
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367:
363:
356:"Tunceli" law
353:
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344:
340:
336:
335:Turkification
326:
324:
320:
316:
313:, as well as
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:Turkification
273:
269:
259:
257:
253:
249:
248:
244:owned by the
243:
239:
236:) during the
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234:
229:
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109:
104:
102:
97:
96:
93:
89:
87:
82:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
62:Kurdish Alevi
59:
55:
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30:
19:
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3642:
3600:World War II
3598:
3434:
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3272:
3246:(2): 75–92.
3243:
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3212:
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3167:
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3137:
3112:. Retrieved
3106:
3096:
3082:cite journal
3057:
3053:
3043:
3032:, retrieved
3010:
3000:
2992:
2987:
2982:pp. 141–170.
2967:
2958:
2939:
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2921:. Retrieved
2916:
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2871:
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2766:
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2659:cite journal
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2630:
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2563:
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2466:. Retrieved
2459:the original
2446:
2440:(in Turkish)
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2398:(in Turkish)
2393:
2388:
2382:(in Turkish)
2377:
2376:Faik Bulut,
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2291:(in Turkish)
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2269:(in Turkish)
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2251:
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2202:(in Turkish)
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2190:(in Turkish)
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2131:
2130:Faik Bulut,
2114:
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2102:(in Turkish)
2095:
2090:
2082:Project MUSE
2080:– via
2053:
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2011:
2005:
1998:Atatürk Yolu
1997:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1963:(in Turkish)
1958:
1953:
1944:
1925:
1904:. Retrieved
1899:
1890:
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1869:
1857:. Retrieved
1852:
1839:
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1815:
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1800:
1791:
1768:. Retrieved
1761:the original
1750:
1741:
1735:(in Turkish)
1730:
1725:
1715:22 September
1713:. Retrieved
1702:
1679:
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1597:
1585:. Retrieved
1570:
1558:. Retrieved
1554:the original
1543:
1531:. Retrieved
1516:
1510:(in Turkish)
1505:
1504:Faik Bulut,
1500:
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1460:
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1439:
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1360:(in Turkish)
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1325:
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1303:
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1267:
1253:cite journal
1228:
1224:
1214:
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1169:
1159:
1137:(2): 75–92.
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1124:
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1097:
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980:
970:
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892:
856:
828:
823:
819:
815:
813:
795:
791:
777:
772:
765:
756:Deportations
749:
744:
740:Turkish Army
728:Nuri Dersimi
724:
711:Nuri Dersimi
708:
704:(in Turkish)
699:
689:
681:
673:
660:
656:adding to it
651:
626:
593:
567:
548:
535:
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471:
458:
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401:
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365:
359:
332:
292:
265:
245:
231:
214:
160:
138:
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41:
39:
29:
4264:World War I
3722:Suez Crisis
3669:Suez Crisis
3398:Arab Revolt
3380:World War I
3114:24 November
2923:24 November
2884:24 December
2768:Sciences Po
2719:Baskın Oran
2468:24 December
1902:. p. 2
1450:24 November
1315:24 December
960:24 December
867:pluralistic
629:Celal Bayar
568:They were:
284:land reform
4281:Categories
3143:9 February
2995:, page 11.
2380:, p. 277.
2314:(4): 523.
2265:Cumhuriyet
2134:, p. 221.
1974:Cumhuriyet
1959:Güney Doğu
937:References
788:Death toll
663:March 2011
608:Şükrü Kaya
572:Seyit Rıza
551:Seyid Riza
508:Breguet 19
473:Seyid Riza
418:Sükrü Kaya
228:chieftains
206:Background
60:) against
4352:Yarsanism
3309:162834123
3293:0020-7438
3260:213908434
3231:1911-0359
3196:144503079
3188:1573-0786
3074:1911-0359
2863:226660222
2651:1911-0359
2420:, p. 116.
2328:0037-9808
2078:151865028
2070:1527-2036
1900:Dergipark
1885:, p. 144.
1658:143855822
1587:12 August
1560:12 August
1533:12 August
1405:1911-0359
1311:. Uca.edu
1294:0026-3206
1245:1911-0359
1206:162834123
1190:0020-7438
1151:213908434
1116:1911-0359
1075:144503079
1067:1573-0786
1016:: 63–75.
887:ethnocide
721:Massacres
717:in 1938.
311:farmlands
256:provinces
197:rebellion
191:rebellion
173:Serhildan
56:(renamed
4077:Iraq War
3301:43998041
2993:Genocide
2975:Archived
2568:Archived
2486:(2016).
2352:Archived
2283:Archived
2185:Hürriyet
1990:Archived
1770:2 August
1581:Archived
1527:Archived
1444:Archived
1440:BBC News
1337:18 March
1198:43998041
905:See also
875:genocide
774:people."
769:Nazimiye
598:came to
224:manorial
3469:Revolts
3240:L'Homme
3160:Sources
3138:Jacobin
2435:Radikal
2235:22 July
1906:8 April
1859:8 April
1131:L'Homme
954:Radikal
843:Tunceli
485:Mazkirt
481:Pülümür
438:Atatürk
396:), the
347:Kurdish
343:Tunceli
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216:Kurdish
189:Kurdish
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3307:
3299:
3291:
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3186:
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3034:11 May
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2525:, p. .
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2326:
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2068:
2018:
1932:
1881:
1833:p. 80.
1827:
1809:p. 15.
1656:
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1482:p. 13.
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600:Pertek
559:Elazığ
427:Elazıg
380:, the
350:Alevis
307:Ankara
242:manors
220:feudal
74:Iperit
4223:2020s
4128:2010s
4069:2000s
4009:1990s
3942:1980s
3852:1970s
3751:1960s
3695:1950s
3592:1940s
3536:1930s
3490:1920s
3367:1910s
3305:S2CID
3297:JSTOR
3256:S2CID
3192:S2CID
3060:(2).
2859:S2CID
2725:6 May
2637:(2).
2462:(PDF)
2455:(PDF)
2361:Taraf
2332:JSTOR
2074:S2CID
1849:(PDF)
1764:(PDF)
1654:S2CID
1391:(2).
1364:6 May
1358:PİRHA
1231:(2).
1202:S2CID
1194:JSTOR
1147:S2CID
1071:S2CID
736:Kurds
489:Hozat
454:Hozat
295:aghas
247:aghas
185:Alevi
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3227:ISSN
3184:ISSN
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3116:2011
3088:link
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3023:ISBN
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