4168:
4148:
3892:
4208:
3531:
4266:
451:
4282:
3878:
2796:
680:
668:
348:
4250:
4227:
747:
726:
705:
429:
386:
3021:
4187:
2058:
881:
869:
857:
845:
833:
821:
809:
797:
785:
773:
761:
740:
719:
698:
412:
3195:
3643:, as Spain by concluding the Treaty, formally recognised the independence of the Republic. In Spain the truce was seen as a major humiliation – she had suffered a political, military and ideological defeat, and the affront to its prestige was immense. The closure of the river Scheldt to traffic in and out of Antwerp, and the acceptance of Dutch commercial operations in the Spanish and Portuguese colonial maritime lanes were just a few points that the Spanish found objectionable.
3918:
and lifting of the
Spanish embargoes) were generally met. However, the general negotiations between the main parties dragged on, because France kept formulating new demands. Eventually it was decided therefore to split off the peace between the Republic and Spain from the general peace negotiations. This enabled the two parties to conclude what technically was a separate peace (to the annoyance of France, which maintained that this contravened the alliance treaty of 1635 with the Republic).
3703:
2475:
2870:
656:
644:
341:
57:
3172:, seeking to revert to Catholicism and the Spanish government under more moderate demands than the Pacification. On 17 May 1579, they signed a separate peace treaty with the king. In response, most of the other provinces and cities (virtually only in the Dutch-speaking parts of the Low Countries) sought to reaffirm their commitment to the Pacification, as well as the Second Union of Brussels, and forging an even closer political and military alliance by concluding the
619:
600:
3620:
3369:
3118:, Don Juan nominally accepted all demands of the Pacification. Most foreign troops withdrew to the territory of Luxemburg, which had not joined the Pacification. Although a few sieges of cities with Spanish garrisons that refused to withdraw took place, these were mostly resolved quickly by paying them off; in general, the situation had potential for putting an end to the war if agreements could be reached and respected between the parties.
631:
612:
593:
581:
569:
319:
290:
274:
557:
545:
531:
517:
503:
483:
370:
3512:. Maurice's most successful years were 1591 and 1597, in which his campaigns resulted in the capture of numerous vital fortified cities, some of which were regarded as "impregnable". His novel military tactics earned him fame amongst the courts of Europe, and the borders of the present-day Netherlands were largely defined by the campaigns of Maurice of Orange during the Ten Years.
3922:
Utrecht finally yielded to pressure by the other provinces, but
Zeeland held out and refused to sign. It was eventually decided to ratify the peace without Zeeland's consent. The delegates to the peace conference affirmed the peace on oath on 15 May 1648 (though the delegate of Zeeland refused to attend, and the delegate of Utrecht suffered a possibly diplomatic illness).
3156:. Parma was able to successfully exert his diplomatic skills on some of these Malcontents, negotiating with several Catholic noblemen and regents in various southern provinces with promises of respecting their interests in return for abandoning the revolt. Finally, the united front of the States-General collapsed on 6 January 1579 when the
2773:, as well as authorities at lower levels, feared insurrection and made further concessions to the Calvinists, such as designating certain churches for Calvinist worship, but in December 1566 and early 1567 the first battles between Calvinist rebels and Habsburg governmental forces had taken place, commencing what would become known as the
4383:, managed to articulate a joint Catholic-Protestant political and military rebellion against the Spanish imperial government. But various political, religious and military circumstances caused this union to collapse in 1579, the year in which the Netherlands was divided in two, with the Catholic provinces of the south joining in the
3929:, but which were not signed by the Republic, the Republic now also gained formal "independence" from the Holy Roman Empire, just like the Swiss Cantons. In both cases this was just a formalisation of a situation that had already existed for a long time. France and Spain did not conclude a treaty and so remained at war until the
3917:
The Dutch and
Spanish delegations soon reached an agreement, based on the text of the Twelve Years' Truce. It therefore confirmed Spain's recognition of Dutch independence. The Dutch demands (closure of the Scheldt, cession of the Meierij, formal cession of Dutch conquests in the Indies and Americas,
3129:
launched a military offensive against the United
Provinces, while seeking to reconcile provinces that were willing to subject themselves back under the Spanish royal government under certain conditions. In response, the States-General's Second Union of Brussels (10 December 1577) showed a more fierce
3095:. The Pacification formulated several agreements amongst the rebellious provinces themselves, and laid down their demands – including the immediate withdrawal of foreign (mostly Spanish, Italian and German) troops from the Netherlands, restitution of old rights and privileges, and self-rule – to king
3835:
Nevertheless, peace talks in 1629–1630 came to nothing. More ambitious plans to conquer
Brussels in 1632–1633 with the help of anti-Spanish nobility in the Southern Netherlands never came to fruition. Several attempted Northern republican surprises and sieges of Antwerp were parried by the Spanish
3905:
The negotiations between Spain and the
Republic formally started in January 1646 as part of the more general peace negotiations between the warring parties in the Thirty Years' War. The States General sent eight delegates from several of the provinces as none trusted the others to represent them
2850:
on which exact event should be considered to have begun the war. Consequently, there is no agreement whether the war really lasted exactly eighty years. For this and other reasons, some historians have endeavoured to replace the name "Eighty Years' War" with "Dutch Revolt", but there is also no
3921:
The text of the Treaty (in 79 articles) was fixed on 30 January 1648. It was then sent to the principals (King Philip IV of Spain and the States
General) for ratification. Five provinces voted to ratify (against the advice of stadtholder William) on 4 April (Zeeland and Utrecht being opposed).
4147:
4167:
3002:, rising in revolt in November 1576 to demand that Philip II withdraw all foreign troops from the Netherlands, suspend the persecution of Protestants, and consult the States-General in matters of local governance rather than rule by unilateral autocratic action.
4454:, to request his protection. In 1578 Anjou intervened with an army of French in the south of the Netherlands, but did not achieve the expected results and withdrew. In the following years he again invaded the southern Netherlands, and on 23 January 1581 the
2844:, failed to inspire a general anti-government revolt. Although the war seemed over before it got underway, in the years 1569–1571, Alba's repression grew severe, and opposition against his regime mounted to new heights and became susceptible to rebellion.
2964:) and Zeeland, and two towns in Guelders; knowing that violent repression would result from resistance, these cities resolved to fight to the bitter end, while the others capitulated. The Spanish offensive stalled after Haarlem, with the Dutch rebels
4652:
The Dutch States
General, for dramatic effect, decided to promulgate the ratification of the Peace of Münster (which was actually ratified by them on 15 May 1648) on the 80th anniversary of the execution of the Counts of Egmont and Horne, 5 June
2746:
and centralisation policies of his father
Charles V. This caused growing resistance among the moderate nobility and population (both Catholic and dissenting) of the Netherlands. This mood of resistance first led to peaceful protests (as from the
3631:
The military upkeep and decreased trade had put both Spain and the Dutch
Republic under financial strain. To alleviate conditions, a ceasefire was signed in Antwerp on 9 April 1609, marking the end of the Dutch Revolt and the beginning of the
3973:
remained under Spanish Habsburg sovereignty. Whereas the Spanish Empire and the Southern Netherlands along with it were financially and demographically ruined, declining politically and economically, the Dutch Republic became a global
3315:
on 12 April 1588, the Duke of Parma continued his successful military and diplomatic offensive, bringing ever more provinces and cities in the southern, eastern and northeastern parts of the Netherlands back into royalist hands.
3148:(31 January 1578) was a devastating defeat for the rebels, however, and many began to talk about surrender. Moreover, radical Calvinists had seized power in various cities in Flanders and Brabant, most notably the so-called
3859:
in Catalonia. The resulting stalemate and financial troubles, plus Spanish military exhaustion and Dutch desire for formal political recognition, eventually convinced both sides in the mid-1640s to hold peace talks.
4207:
3854:
However, French intervention and internal discontent at the costs of the war in the Low Countries led to a change in Spain's 'Netherlands First' policy. Instead Spain focused on suppressing the French-backed
3596:
and the Spanish state bankruptcy that same year. Financial troubles were amongst the primary motives that prompted the Dutch, and even more so the Spanish, to head to the negotiating table for a ceasefire.
4265:
2840:(simply known as "Alba" or "Alva") with an army of 10,000 Spanish and Italian soldiers. Next, an ill-fated invasion by the most powerful nobleman of the Low Countries, the exiled but still-Catholic
4391:
of 23 January. The southern provinces would once again be under the orbit of the Spanish government, while the northern provinces would reaffirm their political and military alliance against Spain.
3933:
of 1659. The peace was celebrated in the Republic with sumptuous festivities. It was solemnly promulgated on the 80th anniversary of the execution of the Counts of Egmont and Horne on 5 June 1648.
2956:) which refused to surrender were brutally sacked by Fadrique's forces in an attempt to intimidate others into resubmitting themselves to the royal government, culminating in the seven-month-long
3280:
In response, most of the remaining rebel provinces and cities would forge or later accede to the Union of Utrecht, a closer military alliance treaty that would go on to become the most important
2933:
and disobedience through inquisition and public executions, as well as abolishing several privileges of the Netherlandish nobility and autonomy of cities, and introducing more stringent taxes.
4467:
After the outbreak of the Portuguese rebellion in 1640, on 12 June 1641, to the detriment of Spain, a truce and alliance agreement was reached between the Dutch Republic and Portugal with the
3250:(8 November 1576) as a joint Catholic–Protestant rebellion against the Spanish government, but internal conflicts as well as military and diplomatic successes of the Spanish Governors-General
3780:, and the truce held firm. Nevertheless, attempts to negotiate a definitive peace also failed, and the war resumed as anticipated in 1621. Essentially, it became a side theatre of the wider
3582:
3047:, the only province to remain fully loyal to the Spanish government. Most Spanish troops withdrawing from the other provinces were temporarily stationed here from late 1576 to mid-1577
3130:
and determined opposition to the Spanish government, now demanding (and themselves guaranteeing) equal protection for Catholics and Protestants in all provinces of the Netherlands.
3662:(Gomarists). In general, regents would support the former and civilians the latter. Even the government got involved, with Oldenbarnevelt taking the side of the Remonstrants and
4497:, the Holy Roman Empire supported Spain with Imperial forces on the Low Countries front in 1629, 1632, and 1635, although it never directly waged war against the Dutch Republic.
6277:
6169:
Fastes militaires des Belges, ou Histoire des guerres, sièges, conquêtes, expéditions et faits d'armes qui ont illustré la Belgique depuis l'invasion de César jusqu'à nos jours
4605:, and Charles formally reigned as Charles I of Castile and Aragon (sometimes informally called "Spain"). But in historiography, he is more commonly known as Emperor Charles V.
4458:
was ratified between Anjou and the States General to agree to his reign in the region. His intervention in the Netherlands ended in 1583 after several defeats of his forces.
9432:
3982:, despite continued great socio-economic, geographic and religious inequalities and problems, as well as internal and external political, military and religious conflicts.
2921:
launched his second invasion of the Netherlands from the east in another attempt to generate a general uprising against the repressive regime of Spanish General-Governor
4039:
of the war (particularly when it started, which events to include or exclude, and whether the effective length of the war justifies counting "eighty years" or not), the
1659:
1801:
930:
4484:
with Spain in the 1580s, Portugal became involved in its conflicts with England, France and the Dutch Republic, countries that were also beginning to expand overseas.
3949:
The aftermath of the Eighty Years' War (c. 1568–1648) had far-reaching military, political, socio-economic, religious, and cultural effects on the Low Countries, the
5939:
3925:
In the broader context of the treaties between France and the Holy Roman Empire, and Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire of 14 and 24 October 1648, which comprise the
4281:
1797:
3673:
condemned the Remonstrants for heresy and excommunicated them from the national Public Church. Van Oldenbarnevelt was sentenced to death, together with his ally
3891:
8562:
4614:
Unless otherwise indicated, "Netherlands" and "Netherlandish" refer here to the entire area of the Habsburg Netherlands and its inhabitants (including modern
4548:
2847:
77:
3910:
and Jan van Mathenesse (Holland), Barthold van Gent (Gelderland), Johan de Knuyt (Zeeland) and Godert van Reede (Utrecht). The Spanish delegation was led by
9664:
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2960:
before it was conquered and sacked in July 1573. By this point, the rebel territory had been reduced to most towns in Holland (notably excluding royalist
7571:
4111:
in an exaggerated extremely negative light, while other scholars maintain that the atrocities committed by the Spanish military in order to preserve the
2851:
consensus either to which period the term "Dutch Revolt" should apply (be it the prelude to the war, the initial stage(s) of the war, or the entire war).
2359:
8582:
7497:
5906:
9500:
2809:
was a more or less organised destruction of Catholic sacred objects which swept through the Habsburg Netherlands' churches in 1566. 1630 painting by
6545:
4115:
for the Empire have historically been portrayed fairly accurately. Controversy also rages about the importance of the war for the emergence of the
4035:. Some of the main issues of contention between scholars include the name of the war (most notably "Eighty Years' War" versus "Dutch Revolt"), the
2312:
660:
3243:
3080:
9047:
6699:
3610:
8542:
4076:
3911:
2937:
2922:
2837:
789:
777:
6674:
3152:, persecuting Catholics and alienating many Catholic allies which had up until that point supported the rebellion, but now became known as the
1926:
923:
9644:
9639:
9505:
8592:
6629:
6433:
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8197:
7555:
6854:
6343:
5965:
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873:
4816:
3110:(9 January 1577) confirmed the Pacification, adding that the States would uphold the Catholic religion in their provinces. By signing the
4858:
4754:
4324:
2994:", plundering many towns and villages even in loyal territories of the Netherlands. Faced with the mutineer atrocities, particularly the
958:
2579:, the Catholic and Protestant-dominated provinces sought to establish religious peace while jointly opposing the king's regime with the
9634:
6577:
4643:
to the Revolt: years in which the resistance against central authority, grown out to a rebellion, began to powerfully manifest itself."
4028:
3993:
2682:
2023:
4226:
9544:
7036:
7026:
6644:
4784:
4249:
3566:
3417:
3347:
2914:(in English known as "Sea Beggars") seized several poorly defended towns and cities in Holland and Zeeland in April 1572, the exiled
2441:
2257:
916:
549:
5655:
9412:
8516:
7194:
3847:
of the southern Netherlands in 1635. This in fact made matters worse for the Dutch when French and Dutch troops sacked the city of
2496:
2451:
5554:
9649:
8496:
7066:
6572:
4177:
3587:
3773:
3646:
Although there was peace on an international level, political unrest took hold of Dutch domestic affairs. What had started as a
1564:
6639:
4471:. But this agreement was only limited to Europe, thus continuing the struggle between the Dutch and Portuguese in the colonies.
3509:
2461:
2413:
7634:
9619:
9270:
7381:
6925:
6139:
4914:
4748:
4400:
The rebellious provinces of the Netherlands managed to form a joint political and military rebellion against Spain after the
4186:
3943:
2019:
861:
8232:
8101:
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The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road 1567–1659: The Logistics of Spanish Victory and Defeat in the Low Countries' Wars
3906:
adequately. They were Willem van Ripperda (Overijssel), Frans van Donia (Friesland), Adriaen Clant tot Stedum (Groningen),
3308:
585:
6227:
Marnef, Guido, "Belgian and Dutch Post-war Historiography on the Protestant and Catholic Reformation in the Netherlands,"
3530:
9427:
8547:
6958:
6246:
The Dutch Revolt through Spanish Eyes: Self and Other in historical and literary texts of Golden Age Spain (c. 1548–1673)
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in the 14th and 15th centuries. Upon extinction of the Burgundian State in 1477/1482, these lands were inherited by the
9594:
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Nor did the Franco-Dutch alliance bring significant changes to the situation on the ground. It began with a disastrous
2836:
and Habsburg governmental forces took place in the years 1566–1567, followed by the arrival and government takeover by
2824:
on 1 April 1572) contained the first events of a series that would later be known as the Eighty Years' War between the
2720:(1502–1543), and seeking to forge and centralise these disparate regions into one political entity, Charles aspired to
2242:
1336:
1236:
361:
9559:
8663:
6297:(1933) "De Veldtocht van 1635–1636 – Inneming en Verlies van de Schencke-Schans – Het 'Raffelspel' om de Schans," in:
2618:
thereafter, the Republic (whose heartland was no longer threatened) made conquests in the north and east and received
1754:
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Brabant in't verweer. Bijdrage tot de studie der Zuid-Nederlandsche strijdliteratuur in de eerste helft der 17e eeuw
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War and the State in Early Modern Europe. Spain, the Dutch Republic and Sweden as Fiscal-Military States, 1500–1660
4080:
4002:
The Eighty Years' War has given rise to more historical controversies than any other topic from the history of the
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3862:
The outcome was the 1648 Peace of Münster, which confirmed most agreements already reached with the Truce of 1609.
2982:
was more conciliatory, but was unable to force or persuade many places back into governmental control, losing the
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5709:
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1935:
1759:
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1358:
1286:
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9380:
9209:
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2701:
2425:
2219:
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2002:
1997:
1992:
1916:
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5900:
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or the violation of the rights and privileges of the nobility and autonomous cities) and thus its nature (a
3091:, were in joint active political and military rebellion against the Spanish Imperial government through the
2976:, and achieving naval superiority. Citing ill health, Alba resigned and returned to Spain in December 1573.
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17:
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Palafox y Mendoza, Juan de (1762). "Sitio y socorro de Fuenterrabía y sucesos del año de treinta y ocho".
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2007:
1879:
1859:
1696:
1523:
1518:
1423:
1221:
395:
62:
8693:
8648:
5159:
3573:(1609–1621) on 9 April 1609. The 1599–1609 period was generally marked by a stalemate; the well-known
2986:(1573–1574). After his death in March 1576, exacerbated by Spain's state bankruptcy in November 1575,
1864:
9589:
9229:
9179:
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from Spain. While the nascent polity was struggling to find a new sovereign head of state, including
3145:
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2436:
2209:
1911:
1807:
1774:
1676:
1624:
1533:
1503:
1498:
1458:
1453:
1438:
1433:
1276:
1186:
1114:
508:
43:
7854:
6185:
5862:
Monarchies, States Generals and Parliaments. The Netherlands in the fifteenth and sixteenth centurie
3749:
The years 1621–1648 constituted the final phase of the Eighty Years' War (c. 1568–1648) between the
9174:
9057:
9017:
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3577:(1600) brought the Dutch a tactical victory without long-term gain, while Spanish conquests in the
2846:
Although virtually all historians place the start of the war somewhere in this period, there is no
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2238:
2225:
1945:
1764:
1418:
1398:
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1146:
1054:
536:
438:
175:
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7866:
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in 1618 in eastern parts of the Holy Roman Empire (Bohemia and Austria), pitting Central Europe's
3106:(known to history as "Don Juan") engaged in peace negotiations with the States-General. The First
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8866:
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8718:
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1987:
1940:
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1388:
1291:
1246:
1151:
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4815:(in Spanish). Vol. IV. Madrid, España: Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval. p. 269.
3079:. Sometimes known as the "general revolt", the period marked the only time of the war where the
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The Politics of Diplomacy: The Palatinate and Anglo-Imperial Relations in the Thirty Years' War
4810:
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The years 1599–1609 constituted a phase of in the Eighty Years' War (c. 1568–1648) between the
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2725:
2637:
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2165:
2057:
1965:
1717:
1704:
1681:
1654:
1614:
1538:
1488:
1261:
1231:
1099:
837:
373:
8658:
5923:
5840:
Conflicts of empires: Spain, the low countries and the struggle for world supremacy, 1585–1713
4842:
4736:
8961:
8371:
8192:
8081:
8020:
7948:
7858:
7559:
7239:
6900:
6278:
La Guerra de Flandes, desde la muerte del emperador Carlos V hasta la Tregua de los Doce Años
5673:
5339:
Spain Under the Habsburgs: Spain and America, 1598–1700 Volume 2 of Spain Under the Habsburgs
4961:
4401:
4372:
4335:
4272:
4256:
4198:
3817:
3801:
3797:
3796:, although the two conflicts never fully merged. With several back and forths – notably, the
3425:
3247:
3102:
From 8 November 1576 until 23 July 1577, the new Spanish Governor-General of the Netherlands
3092:
3053:
3034:
2999:
2889:
2795:
2623:
2607:
2580:
2419:
2215:
1982:
1906:
1847:
1842:
1827:
1822:
1793:
1769:
1734:
1686:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1508:
1493:
1413:
1346:
1321:
1316:
1109:
246:
9495:
8896:
8683:
8643:
8602:
7576:
5387:
3214:
The years 1579–1588 constituted a phase of the Eighty Years' War (c. 1568–1648) between the
2369:
9470:
9139:
9102:
9092:
9032:
8931:
8911:
8806:
8618:
8437:
7314:
7156:
6592:
6490:
5882:
Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): v. II
5857:
5741:
Unie – Bestand – Vrede. Drie fundamentele wetten van de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden
4602:
4561:
4494:
4314:
4112:
4096:
3969:, independent of the Spanish and Holy Roman Empires, while the southern Catholic-dominated
3962:
3781:
3777:
3674:
3574:
3539:
3445:
3334:
and France becoming a Protestant kingdom. These developments gave rise to a new phase, the
3227:
3207:
2904:
2829:
2748:
2739:
2689:
2657:
2645:
2529:
2170:
1884:
1619:
1604:
1528:
1408:
1331:
1266:
1201:
1079:
1049:
999:
623:
241:
47:
8996:
8786:
8708:
5649:
4776:
4626:), whereas "Dutch Republic" and "Dutch" will refer to the country, currently known as the
1950:
8:
9539:
9295:
9280:
9164:
9144:
9097:
9077:
8881:
8876:
8821:
8791:
8557:
8182:
8139:
8096:
8025:
7994:
7765:
7744:
7710:
7616:
7586:
7517:
7361:
7334:
7234:
7121:
6735:
6654:
6525:
6505:
6500:
4565:
4413:
The nascent political organization reached by the rebellious northern provinces with the
4376:
4289:
4056:
3970:
3926:
3776:, they carefully avoided each other, and thus the hostilities never spread back into the
3727:
3659:
3239:
3084:
2721:
2713:
2653:
2292:
2277:
2180:
2175:
2117:
1889:
1869:
1832:
1599:
1478:
1468:
1403:
1301:
1251:
1064:
1014:
989:
731:
618:
599:
390:
9285:
8986:
4507:
3958:
3872:
3762:
2649:
2015:
1569:
228:
9300:
9290:
9265:
9219:
9184:
9042:
8751:
8628:
8501:
7999:
7979:
7639:
7527:
7254:
7161:
6535:
6458:
4380:
4068:
4064:
3829:
3678:
3413:
3304:
3131:
3096:
3088:
3044:
2926:
2918:
2885:
2873:
2841:
2821:
2735:
2709:
2576:
2560:
2479:
2287:
1921:
1191:
1136:
1124:
1044:
1019:
885:
752:
710:
684:
648:
630:
611:
592:
580:
568:
488:
323:
318:
8623:
8552:
4639:"...the starting phase of the Revolt in Zeeland. We label the 1566–1572 period as the
4240:
3978:
and achieved a high level of prosperity for its upper and middle classes known as the
9480:
9422:
9255:
9027:
9001:
8991:
8981:
8916:
8871:
8801:
8781:
8756:
8703:
8678:
7943:
7470:
7411:
7366:
7225:
6530:
6480:
6462:
6218:
6135:
6114:
6077:
6058:
6030:
6008:
5989:
5929:
5885:
5865:
5843:
5824:
5802:
5780:
5745:
5724:
5705:
5679:
5631:
5524:
5464:
5289:
5034:
4969:
4910:
4885:
4850:
4744:
4426:
4329:
4309:
4158:
4072:
4060:
3954:
3666:
3558:
3339:
3285:
3266:
3235:
3161:
3115:
3107:
3030:
2990:
amongst the unpaid Spanish soldiers started spreading into what became known as the "
2770:
2697:
2603:
2545:
2282:
2233:
2229:
2160:
2155:
1428:
1341:
1141:
765:
679:
667:
655:
643:
455:
450:
433:
352:
347:
340:
250:
136:
132:
7501:
5675:
Zuid-Nederlandse kooplieden en de opkomst van de Amsterdamse stapelmarkt (1578–1630)
9112:
9107:
9072:
9052:
8811:
8688:
8587:
8491:
7953:
7793:
7051:
6520:
6471:
6406:
6379:
6186:
Select documents for the Reformation and the Revolt of the Low Countries, 1555–1609
6055:
The Founding of the Dutch Republic: War, Finance, and Politics in Holland 1572–1588
4594:
4414:
4388:
4173:
4104:
3979:
3975:
3965:
were split in two, with the northern Protestant-dominated Netherlands becoming the
3885:
3837:
3789:
3489:
3441:
3409:
3262:
3219:
3203:
3173:
3157:
3122:
3061:
2969:
2957:
2877:
2693:
2599:
2564:
2205:
2104:
2077:
1311:
1256:
1241:
1084:
1074:
1004:
994:
849:
9490:
7522:
9555:
Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
9305:
9245:
9159:
9067:
8941:
8921:
8886:
8668:
8638:
8577:
8187:
8177:
8073:
7958:
7850:
7807:
7567:
7475:
7346:
6704:
6587:
6466:
6438:
6024:
5816:
5794:
5772:
5739:
5354:
5337:
4598:
4387:
on 6 January and the Protestant provinces of the north (in general terms) at the
4193:
4132:
4124:
4108:
3914:. The negotiations were held in what is now the Haus der Niederlande in Münster.
3856:
3785:
3578:
3485:
3319:
3251:
3103:
2995:
2983:
2810:
2729:
2135:
1837:
1812:
1629:
1326:
1306:
1296:
1181:
1161:
1094:
801:
192:
128:
9214:
6269:
9149:
9062:
8946:
8698:
8521:
8506:
8407:
8381:
8366:
8247:
7842:
7836:
7740:
7507:
7421:
7371:
7249:
7203:
6515:
6453:
6448:
6208:
5799:
Empires and Entrepôts: The Dutch, the Spanish Monarchy, and the Jews, 1585–1713
5546:
4523:
4384:
4346:
4116:
4100:
4032:
3966:
3950:
3754:
3750:
3712:
3550:
3546:
3453:
3437:
3433:
3384:
3323:
3274:
3223:
3215:
3169:
3076:
3072:
3057:
3037:, and demanded the departure of all foreign Spanish troops from the Netherlands
3020:
2900:
2825:
2760:
2705:
2611:
2549:
2533:
2456:
2193:
2145:
1574:
1550:
1059:
604:
556:
544:
530:
516:
502:
482:
416:
289:
278:
273:
235:
209:
154:
150:
7654:
6213:
5619:
3277:
on 6 January 1579, reverting to Catholicism and loyalty to the Spanish crown.
3194:
9578:
8713:
7563:
7480:
7289:
7014:
6419:
5599:
5400:
5047:
5014:
4993:
4973:
4962:"El imperio colonial español y la República Holandesa tras la Paz de Münster"
4854:
4481:
4450:
In 1576, the States General called, at the suggestion of William the Silent,
4294:
4048:
4036:
4019:
4003:
3670:
3624:
3614:
3111:
3006:
2930:
2717:
2379:
2364:
2270:
908:
561:
493:
179:
167:
105:
6111:
The Armies of Philip IV of Spain 1621–1665. The Fight for European Supremacy
5955:
Lesaffer, Randall (2006). "Siege Warfare and the Early Modern Laws of War".
3957:, as well as other regions of Europe and European colonies overseas. By the
2869:
2602:
continued their resistance, proclaiming their independence through the 1581
9485:
9475:
9204:
8743:
8597:
8422:
7938:
7714:
7396:
7244:
7071:
6915:
5645:
4341:
3907:
3821:
3768:
Although the Dutch and Spanish were both involved in opposite sides of the
3702:
3682:
3651:
3429:
2991:
2817:
2801:
2765:
2572:
2389:
2250:
1483:
979:
636:
201:
56:
8796:
6248:(Oxford etc., Peter Lang, 2008) (Hispanic Studies: Culture and Ideas, 16).
8386:
8212:
7781:
7659:
6634:
6401:
6352:
6191:
5534:
5277:
5110:
5086:
5055:
4627:
4569:
4128:
3851:, which cost them the sympathies of the southern Netherlands population.
3663:
3508:(1597)., recovering territories lost in 1580 through the treachery of
3449:
3401:
3121:
From 24 July 1577 until 6 January 1579, starting with the capture of the
2915:
2541:
2374:
2332:
2150:
2090:
1271:
573:
188:
171:
117:
8376:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5070:
3064:(23 January 1579) constituted a crucial phase of the Eighty Years' War (
2712:. While conquering and incorporating the rest of what would become the "
2592:
Governor of Spanish Netherlands and General for Spain, the Duke of Parma
9250:
7984:
7264:
7019:
6321:
4741:
Guerra, derecho y política: Aproximaciones a una interacción inevitable
4619:
4577:
4154:
3619:
3075:
and the rebelling United Provinces, which would become the independent
2806:
2756:
672:
205:
113:
8217:
7974:
7874:
7649:
7551:
7485:
7106:
6999:
6895:
5098:
5067:
4549:
Historiography of the Eighty Years' War § Name and periodisation
4153:
Philip II, King of Spain, Reproaches William I, Prince of Orange, in
4052:
3804:– the Dutch Republic was able to conquer the eastern border forts of
3655:
3505:
3501:
3481:
3477:
3281:
2961:
2833:
2781:
2752:
213:
124:
6258:
3311:, before giving up and deciding to become a republic by passing the
3218:
and the United Provinces in revolt after most of them concluded the
2998:, all the provinces except Luxembourg made an alliance known as the
2936:
William's second invasion in 1572 had mixed results, and Alba's son
2769:) across the Netherlands. The Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands,
8391:
7269:
6910:
6475:
6424:
6415:
6266:– about the Revolt in the Netherlands, website of Leiden University
6026:
De opmaat tot de Opstand: Zeeland en het centraal gezag (1566–1572)
4676:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4547:
There is disagreement about name and periodisation of the war, see
3497:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3368:
2945:
2109:
746:
725:
704:
428:
385:
163:
4703:
4701:
4601:
would not be united into the Kingdom of Spain until the 1707–1716
4135:
as a result of the split of the Northern and Southern Netherlands.
3448:
that were incorporated into the Republic and remained part of the
9549:
9520:
8030:
8015:
7172:
6443:
6393:
5595:
5396:
5043:
5022:
5010:
4989:
4812:
Armada española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y Aragón
4615:
4573:
4015:
3493:
3461:
3326:(July–August 1588) and Philip II ordered him to intervene in the
2953:
2949:
2140:
2094:
109:
6131:
Siege Warfare: The fortress in the early modern world, 1494–1660
6046:
The First Imperial Age: European Overseas Expansion c. 1400–1715
4909:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 217–234, 247–248.
4667:
3592:
were effectively balanced out by the Dutch naval triumph in the
3444:, conquering large swathes of land in the north and east of the
369:
8486:
8040:
8035:
7812:
6411:
6389:
5768:(in cooperation with H.L.Ph. Leeuwenberg and H.B. van der Weel)
4698:
4437:, pp. 18–19 to finally become a republic by approving the
3848:
3636:. The conclusion of this Truce was a major diplomatic coup for
3452:
into the present. Starting with the important fortification of
2987:
2911:
2892:(8 November 1576) was an early stage of the Eighty Years' War (
2832:. Some of the first pitched battles and sieges between radical
2743:
2113:
2082:
184:
158:
6285:
5241:
4622:
and parts of northern France, but excluding areas such as the
4580:
and parts of northern France, but excluding areas such as the
2575:
caused a general uprising. Under the leadership of the exiled
9527:
7801:
7465:
5559:
5214:
5212:
5210:
4737:"La dimensión internacional de la guerra de los Países Bajos"
3825:
3457:
3270:
3165:
2940:
went on a lightning campaign to retake all towns occupied by
2660:
and recognised the Dutch Republic as an independent country.
880:
868:
856:
844:
832:
820:
808:
796:
784:
772:
760:
739:
718:
697:
411:
6104:(in Spanish). Vol. X. Gabriel Ramírez. pp. 92–272.
5879:
5489:
5165:
5153:
4692:
3391:) were a period in the Eighty Years' War spanning the years
3350:, and the Dutch Republic's rise as a commercial great power.
3284:
of the United Provinces, who on 26 July 1581 proclaimed the
2944:
and Geuzen troops in October 1572. Several towns (including
2751:), but in the summer of 1566 erupted in violent protests by
7870:
7785:
6316:
Frederik Hendrik Prins van Oranje. Een biografisch drieluik
5821:
The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806
5253:
3396:
3392:
3322:(1585), and finally came to an end with the failure of the
3222:
on 23 January 1579, and proceeded to carve the independent
2548:, excessive taxation, and the rights and privileges of the
197:
7763:
5925:
Revolt in the Netherlands: The Eighty Years War, 1568–1648
5603:(in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002.
5463:(2004 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 221.
5430:
5428:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5404:(in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002.
5307:
5305:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5207:
5195:
5183:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5051:(in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002.
5018:(in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002.
4997:(in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002.
3007:
From Pacification of Ghent to Union of Utrecht (1576–1579)
5501:
5375:
5363:
5317:
4718:
4716:
5984:
Mulder, Liek; Doedens, Anne; Kortlever, Yolande (2008).
5477:
4923:
3142:
was brought in to replace Don Juan as Governor-General.
2692:
emerged as a result of the territorial expansion of the
2569:
regained control over most of the rebel-held territories
249:
starting in the 17th century, which mainly affected the
6171:(in French). Brussels: Au Bureau des fastes militaires.
5555:"Die eeuw van goud ging aan Brabant en Limburg voorbij"
5440:
5425:
5408:
5302:
5224:
5171:
5122:
4847:
Saitabi: Revista de la Facultat de Geografia i Història
4059:), the meaning of its historical documents such as the
4033:
has been viewed or interpreted throughout the centuries
3180:
5983:
5917:– via dutchrevolt.library.universiteitleiden.nl.
5540:
5116:
5104:
5092:
5080:
5061:
4907:
The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions, 1588–1688
4713:
7518:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
5986:
Geschiedenis van Nederland, van prehistorie tot heden
5593:"Tachtigjarige Oorlog §1. Historische problematiek".
5041:"Tachtigjarige Oorlog §1. Historische problematiek".
5008:"Tachtigjarige Oorlog §1. Historische problematiek".
4987:"Tachtigjarige Oorlog §1. Historische problematiek".
3688:
3432:, were able to turn the tide of the war against the
6102:
Obras del ilustrissimo Don Juan de Palafox y Mendoza
6093:
Mémoires de Frederic Henri de Nassau Prince d'Orange
5286:
Waar is de Tachtigjarige Oorlog gebleven? (in Dutch)
4157:
upon his Departure from the Netherlands in 1559. By
4133:
development of Dutch and Belgian national identities
3456:(1588), Maurice and William Louis subsequently took
6153:. Edinburgh: Scottish History Society. p. 310.
6074:
Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War
6005:
The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road 1567–1659
5905:(in Dutch). Uitgeverij Kosmos / Leiden University.
5702:
The Political Thought of the Dutch Revolt 1555–1590
5651:
Tien jaren uit den Tachtigjarigen Oorlog. 1588–1598
3318:Parma's reconquests more or less stalled after the
3125:, Don Juan and his second-in-command and successor
2929:, Alba sought to exterminate all manifestations of
2528:) (c. 1566/1568–1648) was an armed conflict in the
120:, and part of western Germany and northern France)
27:
War in the Habsburg Netherlands (c. 1566/1568–1648)
5265:
3600:
3516:
2782:Insurrection, repression, and invasion (1566–1572)
6099:
4063:, and the role of its central characters such as
3033:: the 16 rebel provinces that concluded the 1576
9576:
6022:
5028:
4734:
3772:(June 1609 – October 1610; May–October 1614) in
3440:. They achieved many victories over the Spanish
3138:political leader of the United Provinces, while
2628:Dutch attacks on Portugal's overseas territories
8062:
6166:
5744:. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 200.
4840:
3611:Trial of Oldenbarnevelt, Grotius and Hogerbeets
2360:Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
6214:Texts concerning the Revolt of the Netherlands
5678:(in Dutch). Hilversum: Verloren. p. 350.
4968:(in Spanish) (19). Barcelona, Spain: 117–120.
4805:
4375:on 8 November 1576, the States General of the
3816:, the fortified cities of Venlo, Roermond and
938:
7707:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
7188:
6337:
6167:Collin de Pancy, Jacques Albin Simon (1836).
6162:(in French). Vol. VIII. Estienne Richer.
5856:
5552:
4959:
4947:The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia
4510:, signed on 30 January 1648, ratified by the
4271:A battle scene from the Eighty Years' War by
2563:, the sovereign of the Netherlands, deployed
2497:
924:
7382:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
6286:"Nederlandse Opstand" on www.onsverleden.net
6007:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
5928:. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 142–243.
5880:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020b).
5801:. Continuum International Publishing Group.
5699:
5654:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 386.
5628:History of the ancient Mapuches of the south
4904:
4849:(in Spanish) (17). Valencia, España: 95–96.
4783:(in Spanish). Real Academia de la Historia.
3912:Gaspar de Bracamonte, 3rd Count of Peñaranda
3761:(1609–1621) expired, and concluded with the
2923:Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba
2838:Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba
2820:in August 1566 until early 1572 (before the
9665:Reformed Christianity in the Dutch Republic
5921:
5898:
5884:. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc.
5247:
5141:
4944:
4707:
4680:
2681:are complicated, and have been a source of
2532:between disparate groups of rebels and the
7195:
7181:
6578:Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands
6344:
6330:
6023:Rooze-Stouthamer, Clasina Martina (2009).
5671:
5359:. University of Wisconsin. pp. 98–99.
5259:
4425:, pp. 10–11 would be followed by the
3814:Brabantian city of 's-Hertogenbosch (1629)
3542:, a tactical Dutch victory for little gain
2728:and keep all his subjects obedient to the
2504:
2490:
931:
917:
9501:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
6090:
5958:Ius Brabanticum, ius commune, ius gentium
5737:
5630:] (in Spanish). Santiago: Catalonia.
5624:Historia de los antiguos mapuches del sur
5495:
5483:
5434:
5419:
5352:
5311:
5235:
5218:
5201:
5189:
5177:
4945:Tarver, H. Micheal; Slape, Emily (2016).
4940:
4938:
4929:
4722:
4434:
4422:
4418:
3418:William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg
3024:From 8 November 1576 until 23 July 1577
2683:disputes amongst historians for centuries
234:Spain recognizes the independence of the
9506:Colonial universities in the Philippines
6351:
6196:The Revolt of the Netherlands, 1555–1609
6148:
5954:
5902:De Opstand in de Nederlanden (1555–1648)
5446:
4879:
4325:List of battles of the Eighty Years' War
3890:
3876:
3701:
3618:
3529:
3367:
3354:
3338:, that saw significant conquests by the
3193:
3019:
2868:
2855:
2794:
2596:steady military and diplomatic successes
8497:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
6573:Proclamation of Indonesian Independence
6217:Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
6108:
6043:
5777:Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585–1740
5283:
4836:
4834:
4099:in order to portray the actions of the
4029:historiography of the Eighty Years' War
3994:Historiography of the Eighty Years' War
3896:The Celebration of the Peace of Münster
3569:, and ended with the conclusion of the
2573:widespread mutinies in the Spanish army
14:
9577:
9450:
6157:
6071:
6002:
5837:
5815:
5793:
5771:
5658:from the original on 24 September 2009
5618:
5507:
5458:
5381:
5369:
5323:
4935:
4646:
3677:, while two other Remonstrant allies,
3557:that saw significant conquests by the
3258:split them apart, finally leading the
2828:and disparate groups of rebels in the
2648:. An end was reached in 1648 with the
2338:constituent country within the kingdom
9449:
9345:
9344:
8468:
8346:
8061:
7920:
7888:
7825:
7762:
7677:
7600:
7540:
7454:
7443:
7215:
7214:
7176:
6325:
6127:
6052:
5718:
5668:(5th ed.; original published in 1857)
5644:
5335:
5329:
5271:
4966:Pedralbes: Revista d'historia moderna
4861:from the original on 22 November 2023
4757:from the original on 22 November 2023
3784:that had already broken out with the
3561:under the leadership of stadtholders
3342:under the leadership of stadtholders
3056:(8 November 1576), and the Unions of
2622:from France and England in 1596. The
912:
9645:Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire
9640:Wars involving the Habsburg monarchy
7778:Captaincy General of the Philippines
7270:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
6151:The Scots Brigade in Holland, Vol. 1
5971:from the original on 3 December 2022
5541:Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008
5117:Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008
5105:Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008
5093:Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008
5081:Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008
5062:Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008
4831:
4787:from the original on 22 January 2024
3181:Secession and reconquest (1579–1588)
3087:of the Habsburg Netherlands, except
2816:The period between the start of the
9481:Indochristian painting in New Spain
7601:
6270:Correspondence of William of Orange
5988:. Baarn: HBuitgevers. p. 288.
5553:Runa Hellinga (27 September 2019).
4841:Aleixandre Tena, Francisca (1967).
4735:Gallegos Vázquez, Federico (2014).
4564:were at the time also known as the
4031:examines how the Eighty Years' War
3866:
24:
8448:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
7921:
7202:
6203:The Netherlands Divided, 1609–1648
6177:
5909:from the original on 18 April 2024
4843:"La revolución portuguesa de 1640"
4119:as the predecessor of the current
3944:Aftermath of the Eighty Years' War
3689:Final phase of the war (1621–1648)
3567:William Louis of Nassau-Dillenburg
3348:William Louis of Nassau-Dillenburg
2738:, in his capacity as sovereign of
2640:in 1609; when it expired in 1621,
25:
9676:
9635:Wars involving the Dutch Republic
7678:
7541:
7422:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
6252:
6229:Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte
6029:(in Dutch). Uitgeverij Verloren.
5942:from the original on 27 June 2024
5758:from the original on 27 June 2024
5166:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020b
5154:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020b
4819:from the original on 24 June 2023
4693:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020b
4093:Protestant Reformation propaganda
3986:
3818:Maastricht along the Meuse (1632)
3669:their opponents. In the end, the
9533:Criollos in the colonial society
9461:Spanish missions in the Americas
8583:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
5838:Israel, Jonathan Irvine (1997).
4880:Anderson, James Maxwell (2000).
4280:
4264:
4248:
4225:
4206:
4185:
4166:
4146:
3992:This section is an excerpt from
3942:This section is an excerpt from
3882:Swearing of the Peace of Münster
3694:This section is an excerpt from
3522:This section is an excerpt from
3360:This section is an excerpt from
3330:(September 1589) to prevent the
3256:Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma
3186:This section is an excerpt from
3127:Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma
3012:This section is an excerpt from
2861:This section is an excerpt from
2787:This section is an excerpt from
2679:origins of the Eighty Years' War
2671:Origins of the Eighty Years' War
2669:This section is an excerpt from
2473:
2056:
900:100,000 Dutch killed (1568–1609)
879:
867:
855:
843:
831:
819:
807:
795:
783:
771:
759:
745:
738:
724:
717:
703:
696:
678:
666:
654:
642:
629:
617:
610:
598:
591:
579:
567:
555:
543:
529:
515:
501:
481:
449:
427:
410:
384:
368:
346:
339:
317:
288:
272:
55:
9560:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
7444:
5611:
5513:
5452:
5346:
5001:
4980:
4953:
4898:
4873:
4799:
4633:
4608:
4587:
4554:
4541:
4517:
4500:
4487:
4474:
4461:
4444:
3798:Spanish conquered Breda in 1625
3706:The Low Countries in 1621–1628
3601:Twelve Years' Truce (1609–1621)
3517:Run-up to the Truce (1599–1609)
3428:as well as the English general
3399:. In this period of ten years,
3206:reconquered large parts of the
2652:(a treaty that was part of the
9650:Wars involving the Netherlands
7889:
7612:Captaincy General of Guatemala
7320:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
5864:. Cambridge University Press.
5704:. Cambridge University Press.
4960:Martínez Shaw, Carlos (1999).
4781:Diccionario Biográfico Español
4769:
4728:
4407:
4394:
4365:
4178:Herman Frederik Carel ten Kate
4069:William "the Silent" of Orange
3414:William "the Silent" of Orange
3305:William "the Silent" of Orange
3132:William "the Silent" of Orange
2919:William "the Silent" of Orange
2842:William "the Silent" of Orange
13:
1:
9511:General Archive of the Indies
8772:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
8443:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
8428:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
7377:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
7330:War of the Spanish Succession
7295:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
6598:Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17
6231:(2009) Vol. 100, pp. 271–292.
6211:& Mellink, A. H., (1974)
6205:. Williams & Norgate, UK.
6198:. Williams & Norgate, UK.
5521:Encyclopedie van misvattingen
5288:(1st ed.). De Harmonie.
5156:, v. II pp. 95-124.
4743:(in Spanish). España: 45–64.
4695:, v. II pp. 95–124.
4660:
4568:, today roughly covering the
4538:, literally "War of Flanders"
4091:. It has been theorised that
3362:Ten Years (Eighty Years' War)
3065:
2893:
2073:Prehistory of the Netherlands
93:
9620:Wars involving Great Britain
8469:
7583:Captaincy General of Yucatan
7513:Union with Holy Roman Empire
7492:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
7407:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
6095:(in French). Pierre Humbert.
6091:Beausobre, Isaac de (1733).
4041:origins or causes of the war
3936:
3770:War of the Jülich Succession
3696:Eighty Years' War, 1621–1648
3685:received life imprisonment.
3583:Spinola's 1605–1606 campaign
3524:Eighty Years' War, 1599–1609
3188:Eighty Years' War, 1579–1588
3014:Eighty Years' War, 1576–1579
2903:and groups of rebels in the
2863:Eighty Years' War, 1572–1576
2789:Eighty Years' War, 1566–1572
2636:, the two sides agreed to a
7:
8347:
8063:Administrative subdivisions
7260:War of the League of Cognac
6128:Duffy, Christopher (1996).
6109:Picouet, Pierre A. (2020).
6057:. Oxford University Press.
5922:van der Lem, Anton (2019).
5899:van der Lem, Anton (1995).
5823:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
5342:. B. Blackwell. p. 42.
4905:van Nimwegen, Olaf (2010).
4456:Treaty of Plessis-les-Tours
4429:on 26 July 1581, declaring
4352:Wars of national liberation
4302:
3293:declaration of independence
3150:Calvinist Republic of Ghent
2656:), when Spain retained the
10:
9681:
8777:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
8762:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
8664:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
7826:
7562:), Western United States (
7455:
7325:Portuguese Restoration War
6364:Kingdom of the Netherlands
6244:Rodríguez Pérez, Yolanda,
5672:Gelderblom, Oscar (2000).
5353:Lindquist, Thea L (2001).
4884:. Greenwood. p. 105.
4532:Guerra de los Ochenta Años
4139:
4121:Kingdom of the Netherlands
3991:
3941:
3900:Bartholomeus van der Helst
3870:
3802:Dutch took it back in 1637
3693:
3650:resulted in riots between
3604:
3594:Battle of Gibraltar (1607)
3521:
3359:
3185:
3011:
2860:
2786:
2668:
2663:
2626:emerged, which began with
2587:failed to sustain itself.
2442:Inventions and discoveries
2385:Whaling in the Netherlands
2050:History of the Netherlands
862:Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand
251:Portuguese colonial empire
145:Overseas (from the 1590s):
9595:European wars of religion
9545:Slavery in Spanish Empire
9456:
9445:
9351:
9340:
9238:
9132:
9125:
9010:
8859:
8852:
8845:
8832:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
8742:
8611:
8573:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
8535:
8479:
8475:
8464:
8433:Barcelona Trading Company
8400:
8357:
8353:
8342:
8246:
8198:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
8168:
8110:
8072:
8068:
8057:
8008:
7967:
7931:
7927:
7916:
7895:
7832:
7773:
7705:Venezuela, part of Guyana
7684:
7607:
7558:, Central United States (
7547:
7461:
7450:
7439:
7290:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
7275:Expulsion of the Moriscos
7221:
7210:
7141:
6990:
6981:
6944:
6891:
6882:
6726:
6717:
6690:Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta
6620:
6611:
6434:Development urban centers
6370:
6360:
6158:Richer, Estienne (1623).
6003:Parker, Geoffrey (2004).
5738:Groenveld, Simon (2009).
5700:van Gelderen, M. (2002).
5519:Maanen, Hans van (2002),
5459:Parker, Geoffrey (1972).
5168:, v. II p. 124.
4433:independence from Spain,
4320:European wars of religion
4214:Battle of the Narrow Seas
3743:Prince-Bishopric of Liège
2966:capturing Geertruidenberg
950:
894:
471:
262:
69:
54:
44:European wars of religion
41:
34:
9486:Quito painting tradition
9476:Cusco painting tradition
8837:García López de Cárdenas
8827:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
8734:Felipe González de Ahedo
8654:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
7231:Conquest of the Americas
6241:, Penguin Books, London.
6183:Duke, Alastair, (1992),
6149:Ferguson, James (1899).
6113:. Helion & Company.
5858:Koenigsberger, Helmut G.
4358:
4218:Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom
4089:Johan van Oldenbarnevelt
3641:Johan van Oldenbarnevelt
3236:temporary alliance of 16
537:Johan van Oldenbarnevelt
445:European co-belligerent:
247:Dutch overseas expansion
9660:17th-century rebellions
9655:16th-century rebellions
9625:Wars involving Portugal
9271:Comuneros (New Granada)
9048:Balearic Islands (1558)
8767:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
8694:Ruy López de Villalobos
8649:Miguel López de Legazpi
8563:García de Toledo Osorio
7427:Western Sahara conflict
7417:Independence of Morocco
7357:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
7300:Piracy in the Caribbean
7285:French Wars of Religion
6134:. New York: Routledge.
5394:"Twaalfjarig Bestand".
4949:. ABC-CLIO. p. 71.
4882:The History of Portugal
4807:Fernández Duro, Cesáreo
4506:The war ended with the
3735: Spanish conquests
3328:French Wars of Religion
3114:on 12 February 1577 at
3052:The period between the
2888:(1 April 1572) and the
2884:The period between the
2644:as part of the broader
9610:17th century in Europe
9605:16th century in Europe
9516:Colonial Spanish Horse
9190:Colonia del Sacramento
8413:Spanish treasure fleet
7990:Royal Decree of Graces
7037:Decorations and medals
6486:Burgundian Netherlands
6201:Geyl, Pieter, (1936),
6072:Wilson, Peter (2009).
6044:Scammel, G.V. (1989).
4777:"Francisco de Alençon"
4630:, and its inhabitants.
4593:Constitutionally, the
4531:
4527:
4452:Francis, Duke of Anjou
4338:"—Dutch patriotic song
4235:The Surrender of Breda
4131:in it, as well as the
4095:has given rise to the
4045:Protestant Reformation
4010:
3902:
3888:
3746:
3628:
3543:
3388:
3377:
3332:Succession of Henry IV
3211:
3049:
2925:. Acting on orders of
2881:
2813:
2764:
2726:Protestant Reformation
2620:diplomatic recognition
2525:
2480:Netherlands portal
2313:Sovereign Principality
2166:Burgundian Netherlands
472:Commanders and leaders
465:Native overseas allies
403:Native overseas allies
9615:Wars involving France
8674:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
8634:Juan Sebastián Elcano
7949:Council of the Indies
7310:Spanish–Moro conflict
7280:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
7240:Treaty of Tordesillas
7032:Customs and etiquette
5646:Fruin, Robert Jacobus
5284:Blokker, Jan (2006).
5029:Rooze-Stouthamer 2009
4683:, p. Chapter IV.
4624:Principality of Liège
4582:Principality of Liège
4439:Deduction of Vrancken
4402:Pacification of Ghent
4373:Pacification of Ghent
4336:Merck toch hoe sterck
4273:Jan Martszen de Jonge
4257:Jan Martszen de Jonge
4255:A cavalry battle, by
4199:Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau
4000:
3931:peace of the Pyrenees
3894:
3880:
3845:Franco-Dutch invasion
3720: Dutch conquests
3705:
3622:
3555:Ten Years (1588–1598)
3533:
3371:
3355:Ten Years (1588–1598)
3336:Ten Years (1588–1598)
3313:Deduction of Vrancken
3248:Pacification of Ghent
3197:
3093:Pacification of Ghent
3060:(6 January 1579) and
3054:Pacification of Ghent
3035:Pacification of Ghent
3023:
3000:Pacification of Ghent
2890:Pacification of Ghent
2872:
2856:Rebellion (1572–1576)
2798:
2742:, continued the anti-
2624:Dutch colonial empire
2606:and establishing the
2581:Pacification of Ghent
2216:Dutch colonial empire
895:Casualties and losses
9630:Wars involving Spain
9600:Wars of independence
9471:Mesoamerican Codices
9195:Comuneros (Paraguay)
9033:Siege of Castelnuovo
8619:Christopher Columbus
8438:Consulate of the Sea
8418:Casa de Contratación
8009:Titles and positions
7402:Spanish–American War
7392:Liberal constitution
7235:Asia and the Pacific
7067:Orders of knighthood
6700:World Heritage Sites
6603:Coronavirus pandemic
6593:European debt crisis
6566:Dutch Liberation Day
6491:Habsburg Netherlands
6053:Tracy, J.D. (2008).
5336:Lynch, John (1969).
4710:, p. Chapter V.
4603:Nueva Planta decrees
4562:Habsburg Netherlands
4528:Tachtigjarige Oorlog
4417:on 23 January 1579,
4315:Bourgeois revolution
4123:and the role of the
4113:Habsburg Netherlands
4097:Spanish Black Legend
3963:Habsburg Netherlands
3778:Habsburg Netherlands
3757:. It began when the
3675:Gilles van Ledenberg
3660:Counter-Remonstrants
3575:Battle of Nieuwpoort
3540:Battle of Nieuwpoort
3446:Habsburg Netherlands
3376:in his 1597 campaign
3228:Habsburg Netherlands
2905:Habsburg Netherlands
2848:historical consensus
2830:Habsburg Netherlands
2749:Compromise of Nobles
2740:Habsburg Netherlands
2704:became both King of
2690:Habsburg Netherlands
2658:Southern Netherlands
2530:Habsburg Netherlands
2171:Habsburg Netherlands
1895:2nd Cape St. Vincent
1785:2nd 's-Hertogenbosch
1692:1st Cape St. Vincent
1635:1st 's-Hertogenbosch
1551:1st English Channel
1367:Ten Years, 1588–1598
242:Southern Netherlands
9200:Cartagena de Indias
8822:Diego de Mazariegos
8792:Pere Fages i Beleta
8659:Sebastián de Ocampo
8140:Provincias Internas
8112:Captaincies General
8026:Municipal president
7995:School of Salamanca
7766:Spanish East Indies
7745:Misiones Orientales
7617:Spanish West Indies
7581:, Central America (
7528:Pyrénées-Orientales
7481:Union with Portugal
7372:Napoleonic invasion
7352:War of Jenkins' Ear
6675:Mountains and hills
6526:Batavian Revolution
6506:Spanish Netherlands
6501:Seventeen Provinces
6160:Le Mercure françois
5964:. pp. 87–109.
5842:. Hambledon Press.
5779:. Clarendon Press.
5543:, pp. 143–144.
5510:, pp. 596–597.
5498:, pp. 144–146.
5384:, pp. 407–408.
5372:, pp. 458–459.
5326:, pp. 399–405.
4566:Seventeen Provinces
4469:Treaty of The Hague
4404:on 8 November 1576.
4377:Seventeen Provinces
4290:Battle of the Downs
4194:El milagro de Empel
4057:war of independence
3971:Spanish Netherlands
3961:(15 May 1648), the
3927:Peace of Westphalia
3759:Twelve Years' Truce
3728:Spanish Netherlands
3648:theological quarrel
3634:Twelve Years' Truce
3607:Twelve Years' Truce
3571:Twelve Years' Truce
3309:Robert of Leicester
3297:Matthias of Austria
3252:Don Juan of Austria
3240:Seventeen Provinces
3176:on 23 January 1579.
3140:Matthias of Austria
3085:Seventeen Provinces
3071:–1648) between the
2899:–1648) between the
2714:Seventeen Provinces
2654:Peace of Westphalia
2638:Twelve Years' Truce
2526:Nederlandse Opstand
2293:First French Empire
2278:Batavian Revolution
2181:Spanish Netherlands
2176:Seventeen Provinces
1885:3rd English Channel
1705:Twelve Years' Truce
1687:2nd English Channel
1595:1st Schenckenschans
1449:3rd Geertruidenberg
1384:2nd Geertruidenberg
1090:1st Geertruidenberg
459:(1629, 1632, 1635)
391:Kingdom of Portugal
63:Battle of Gibraltar
9496:Academia Antártica
9451:Other civil topics
8817:Pánfilo de Narváez
8719:Sebastián Vizcaíno
8684:Andrés de Urdaneta
8644:Juan Ponce de León
8629:Ferdinand Magellan
8603:Bernardo de Gálvez
8502:Indian auxiliaries
8000:Trial of residence
7980:Laws of the Indies
7764:Asia and Oceania (
7625:Dominican Republic
6926:Telecommunications
6536:Kingdom of Holland
5719:Glete, J. (2002).
5250:, p. 142–143.
5119:, p. 121–122.
5095:, p. 120–121.
5064:, p. 117–118.
4065:Philip II of Spain
3903:
3889:
3830:Zeelandic Flanders
3774:Jülich-Cleves-Berg
3747:
3679:Rombout Hogerbeets
3638:Holland's advocate
3629:
3553:. It followed the
3544:
3378:
3372:Conquests made by
3230:. It followed the
3212:
3146:Battle of Gembloux
3097:Philip II of Spain
3050:
2927:Philip II of Spain
2886:Capture of Brielle
2882:
2874:Capture of Brielle
2822:Capture of Brielle
2814:
2736:Philip II of Spain
2710:Holy Roman Emperor
2634:Facing a stalemate
2577:William the Silent
2561:Philip II of Spain
2557:the initial stages
2534:Spanish government
2370:Amsterdam Entrepôt
2288:Kingdom of Holland
1818:2nd Schenkenschans
1760:2nd Bergen op Zoom
1379:1st Bergen op Zoom
886:Antonio de Oquendo
874:Fadrique de Toledo
685:Cardinal Richelieu
489:William the Silent
324:Kingdom of England
303:(c. 1566/68–1576)
240:Spain retains the
92:European theatre (
9585:Eighty Years' War
9572:
9571:
9568:
9567:
9441:
9440:
9346:Spanish conquests
9336:
9335:
9332:
9331:
9328:
9327:
9324:
9323:
9121:
9120:
8802:Pedro de Alvarado
8787:Gaspar de Portolà
8782:Pedro de Valdivia
8757:Francisco Pizarro
8709:Nicolás de Ovando
8704:Alonso de Ercilla
8679:Alonso de Salazar
8512:Ships of the line
8460:
8459:
8456:
8455:
8338:
8337:
8334:
8333:
8053:
8052:
8049:
8048:
7912:
7911:
7908:
7907:
7884:
7883:
7841:Northern Africa (
7837:Equatorial Guinea
7821:
7820:
7758:
7757:
7673:
7672:
7596:
7595:
7587:Spanish Caribbean
7560:Spanish Louisiana
7536:
7535:
7471:Crown of Castille
7435:
7434:
7412:Spanish Civil War
7387:Adams–Onís Treaty
7367:Nootka Convention
7315:Thirty Years' War
7305:Eighty Years' War
7226:Catholic Monarchs
7216:Timeline–immersed
7170:
7169:
7137:
7136:
6977:
6976:
6878:
6877:
6855:Political parties
6791:Foreign relations
6713:
6712:
6583:Same-sex marriage
6531:Batavian Republic
6511:Eighty Years' War
6481:Holy Roman Empire
6141:978-0-415-14649-4
4916:978-1-84383-575-2
4750:978-84-617-1675-3
4595:Crowns of Castile
4536:Guerra de Flandes
4495:Thirty Years' War
4441:on 12 April 1588.
4427:Act of Abjuration
4421:, pp. 16–17
4330:Martyrs of Gorkum
4310:Act of Abjuration
4159:Cornelis Kruseman
4085:Maurice of Orange
4073:Margaret of Parma
4061:Act of Abjuration
3955:Holy Roman Empire
3782:Thirty Years' War
3753:and the emerging
3667:Maurice of Nassau
3563:Maurice of Nassau
3559:Dutch States Army
3549:and the emerging
3536:Maurice of Nassau
3510:George de Lalaing
3436:in favour of the
3416:, and his cousin
3406:Maurice of Nassau
3344:Maurice of Nassau
3340:Dutch States Army
3286:Act of Abjuration
3267:County of Hainaut
3162:County of Hainaut
3116:Marche-en-Famenne
3108:Union of Brussels
3031:Union of Brussels
2807:Iconoclastic Fury
2775:Eighty Years' War
2771:Margaret of Parma
2757:iconoclastic fury
2698:House of Habsburg
2646:Thirty Years' War
2604:Act of Abjuration
2585:general rebellion
2538:causes of the war
2518:Eighty Years' War
2514:
2513:
2283:Batavian Republic
2201:Eighty Years' War
2161:Holy Roman Empire
2156:Lower Lotharingia
2032:
2031:
942:Eighty Years' War
907:
906:
814:Alexander Farnese
790:Álvarez de Toledo
766:Margaret of Parma
509:Maurice of Orange
456:Holy Roman Empire
434:Portuguese Empire
353:Kingdom of France
258:
257:
137:Mediterranean Sea
133:Iberian Peninsula
123:European waters:
80:– 30 January 1648
48:Thirty Years' War
35:Eighty Years' War
16:(Redirected from
9672:
9590:Global conflicts
9447:
9446:
9413:Chibchan Nations
9342:
9341:
9311:Santiago de Cuba
9170:Guadalupe Island
9130:
9129:
8857:
8856:
8850:
8849:
8812:Diego de Almagro
8689:Antonio de Ulloa
8593:Ambrosio Spinola
8588:Pedro de Zubiaur
8558:Alfonso d'Avalos
8548:Antonio de Leyva
8492:Army of Flanders
8477:
8476:
8466:
8465:
8355:
8354:
8344:
8343:
8070:
8069:
8059:
8058:
7929:
7928:
7918:
7917:
7886:
7885:
7859:Peñón of Algiers
7823:
7822:
7760:
7759:
7675:
7674:
7598:
7597:
7580:
7538:
7537:
7452:
7451:
7441:
7440:
7362:Seven Years' War
7335:Queen Anne's War
7212:
7211:
7197:
7190:
7183:
7174:
7173:
7150:
6988:
6987:
6959:Public transport
6889:
6888:
6724:
6723:
6618:
6617:
6444:Frankish Kingdom
6407:Migration Period
6346:
6339:
6332:
6323:
6322:
6313:
6309:
6304:
6296:
6290:
6282:
6274:
6265:
6260:De Bello Belgico
6239:The Dutch Revolt
6235:Parker, Geoffrey
6172:
6163:
6154:
6145:
6124:
6105:
6096:
6087:
6068:
6049:
6040:
6018:
5999:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5970:
5963:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5918:
5916:
5914:
5895:
5875:
5853:
5834:
5817:Israel, Jonathan
5812:
5795:Israel, Jonathan
5790:
5773:Israel, Jonathan
5767:
5765:
5763:
5734:
5715:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5641:
5605:
5604:
5590:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5550:
5544:
5538:
5532:
5517:
5511:
5505:
5499:
5493:
5487:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5456:
5450:
5444:
5438:
5432:
5423:
5417:
5406:
5405:
5391:
5385:
5379:
5373:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5333:
5327:
5321:
5315:
5309:
5300:
5299:
5281:
5275:
5269:
5263:
5262:, p. 77–78.
5257:
5251:
5248:van der Lem 2019
5245:
5239:
5233:
5222:
5221:, p. 18–19.
5216:
5205:
5204:, p. 10–11.
5199:
5193:
5192:, p. 16–17.
5187:
5181:
5175:
5169:
5163:
5157:
5151:
5145:
5142:van der Lem 1995
5139:
5120:
5114:
5108:
5102:
5096:
5090:
5084:
5078:
5065:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5038:
5032:
5031:, p. 11–12.
5026:
5020:
5019:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4957:
4951:
4950:
4942:
4933:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4838:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4732:
4726:
4720:
4711:
4708:van der Lem 1995
4705:
4696:
4690:
4684:
4681:van der Lem 1995
4678:
4654:
4650:
4644:
4637:
4631:
4612:
4606:
4591:
4585:
4558:
4552:
4545:
4539:
4521:
4515:
4508:Peace of Münster
4504:
4498:
4491:
4485:
4478:
4472:
4465:
4459:
4448:
4442:
4415:Union of Utrecht
4411:
4405:
4398:
4392:
4389:Union of Utrecht
4369:
4284:
4268:
4252:
4229:
4210:
4189:
4174:Siege of Alkmaar
4170:
4150:
4105:Army of Flanders
4024:
3980:Dutch Golden Age
3976:commercial power
3959:Peace of Münster
3886:Gerard ter Borch
3873:Peace of Münster
3867:Peace of Münster
3838:Army of Flanders
3806:Oldenzaal (1626)
3790:Protestant Union
3763:Peace of Münster
3740:
3734:
3725:
3719:
3710:
3591:
3581:(1601–1604) and
3538:during the 1600
3442:Army of Flanders
3410:prince of Orange
3301:Francis of Anjou
3263:County of Artois
3246:established the
3232:1576–1579 period
3220:Union of Utrecht
3202:'s command, the
3174:Union of Utrecht
3164:and the city of
3158:County of Artois
3123:Citadel of Namur
3070:
3067:
3042:
3028:
2970:Siege of Alkmaar
2958:Siege of Haarlem
2898:
2895:
2878:Anthonie Waldorp
2694:Burgundian State
2650:Peace of Münster
2642:fighting resumed
2614:in 1588. In the
2600:Union of Utrecht
2506:
2499:
2492:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2420:Colonial history
2410:Military history
2351:Economic history
2206:Dutch Golden Age
2141:Frankish Kingdom
2105:Migration Period
2060:
2035:
2034:
1998:2nd San Salvador
1993:1st San Salvador
1966:2nd Saint Martin
1936:1st Saint Martin
945:
943:
933:
926:
919:
910:
909:
884:
883:
872:
871:
860:
859:
850:Ambrogio Spinola
848:
847:
838:Isabella Eugenia
836:
835:
824:
823:
812:
811:
800:
799:
788:
787:
776:
775:
764:
763:
750:
749:
743:
742:
729:
728:
722:
721:
708:
707:
701:
700:
683:
682:
671:
670:
661:Duke of Bouillon
659:
658:
647:
646:
634:
633:
622:
621:
615:
614:
603:
602:
596:
595:
584:
583:
572:
571:
560:
559:
548:
547:
534:
533:
520:
519:
506:
505:
486:
485:
467:(from the 1600s)
454:
453:
432:
431:
415:
414:
405:(from the 1600s)
389:
388:
372:
351:
350:
344:
343:
322:
321:
311:European allies:
293:
292:
277:
276:
229:Peace of Münster
176:Northeast Brazil
98:
95:
71:
70:
59:
32:
31:
21:
9680:
9679:
9675:
9674:
9673:
9671:
9670:
9669:
9575:
9574:
9573:
9564:
9540:Old inquisition
9452:
9437:
9347:
9320:
9276:Trinidad (1797)
9246:La Noche Triste
9234:
9230:San Juan (1797)
9180:San Juan (1595)
9117:
9006:
8846:Notable battles
8841:
8807:Martín de Ursúa
8738:
8669:Alonso de Ojeda
8639:Juan de la Cosa
8624:Pinzón brothers
8607:
8578:John of Austria
8553:Martín de Goiti
8531:
8471:
8452:
8396:
8349:
8330:
8242:
8238:Terra Australis
8233:Río de la Plata
8178:Castilla de Oro
8164:
8106:
8102:Río de la Plata
8064:
8045:
8004:
7963:
7959:Santa Hermandad
7923:
7904:
7900:Terra Australis
7891:
7880:
7847:Spanish Morocco
7828:
7817:
7808:Northern Taiwan
7769:
7754:
7725:Río de la Plata
7680:
7669:
7603:
7602:Central America
7592:
7574:
7543:
7532:
7476:Crown of Aragon
7457:
7446:
7431:
7347:Bourbon Reforms
7217:
7206:
7201:
7171:
7166:
7153:
7146:
7133:
7087:Public holidays
6973:
6940:
6874:
6709:
6705:Zuiderzee Works
6607:
6588:Great Recession
6467:Frisian Freedom
6439:Frisian Kingdom
6380:Germanic tribes
6366:
6356:
6350:
6312:Poelhekke, J.J.
6311:
6307:
6302:
6294:
6288:
6280:
6272:
6263:
6255:
6209:Kossmann, E. H.
6180:
6178:Further reading
6175:
6142:
6121:
6084:
6065:
6037:
6015:
5996:
5974:
5972:
5968:
5961:
5945:
5943:
5936:
5912:
5910:
5892:
5872:
5850:
5831:
5809:
5787:
5761:
5759:
5752:
5731:
5712:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5661:
5659:
5638:
5614:
5609:
5608:
5592:
5591:
5576:
5566:
5564:
5551:
5547:
5539:
5535:
5523:, Boom, p. 68.
5518:
5514:
5506:
5502:
5494:
5490:
5482:
5478:
5471:
5457:
5453:
5449:, pp. 2–4.
5445:
5441:
5433:
5426:
5418:
5409:
5393:
5392:
5388:
5380:
5376:
5368:
5364:
5351:
5347:
5334:
5330:
5322:
5318:
5310:
5303:
5296:
5282:
5278:
5270:
5266:
5260:Gelderblom 2000
5258:
5254:
5246:
5242:
5234:
5225:
5217:
5208:
5200:
5196:
5188:
5184:
5176:
5172:
5164:
5160:
5152:
5148:
5140:
5123:
5115:
5111:
5103:
5099:
5091:
5087:
5079:
5068:
5060:
5056:
5040:
5039:
5035:
5027:
5023:
5007:
5006:
5002:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4958:
4954:
4943:
4936:
4928:
4924:
4917:
4903:
4899:
4892:
4878:
4874:
4864:
4862:
4839:
4832:
4822:
4820:
4804:
4800:
4790:
4788:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4760:
4758:
4751:
4733:
4729:
4721:
4714:
4706:
4699:
4691:
4687:
4679:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4657:
4651:
4647:
4638:
4634:
4613:
4609:
4592:
4588:
4559:
4555:
4546:
4542:
4522:
4518:
4514:on 15 May 1648.
4505:
4501:
4492:
4488:
4479:
4475:
4466:
4462:
4449:
4445:
4412:
4408:
4399:
4395:
4370:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4305:
4298:
4285:
4276:
4269:
4260:
4253:
4244:
4241:Diego Velázquez
4230:
4221:
4211:
4202:
4190:
4181:
4171:
4162:
4151:
4142:
4137:
4136:
4125:House of Orange
4109:Catholic Church
4026:
4012:
3997:
3989:
3984:
3983:
3947:
3939:
3875:
3869:
3864:
3863:
3794:Catholic League
3786:Bohemian Revolt
3745:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3730:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3708:
3699:
3691:
3617:
3605:Main articles:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3585:
3579:Siege of Ostend
3527:
3519:
3514:
3513:
3486:Geertruidenberg
3365:
3357:
3352:
3351:
3320:Fall of Antwerp
3282:fundamental law
3191:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3104:John of Austria
3068:
3048:
3040:
3038:
3026:
3017:
3009:
3004:
3003:
2996:Sack of Antwerp
2984:Siege of Leiden
2974:Battle of Delft
2896:
2866:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2811:Dirck van Delen
2792:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2755:, known as the
2730:Catholic Church
2674:
2666:
2510:
2474:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2428:
2405:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2353:
2343:
2342:
2308:
2298:
2297:
2273:
2263:
2262:
2196:
2186:
2185:
2136:Frisian Kingdom
2131:
2123:
2122:
2078:Germanic tribes
2068:
2044:
2033:
2028:
2012:
1917:Bay of Matanzas
1854:European waters
1739:
1701:
1671:European waters
1579:
1565:Gulf of Almería
1545:European waters
1363:
1353:European waters
1206:
1166:
1131:European waters
1029:
964:
961:
959:List of battles
946:
941:
939:
937:
890:
878:
866:
854:
842:
830:
826:Archduke Albert
818:
806:
802:John of Austria
794:
782:
770:
758:
744:
737:
723:
716:
702:
695:
689:
677:
665:
653:
641:
628:
616:
609:
597:
590:
578:
566:
554:
542:
528:
523:Frederick Henry
514:
500:
480:
466:
464:
462:
458:
448:
447:
436:
426:
425:
420:
409:
404:
402:
401:
393:
383:
380:
376:
355:
345:
338:
326:
316:
313:
312:
307:
306:
302:
297:
287:
284:
283:
281:
271:
219:
218:
193:Southern Africa
147:
146:
141:
131:, coast of the
129:English Channel
101:
100:
96:
60:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9678:
9668:
9667:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9647:
9642:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9592:
9587:
9570:
9569:
9566:
9565:
9563:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9537:
9536:
9535:
9525:
9524:
9523:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9457:
9454:
9453:
9443:
9442:
9439:
9438:
9436:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9394:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9368:
9363:
9358:
9356:Canary Islands
9352:
9349:
9348:
9338:
9337:
9334:
9333:
9330:
9329:
9326:
9325:
9322:
9321:
9319:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9242:
9240:
9236:
9235:
9233:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9210:Túpac Amaru II
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9155:Bogotá savanna
9152:
9147:
9142:
9136:
9134:
9127:
9123:
9122:
9119:
9118:
9116:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9063:Spanish Armada
9060:
9055:
9050:
9045:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9014:
9012:
9008:
9007:
9005:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8974:
8969:
8964:
8959:
8957:White Mountain
8954:
8952:Cape Celidonia
8949:
8947:English Armada
8944:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8863:
8861:
8854:
8847:
8843:
8842:
8840:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8748:
8746:
8740:
8739:
8737:
8736:
8731:
8726:
8724:Juan Fernández
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8699:Diego Columbus
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8615:
8613:
8609:
8608:
8606:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8539:
8537:
8533:
8532:
8530:
8529:
8527:Army of Africa
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8507:Spanish Armada
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8483:
8481:
8473:
8472:
8462:
8461:
8458:
8457:
8454:
8453:
8451:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8408:Manila galleon
8404:
8402:
8398:
8397:
8395:
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8389:
8384:
8379:
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7922:Administration
7914:
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7906:
7905:
7903:
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7896:
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7882:
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7843:Western Sahara
7839:
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7818:
7816:
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7741:Banda Oriental
7722:
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7556:Coastal Alaska
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7027:Cultural icons
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6997:
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6969:Road transport
6966:
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6961:
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6860:Prime Minister
6857:
6852:
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6835:Municipalities
6832:
6827:
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6741:Climate change
6738:
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6645:Extreme points
6642:
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6516:Dutch Republic
6513:
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6409:
6404:
6387:
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6275:
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6254:
6253:External links
6251:
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6097:
6088:
6083:978-0713995923
6082:
6076:. Allen Lane.
6069:
6064:978-0199209118
6063:
6050:
6041:
6036:978-9087040918
6035:
6020:
6014:978-0521543927
6013:
6000:
5995:978-9055746262
5994:
5981:
5952:
5935:978-1789140880
5934:
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5896:
5891:979-8687563130
5890:
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5871:978-0521044370
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5496:Groenveld 2009
5488:
5486:, p. 142.
5484:Groenveld 2009
5476:
5470:978-0521543927
5469:
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5439:
5435:Groenveld 2009
5424:
5420:Groenveld 2009
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5312:Groenveld 2009
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5236:Groenveld 2009
5223:
5219:Groenveld 2009
5206:
5202:Groenveld 2009
5194:
5190:Groenveld 2009
5182:
5178:Groenveld 2009
5170:
5158:
5146:
5121:
5109:
5107:, p. 121.
5097:
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5066:
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4934:
4932:, p. 146.
4930:Groenveld 2009
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4482:dynastic union
4473:
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4435:Groenveld 2009
4423:Groenveld 2009
4419:Groenveld 2009
4406:
4393:
4385:Union of Arras
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4347:Union of Delft
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4117:Dutch Republic
4101:Spanish Empire
3999:
3998:
3990:
3988:
3987:Historiography
3985:
3967:Dutch Republic
3951:Spanish Empire
3948:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3871:Main article:
3868:
3865:
3810:Groenlo (1627)
3755:Dutch Republic
3751:Spanish Empire
3737:
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3722:
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3713:Dutch Republic
3707:
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3692:
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3599:
3551:Dutch Republic
3547:Spanish Empire
3528:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3454:Bergen op Zoom
3438:Dutch Republic
3434:Spanish Empire
3366:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3324:Spanish Armada
3275:Union of Arras
3244:States–General
3224:Dutch Republic
3216:Spanish Empire
3192:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3170:Union of Arras
3081:States–General
3077:Dutch Republic
3073:Spanish Empire
3039:
3025:
3018:
3010:
3008:
3005:
2978:His successor
2968:, winning the
2901:Spanish Empire
2867:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2826:Spanish Empire
2793:
2785:
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2780:
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2612:Dutch Republic
2550:Dutch nobility
2546:centralisation
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2323:Modern history
2320:
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2027:
2026:
2024:Historiography
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1961:Southern Chile
1958:
1953:
1948:
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1216:Western Europe
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1036:
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279:Dutch Republic
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236:Dutch Republic
225:
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210:Southeast Asia
195:
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178:and southwest
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155:Canary Islands
151:Atlantic Ocean
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9491:Tapada limeña
9489:
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9083:Montes Claros
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8753:
8752:Hernán Cortés
8750:
8749:
8747:
8745:
8744:Conquistadors
8741:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8714:Juan de Ayala
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8616:
8614:
8610:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8568:Duke of Savoy
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8540:
8538:
8534:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8484:
8482:
8478:
8474:
8467:
8463:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8405:
8403:
8399:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8367:Dollar (Peso)
8365:
8364:
8362:
8360:
8356:
8352:
8345:
8341:
8327:
8326:Santo Domingo
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8253:
8251:
8249:
8245:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8203:New Andalusia
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8175:
8173:
8171:
8167:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8150:Santo Domingo
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8117:
8115:
8113:
8109:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8079:
8077:
8075:
8074:Viceroyalties
8071:
8067:
8060:
8056:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8013:
8011:
8007:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7972:
7970:
7966:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7930:
7926:
7919:
7915:
7901:
7898:
7897:
7894:
7887:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7844:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7834:
7831:
7824:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7803:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7776:
7775:
7772:
7767:
7761:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7723:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7709:
7706:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7687:
7686:
7683:
7679:South America
7676:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7609:
7606:
7599:
7588:
7584:
7578:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7564:Spanish Texas
7561:
7557:
7553:
7550:
7549:
7546:
7542:North America
7539:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7523:Franche-Comté
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7503:
7499:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7468:
7467:
7464:
7463:
7460:
7453:
7449:
7442:
7438:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7336:
7333:
7332:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7223:
7220:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7198:
7193:
7191:
7186:
7184:
7179:
7178:
7175:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7154:
7149:
7145:
7144:
7140:
7130:
7127:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7104:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6992:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6980:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6947:
6943:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6893:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6881:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6845:Republicanism
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6802:
6799:
6798:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6716:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6650:Flood control
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6561:Nazi invasion
6559:
6558:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6541:Incorporation
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6359:
6354:
6347:
6342:
6340:
6335:
6333:
6328:
6327:
6324:
6318:
6317:
6306:
6301:
6300:
6292:
6287:
6284:
6279:
6276:
6271:
6268:
6262:
6261:
6257:
6256:
6247:
6243:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6230:
6226:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6215:
6210:
6207:
6204:
6200:
6197:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6182:
6181:
6170:
6165:
6161:
6156:
6152:
6147:
6143:
6137:
6133:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6120:9781911628613
6116:
6112:
6107:
6103:
6098:
6094:
6089:
6085:
6079:
6075:
6070:
6066:
6060:
6056:
6051:
6047:
6042:
6038:
6032:
6028:
6027:
6021:
6016:
6010:
6006:
6001:
5997:
5991:
5987:
5982:
5967:
5960:
5959:
5953:
5941:
5937:
5931:
5927:
5926:
5920:
5908:
5904:
5903:
5897:
5893:
5887:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5849:9780826435538
5845:
5841:
5836:
5832:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5757:
5753:
5747:
5743:
5742:
5736:
5732:
5726:
5723:. Routledge.
5722:
5717:
5713:
5707:
5703:
5698:
5687:
5681:
5677:
5676:
5670:
5657:
5653:
5652:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5616:
5602:
5601:
5600:Winkler Prins
5598:Encyclopedie
5597:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5579:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5549:
5542:
5537:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5516:
5509:
5504:
5497:
5492:
5485:
5480:
5472:
5466:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5447:Lesaffer 2006
5443:
5437:, p. 26.
5436:
5431:
5429:
5422:, p. 25.
5421:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5403:
5402:
5401:Winkler Prins
5399:Encyclopedie
5398:
5390:
5383:
5378:
5371:
5366:
5358:
5357:
5349:
5341:
5340:
5332:
5325:
5320:
5314:, p. 90.
5313:
5308:
5306:
5297:
5295:90-6169-741-7
5291:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5268:
5261:
5256:
5249:
5244:
5238:, p. 22.
5237:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5220:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5203:
5198:
5191:
5186:
5180:, p. 16.
5179:
5174:
5167:
5162:
5155:
5150:
5143:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5118:
5113:
5106:
5101:
5094:
5089:
5082:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5063:
5058:
5050:
5049:
5048:Winkler Prins
5046:Encyclopedie
5045:
5037:
5030:
5025:
5017:
5016:
5015:Winkler Prins
5013:Encyclopedie
5012:
5004:
4996:
4995:
4994:Winkler Prins
4992:Encyclopedie
4991:
4983:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4956:
4948:
4941:
4939:
4931:
4926:
4918:
4912:
4908:
4901:
4893:
4891:0-313-31106-4
4887:
4883:
4876:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4837:
4835:
4818:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4802:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4772:
4756:
4752:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4731:
4725:, p. 21.
4724:
4719:
4717:
4709:
4704:
4702:
4694:
4689:
4682:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4666:
4649:
4642:
4636:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4590:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4550:
4544:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4520:
4513:
4509:
4503:
4496:
4490:
4483:
4477:
4470:
4464:
4457:
4453:
4447:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4403:
4397:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4364:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4296:
4295:Reinier Nooms
4292:
4291:
4283:
4278:
4274:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4209:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4149:
4144:
4143:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4081:Duke of Parma
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4049:religious war
4046:
4042:
4038:
4037:periodisation
4034:
4030:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4020:Winkler Prins
4018:Encyclopedie
4017:
4009:
4007:
4006:
3995:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3861:
3858:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3744:
3729:
3714:
3704:
3697:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3671:Synod of Dort
3668:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3626:
3625:Synod of Dort
3621:
3616:
3615:Synod of Dort
3612:
3608:
3595:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3525:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3408:, the future
3407:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3370:
3363:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3234:, in which a
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3210:in the 1580s.
3209:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3189:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:Edict of 1577
3109:
3105:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3046:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3015:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2931:Protestantism
2928:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2891:
2887:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2797:
2790:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2718:Guelders Wars
2716:" during the
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2672:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2540:included the
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2471:
2470:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:Flood control
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2380:Dutch disease
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2365:Dutch guilder
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2271:French period
2267:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1860:2nd Gibraltar
1858:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1808:5th Rheinberg
1806:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1775:2nd Oldenzaal
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1697:1st Gibraltar
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1660:4th Rheinberg
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1625:3rd Rheinberg
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1534:1st Oldenzaal
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1504:2nd Rheinberg
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1464:2nd Luxemburg
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1454:2nd Coevorden
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1444:1st Luxemburg
1442:
1440:
1439:1st Coevorden
1437:
1435:
1434:2nd Steenwijk
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1359:Ponta Delgada
1357:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1337:1st Rheinberg
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1237:1st Steenwijk
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
976:
975:
969:
966:
965:
960:
956:
953:
952:
949:
944:
934:
929:
927:
922:
920:
915:
914:
911:
902:
899:
898:
893:
887:
882:
877:
875:
870:
865:
863:
858:
853:
851:
846:
841:
839:
834:
829:
827:
822:
817:
815:
810:
805:
803:
798:
793:
791:
786:
781:
779:
774:
769:
767:
762:
757:
755:
754:
748:
741:
736:
734:
733:
727:
720:
715:
713:
712:
706:
699:
694:
693:
691:
686:
681:
676:
674:
669:
664:
662:
657:
652:
650:
645:
640:
638:
632:
627:
625:
620:
613:
608:
606:
601:
594:
589:
587:
586:Robert Dudley
582:
577:
575:
570:
565:
563:
562:Maarten Tromp
558:
553:
551:
550:William Louis
546:
541:
539:
538:
532:
527:
525:
524:
518:
513:
511:
510:
504:
499:
497:
496:
491:
490:
484:
479:
478:
476:
475:
470:
463:
460:
457:
452:
446:
442:
440:
435:
430:
424:
419:
418:
413:
407:
397:
392:
387:
382:
375:
371:
367:
366:
363:
359:
354:
349:
342:
337:
334:
330:
325:
320:
315:
314:
300:
296:
291:
286:
285:
280:
275:
267:
266:
261:
252:
248:
245:
243:
239:
237:
233:
232:
231:
230:
226:
223:
222:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
196:
194:
190:
186:
183:
181:
180:South America
177:
173:
169:
168:Caribbean Sea
165:
162:
160:
156:
152:
149:
148:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
119:
115:
111:
108:(present-day
107:
106:Low Countries
103:
102:
87:
84:
83:
79:
76:
73:
72:
68:
64:
58:
53:
49:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
9466:Architecture
9361:The Americas
9225:Newfoundland
9215:Túpac Katari
9205:Cuerno Verde
9140:Tenochtitlan
8972:Valenciennes
8729:Luis Fajardo
8598:Blas de Lezo
8543:Duke of Alba
8423:Spanish Road
8261:Buenos Aires
8170:Governorates
7939:Ayuntamiento
7932:Organization
7397:Carlist Wars
7304:
7245:Italian Wars
7112:Coat of arms
7082:Prostitution
6995:Architecture
6936:Trade unions
6916:Polder model
6901:Central bank
6870:Water boards
6796:Human rights
6786:Homelessness
6756:Demographics
6746:Constitution
6556:World War II
6546:Principality
6510:
6362:Part of the
6315:
6298:
6281:(in Spanish)
6259:
6245:
6238:
6228:
6212:
6202:
6195:
6192:Geyl, Pieter
6184:
6168:
6159:
6150:
6132:
6129:
6110:
6101:
6092:
6073:
6054:
6048:. Routledge.
6045:
6025:
6004:
5985:
5973:. Retrieved
5957:
5944:. Retrieved
5924:
5911:. Retrieved
5901:
5881:
5861:
5839:
5820:
5798:
5776:
5760:. Retrieved
5740:
5720:
5701:
5689:. Retrieved
5674:
5660:. Retrieved
5650:
5627:
5623:
5620:Bengoa, José
5612:Bibliography
5594:
5565:. Retrieved
5558:
5548:
5536:
5520:
5515:
5503:
5491:
5479:
5460:
5454:
5442:
5395:
5389:
5377:
5365:
5355:
5348:
5338:
5331:
5319:
5285:
5279:
5274:, p. 3.
5267:
5255:
5243:
5197:
5185:
5173:
5161:
5149:
5112:
5100:
5088:
5057:
5042:
5036:
5024:
5009:
5003:
4988:
4982:
4965:
4955:
4946:
4925:
4906:
4900:
4881:
4875:
4863:. Retrieved
4846:
4821:. Retrieved
4811:
4801:
4789:. Retrieved
4780:
4771:
4759:. Retrieved
4740:
4730:
4688:
4648:
4640:
4635:
4610:
4589:
4556:
4543:
4535:
4519:
4502:
4489:
4476:
4463:
4446:
4438:
4430:
4409:
4396:
4367:
4342:Spanish Road
4287:
4233:
4232:
4192:
4129:stadtholders
4077:Duke of Alba
4014:
4011:
4008:whatsoever.
4004:
4001:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3908:Adriaan Pauw
3904:
3895:
3881:
3857:Reapers' War
3853:
3842:
3834:
3822:Sas van Gent
3812:, the major
3792:against the
3767:
3748:
3683:Hugo Grotius
3652:Remonstrants
3645:
3630:
3534:Stadtholder
3430:Francis Vere
3421:
3400:
3312:
3289:
3279:
3273:to sign the
3269:and city of
3213:
3204:Spanish Army
3135:
3120:
3101:
3051:
2992:Spanish Fury
2938:Don Fadrique
2935:
2909:
2883:
2818:Beeldenstorm
2815:
2802:Beeldenstorm
2800:
2766:Beeldenstorm
2687:
2676:
2632:
2589:
2554:
2552:and cities.
2522:Dutch Revolt
2521:
2517:
2515:
2414:List of wars
2390:Polder model
2328:World War II
2258:List of wars
2200:
1971:
1970:
1946:2nd Salvador
1928:
1907:1st Salvador
1900:
1899:
1875:Lizard Point
1853:
1852:
1833:2nd Roermond
1802:1st Roermond
1748:
1747:
1723:
1722:
1711:
1710:
1677:Dover Strait
1645:Hoogstraaten
1615:Lekkerbeetje
1588:
1587:
1552:
1399:2nd Deventer
1372:
1371:
1227:2nd Mechelen
1215:
1214:
1197:1st Deventer
1175:
1174:
1055:1st Mechelen
1038:
1037:
985:Valenciennes
980:Beeldenstorm
973:
972:
940:
778:Duke of Alba
751:
730:
709:
637:Francis Vere
535:
521:
507:
494:
487:
461:
444:
443:
422:
421:
408:
301:Dutch rebels
298:(1576–1588)
263:Belligerents
227:
202:Indian Ocean
78:c. 1566/1568
42:Part of the
37:Dutch Revolt
29:
18:Dutch revolt
9433:Philippines
9398:El Salvador
9018:Capo d'Orso
8902:St. Quentin
8877:Rome (1527)
8536:Strategists
8286:Guadalajara
8213:New Navarre
8208:New Castile
8193:La Luisiana
8145:Puerto Rico
8135:Philippines
8092:New Granada
7782:Philippines
7743:(Uruguay),
7739:(Bolivia),
7689:New Granada
7629:Puerto Rico
7575: [
7445:Territories
7265:Encomiendas
7129:Terminology
7077:Pornography
6818:Enforcement
6808:Immigration
6781:Health care
6761:Drug policy
6640:Earthquakes
6635:Delta Works
6496:Renaissance
6402:Cananefates
6353:Netherlands
5508:Israel 1995
5382:Israel 1995
5370:Israel 1995
5324:Israel 1995
4628:Netherlands
4570:Netherlands
4530:; Spanish:
4493:During the
4288:Before the
4005:Nederlanden
3824:(1644) and
3664:stadtholder
3586: [
3450:Netherlands
3422:stadtholder
3412:and son of
3402:stadtholder
3238:out of the
3226:out of the
3208:Netherlands
3168:signed the
3154:Malcontents
3134:became the
3069: 1568
2916:stadtholder
2912:Watergeuzen
2897: 1568
2876:in 1572 by
2610:-dominated
2571:. However,
2542:Reformation
2375:Tulip mania
2333:Netherlands
2234:Cape Colony
2230:East Indies
2151:Lotharingia
2091:Cananefates
1972:East Indies
1912:Puerto Rico
1780:4th Groenlo
1735:Playa Honda
1724:East Indies
1707:, 1609–1621
1665:3rd Groenlo
1610:San Andreas
1514:2nd Groenlo
1474:1st Groenlo
1409:Knodsenburg
1394:2nd Zutphen
1342:1st Zutphen
1297:3rd Antwerp
1282:Steenbergen
1272:2nd Antwerp
1182:1st Antwerp
1157:Reimerswaal
1120:Schoonhoven
1110:Mookerheyde
1010:Heiligerlee
574:Elizabeth I
439:c.1580–1640
377:(1578–1583)
282:(from 1588)
189:West Africa
172:the Guianas
118:Netherlands
97: 1566
50:(1621–1648)
9579:Categories
9103:Somosierra
9093:Manila Bay
8967:Nördlingen
8907:Gravelines
8387:Columnario
8359:Currencies
8276:Concepción
8248:Audiencias
8223:New Toledo
8188:La Florida
8021:Corregidor
7985:Papal bull
7890:Antarctica
7798:Micronesia
7255:Golden Age
7052:Literature
7042:Irreligion
6850:Parliament
6776:Euthanasia
6751:Corruption
6521:Golden Age
6308:(in Dutch)
6303:(in Dutch)
6289:(in Dutch)
6273:(in Dutch)
6264:(in Dutch)
6237:, (1977),
6223:0521200148
6194:, (1932),
5830:0198730721
5808:1852850221
5786:0198211392
5730:0415226457
5711:0521891639
5637:9568303022
5563:(in Dutch)
5529:9053528342
5272:Fruin 1899
4865:10 October
4823:10 October
4791:10 October
4761:10 October
4661:References
4620:Luxembourg
4578:Luxembourg
4480:After the
4155:Vlissingen
3898:(1648) by
3828:(1645) in
3800:, but the
3389:Tien jaren
3260:Malcontent
2834:Calvinists
2753:Calvinists
2583:, but the
2565:his armies
2452:Healthcare
2437:Literature
1655:2nd Lingen
1620:Nieuwpoort
1600:Zaltbommel
1539:1st Lingen
1519:Bredevoort
1202:Borgerhout
1105:Valkenburg
1080:IJsselmeer
1070:Middelburg
1025:Le Quesnoy
1000:Oosterweel
732:Philip III
673:Louis XIII
206:South Asia
114:Luxembourg
9408:Nicaragua
9386:Guatemala
9296:Pichincha
9281:Chacabuco
9220:Pensacola
9165:Mataquito
9145:Cajamarca
9126:New World
9098:Trafalgar
9002:Alhucemas
8882:Landriano
8867:Comuneros
8853:Old World
8797:Joan Orpí
8517:Royalists
8291:Guatemala
8218:New Spain
8155:Venezuela
8130:Guatemala
8087:New Spain
8082:Columbian
7975:Exequatur
7875:Cape Juby
7729:Argentina
7552:New Spain
7486:Gibraltar
7250:Habsburgs
7047:Languages
6946:Transport
6896:AEX index
6840:Provinces
6823:Law Firms
6771:Elections
6766:Education
6695:Volcanoes
6655:Gas field
6613:Geography
6385:Roman Era
6295:Sabbe, M.
6019:paperback
5876:paperback
4974:0211-9587
4855:0210-9980
4641:strike up
4381:Luxemburg
4379:, except
4371:With the
4053:civil war
3937:Aftermath
3765:in 1648.
3656:Arminians
3506:Oldenzaal
3502:Ootmarsum
3490:Groningen
3482:Coevorden
3478:Steenwijk
3426:Friesland
3381:Ten Years
3089:Luxemburg
3045:Luxemburg
2980:Requesens
2962:Amsterdam
2702:Charles V
2616:Ten Years
2608:Calvinist
2220:evolution
2100:Roman era
2020:Aftermath
1956:Itamaracá
1941:1st Unare
1927:Trujillo
1890:The Downs
1865:2nd Cádiz
1848:4th Hulst
1843:3rd Hulst
1828:3rd Venlo
1823:4th Breda
1798:2nd Venlo
1770:3rd Breda
1743:1621–1648
1682:2nd Sluis
1650:3rd Sluis
1640:2nd Grave
1583:1599–1609
1570:1st Cádiz
1529:Ootmarsum
1509:1st Meurs
1494:2nd Hulst
1459:Groningen
1414:1st Hulst
1389:2nd Breda
1347:1st Sluis
1322:1st Venlo
1317:1st Grave
1277:Eindhoven
1252:Noordhorn
1247:1st Breda
1210:1579–1588
1170:1576–1579
1152:Zuiderzee
1125:Zierikzee
1115:Oudewater
1033:1572–1576
1015:Jemmingen
990:Wattrelos
968:1566–1572
753:Philip IV
711:Philip II
624:Charles I
396:from 1641
362:from 1635
358:1589–1598
333:1625–1630
329:1585–1604
214:East Asia
125:North Sea
9418:Colombia
9403:Honduras
9316:Asomante
9301:Ayacucho
9291:Carabobo
9266:Curalaba
9043:Ceresole
8937:Gembloux
8897:Mühlberg
8612:Mariners
8470:Military
8392:Doubloon
8377:Maravedí
8321:Santiago
8228:Paraguay
7954:Germania
7794:Caroline
7749:Malvinas
7733:Paraguay
7693:Colombia
7635:Trinidad
7502:Sardinia
7342:Bourbons
7157:Category
7092:Religion
7005:Cannabis
6921:Taxation
6911:Euronext
6865:Military
6731:Abortion
6719:Politics
6476:Guelders
6459:Flanders
6425:Dorestad
6416:Frisians
5966:Archived
5940:Archived
5907:Archived
5860:(2007).
5819:(1995).
5797:(1990).
5775:(1989).
5756:Archived
5656:Archived
5648:(1899).
5622:(2003).
4859:Archived
4817:Archived
4809:(1900).
4785:Archived
4755:Archived
4431:de facto
4303:See also
4107:and the
3498:Enschede
3492:(1594),
3488:(1593),
3476:(1591),
3474:Nijmegen
3470:Delfzijl
3466:Deventer
3460:(1590),
3290:de facto
3136:de facto
2988:mutinies
2946:Mechelen
2942:Orangist
2700:, whose
2590:Despite
2524:(Dutch:
2462:Religion
2457:Heraldry
2426:Language
2306:Monarchy
2243:Americas
2210:painting
2194:Republic
2130:Medieval
2110:Frisians
2041:a series
2039:Part of
1978:Mormugão
1931:Campeche
1922:Abrolhos
1901:Americas
1555:Flanders
1524:Enschede
1499:Turnhout
1484:2nd Lier
1429:Caudebec
1419:Nijmegen
1404:Delfzijl
1267:1st Lier
1192:Rijmenam
1187:Gembloux
1137:Flushing
1020:Jodoigne
649:Henry IV
164:Americas
85:Location
46:and the
9550:Asiento
9521:Mustang
9381:Yucatán
9376:Chiapas
9256:Tucapel
9088:Passaro
9038:Algiers
9028:Preveza
8997:Tetouan
8992:Vitoria
8982:Bitonto
8922:Antwerp
8917:Lepanto
8872:Bicocca
8348:Economy
8271:Charcas
8266:Caracas
8160:Yucatán
8031:Regidor
8016:Alcalde
7944:Cabildo
7851:Tripoli
7790:Mariana
7737:Charcas
7713:(Peru,
7697:Ecuador
7660:Bonaire
7655:Curazao
7640:Jamaica
7568:Florida
7148:Outline
7102:Symbols
7015:Cuisine
6983:Culture
6954:Cycling
6931:Tourism
6884:Economy
6830:Monarch
6736:Cabinet
6680:Regions
6670:Mammals
6660:Islands
6472:Brabant
6463:Holland
6429:Utrecht
6394:Chamavi
6372:History
6314:(1978)
5975:29 July
5913:28 July
5762:29 July
5662:28 July
5596:Encarta
5567:15 July
5397:Encarta
5044:Encarta
5011:Encarta
4990:Encarta
4616:Belgium
4574:Belgium
4140:Gallery
4016:Encarta
3484:(1592)
3462:Zutphen
3374:Maurice
3083:of all
3062:Utrecht
2954:Naarden
2950:Zutphen
2722:counter
2664:Origins
2247:Guianas
2095:Chamavi
1988:Malacca
1951:Cabañas
1880:Dunkirk
1765:Fleurus
1730:Ternate
1257:Niezijl
1142:Borsele
1085:Alkmaar
1075:Haarlem
1065:Naarden
1045:Brielle
955:Origins
903:Unknown
110:Belgium
99:/1568):
65:, 1607.
9528:Castas
9286:Boyacá
9261:Guiana
9251:Iguape
9175:Recife
9113:Mactan
9108:Annual
9073:Rocroi
9068:Leiden
9053:Djerba
8987:Bailén
8942:Ostend
8927:Azores
8522:Legión
8487:Tercio
8480:Armies
8382:Escudo
8311:Panamá
8306:Mexico
8301:Manila
8256:Bogotá
8041:Vecino
8036:Syndic
7867:Béjaïa
7827:Africa
7813:Tidore
7701:Panama
7665:Belize
7572:Mexico
7498:Sicily
7494:Naples
7456:Europe
7162:Portal
7107:Anthem
7072:People
7010:Cinema
6906:Energy
6685:Rivers
6630:Cities
6420:Franks
6412:Saxons
6398:Batavi
6390:Frisii
6221:
6138:
6117:
6080:
6061:
6033:
6011:
5992:
5946:9 July
5932:
5888:
5868:
5846:
5827:
5805:
5783:
5748:
5727:
5708:
5691:9 July
5682:
5634:
5527:
5467:
5292:
4972:
4913:
4888:
4853:
4747:
4599:Aragon
4103:, the
4087:, and
4079:, the
4075:, the
4023:(2002)
3953:, the
3849:Tienen
3836:royal
3820:, and
3741:
3739:
3733:
3726:
3724:
3718:
3711:
3709:
3658:) and
3613:; and
3504:, and
3472:, and
3198:Under
3160:, the
3043:
3041:
3029:
3027:
2910:After
2880:(1862)
2759:, or (
2744:heresy
2598:, the
2555:After
2536:. The
2404:Topics
2251:Brazil
2118:Saxons
2114:Franks
2087:Batavi
2083:Frisii
2043:on the
2008:Cavite
2003:Manila
1813:Leuven
1755:Jülich
1718:Aachen
1630:Ostend
1575:Azores
1489:Calais
1312:Boksum
1302:Arnhem
1262:Lochem
1242:Kollum
1095:Leiden
1005:Dahlen
995:Lannoy
492:
224:Result
185:Africa
159:Azores
9423:Chile
9391:Petén
9366:Aztec
9185:Bahia
9160:Penco
9150:Cusco
9078:Downs
9058:Tunis
8977:Ceuta
8962:Breda
8912:Malta
8892:Tunis
8887:Pavia
8401:Trade
8316:Quito
8281:Cusco
8120:Chile
7855:Tunis
7802:Palau
7719:Chile
7650:Aruba
7645:Haiti
7579:]
7508:Milan
7466:Spain
7097:Sport
7062:Music
7057:Media
6665:Lakes
6625:Birds
5969:(PDF)
5962:(PDF)
5626:[
5560:Trouw
4653:1648.
4524:Dutch
4359:Notes
4216:, by
4197:, by
4176:, by
4055:or a
4043:(the
3826:Hulst
3590:]
3458:Breda
3385:Dutch
3271:Douai
3200:Parma
3166:Douai
3058:Arras
2761:Dutch
2734:King
2706:Spain
2067:Early
2016:Peace
1983:Galle
1870:Slaak
1838:Kallo
1790:Meuse
1479:Lippe
1424:Rouen
1332:Neuss
1307:Empel
1292:Aalst
1287:Ghent
1232:Diest
1162:Lillo
1100:Delft
374:Anjou
9428:Inca
9371:Maya
9306:Guam
9239:Lost
9011:Lost
8932:Mons
8372:Real
8296:Lima
8183:Cuba
8125:Cuba
8097:Perú
7873:and
7871:Ifni
7863:Oran
7786:Guam
7715:Acre
7711:Peru
7621:Cuba
7500:and
7122:Lion
7117:Flag
7020:Wine
6801:LGBT
6219:ISBN
6136:ISBN
6115:ISBN
6078:ISBN
6059:ISBN
6031:ISBN
6009:ISBN
5990:ISBN
5977:2022
5948:2022
5930:ISBN
5915:2022
5886:ISBN
5866:ISBN
5844:ISBN
5825:ISBN
5803:ISBN
5781:ISBN
5764:2022
5746:ISBN
5725:ISBN
5706:ISBN
5693:2022
5680:ISBN
5664:2022
5632:ISBN
5569:2022
5525:ISBN
5465:ISBN
5290:ISBN
4970:ISSN
4911:ISBN
4886:ISBN
4867:2023
4851:ISSN
4825:2023
4793:2023
4763:2023
4745:ISBN
4597:and
4560:The
4051:, a
4027:The
3808:and
3681:and
3623:The
3565:and
3494:Grol
3420:and
3397:1598
3393:1588
3379:The
3346:and
3307:and
3288:, a
3254:and
3144:The
2972:and
2952:and
2799:The
2724:the
2708:and
2688:The
2677:The
2567:and
2516:The
2432:LGBT
1605:Rees
1327:Axel
1060:Goes
1050:Mons
635:Sir
212:and
198:Asia
191:and
157:and
104:The
74:Date
61:The
9133:Won
8860:Won
7968:Law
7865:,
7585:),
7566:),
7000:Art
6813:Law
4534:or
4293:by
4239:by
4127:'s
3884:by
3424:of
3395:to
2805:or
2594:'s
2520:or
2239:WIC
2226:VOC
1469:Huy
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7869:,
7861:,
7857:,
7853:,
7849:,
7845:,
7800:,
7796:,
7792:,
7788:,
7784:,
7747:,
7735:,
7731:,
7717:,
7703:,
7699:,
7695:,
7627:,
7623:,
7577:es
7570:,
7496:,
7233:,
6474:,
6465:,
6461:,
6427:,
6418:,
6414:,
6400:,
6396:,
6392:,
5938:.
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5577:^
5557:.
5427:^
5410:^
5304:^
5226:^
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5069:^
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3609:;
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