403:. When he first decided to take action against Verwoerd, Tsafendas planned to kidnap the prime minister. However, he soon realised that it would be impossible to do this on his own since his former comrades from the SACP were not keen on participating in anything risky or violent. With the access his new job permitted him, he decided instead to assassinate Verwoerd. He believed that since he had the opportunity to act he was morally obliged to do so, believing as he did that Verwoerd was "the brains behind apartheid" and that without him a change of policy would sooner or later take place. Years later, he told two priests who visited him in the hospital: "Every day, you see a man you know committing a very serious crime for which millions of people suffer. You cannot take him to court or report him to the police because he is the law in the country. Would you remain silent and let him continue with his crime or would you do something to stop him? You are guilty not only when you commit a crime, but also when you do nothing to prevent it when you have the chance."
369:. He told the police he was not advocating independence but preaching Christianity. The Portuguese were not convinced, and he was charged with "pretending to be a missionary spreading the word about religion" while actually preaching "under the guise of religion in favour of Mozambique's independence". According to PIDE's interrogation transcript, "When asked to describe all of the subversive activities that he has been developing against the Country and in favour of Mozambique's independence, he answered: That, he hasn't been developing any kind of such subversive activities against the Country, neither in favour of Mozambique's independence. However, wishes to clarify that he supports, as a Mozambican, the idea of Mozambique's independence, governed by the natives of that Province, whether they are black or white."
510:. During his interrogation, Tsafendas gave incontestable political reasons for killing Verwoerd: "I did believe that with the disappearance of the South African prime minister a change of policy would take place. I did set myself the task of destroying the prime minister. It was my own idea to kill him. No one offered me any reward for doing so. I did not care about the consequences, for what would happen to me afterwards. I was so disgusted with the racial policy that I went through with my plans to kill the prime minister. ... I wanted to see a government representing all the South African people. I do not think the Nationalist government is representative of the people and I wanted to see a different government".
333:. In October 1951, Tsafendas travelled by sea to Lourenço Marques, but was refused entry because of his past political activities and for being a known Communist, and was deported back to Portugal. Banned from entering South Africa, where his family had gone to live in the late 1930s, and Mozambique, Tsafendas spent the next 12 years of his life in exile. During these years, he applied at least once a year for permission to enter Mozambique or South Africa, but all his applications were refused because of his Communist status and his political activities in Mozambique in the 1930s. Constantly harassed in Portugal by PIDE and the Portuguese police, Tsafendas roamed across
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33:
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authority. If he had spoken the truth, he would have been sentenced to death, so the tactic was a very good one in the circumstances. History does not record that he pretended to be insane to save his life. This is well brought out in the research. The research shows conclusively that he did a deliberate courageous anti-apartheid act but pretended insanity at the trial; understandably so. I think the research speaks for itself."
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indeed a freedom fighter and a hero. This must be acknowledged by a revision and a correction of this event in history. This is necessary in order that what occurred is properly recorded and that the distortion of it by the apartheid government is laid bare. It is not about being vindictive or vengeful but simply about recording our painful history with the accuracy that our commitment to the truth and reconciliation requires.
800:
independent assessment. We hardly seek to be prescriptive in this regard. What is of interest to us is the course of action that the South
African government, once it is satisfied with regard to the study and its findings, may elect to take. Again this area falls squarely within the discretion of the government as advised by the Minister but may we suggest a few options for consideration and they would include:
593:
reference to the tapeworm, was concealed at the trial. The
Attorney General lied, withheld and manipulated evidence to portray Tsafendas as an apolitical person with schizophrenia who had killed Verwoerd for no political reason. A subsequent Commission of Enquiry into the assassination also withheld and manipulated evidence, which was clearly to portray Tsafendas as he had been presented in court.
329:, and fought with them against the royalists. Shortly before the war ended in defeat for the Communists, Tsafendas made his way to Portugal. Upon his arrival, he was arrested and interrogated by the police about his political activities in Mozambique in 1938. He was imprisoned for nine months in the two most notorious Portuguese prisons for political offenders, the Barca d'Alva and the
826:, First Deputy General Secretary of the South African Communist Party, made a similar request to the Minister of Justice on behalf of his Party: "We hereby request that the Minister assesses and considers the new evidence, based on research by Mr Harris Dousemetzis, on the assassination of Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd and that the act be classified as politically motivated".
815:
assassin determined to rid South Africa of the architect of apartheid. Political assassinations seldom achieve their goal and this was no exception. But at least South
African history should know the truth about Tsafendas. Dousemetzis has done South Africa a service by correcting the historical record".
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In our submission the study is so thoroughly and painstakingly done that we would have no hesitation in recommending that the
Minister may well accept its findings and conclusions and act thereon. On the other hand, we fully accept and understand that the Minister may wish to subject the study to an
624:"Every day, you see a man you know committing a very serious crime for which millions of people suffer. You cannot take him to court or report him to the police, because he is the law in the country. Would you remain silent and let him continue with his crime, or would you do something to stop him?"
417:
On 6 September, Prime
Minister Verwoerd entered the debating chamber of Parliament and made his way to his seat. Tsafendas approached him, drew a concealed sheath knife from his belt, and stabbed Verwoerd about four times in the torso before he was pulled away by other members of parliament. He had
818:
Justice Zak Yacoob said he agreed "100 per cent" with all of the report's findings and added: "The historical record shows that comrade
Tsafendas killed Verwoerd, that he pleaded insanity at the trial, his plea was upheld and he was, consequent to his plea, confined at the pleasure of the relevant
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shows convincingly that Mr
Tsafendas was not a schizophrenic who believed that his actions were determined by a tapeworm. In fact, the study compellingly demonstrates that he was a man with a deep social conscience who was bitterly opposed to apartheid and viewed Verwoerd as the prime architect of
592:
During the trial, no mention was made of
Tsafendas's political activism, real political ideas or his motive for killing Verwoerd, as had clearly been expressed by him to the police. The fact that he had given lucid political reasons for killing Verwoerd in his two statements to the police, with no
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Professor John Dugard stated of the report that it "confirms that there was a cover-up. It shows convincingly that
Tsafendas was a political revolutionary, whose assassination of Dr Verwoerd was motivated by a hatred of Dr Verwoerd and all he stood for. He was not an insane killer but a political
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However, the diagnosis of mental illness has since been dismissed by several forensic psychiatrists. Those who examined
Tsafendas during the trial based their diagnoses entirely on what Tsafendas told them and had no access to any other information about him: his medical and criminal records and
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South African history, in proper recognition of the generations who preceded us as well as those to come, should record in its annals an accurate account of the killing of Dr Verwoerd which recognises that Tsafendas was motivated to kill him by reason of his deep opposition to apartheid and was
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At the same time, the Portuguese security police, embarrassed that Tsafendas, a Portuguese citizen with a long history of political activism in Mozambique who had also fooled them into granting him amnesty by pretending he was no longer a communist and or an anti-colonialist, had assassinated
364:
In 1963, Tsafendas was granted amnesty by Portugal after he convinced them that he was a reformed man and no longer a Communist, and he was eventually allowed to return to Mozambique. A year later, Tsafendas was arrested while addressing local people in favour of independence for the colonial
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Advocate George Bizos characterised the report as "monumental" and described it as "the most comprehensive study of apartheid and how it operated that I have ever seen". He expressed his belief that the report is "of major historical importance for South Africa and as to our understanding of
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this policy. Tsafendas told the police after the assassination that he killed Dr Verwoerd because he was 'disgusted with his racial policies' and hoped that 'a change of policy would take place'. The killing of Verwoerd was therefore a political assassination and not the act of an insane man.
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instructed his counterparts in Mozambique not to give the South African authorities "any information indicating Tsafendas as a partisan for the independence of your province ". The PIDE in Mozambique thus lied and misled the South African police as to Tsafendas's past political activities.
538:
A year before the assassination, two people had reported Tsafendas to the South African police as a dangerous Communist, and one of them had even characterised him as "the biggest communist in the Republic of South Africa". Edward Furness, a South African who had met Tsafendas in
617:. There he occupied a cell on death row that was specially built for him next to the execution chamber where men were hanged. Tsafendas was subjected to some form of inhuman and cruel torture for most of his imprisonment. In 1989, he was transferred to Zonderwater Prison near
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into Verwoerd's death that in London, Tsafendas had attempted to "recruit people to take part in an uprising in South Africa." None of those documents, along with anything that had to do with Tsafendas's political ideas and activism, was allowed to see the light of day.
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made no plan for escape and was easily apprehended. He was taken into police custody, where he was severely beaten, and then moved to a hospital where he was treated for his injuries and interviewed by a psychiatrist. Later, he was returned to jail pending trial.
526:, revealed that Tsafendas was a highly intelligent man, well versed in politics, well read, with deep political convictions and a lifelong history of activism who considered Verwoerd to be a dictator and a tyrant. Tsafendas had characterised Dr. Verwoerd as "
677:, and consisted of three hardback volumes totalling 2,192 pages and 861,803 words. It was accompanied by a 16GB USB that contained all the evidence gathered by the author for this research, including about 12,000 pages of documents located in the
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in London and that he had admitted to him that he wanted "to create a resistance to the regime of South Africa" and that he was willing to do "anything that would get the South African regime out of power". Evidence was also submitted to the
621:. In 1994, after the collapse of apartheid, Tsafendas was visited in prison by two Greek Orthodox priests he knew. Tsafendas told them that he killed Verwoerd for being "a dictator and a tyrant who oppressed his people." Tsafendas said:
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Verwoerd's assassination". Advocate Bizos described the evidence gathered and presented by the report, proving that Tsafendas was not insane but politically motivated in killing Dr. Verwoerd, as "overwhelming and unquestionable".
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in October 1999, aged 81, 33 years after the assassination. At the time of his death, he was not regarded as a hero in anti-apartheid circles, which sent no members to attend his funeral. The funeral was held according to
458:
declared that force would be the ultimate method of overthrowing apartheid and characterised the assassination as "a symbolic and heartening act, from which millions suffering from apartheid would draw hope". People in
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by Harris Dousemetzis and Gerry Loughran was published in South Africa. Justice and Correctional Services Minister Michael Masutha described the book's launch as "a moment to celebrate the truth" about Tsafendas.
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statements by people who knew him. Thus, they formed their opinions after they had each spent four-and-a-half hours with only Tsafendas, took for granted what he told them and had no way of double-checking it.
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On 23 April 2018, a document titled "Report to the Minister of Justice, advocate Tshilio Michael Masutha, in the Matter of Dr Verwoerd's Assassination" was submitted to the Minister of Justice of South Africa
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and applied them to the blacks in his country. Tsafendas had also been banned from entering South Africa due to his political activities and beliefs; the South African security police held four files on him.
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At present, South African history records Tsafendas as the insane killer of Dr Verwoerd who had no political motive for his act. This is as inadequate as it is incorrect and this is borne out by the study
434:, hailed the assassination as "the beginning of the end for apartheid" and said it would "help the morale of guerrilla fighters in South Africa (and) increase confusion among whites". Also in Algiers,
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After the assassination, some leaders in the anti-apartheid movement distanced themselves from any association with Tsafendas. However, others like Johnny Makhatini leader of the
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The Portuguese were not convinced that Tsafendas was telling the truth, and he was imprisoned. After three months in custody, Tsafendas claimed that he was in fact an apostle,
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Morris, Michael and Linnegar, John with the South Africa Ministry of Education, Human Sciences Research Council, Social Cohesion & Integration Research Programme. 2004.
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414:. However, he had difficulty getting hold of a gun and with time running out and his temporary employment about to expire, he decided to use a knife to kill Verwoerd.
286:(1866-1869), while his father was a passionate anarchist. At the age of 16, Tsafendas began to work at various jobs, and was dismissed from one of them "owing to his
1709:
294:, opened a file on Tsafendas after discovering that he had twice distributed Communist propaganda. In 1939, Tsafendas entered South Africa illegally and joined the
1901:
1881:
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748:, as well as of the American Board of Forensic Psychiatry, and Professor Tuviah Zabow, forensic psychiatrist, former head of the forensic psychiatry unit at
689:, 137 interviews, including 69 with people who knew Tsafendas personally, some of them well and even as a child, as well as thousands of newspaper articles.
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729:
279:, where he attended Middelburg Primary School from 1928 to 1930. He then returned to Mozambique and attended a church school for the next two years.
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b. the appropriate steps to revise the curriculum of schools and other institutions of learning to correct the teaching and learning of the killing.
380:'s foremost apostle and was therefore considered to be insane. He was released from prison custody and soon afterwards released from the hospital.
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leanings" and after he was suspected of being "engaged in disseminating Communistic propaganda." When he was 20, the Portuguese security police,
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410:, a Greek tanker that was docked in Cape Town, and then sail away with it to freedom. Ultimately, his plan was to seek refuge in Communist
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when he was three to live with his grandmother and his aunt. He returned to Mozambique four years later; then, at the age of ten, moved to
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in 1961, he worked for some six months as a teacher of English at the Limasollu Naci College, a prestigious private language institute in
1836:
740:; Professor Robert L. Sadoff, clinical Professor of Psychiatry and Director of the Center for Studies in Social-Legal Psychiatry at the
442:(ZAPU), said that "the attack ... proved the vulnerability of this fascist empire" and Uazuvara Ewald Katjivena, representative of
745:
996:
728:; Professor Phillip Resnick, forensic psychiatrist and Professor of Psychiatry and Director of the Division of Forensic Psychiatry at
215:. On 6 September 1966, while working as a parliamentary messenger, Tsafendas stabbed Verwoerd — commonly regarded as the architect of
1781:
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Throughout his time in custody Tsafendas was subjected to severe torture from beatings, electric shocks, mock hangings and pretended
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In 1965, Tsafendas returned to South Africa. Shortly before the assassination, he applied for reclassification from "White" to "
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631:. In 1999, South African filmmaker Liza Key was allowed to conduct two televised interviews with him, for a documentary called
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rites, and he was buried in an unmarked grave outside Sterkfontein Hospital. Fewer than ten people attended the service.
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In contrast, fearing reprisals, Tsafendas' family and the Greek community in South Africa turned their backs on him.
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Tsafendas was familiar with politics from an early age. Several members of his family were Cretan rebels during the
1866:
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Verwoerd, moved quickly to hide their discomfort. Two days after the assassination, the Chief Inspector of PIDE in
454:, said when he first heard about the stabbing, "I hope it is successful. It would be a good thing", and the ruling
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Report of the Commission of Enquiry into the Assassination of the late Dr. the honourable Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd
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578:
341:, working and visiting places that interested him. During his wanderings, he picked up eight languages. While in
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applauded the assassination of "the apostle of hatred", and said, "The most hated man of Africa is no more", in
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209:
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Commission of Enquiry into the Assassination of the late Dr. the honourable Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd (1966).
842:, who visited Tsafendas in hospital towards the end of Tsafendas's life, published the award-winning memoir,
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In July 1966, at the age of 48, Tsafendas obtained a temporary position as a parliamentary messenger in the
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446:(South West African People's Organization), declared that "the fascist Dr. Verwoerd got what he deserved".
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territory. In a suitcase containing anti-colonialist and Communist literature, Tsafendas also had several
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Court. In 1962, during a visit to Crete to see his father's and ancestors' birthplace, he met some former
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The majority of the African press applauded the assassination. For example, the Algerian-French magazine
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376:. He was taken to a hospital, where he convinced the Portuguese doctors that he really believed he was
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inside him, which affected his life. The court ordered for him to be detained "at the pleasure of the
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in which she raised the suggestion that Tsafendas's act was not mindless but politically motivated.
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Tsafendas's life story and his assassination of Hendrik Verwoerd are briefly mentioned in the book
349:, and upon eventually securing his return to South Africa, he worked for a time as a translator at
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Dousemetzis collaborated closely in his research and the evaluation of the evidence with Advocate
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In 1947, the US immigration authorities deported Tsafendas to Greece, then in the throes of the
530:'s best student", as he believed the South African Prime Minister had copied some of Hitler's
1633:
712:, while he also consulted Professor Alban Burke, Head of the Department of Psychology at the
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Despite PIDE's efforts, the South African police investigation, led by the notorious General
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Judging the Judges, Judging Ourselves: truth, reconciliation and the apartheid legal order
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In 1994, he was transferred again, this time to Sterkfontein psychiatric hospital outside
8:
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In 1976, Bill Turner wrote and staged in England and South Africa a play simply titled
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Tsafendas's initial plan was to shoot Verwoerd, escape in the confusion, hide in the
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and it was claimed by police and his defence that he had said that he had a giant
543:, told the police that Tsafendas closely associated with prominent members of the
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a. a public acknowledgement of the acceptance of the study and its findings; and
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716:; Professor Kirk Heilbrun, forensic psychologist and Professor of Psychology at
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was presented to South African audiences in 2002. A London production entitled
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danced in the streets with joy when they heard the news of the assassination.
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1710:"Tsafendas was not insane. He killed Verwoerd for political reasons: author"
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913:, responsible for an earlier assassination attempt against Verwoerd in 1961
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Psychiatry, Mental Institutions, and the Mad in Apartheid South Africa
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Psychiatry, Mental Institutions, and the Mad in Apartheid South Africa
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Psychiatry, Mental Institutions, and the Mad in Apartheid South Africa
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Psychiatry, Mental Institutions, and the Mad in Apartheid South Africa
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Report to the Minister of Justice regarding Verwoerd's assassination
1590:"Dimitri Tsafendas - Exposing a Great Lie in South African History"
585:) had the authority to order his release. He was never discharged.
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384:
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219:— to death during a sitting of the House of Assembly in Cape Town.
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Carter, Alice T. "Musings of 'I.D.' Offer Intellectual Exercise",
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The report and the evidence were supported by a joint letter from
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The Assassin: a story of race and rage in the land of apartheid
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newspaper said Egypt had "no tears to shed" for Dr. Verwoerd.
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Every Step of the Way: the journey to freedom in South Africa
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Wolves, Jackals, and Foxes: The Assassins Who Changed History
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310:, Tsafendas became a member of a religious sect known as the
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The Man Who Killed Apartheid: The Life of Dimitri Tsafendas
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The Man Who Killed Apartheid: The Life of Dimitri Tsafendas
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669:. The report was written by Harris Dousemetzis, a tutor at
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in London in 2003, followed by an American debut in 2005.
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Assassin of South African Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd
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Unfinished Business: South Africa, apartheid, and truth
1296:"Dimitri Tsafendas | South African History Online"
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Obituary: Long-jailed assassin of South African premier
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van Woerden, Henk (translated by Dan Jacobson). 2000.
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van Woerden, Henk (translated by Dan Jacobson). 2002.
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Obituaries: "Dimitri Tsafendas; S. African Assassin",
997:"Mad Man? The Greek Who Killed Apartheid's Architect"
581:", which meant that only the State President (later
421:
1360:"Assassination condemned by friend and foe alike".
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1345:"Murder shocks world, but some leaders are glad".
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730:Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
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1467:"Dr. Verwoerd Party vows to continue apartheid".
784:The five jurists concluded in their letter that:
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302:in 1941 and served aboard American ships during
227:Tsafendas was born in Lourenço Marques (today's
208:lifelong political militant and the assassin of
1902:United States Merchant Mariners of World War II
1882:South African people who died in prison custody
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259:leanings from Kitharida, a small village near
94:Assassination of South African Prime Minister
1897:Prisoners who died in South African detention
1074:Dousemetzis, Harris; Loughran, Gerry (2023).
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267:, and Amelia Williams, a Mozambican woman of
1907:White South African anti-apartheid activists
1842:Mozambican people who died in prison custody
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613:, then after four months was transferred to
359:kidnapping of German general Heinrich Kreipe
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565:declared Tsafendas not guilty of murder by
1334:Key, Liza (1997). "A Question of Madness".
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995:Barberá, Marcel Gascón (18 January 2019).
752:and former professor of psychiatry at the
746:American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law
200:; 14 January 1918 – 7 October 1999) was a
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1812:Infectious disease deaths in South Africa
1611:. New York: Routledge. pp. 199–200.
1394:. Melbourne. 7 September 1966. p. 2.
239:. His parents were Michalis Tsafandakis (
1499:"Man with a mission or deranged drifter"
704:state attorney Krish Govender, Advocate
600:
1409:. London. 9 September 1966. p. 11.
1313:. New York: Routledge. pp. 86–87.
1140:. New York: Routledge. pp. 89–90.
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387:" but his application was turned down.
1912:South African anti-apartheid activists
1847:People acquitted by reason of insanity
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1707:
1482:"London Conference shocked by slain".
1441:. London. 7 September 1966. p. 1.
1424:. London. 7 September 1966. p. 2.
1278:. Cape Town: HSRC Press, pp. 184–185.
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1166:"Verwoerd's assassin a complex 'hero'"
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1877:South African people of Greek descent
1797:Deaths from pneumonia in South Africa
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1606:
1497:Konstandaras, Nikos (1 August 2019).
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886:The Girl Who Saved the King of Sweden
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1827:Mozambican emigrants to South Africa
1678:. New York: Macmillan. pp. 159–163.
1452:"The apostle of hatred is no more".
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775:. They wrote that the new evidence:
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1892:Prisoners and detainees of Portugal
1832:Mozambican people imprisoned abroad
1654:. New York: Routledge. p. 92.
1594:Review of African Political Economy
1333:
361:. They trained him in bomb-making.
13:
1837:Mozambican people of Greek descent
1726:
1588:Dousemetzis, Harris (March 2020).
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1164:Tolsi, Niren (14 September 2018).
14:
1923:
1708:Mabuza, Ernst (9 November 2018).
1435:"Jubilation at news in Nigeria".
1154:
985:
846:. An award-winning play entitled
679:National Archives of South Africa
490:butcher stabbed to death", while
422:Reaction and police investigation
123:Detained "at the pleasure of the
1782:Assassins of heads of government
1571:Oxford: Hart Publishing, p. 43.
964:Verwoerd: Architect of Apartheid
609:Tsafendas was initially held on
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1405:"'Stinking' quotation by BBC".
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1264:. Pretoria: Government Printer.
1240:"Tsafendas had shooting plan".
1233:
1197:"The assassin and the tapeworm"
1104:. New York: Macmillan, p. 116.
596:
440:Zimbabwe African People's Union
298:. He became a seaman in the US
1486:. 7 September 1966. p. 8.
1471:. 8 September 1966. p. 4.
1456:. 9 September 1966. p. 3.
1379:. 9 September 1966. p. 3.
1364:. 7 September 1966. p. 3.
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954:
744:, and former president of the
210:Prime Minister of South Africa
1:
1887:South African revolutionaries
1195:Robins, Jon (27 March 2000).
917:
872:at the time of the incident.
569:. He had been diagnosed with
296:South African Communist Party
222:
158:United States Merchant Marine
1772:1966 murders in South Africa
1650:Jones, Tiffany Fawn (2012).
1607:Jones, Tiffany Fawn (2012).
1309:Jones, Tiffany Fawn (2012).
1136:Jones, Tiffany Fawn (2012).
456:Kenya African National Union
450:'s Minister of Defence, Dr.
438:, the representative of the
357:who had participated in the
355:World War II Greek partisans
7:
1230:(book review), 24 June 2001
904:
478:, a banner headline in the
325:, the military wing of the
37:Tsafendas in a 1966 mugshot
10:
1928:
1852:People acquitted of murder
1530:. New York: Verso, p. 57.
742:University of Pennsylvania
714:University of Johannesburg
1777:Apartheid in South Africa
1696:Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
1420:"Epitaph for a fanatic".
1375:"A eleicao do sucessor".
948:. Archived by WebCite at
860:was written by the noted
244:
197:
183:
169:
163:Democratic Army of Greece
151:
146:
142:
131:
119:
111:
101:
90:
67:
42:
30:
23:
1872:South African communists
1817:Inmates of Robben Island
1736:. London: Granta Books.
1100:Hollington, Kris. 2008.
969:Jonathan Ball Publishers
838:. In 1998, Dutch author
638:
556:
1867:South African assassins
1862:South African activists
1390:"Murder shocks world".
848:Living in Strange Lands
754:University of Cape Town
615:Pretoria Central Prison
545:anti-apartheid movement
321:. Tsafendas joined the
284:Great Cretan Revolution
1767:20th-century criminals
1524:Ntsebeza, Dumisa Buhle
961:Kenney, Henry (2016).
951:Retrieved 8 July 2009.
808:
782:
606:
1807:Greek torture victims
1802:Greek revolutionaries
1634:The Los Angeles Times
1547:"The Tapeworm Murder"
1522:Bell, Terry Bell and
1503:Le Monde diplomatique
1377:Le Courrier d'Afrique
893:, published in 2012.
786:
777:
633:A Question of Madness
604:
550:Commission of Enquiry
524:Hendrik van den Bergh
327:Greek Communist Party
255:marine engineer with
61:Portuguese Mozambique
1822:Mozambican criminals
1454:Revolution Africaine
561:At his trial, Judge
472:Revolution Africaine
1787:Communist assassins
1734:A Mouthful of Glass
1484:The Washington Post
1349:. 8 September 1966.
938:(11 October 1999),
844:A Mouthful of Glass
750:Valkenberg Hospital
245:Μιχάλης Τσαφαντάκης
235:, then a colony of
1857:People from Maputo
1555:. 28 October 1966.
1469:The Globe and Mail
1362:The Globe and Mail
1244:. 18 October 1966.
1227:The New York Times
896:In November 2018,
830:In popular culture
822:On 24 April 2018,
687:the United Kingdom
643:Tsafendas died of
607:
605:Zonderwater Prison
567:reason of insanity
249:Miguel Tsafandakis
198:Δημήτρης Τσαφέντας
137:reason of insanity
1742:978-1-86207-383-8
1684:978-0-312-42084-0
1661:978-0-415-88667-3
1618:978-0-415-88667-3
1577:978-1-901362-94-7
1536:978-1-85984-545-5
1320:978-0-415-88667-3
1284:978-0-7969-2061-4
1222:"The Worm Did It"
1201:The New Statesman
1170:Mail and Guardian
1147:978-0-415-88667-3
1110:978-0-312-37899-8
1087:978-1-64889-580-7
978:978-1-86842-716-1
876:premiered at the
718:Drexel University
708:and former Judge
671:Durham University
397:House of Assembly
391:The assassination
271:. He was sent to
190:Dimitri Tsafendas
187:
186:
25:Dimitri Tsafendas
1919:
1720:
1719:
1705:
1699:
1692:
1686:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1647:
1638:
1637:. 8 October 1999
1629:
1623:
1622:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1585:
1579:
1565:Dyzenhaus, David
1562:
1556:
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1181:
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1161:
1152:
1151:
1133:
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1098:
1092:
1091:
1080:. Vernon Press.
1071:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1007:
992:
983:
982:
958:
952:
936:Beresford, David
933:
840:Henk van Woerden
246:
213:Hendrik Verwoerd
199:
153:
120:Criminal penalty
96:Hendrik Verwoerd
74:
57:Lourenço Marques
52:
50:
35:
21:
20:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1747:
1746:
1729:
1727:Further reading
1724:
1723:
1706:
1702:
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986:
979:
959:
955:
934:
925:
920:
907:
878:Almeida Theatre
868:, who lived in
832:
706:Dumisa Ntsebeza
663:Michael Masutha
658:
641:
599:
579:State President
559:
508:defenestrations
424:
393:
323:Democratic Army
319:Greek Civil War
306:. While in the
300:merchant marine
247:, also spelled
225:
178:Greek Civil War
176:
161:
147:Military career
132:Criminal status
125:State President
112:Criminal charge
102:Political party
86:
76:
72:
63:
54:
53:14 January 1918
48:
46:
38:
26:
17:
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5:
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1722:
1721:
1700:
1698:, 24 May 2005.
1687:
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1515:
1489:
1474:
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1397:
1382:
1367:
1352:
1347:The Australian
1337:
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1301:
1287:
1267:
1247:
1242:Daily Dispatch
1232:
1214:
1182:
1153:
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1113:
1093:
1086:
1013:
1001:Balkan Insight
984:
977:
953:
922:
921:
919:
916:
915:
914:
906:
903:
891:Jonas Jonasson
831:
828:
657:
654:
650:Greek Orthodox
640:
637:
598:
595:
558:
555:
532:Nuremberg Laws
452:Njoroge Mungai
423:
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224:
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185:
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135:Not guilty by
133:
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117:
116:
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109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
92:
91:Known for
88:
87:
85:, South Africa
77:
75:(aged 81)
71:7 October 1999
69:
65:
64:
55:
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36:
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1493:
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1431:
1423:
1422:Daily Express
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909:
908:
902:
899:
894:
892:
888:
887:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
862:Shakespearean
859:
858:
853:
852:Anton Krueger
849:
845:
841:
837:
827:
825:
824:Solly Mapaila
820:
816:
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711:
707:
703:
702:KwaZulu-Natal
699:
695:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
667:Jody Kollapen
664:
653:
651:
646:
636:
634:
630:
625:
622:
620:
616:
612:
611:Robben Island
603:
594:
590:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
571:schizophrenia
568:
564:
563:Andrew Beyers
554:
551:
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344:
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331:Aljube Prison
328:
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313:
309:
308:United States
305:
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293:
289:
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84:
80:
70:
66:
62:
58:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1733:
1715:Sunday Times
1713:
1703:
1695:
1690:
1675:
1670:
1651:
1632:
1627:
1608:
1602:
1593:
1583:
1568:
1560:
1550:
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1527:
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1502:
1492:
1483:
1477:
1468:
1462:
1453:
1447:
1436:
1430:
1421:
1415:
1407:The Guardian
1406:
1400:
1391:
1385:
1376:
1370:
1361:
1355:
1346:
1340:
1329:
1310:
1304:
1290:
1275:
1270:
1261:
1241:
1235:
1225:
1217:
1205:. Retrieved
1200:
1173:. Retrieved
1169:
1137:
1101:
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1004:. Retrieved
1000:
963:
956:
945:The Guardian
943:
897:
895:
884:
882:
873:
856:
847:
843:
835:
833:
821:
817:
813:
809:
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802:
798:
794:
791:
787:
783:
778:
767:, Govender,
758:
726:Pennsylvania
722:Philadelphia
696:, Professor
694:George Bizos
691:
659:
642:
632:
626:
623:
608:
597:Imprisonment
591:
587:
560:
537:
521:
512:
505:
502:
495:
479:
471:
469:
436:Joshua Nkomo
425:
416:
407:
405:
394:
382:
371:
363:
316:
304:World War II
281:
248:
226:
189:
188:
174:World War II
170:Battles/wars
73:(1999-10-07)
18:
1762:1999 deaths
1757:1918 births
1175:17 December
911:David Pratt
866:Antony Sher
698:John Dugard
629:Krugersdorp
488:Sharpeville
486:said, "The
484:Addis Ababa
374:Saint Peter
339:Middle East
312:Two by Twos
165:(1947–1949)
160:(1941–1945)
79:Krugersdorp
1751:Categories
1508:7 February
1392:The Herald
1207:11 January
1006:13 January
918:References
710:Zak Yacoob
269:mixed race
233:Mozambique
223:Early life
206:Mozambican
49:1918-01-14
1792:Cover-ups
1438:The Times
870:Cape Town
836:Tsafendas
734:Cleveland
700:, former
665:by Judge
645:pneumonia
583:President
497:Al Akhbar
480:New Times
401:Cape Town
288:Communist
277:Transvaal
261:Heraklion
257:anarchist
217:apartheid
1567:. 1998.
1526:. 2003.
1203:. London
905:See also
769:Ntsebeza
683:Portugal
619:Cullinan
575:tapeworm
476:Ethiopia
385:Coloured
347:Istanbul
337:and the
237:Portugal
152:Service/
675:England
461:Nigeria
432:Algiers
83:Gauteng
1740:
1682:
1658:
1615:
1575:
1534:
1317:
1282:
1144:
1108:
1084:
975:
864:actor
773:Yacoob
765:Dugard
541:London
528:Hitler
516:Lisbon
465:Uganda
378:Christ
367:Bibles
351:Durban
343:Turkey
335:Europe
229:Maputo
154:branch
115:Murder
761:Bizos
639:Death
557:Trial
492:Cairo
448:Kenya
444:SWAPO
408:Eleni
273:Egypt
265:Crete
253:Greek
251:), a
241:Greek
231:) in
202:Greek
194:Greek
1738:ISBN
1680:ISBN
1656:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1573:ISBN
1552:Time
1532:ISBN
1510:2020
1315:ISBN
1280:ISBN
1209:2024
1177:2018
1142:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1082:ISBN
1008:2022
973:ISBN
874:I.D.
857:I.D.
792:...
771:and
738:Ohio
685:and
463:and
412:Cuba
292:PIDE
106:SACP
68:Died
43:Born
942:in
889:by
850:by
732:in
720:in
494:'s
482:of
430:in
428:ANC
399:in
1753::
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1642:^
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1596:.
1512:.
1323:.
1298:.
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1179:.
1150:.
1090:.
1010:.
981:.
204:-
192:(
127:"
51:)
47:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
