268:
work and have experienced long-term unemployment, while still continuing to look for a job for more than six months, has increased considerably in the year since the start of the COVID-19 recession. During periods of economic weakness, the labor force participation rate in the United States has tended to decline during economic downturns. During the 2007–09 recession, the unemployment rate for discouraged workers more than doubled. From late 2007 to early 2011, the number of discouraged workers increased from about 350,000 to a peak of about 1.3 million. The
Congressional Budget Office (CBO) reports that the lingering effects of the 2007–2009 recession and the slow recovery will continue to restrain participation. The effects of the coronavirus greatly impacted the United States economy. Pew Research Center reports that overall, 25% of U.S. adults say they or someone in their household was laid off or lost their job because of the coronavirus outbreak, with 15% saying this happened to them personally. Nearly 529,000 Americans were classified as discouraged workers in February 2021, roughly 100,000 more than the number one year ago. As a result of the coronavirus pandemic, labor market participation rate sharply declined due to the lack of job opportunities that perpetuated discourage people from searching for employment. Like most economic crisis as the labor market improves and jobs becomes more plentiful, unemployed workers will reenter the labor force. CBO expects that discouraged workers are likely to continue to reenter the labor force as more people find jobs and wage growth increases.
91:
83:
1477:
discrimination in the labor market, the lack of job opportunities, and the wage gap discourage women from entering the labor force in India. In Kerala, India, it worsened the female-to-male wage ratio between 2004 and 2012, which is one of the causes why it generated discouraged women workers. The discouraged worker effect of the wage gap was 2.6% in 2011/12 in India, which is the ratio of a 1% increase in the wage gap. This ratio of the wage gap for India exceeds the ratio for the
Republic of Korea and Japan.
311:, while discouraged workers were once less educated than "average workers", they now have better training and education but still tend to be concentrated in areas of high unemployment. Discouraged workers are not seeking a job for one of two reasons: labour market-related reasons (worker discouragement, waiting for recall to a former job or waiting for replies to earlier job search efforts) and personal and other reasons (illness or disability, personal or family responsibilities, going to school, and so on).
721:
4939:
775:
1419:
1178:
25:
1098:
1072:
1481:
of India. The participation rate for Kerala was 42%, which is much higher than the national average, while the rate for
Uttarakhand was 21% in 2011/12. The participation rate of the labor force for women is higher in western and southern states than in central India. The participation rate is positively related to the education level. As the education level reached to graduate, the probability of labor force entry increased by 5.7% in 2011/12.
1312:
748:
1338:
1259:
1365:
1125:
883:
1286:
1205:
856:
802:
1045:
1018:
1446:
910:
181:
tend to become discouraged workers more than others. Discrimination leads workers to be discouraged workers because discrimination caused feelings of helplessness and uncontrollability and decreases a level of self-efficacy. The studies of discouraged workers are undertaken, as it is seen as "hidden unemployment". However, it is related to major social problems like minority discrimination and the lack of a diverse community.
1152:
829:
1493:
1392:
1232:
964:
991:
937:
99:
304:
to work during the reference week but did not work because they believed there was no suitable work available. The other source is the Survey of Job
Opportunities (SJO), which is much closer in design to the approach used in many other countries. In this survey, all those expressing a desire for work and who are available for work are counted, irrespective of their past job search activity.
185:
most dependent on the business cycle, regarding the decision of whether to participate in the labor force. There is a linear relationship only among the prime-age female between the added workers and the discouraged workers. The discouraged worker effects appear more for older workers during the exception phase, which is the phase when the unemployment rates of workers departed.
244:. Over time, it has been shown that a disproportionate number of young people, blacks, Hispanics, and men make up discouraged workers. Nonetheless, it is generally believed that the number of discouraged workers is underestimated because it does not include homeless people or those who have not looked for or held a job during the past twelve months and is often poorly tracked.
205:, a discouraged worker is defined as a person not in the labor force who wants and is available for a job and who has looked for work sometime in the past 12 months (or since the end of his or her last job if a job was held within the past 12 months), but who is not currently looking because of real or perceived poor employment prospects.
194:
303:
originates from two main sources. One source is the monthly Labour Force Survey (LFS), which is a monthly survey that provides an estimate of both employment and unemployment. The LFS’ definition of discouraged workers has not changed since 1997. It is defined as people who were willing and available
654:
Unemployment statistics published according to the ILO methodology may understate actual unemployment in the economy. The EU statistical bureau EUROSTAT started publishing figures on discouraged workers in 2010. According to the method used by EUROSTAT there are 3 categories that make up discouraged
1480:
Gender imbalance for the participation rate is historically higher in the southern states than in the northern states. For example, the participation rate was 21% for all all-India of, whereas 25% was in Andhra
Pradesh, which is in the south of India, and 14% in Uttar Pradesh, which is in the north
645:
has done further research of discouraged workers within
Australia’s Indigenous population. As discussed by Hunter and Gray, Indigenous Australians are more than three times more likely to become discouraged than the Australian population as a whole. Similar to what is seen in the entire Australian
467:
The table below shows how there has been an overall increase in the number of discouraged workers in
Australia, even with decreases from 2015 to 2016 and again from 2018 to 2019. As with many other countries, the number of discouraged workers increases during times of economic downturn which would
449:
into a category of potential workers who are not actively seeking work. In order to be categorized as discouraged, individuals must a) want to work, b) be available to start working within 4 weeks, and c) are not actively applying for jobs because they are discouraged. According to ABS, there were
267:
As the world navigates through the effects of the global coronavirus pandemic, a growing number of job seekers in the United States are becoming discouraged, leaving the labor force entirely, according to a new Pew
Research Center analysis of government data. The number of Americans who are out of
184:
There are not significant behavioral patterns of labor force participation across age-sex groups in the business cycle. It is related to the unemployment rate in the region. Generally, the discouraged worker effect gets stronger when the unemployment rate exceeds a certain level. Young workers are
180:
One of the reasons why people become discouraged workers is discrimination in the workplace. The research found that minorities are more likely to become discouraged workers due to discrimination. The minorities, such as
African Americans, ethnic and racial minorities in Europe, and older workers,
432:
does not measure
Aboriginal unemployment separate from the population as a whole, but the Aboriginal people make up a big portion of the unemployed and discouraged worker count. The 2008 recession hit the Aboriginals harder than the rest of the population, which created a pattern of high rates of
212:
does not count discouraged workers as unemployed but rather refers to them as only "marginally attached to the labor force". This means that the officially measured unemployment captures so-called "frictional unemployment" and not much else. This has led some economists to believe that the actual
121:
A discouraged worker, since not actively seeking employment, has fallen out of the core statistics of the unemployment rate since they are neither working nor job-seeking. Their giving up on job-seeking may derive from a variety of factors including a shortage of jobs in their locality or line of
436:
The Aboriginal have greater restrictions to work than the normal population due to race, lower human capital, and education. These factors subject the population to more part-time-part-year work, layoffs, job loss and lower pay. Dealing with this over time produces more discouraged workers, and
1476:
The discouraged worker effects in India are divided into two concepts, unexplained gender wage gap and degree of underemployment. The discouraged worker effects are related to the recession in the business cycle, mainly affecting women or the secondary income earners in the household. Gender
669:
The first group are contained in the employed statistics of the European Labour Force Survey while the second two are contained in the inactive persons statistics of that survey. In 2012 there were 9.2 million underemployed part-time workers, 2.3 million jobless persons seeking a job but not
646:
population, Indigenous females experience higher rates of discouraged workers as compared to males. The top two reasons for becoming discouraged for the indigenous population as a whole were “childcare and other family responsibilities” and “studying/returning to studies.”
673:
If the discouraged workers and underemployed are added to official unemployed statistics Spain has the highest number real unemployed (8.4 Million), followed by Italy (6.4 Million), United Kingdom (5.5 Million), France (4.8 Million) and Germany (3.6 Million).
2846:
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECD Employment Outlook. September 1987. Akyeampong, E.B. "Discouraged workers." Perspectives on labour and income, Quarterly, Catalogue 75-001E, Autumn 1989. Ottawa: Statistics Canada,
319:
caused an even greater increase in the total unemployment, affecting a high of 11,156,000 people. Among the set of the population classified as discouraged workers, there is a greater rise, going from 21,800 people in 2019 to 70,400 in 2020.
314:
The table below uses the data from the LFS since 2016. Unemployment was slowly rising from the year 2016 where it was 10,115,700 people to 2019 where the number increased to 10,555,000 people. Similar to the rest of the world, the
427:
It is worth noting that there is a vast population of Aboriginal people that reside in Canada. Canada classifies the following three groups under the broad term Aboriginal: the First Nations, Inuit, and the Metis.
193:
670:
immediately available for work, and 8.9 million persons available for work but not seeking it, an increase of 0.6 million for underemployed and 0.3 million for the two groups making up discouraged workers.
450:
808,000 persons classified as unemployed in February 2021 plus an additional 1.157 million marginally attached to the labor force. The 113,000 discouraged workers fall into this marginally attached group.
2862:
Macredie, I. "Persons not in the labour force - job search activities and the desire for employment, September 1984." The labour force, Monthly, Catalogue 71-001, October 1984. Ottawa: Statistics Canada,
2856:
Frenken, H. "The pension carrot: incentives to early retirement." Perspectives on labour and income, Quarterly, Catalogue 75-001E, Autumn 1991. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, pp. 18–27.
1570:
2322:
3033:
2978:
2969:
2960:
213:
unemployment rate in the United States is higher than what is officially reported while others suggest that discouraged workers voluntarily choose not to work. Nonetheless, the
2294:
2859:
Jackson, G. "Alternative concepts and measures of unemployment." The labour force, Monthly, Catalogue 71-001, February 1987. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, pp. 85–120.
2837:
Australian Bureau of Statistics. Persons in the Labour Force, Australia (Including Persons who Wanted Work but who were not Defined as Unemployed) (6219.0). July 1985.
2850:"Women wanting work, but not looking due to child care demands." The labour force, Monthly, Catalogue 71-001, April 1988. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, pp. 123–131.
2742:
3001:
2117:
2676:
2038:
1633:"The devil without and within: A conceptual model of social cognitive processes whereby discrimination leads stigmatized minorities to become discouraged workers"
1595:
90:
4082:
468:
explain the increases seen in 2020 and 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, women are more likely to be discouraged workers than men in Australia.
240:
as of April 2009, there are 740,000 discouraged workers. There is an ongoing debate as to whether discouraged workers should be included in the official
3012:
2186:
437:
produces a smaller labor force participation. Aboriginal peoples were three times as likely to be discouraged workers than the rest of the population.
2843:
Macredie, Ian. "Persons Not in the Labour Force: Job Search Activities and the Desire for Employment, September 1984," The Labour Force. October 1984.
2853:"Persons on the margins of the labour force." The labour force, Monthly, Catalogue 71-001, April 1987. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, pp. 85–131.
82:
3038:
35:
2721:
2989:
2009:
2348:"Great Recession, great recovery? Trends from the Current Population Survey : Monthly Labor Review: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"
1976:"The Unemployment Rate and Beyond: Alternative Measures of Labor Underutilization (Issues in Labor Statistics, Summary 08-06, June 2008)"
3055:
2546:
3920:
3898:
2773:
2707:
1728:: Classroom Edition (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall: Addison Wesley Longman. p. 336.
4824:
4668:
4230:
3350:
2089:"Issues in Labor Statistics: Ranks of Discouraged Workers and Others Marginally Attached to the Labor Force Rise During Recession"
4849:
288:
of the labour force. Since the numbers of discouraged workers and of unemployed generally move in the same direction during the
118:, but who would prefer to be working. This is usually because an individual has given up looking, hence the term "discouraged".
4720:
4166:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3464:
3030:
Ranks of Discouraged Workers and Others Marginally Attached to the Labor Force Rise During Recession Issues in Labor Statistics
2913:
Surveys of economically active population, employment, unemployment, and underemployment: an ILO manual on concepts and methods
3023:
1843:
2921:
2831:
Akyeampong, Ernest B. "Persons on the Margins of the Labour Force," The Labour Force (71-001). Statistics Canada, April 1987.
1733:
3044:
1925:
4725:
3618:
3100:
114:
is a person of legal employment age who is not actively seeking employment or who has not found employment after long-term
2749:
2650:
5008:
2125:
296:
have suggested that discouraged workers should be included in the unemployment numbers because of the close association.
2683:
2042:
1788:
1607:
4962:
4137:
3925:
3893:
229:
69:
4947:
2834:
Akyeampong, Ernest B. "Women Wanting Work But Not Looking Due to Child Care Demands," The Labour Force. April 1988.
1717:
4957:
4037:
446:
237:
214:
4967:
4730:
4102:
4054:
3325:
3273:
2407:
2347:
642:
453:
The top three reasons that discouraged workers in Australia did not actively seek work in the week prior were:
4818:
4710:
4122:
3675:
1498:
247:
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the top five reasons for discouragement are the following:
3073:
2443:
2194:
94:
Persons not in the labor force selected indicators quarterly averages 1994–2009 not seasonally adjusted (US)
4899:
4072:
3128:
1749:
2147:
4884:
4097:
4813:
4695:
4171:
3628:
3320:
3228:
2499:
2375:"Factors Affecting the Labor Force Participation of People Ages 25 to 54 | Congressional Budget Office"
1548:
209:
2840:
Jackson, George. "Alternative Concepts and Measures of Unemployment," The Labour Force. February 1987.
2629:"Indigenous Labour Force Status Re-visited: Factors Associated with the Discouraged Worker Phenomenon"
2323:"Long-term unemployment has risen sharply in U.S. amid the pandemic, especially among Asian Americans"
2216:"Ranks of Discouraged Workers and Others Marginally Attached to the Labor Force Rise During Recession"
4977:
4972:
4793:
4467:
4378:
4257:
1553:
222:
2893:
1873:
86:
Distribution of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older, first quarter 2009 (US)
4982:
4952:
4643:
4445:
4204:
4161:
4127:
3633:
3623:
3305:
3093:
2628:
2471:
1511:
51:
2017:
4909:
4788:
4690:
4628:
4440:
4067:
3954:
3888:
3806:
3049:
47:
4763:
4715:
4685:
4522:
4490:
4480:
4297:
4282:
4262:
4144:
3915:
3910:
3190:
2888:
1926:"Jobless statistics overlook many Official numbers omit discouraged seekers, part-time workers"
102:
A woman holding a sign by a road, writing "Please help hard times, unemployed" in Massachusetts
2500:"The Economic Impact of the Great Recession on Aboriginal People Living off Reserve in Canada"
232:
first began tracking discouraged workers in 1967 and found 500,000 at the time. Today, In the
5003:
4705:
4700:
4638:
4583:
4532:
4154:
3690:
3663:
3335:
3263:
2983:
1536:
292:
and the seasons (both tend to rise in periods of low economic activity and vice versa), some
2916:. illustrated. International Labour Office (2 ed.). International Labour Organization.
43:
4773:
4549:
4502:
4322:
4317:
4092:
4087:
4062:
4002:
3846:
3783:
3653:
3568:
3406:
3017:
2098:. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Division of Information Services. May 1, 2009. p. 2
8:
4678:
4673:
4611:
4559:
4277:
4245:
4235:
4117:
4107:
3643:
3638:
3459:
3439:
3360:
3280:
3258:
3238:
3086:
3006:
2943:
2937:
888:
1957:. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Division of Current Employment Statistics. May 8, 2009
173:, are not considered part of the labor force, and are thus not counted in most official
4778:
4742:
4495:
4475:
4348:
4312:
4199:
4181:
4112:
3753:
3613:
3593:
3548:
3449:
3434:
2602:
2272:
1743:
1699:
1670:
Congregado, Emilio; Gałecka-Burdziak, Ewa; Golpe, Antonio; Pater, Robert (2020-01-06).
4889:
4869:
4601:
4566:
4398:
4292:
4272:
4191:
4044:
3979:
3658:
3608:
3583:
3543:
3538:
3469:
3315:
2917:
2815:
2767:
2701:
2606:
2594:
2521:
2276:
2264:
2244:
2167:
1770:. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Division of Information Services. February 28, 2008
1729:
1703:
1691:
1652:
1526:
429:
316:
241:
174:
2295:"Economic Fallout From COVID-19 Continues To Hit Lower-Income Americans the Hardest"
4859:
4648:
4616:
4576:
4571:
4368:
4358:
4176:
4007:
3964:
3937:
3932:
3791:
3758:
3748:
3598:
3526:
3330:
3268:
3248:
3233:
2898:
2805:
2584:
2511:
2256:
2159:
1851:
1814:
1683:
1671:
1644:
2589:
2572:
2163:
1687:
4919:
4854:
4663:
4633:
4621:
4485:
4383:
4250:
3588:
3355:
3158:
3133:
3123:
2994:
2974:
2965:
2911:
2070:. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Division of Labor Force Statistics. May 8, 2009
2063:
1950:
299:
The information on the number and composition of the discouraged worker group in
218:
151:
177:—which influences the appearance and interpretation of unemployment statistics.
4904:
4653:
4554:
4507:
4209:
4022:
4017:
4012:
3868:
3801:
3558:
3516:
3200:
3168:
3060:
2215:
2088:
1975:
1424:
780:
289:
123:
2810:
2793:
2260:
4997:
4879:
4798:
4783:
4768:
4539:
4517:
4423:
4307:
4240:
4214:
4149:
3992:
3949:
3944:
3796:
3680:
3578:
3300:
3153:
3138:
2819:
2598:
2525:
2268:
2171:
1695:
1656:
233:
202:
2794:"Discouraged Worker Effect and Labor Market Behavior of Urban Married Women"
1899:
4914:
4894:
4874:
4864:
4839:
4593:
4428:
4408:
4393:
4363:
4353:
4132:
3987:
3969:
3905:
3883:
3841:
3831:
3733:
3723:
3695:
3426:
3416:
3243:
3183:
3029:
2902:
1792:
115:
2573:"Evidence of the added-worker and discouraged-worker effects in Australia"
1606:(Article 5). Canada: Statistics Canada. Catalogue=75- 001E. Archived from
324:
LFS Reason for not looking for work x 1000: Both sexes, ages 15 and older.
4527:
4450:
4418:
3878:
3826:
3444:
3401:
3376:
3345:
3340:
3295:
3220:
3210:
3195:
3148:
2876:
1506:
1183:
260:
The worker is viewed as too young or too old by the prospective employer.
139:
2374:
161:
As a general practice, discouraged workers, who are often classified as
4737:
4544:
4457:
4435:
4403:
4302:
4287:
4267:
4032:
3997:
3959:
3873:
3836:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3728:
3685:
3670:
3648:
3573:
3411:
3391:
3310:
3178:
3173:
3143:
3109:
1103:
155:
2956:
2516:
1763:
1632:
4924:
4844:
4658:
4343:
3702:
3603:
3563:
3533:
3454:
3290:
3253:
1672:"Asymmetry and Non-linearity in Discouraged and Added Worker Effects"
1648:
1531:
1521:
1077:
696:
Jobless persons seeking a job but not immediately available for work
662:
jobless persons seeking a job but not immediately available for work,
293:
143:
107:
16:
Person of legal employment age who is not actively seeking employment
2547:"Potential workers, February 2021 | Australian Bureau of Statistics"
1669:
1631:
Heslin, Peter A.; Bell, Myrtle P.; Fletcher, Pinar O. (2012-05-07).
4758:
3821:
3811:
3743:
3738:
3707:
3553:
3508:
3386:
3381:
3285:
3163:
1571:
Labour and Household Surveys Analysis Division of Statistics Canada
1343:
1317:
1264:
753:
2909:
4388:
4338:
4077:
4027:
3816:
3521:
3205:
2148:"Unemployment and labor force participation in the United States"
1370:
1291:
1210:
1130:
861:
834:
807:
726:
638:
147:
3034:
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Division of Information Services
2979:
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Division of Information Services
2970:
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Division of Information Services
2961:
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Division of Information Services
284:
because of their behavioral pattern, and are often described as
4512:
3860:
3504:
1492:
1451:
1397:
1237:
1050:
1023:
969:
915:
308:
300:
277:
135:
131:
127:
4373:
3078:
2651:"10 things you didn't know about the unemployment statistics"
2299:
Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project
2187:"'Hidden Unemployment' Inflates State's Real Jobless Figures"
1558:
1157:
996:
942:
98:
2877:"Unemployment, discouraged workers and female labour supply"
263:
The worker is the target of various types of discrimination.
4413:
3856:
3063:, Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey
3013:'Hidden Unemployment' Inflates State's Real Jobless Figures
2874:
1844:"Tracking the Long-Term Unemployed and Discouraged Workers"
1516:
2293:
Parker, Kim; Minkin, Rachel; Bennett, Jesse (2020-09-24).
221:
under U-4 since 1994 when the most recent redesign of the
3396:
3024:
Tracking the Long-Term Unemployed and Discouraged Workers
2245:"The Discouraged Worker and Suicide in the United States"
150:; a lack of necessary skills, training, or experience; a
2437:
2435:
4083:
List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents
2470:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2012-05-14).
2442:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2021-11-04).
1716:
445:
In Australia, discouraged workers are recorded by the
2910:
Hussmanns, Ralf; Farhad Mehran; Vijaya Varmā (1990).
2875:
Blundell, Richard; J. Ham; Costas Meghir (Jan 1998).
2469:
2441:
2432:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1488:
2292:
460:
No jobs in locality, line of work or no jobs at all
2041:. Dollars & Sense. May 8, 2009. Archived from
1630:
2392:
1582:
678:List of EU countries hidden unemployment in 2012
4995:
1951:"Alternative measures of labor underutilization"
1815:"Persons outside the labor force who want a job"
158:; or simply a lack of success in finding a job.
2109:
472:Australia Unemployed & Discouraged Workers
280:, discouraged workers are often referred to as
2975:Alternative measures of labor underutilization
2504:Relations Industrielles / Industrial Relations
703:Persons available for work but not seeking it
639:Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research
219:alternative measures of labor underutilization
3094:
2225:. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. April 2009
2081:
1791:. Congressional Budget Office. Archived from
1596:"Discouraged workers - where have they gone?"
665:persons available for work but not seeking it
217:has published the discouraged worker rate in
32:The examples and perspective in this article
3056:PROMOTING ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY AND OWNERSHIP
2031:
1985:. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. June 2008
1841:
457:Considered too young or too old by employers
2345:
3101:
3087:
2405:
2369:
2367:
2316:
2314:
1593:
4825:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act
2892:
2809:
2791:
2588:
2577:International Review of Applied Economics
2515:
2472:"Reason for not looking for work, annual"
2288:
2286:
2007:
1923:
1850:. The heritage foundation. Archived from
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
4669:Job losses caused by the Great Recession
3351:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
2178:
2039:"Black Male Unemployment Jumps to 17.2%"
1897:
1842:Hederman Jr., Rea S. (January 9, 2004).
1812:
192:
97:
89:
81:
4850:Credentialism and educational inflation
2364:
2311:
2184:
2145:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1891:
1871:
1835:
1710:
257:The worker lacks schooling or training.
251:The worker thinks no work is available.
4996:
4721:List of countries by unemployment rate
2792:TAYAL, DEEKSHA; PAUL, SOURABH (2021).
2772:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2706:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2633:Australian Journal of Labour Economics
2626:
2283:
2193:. The Hartford Courant. Archived from
2115:
1917:
1756:
433:unemployment and discouraged workers.
405:Not in the labor force but wanted work
163:marginally attached to the labor force
3082:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2570:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2493:
2491:
2465:
2463:
2406:Akyeampong, Ernest B. (Autumn 1989).
2124:. The Washington Post. Archived from
2010:"Down And Out: "Discouraged" Workers"
1872:Rampell, Catherine (April 30, 2009).
1594:Akyeampong, Ernest B. (Autumn 1992).
447:Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)
3619:Practice-based professional learning
2497:
2208:
2056:
1996:
1968:
1943:
1924:Zuckerman, Sam (November 17, 2002).
1824:. LABSTAT Bureau of Labor Statistics
18:
4167:Workers' right to access the toilet
2990:Down And Out: "Discouraged" Workers
2320:
2242:
1806:
13:
2950:
2868:
2780:
2613:
2532:
2488:
2460:
2185:PODSADA, JANICE (April 19, 2009).
1865:
1781:
1637:Journal of Organizational Behavior
1542:
169:of the labor force, or as part of
14:
5020:
2931:
2415:Perspectives on Labour and Income
2118:"Actual U.S. Unemployment: 15.8%"
2008:McCARROLL, THOMAS (Sep 9, 1991).
1898:Garrison, Roger (July 12, 2004).
1813:Castillo, Monica D. (July 1998).
1600:Perspectives on Labour and Income
649:
230:United States Department of Labor
197:Discouraged Workers (US, 2004-09)
4938:
4937:
4231:Corporate collapses and scandals
3045:Jobless statistics overlook many
2944:Incidence of discouraged workers
1491:
1444:
1417:
1390:
1363:
1336:
1310:
1284:
1257:
1230:
1203:
1176:
1150:
1123:
1096:
1070:
1043:
1016:
989:
962:
935:
908:
881:
854:
827:
800:
773:
746:
719:
188:
23:
3002:Actual U.S. Unemployment: 15.8%
2957:Discouraged workers in glossary
2735:
2714:
2669:
2643:
2564:
2339:
2236:
2139:
2016:. Time magazine. Archived from
1722:Economics: Principles in Action
1720:; Sheffrin, Steven M. (2003) .
689:Underemployed Part-time workers
659:underemployed part-time workers
254:The worker could not find work.
238:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
215:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
4731:Employment-to-population ratio
4103:Occupational health psychology
3108:
2243:Liu, De-Chih (November 2017).
2064:"Employment Situation Summary"
1663:
1624:
643:Australian National University
1:
4819:Works Progress Administration
4711:Unemployment Convention, 1919
4123:Personal protective equipment
3676:Occupational Outlook Handbook
2627:Hunter, Boyd; Gray, Matthew.
2590:10.1080/02692171.2017.1351530
2164:10.1016/j.econlet.2011.02.022
2146:Emerson, Jamie (2011-06-01).
2116:Ahrens, Frank (May 8, 2009).
1688:10.1080/00128775.2019.1710215
1576:
1499:Business and economics portal
4900:Psychopathy in the workplace
4073:Human factors and ergonomics
2966:Employment Situation Summary
2571:Evans, Andrew (2018-07-04).
1906:. Ludwig von Mises Institute
440:
361:Total not in the labor force
7:
4885:Narcissism in the workplace
4098:Occupational exposure limit
3067:
3061:Labor force characteristics
2444:"Labour Force Survey (LFS)"
2421:. Canada: Statistics Canada
1564:
1484:
46:, discuss the issue on the
10:
5025:
5009:Employment classifications
4814:Civil Works Administration
4696:Technological unemployment
4172:Workplace health promotion
3629:Professional certification
3326:Personality–job fit theory
2249:Social Indicators Research
2223:Issues in Labor Statistics
2096:Issues in Labor Statistics
1983:Issues in labor statistics
1676:Eastern European Economics
1549:Bureau of Labor Statistics
210:Bureau of Labor Statistics
4933:
4832:
4794:Guaranteed minimum income
4751:
4592:
4466:
4379:Organizational commitment
4331:
4223:
4190:
4053:
3978:
3855:
3782:
3716:
3503:
3425:
3369:
3219:
3116:
3026:, The Heritage Foundation
2811:10.1142/s0116110521500098
2722:"Unemployment and beyond"
2261:10.1007/s11205-016-1437-8
1932:. San Francisco Chronicle
1554:Current Population Survey
463:No jobs in suitable hours
271:
4963:Aspects of organizations
4644:Involuntary unemployment
4205:Equal pay for equal work
4128:Repetitive strain injury
3634:Professional development
3624:Professional association
3306:Letter of recommendation
2798:Asian Development Review
1748:: CS1 maint: location (
1512:Involuntary unemployment
1471:
4948:Aspects of corporations
4910:Slow movement (culture)
4789:Employer of last resort
4691:Structural unemployment
4629:Frictional unemployment
4068:Epilepsy and employment
3955:Performance-related pay
3889:National average salary
3807:996 working hour system
3050:San Francisco Chronicle
2498:Lamb, Danielle (2015).
1726:The Wall Street Journal
4958:Aspects of occupations
4764:Unemployment insurance
4716:Unemployment extension
4686:Reserve army of labour
4491:Constructive dismissal
4298:Sleeping while on duty
4263:Exploitation of labour
4145:Sick building syndrome
3321:Person–environment fit
3191:Independent contractor
2903:10.1006/reec.1997.0158
198:
103:
95:
87:
4968:Aspects of workplaces
4706:Unemployment benefits
4701:Types of unemployment
4639:Graduate unemployment
4533:Letter of resignation
4162:Workers' compensation
4155:Occupational fatality
3664:Vocational university
3264:Employment counsellor
2881:Research in Economics
2408:"Discouraged Workers"
2068:Economic News Release
1955:Economic News Release
1537:Types of unemployment
196:
101:
93:
85:
4774:Job creation program
4550:Mandatory retirement
4503:Employee offboarding
4323:Workplace incivility
4318:Workplace harassment
4093:Occupational disease
4088:Occupational burnout
4003:Disability insurance
3847:Workweek and weekend
3654:Vocational education
3569:Continuing education
3407:Permanent employment
3018:The Hartford Courant
2940:, OECD Stats extract
2476:www150.statcan.gc.ca
1880:. The New York Times
1822:Monthly Labor Review
126:for reasons such as
52:create a new article
44:improve this article
34:may not represent a
4679:Recession-proof job
4674:Lists of recessions
4612:Economic depression
4560:Retirement planning
4441:Work–life interface
4278:Employee monitoring
4246:Corporate behaviour
4236:Accounting scandals
4118:Occupational stress
4108:Occupational injury
3644:Reflective practice
3639:Professional school
3361:Work-at-home scheme
3281:Induction programme
3259:Employment contract
3239:Business networking
3074:Discouraged Workers
3039:Discouraged Workers
3007:The Washington Post
2938:Discouraged workers
2448:www23.statcan.gc.ca
2327:Pew Research Center
1900:"The Sin of Wages?"
1878:Business: Economicx
679:
473:
383:Discouraged workers
236:, according to the
171:hidden unemployment
4942:See also templates
4779:Job creation index
4743:Youth unemployment
4607:Discouraged worker
4496:Wrongful dismissal
4476:At-will employment
4349:Civil conscription
4313:Workplace bullying
4200:Affirmative action
4182:Workplace wellness
4113:Occupational noise
3754:Long service leave
3614:Overspecialization
3594:Induction training
3549:Career development
2984:Discouraged Worker
1718:O'Sullivan, Arthur
677:
471:
199:
175:unemployment rates
144:sexual orientation
112:discouraged worker
104:
96:
88:
4991:
4990:
4890:Post-work society
4870:Kiss up kick down
4602:Barriers to entry
4567:Severance package
4399:Human trafficking
4293:Sexual harassment
4273:Employee handbook
4192:Equal opportunity
4055:Safety and health
4045:Take-home vehicle
3659:Vocational school
3609:Lifelong learning
3584:Further education
3544:Career counseling
3539:Career assessment
3316:Overqualification
2923:978-92-2-106516-6
2517:10.7202/1033406ar
2346:Cunningham,Evan.
2197:on April 29, 2009
2152:Economics Letters
1764:"BLS Information"
1735:978-0-13-063085-8
1527:Unemployment rate
1469:
1468:
635:
634:
430:Statistics Canada
425:
424:
317:Covid-19 pandemic
282:hidden unemployed
242:unemployment rate
225:was implemented.
80:
79:
72:
54:, as appropriate.
5016:
4978:Critique of work
4973:Corporate titles
4941:
4940:
4860:Evil corporation
4726:Employment rates
4649:Jobless recovery
4617:Great Depression
4577:Golden parachute
4572:Golden handshake
4369:Job satisfaction
4359:Critique of work
4177:Workplace phobia
4008:Health insurance
3965:Wage compression
3933:Progressive wage
3792:35-hour workweek
3759:No call, no show
3749:Leave of absence
3599:Knowledge worker
3527:Master craftsman
3331:Personality hire
3269:Executive search
3249:Curriculum vitae
3234:Background check
3103:
3096:
3089:
3080:
3079:
2927:
2906:
2896:
2863:pp. 91–104.
2824:
2823:
2813:
2789:
2778:
2777:
2771:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2754:
2748:. Archived from
2747:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2705:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2682:. Archived from
2681:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2624:
2611:
2610:
2592:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2543:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2467:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2439:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2412:
2403:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2321:Bennett, Jesse.
2318:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2290:
2281:
2280:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2220:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2093:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:on March 8, 2008
2005:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1980:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1874:"Job Market Pie"
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1819:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1739:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1649:10.1002/job.1795
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1591:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1022:
1020:
1019:
995:
993:
992:
968:
966:
965:
941:
939:
938:
914:
912:
911:
887:
885:
884:
860:
858:
857:
833:
831:
830:
806:
804:
803:
779:
777:
776:
752:
750:
749:
725:
723:
722:
680:
676:
474:
470:
328:
327:
75:
68:
64:
61:
55:
27:
26:
19:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5013:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4983:Organized labor
4953:Aspects of jobs
4929:
4920:Toxic workplace
4855:Emotional labor
4828:
4752:Public programs
4747:
4664:Great Recession
4634:Full employment
4622:Long Depression
4588:
4486:Banishment room
4462:
4384:Refusal of work
4327:
4251:Corporate crime
4219:
4186:
4049:
3974:
3851:
3778:
3712:
3589:Graduate school
3499:
3421:
3365:
3356:Underemployment
3215:
3159:Self-employment
3134:Contingent work
3124:Academic tenure
3117:Classifications
3112:
3107:
3070:
2953:
2934:
2924:
2894:10.1.1.638.3829
2871:
2869:Further reading
2866:
2847:pp. 64–69.
2827:
2790:
2781:
2765:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2743:"Archived copy"
2741:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2699:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2677:"Archived copy"
2675:
2674:
2670:
2660:
2658:
2657:. 17 March 2010
2649:
2648:
2644:
2625:
2614:
2569:
2565:
2556:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2533:
2496:
2489:
2480:
2478:
2468:
2461:
2452:
2450:
2440:
2433:
2424:
2422:
2410:
2404:
2393:
2384:
2382:
2373:
2372:
2365:
2356:
2354:
2344:
2340:
2331:
2329:
2319:
2312:
2303:
2301:
2291:
2284:
2241:
2237:
2228:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2200:
2198:
2183:
2179:
2144:
2140:
2131:
2129:
2128:on May 15, 2009
2114:
2110:
2101:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2048:
2046:
2045:on May 12, 2009
2037:
2036:
2032:
2023:
2021:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1960:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1933:
1922:
1918:
1909:
1907:
1896:
1892:
1883:
1881:
1870:
1866:
1857:
1855:
1854:on June 9, 2009
1840:
1836:
1827:
1825:
1817:
1811:
1807:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1715:
1711:
1668:
1664:
1629:
1625:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1592:
1583:
1579:
1567:
1545:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1474:
1445:
1443:
1418:
1416:
1391:
1389:
1364:
1362:
1337:
1335:
1311:
1309:
1285:
1283:
1258:
1256:
1231:
1229:
1204:
1202:
1177:
1175:
1151:
1149:
1124:
1122:
1097:
1095:
1071:
1069:
1044:
1042:
1017:
1015:
990:
988:
963:
961:
936:
934:
909:
907:
882:
880:
855:
853:
828:
826:
801:
799:
774:
772:
747:
745:
720:
718:
711:
704:
697:
690:
652:
641:(CAEPR) at The
443:
274:
191:
152:chronic illness
76:
65:
59:
56:
41:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5022:
5012:
5011:
5006:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4905:Sunday scaries
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4829:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4656:
4654:Phillips curve
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4555:Retirement age
4552:
4542:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4508:Exit interview
4505:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4478:
4472:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4438:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4258:Discrimination
4255:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4210:Gender pay gap
4207:
4202:
4196:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4147:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4059:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4030:
4025:
4023:Parental leave
4020:
4018:Marriage leave
4015:
4013:Life insurance
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3984:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3869:Income bracket
3865:
3863:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3802:Eight-hour day
3799:
3794:
3788:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3561:
3559:Creative class
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3519:
3517:Apprenticeship
3513:
3511:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3485:Scarlet-collar
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3431:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3201:Temporary work
3198:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3169:Skilled worker
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3058:
3053:
3042:
3036:
3027:
3021:
3010:
2999:
2987:
2986:, Investopedia
2981:
2972:
2963:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2941:
2933:
2932:External links
2930:
2929:
2928:
2922:
2907:
2887:(2): 103–131.
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2779:
2734:
2713:
2668:
2642:
2612:
2583:(4): 472–488.
2563:
2551:www.abs.gov.au
2531:
2510:(3): 457–485.
2487:
2459:
2431:
2391:
2363:
2338:
2310:
2282:
2255:(2): 771–787.
2235:
2207:
2177:
2158:(3): 203–206.
2138:
2108:
2080:
2055:
2030:
1995:
1967:
1942:
1916:
1890:
1864:
1834:
1805:
1795:on May 6, 2009
1780:
1755:
1734:
1709:
1682:(3): 221–241.
1662:
1643:(6): 840–862.
1623:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1486:
1483:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1425:United Kingdom
1413:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
985:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
958:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
931:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
904:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
877:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
850:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
823:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
796:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
781:Czech Republic
769:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
742:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
715:
714:
707:
700:
693:
686:
667:
666:
663:
660:
651:
650:European Union
648:
633:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
616:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
599:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
582:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
565:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
548:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
531:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
514:
513:
504:
495:
486:
477:
465:
464:
461:
458:
442:
439:
423:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
401:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
379:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
357:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
290:business cycle
286:on the margins
273:
270:
265:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
190:
187:
167:on the margins
124:discrimination
78:
77:
38:of the subject
36:worldwide view
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5021:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4880:Make-work job
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4799:Right to work
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4784:Job guarantee
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4769:Make-work job
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4540:Restructuring
4538:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4518:Notice period
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4424:Unfree labour
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4394:Bonded labour
4392:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4308:Whistleblower
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4241:Control fraud
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4216:
4215:Glass ceiling
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4150:Work accident
4148:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4138:United States
4136:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4038:United States
4036:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3993:Casual Friday
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3950:Paid time off
3948:
3946:
3945:Overtime rate
3943:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3926:United States
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3797:Four-day week
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3681:Practice firm
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3579:Employability
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3480:Orange-collar
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3427:Working class
3424:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3301:Job interview
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:Part-time job
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:Full-time job
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3099:
3097:
3092:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2951:United States
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2925:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2872:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2804:(2): 93–122.
2803:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2775:
2769:
2755:on 2013-12-28
2751:
2744:
2738:
2723:
2717:
2709:
2703:
2689:on 2013-12-04
2685:
2678:
2672:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2639:(2): 111–133.
2638:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2492:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2464:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2436:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2368:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2315:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2287:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2224:
2217:
2211:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2127:
2123:
2122:Economy Watch
2119:
2112:
2097:
2090:
2084:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1984:
1977:
1971:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1751:
1745:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1613:on 2014-03-05
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1543:United States
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1489:
1482:
1478:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1442:
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63:
60:December 2010
53:
49:
45:
39:
37:
30:
21:
20:
5004:Unemployment
4915:Toxic leader
4895:Presenteeism
4875:Labor rights
4865:Going postal
4840:Bullshit job
4823:
4808:
4803:
4606:
4594:Unemployment
4446:Downshifting
4429:Wage slavery
4409:Penal labour
4364:Dead-end job
4354:Conscription
4133:Right to sit
3988:Annual leave
3970:Working poor
3906:Minimum wage
3884:Maximum wage
3842:Working time
3832:Six-hour day
3734:Career break
3696:Professional
3490:Black-collar
3460:White-collar
3440:Green-collar
3417:Volunteering
3254:Drug testing
3244:Cover letter
3184:Tradesperson
3048:
3016:
3005:
2993:
2912:
2884:
2880:
2801:
2797:
2757:. Retrieved
2750:the original
2737:
2725:. Retrieved
2716:
2691:. Retrieved
2684:the original
2671:
2659:. Retrieved
2655:The Guardian
2654:
2645:
2636:
2632:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2555:. Retrieved
2553:. 2021-07-07
2550:
2507:
2503:
2479:. Retrieved
2475:
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2423:. Retrieved
2418:
2414:
2383:. Retrieved
2381:. 2018-02-07
2378:
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2326:
2302:. Retrieved
2298:
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2222:
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2195:the original
2190:
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2130:. Retrieved
2126:the original
2121:
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2100:. Retrieved
2095:
2083:
2072:. Retrieved
2067:
2058:
2047:. Retrieved
2043:the original
2033:
2022:. Retrieved
2018:the original
2013:
1987:. Retrieved
1982:
1970:
1959:. Retrieved
1954:
1945:
1934:. Retrieved
1929:
1919:
1908:. Retrieved
1903:
1893:
1882:. Retrieved
1877:
1867:
1856:. Retrieved
1852:the original
1848:WebMemo #389
1847:
1837:
1826:. Retrieved
1821:
1808:
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1793:the original
1783:
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1767:
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1615:. Retrieved
1608:the original
1603:
1599:
1479:
1475:
709:
702:
695:
688:
683:
672:
668:
653:
636:
510:
507:
506:Discouraged
501:
498:
497:Discouraged
492:
489:
488:Discouraged
483:
481:(Seasonally
480:
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444:
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426:
404:
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120:
116:unemployment
111:
105:
66:
57:
33:
4804:Historical:
4528:Resignation
4468:Termination
4451:Slow living
4419:Truck wages
4404:Labour camp
4332:Willingness
4224:Infractions
3879:Living wage
3827:Remote work
3495:Gold-collar
3450:Pink-collar
3445:Grey-collar
3435:Blue-collar
3402:Labour hire
3377:Cooperative
3341:Recruitment
3296:Job hunting
3229:Application
3211:Wage labour
3196:Labour hire
3149:Job sharing
2379:www.cbo.gov
2352:www.bls.gov
1507:Gig economy
1184:Netherlands
479:Unemployed
4998:Categories
4738:Wage curve
4545:Retirement
4458:Workaholic
4436:Work ethic
4303:Wage theft
4288:Labour law
4283:Evaluation
4268:Dress code
4033:Sick leave
3998:Child care
3960:Salary cap
3874:Income tax
3837:Shift work
3774:Time clock
3769:Sick leave
3764:Sabbatical
3729:Break room
3717:Attendance
3686:Profession
3671:Mentorship
3649:Retraining
3574:E-learning
3470:New-collar
3465:Red-collar
3412:Supervisor
3392:Internship
3311:Onboarding
3179:Technician
3174:Journeyman
3144:Gig worker
3110:Employment
2759:2013-11-30
2727:15 October
2693:2013-11-30
2661:15 October
2557:2021-11-11
2481:2021-11-11
2453:2021-11-11
2425:2009-05-12
2385:2021-12-11
2357:2021-12-11
2332:2021-12-11
2304:2021-12-11
2229:2009-05-12
2201:2009-05-10
2132:2009-05-10
2102:2009-05-10
2074:2009-05-10
2049:2009-05-10
2024:2009-05-10
1989:2009-05-12
1961:2009-05-12
1936:2009-05-12
1910:2009-05-12
1884:2009-05-10
1858:2009-05-10
1828:2009-05-12
1799:2009-05-10
1789:"Glossary"
1774:2009-05-05
1617:2009-05-12
1577:References
1104:Luxembourg
710:Unemployed
484:adjusted)
294:economists
156:disability
148:disability
4925:Workhouse
4845:Busy work
4659:Recession
4523:Pink slip
4481:Dismissal
4344:Careerism
3938:Singapore
3916:Hong Kong
3784:Schedules
3703:Tradesman
3604:Licensure
3564:Education
3534:Avocation
3475:No-collar
3455:Precariat
3336:Probation
3291:Job fraud
2889:CiteSeerX
2820:0116-1105
2607:157977644
2599:0269-2171
2526:0034-379X
2277:152002712
2269:0303-8300
2172:0165-1765
1744:cite book
1704:214364089
1696:0012-8775
1657:0894-3796
1532:Workforce
1522:Precariat
1078:Lithuania
712:Thousands
705:Thousands
698:Thousands
691:Thousands
655:workers;
511:(Female)
441:Australia
108:economics
48:talk page
4833:See also
4759:Workfare
4584:Turnover
3980:Benefits
3861:salaries
3822:Overtime
3812:Flextime
3744:Gap year
3739:Furlough
3708:Vocation
3691:Operator
3554:Coaching
3509:training
3387:Employer
3382:Employee
3286:Job fair
3164:Side job
3041:, Drexel
2998:magazine
2768:cite web
2702:cite web
2191:Business
2014:magazine
1930:Business
1904:Archives
1768:Glossary
1485:See also
1344:Slovakia
1318:Slovenia
1265:Portugal
754:Bulgaria
625:113,000
622:805,200
605:695,700
588:665,100
574:101,500
571:734,700
557:100,300
554:747,800
540:101,200
537:717,500
523:106,400
520:761,200
508:Workers
499:Workers
490:Workers
371:10488.6
368:10234.0
365:10115.7
140:religion
42:You may
4809:U.S.A.:
4414:Peonage
4389:Slavery
4339:Boreout
4078:Karoshi
4028:Pension
3817:On-call
3522:Artisan
3206:Laborer
1371:Finland
1292:Romania
1211:Austria
1131:Hungary
889:Ireland
862:Estonia
835:Germany
808:Denmark
727:Belgium
684:Country
631:60,900
628:52,100
614:57,200
611:45,800
608:103,00
597:49,600
594:40,500
591:90,100
580:58,600
577:42,900
563:58,100
560:42,200
546:58,800
543:42,400
529:57,500
526:48,900
502:(Male)
201:In the
4513:Layoff
4063:Crunch
3921:Europe
3911:Canada
3899:Europe
3505:Career
3346:Résumé
3221:Hiring
3129:Casual
3068:Canada
2946:, OECD
2920:
2891:
2818:
2605:
2597:
2524:
2275:
2267:
2170:
1732:
1702:
1694:
1655:
1565:Canada
1452:Norway
1449:
1438:2,511
1422:
1398:Sweden
1395:
1368:
1341:
1315:
1289:
1262:
1251:1,749
1238:Poland
1235:
1208:
1181:
1155:
1128:
1101:
1075:
1051:Latvia
1048:
1024:Cyprus
1021:
1010:2,744
994:
983:3,002
970:France
967:
956:5,769
940:
929:1,204
916:Greece
913:
886:
859:
848:2,316
832:
805:
778:
751:
724:
493:(all)
421:722.6
418:366.5
415:374.9
409:407.7
377:11156
374:10555
309:Canada
301:Canada
278:Canada
272:Canada
146:, and
122:work;
4374:McJob
3894:World
3857:Wages
3724:Break
3370:Roles
2753:(PDF)
2746:(PDF)
2687:(PDF)
2680:(PDF)
2603:S2CID
2417:. 2.
2411:(PDF)
2273:S2CID
2219:(PDF)
2092:(PDF)
1979:(PDF)
1818:(PDF)
1700:S2CID
1611:(PDF)
1602:. 3.
1559:99ers
1472:India
1429:1,907
1158:Malta
1004:2,975
997:Italy
974:1,144
950:1,071
947:1,385
943:Spain
839:1,810
619:2021
602:2020
585:2019
568:2018
551:2017
534:2016
517:2015
399:70.4
396:21.8
393:21.7
390:24.7
387:30.5
50:, or
3859:and
3507:and
3274:list
2995:Time
2918:ISBN
2816:ISSN
2774:link
2729:2014
2708:link
2663:2014
2595:ISSN
2522:ISSN
2265:ISSN
2168:ISSN
1750:link
1730:ISBN
1692:ISSN
1653:ISSN
1517:NEET
1411:403
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1278:860
1224:189
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334:2016
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