2254:
3035:
2314:
2194:
2329:
2284:
2224:
2239:
4101:
2209:
4111:
35:
2269:
2299:
637:, which are not found in East Asian languages. The Topic–comment sentence structure is a legacy of Classical Chinese influence on the grammar of modern East Asian languages. In Classical Chinese, the focus of the phrase (i.e. the topic) was often placed first, which was then followed by a statement about the topic. The most generic sentence form in Classical Chinese is "A B 也", where
2422:"While 'Altaic' is repeated in encyclopedias and handbooks most specialists in these languages no longer believe that the three traditional supposed Altaic groups, Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic, are related." Lyle Campbell & Mauricio J. Mixco, A Glossary of Historical Linguistics (2007, University of Utah Press), pg. 7.
616:
roots in
English, the morphemes of Classical Chinese have been used extensively in all these languages to coin compound words for new concepts. These coinages, written in shared Chinese characters, have then been borrowed freely between languages. They have even been accepted into Chinese, a language
260:), often in isolated pockets surrounded by the ranges of other language groups. Most linguists believe that Austroasiatic languages once ranged continuously across southeast Asia and that their scattered distribution today is the result of the subsequent arrival of other language groups.
2131:
into a much less predominant role in modern
Chinese. This is especially true when speaking of the southern Chinese varieties. However, Vietnamese has retained a highly complex system of pronouns, in which the terms mostly derive from Chinese. For example,
508:
order retained by most other Sino-Tibetan languages. The order of constituents within a noun phrase varies: noun–modifier order is usual in Tai languages, Vietnamese and Miao, while in
Chinese varieties and Yao most modifiers are placed before the noun.
2178:
With modernization and other trends, politeness language is evolving to be simpler. Avoiding the need for complex polite language can also motivate use in some situations of languages like
Indonesian or English that have less complex respect systems.
464:
showed in 1954 that tone was not an invariant feature, by demonstrating that
Vietnamese tones corresponded to certain final consonants in other languages of the Mon–Khmer family, and proposed that tone in the other languages had a similar origin.
374:
Chinese scholars often group Tai–Kadai and Hmong–Mien with Sino-Tibetan, but
Western scholarship since the Second World War has considered them as separate families. Some larger groupings have been proposed, but are not widely supported. The
443:, limited clusters at the beginning of a syllable, plentiful vowel contrasts and relatively few final consonants. Languages in the northern part of the area generally have fewer vowel and final contrasts but more initial contrasts.
226:), though in the first two the use of Chinese characters is now restricted to university learning, linguistic or historical study, artistic or decorative works and (in Korean's case) newspapers, rather than daily usage.
2253:
520:. The other areas of the world where numerical classifier systems are common in indigenous languages are the western parts of North and South America, so that numerical classifiers could even be seen as a pan-
459:
where the distinction between voiced and voiceless consonants disappeared but in compensation the number of tones doubled. These parallels led to confusion over the classification of these languages, until
446:
A well-known feature is the similar tone systems in
Chinese, Hmong–Mien, Tai languages and Vietnamese. Most of these languages passed through an earlier stage with three tones on most syllables (apart from
279:. These languages were originally spoken in southern China, where the greatest diversity within the family is still found, and possibly as far north as the Yangtze valley. As Chinese civilization expanded
425:) and Austroasiatic families. Neighbouring languages across these families, though presumed unrelated, often have similar typological features, which are believed to have spread by diffusion.
294:
or Hmong–Mien languages also originated in southern China, where they are now spoken only in isolated hill regions. Many Hmong–Mien speakers were displaced into
Southeast Asia during the
4814:
2686:
2003:, the topic marker is indicated by lengthening the short vowels and adding -oo to words ending in -N/-n. For words ending in long vowels, the topic is introduced only by や.
383:
and other resemblances, is that
Austroasiatic, Austronesian, often Tai–Kadai, and sometimes Hmong–Mien form a genetic family. Other hypothetical groupings include the
359:
languages, but is now seen as a discredited theory and is no longer supported by specialists in these languages. The languages tend to be atonal, polysyllabic and
3537:
3346:
421:
stretches from
Thailand to China and is home to speakers of languages of the Sino-Tibetan, Hmong–Mien (or Miao–Yao), Tai-Kadai, Austronesian (represented by
235:
371:. Critics of the Altaic hypothesis attribute the similarities to intense language contact between the languages that occurred sometime in pre-history.
3436:
2155:
or forms of reference or address can and often do evolve from nouns as fresh ways of expressing respect or social status. Thus personal pronouns are
3441:
4066:
3585:
633:
as the first segment and a comment as the second. This way of marking previously mentioned vs. newly introduced information is an alternative to
3476:
3504:
4147:
3684:
283:
from the North China Plain, many Tai–Kadai speakers became sinicized, while others were displaced to Southeast Asia. With the exception of
4864:
2950:
151:
2719:
99:
4804:
4076:
3707:
3291:
71:
4015:
412:
143:
52:
2328:
3519:
3456:
280:
78:
3990:
2902:
2883:
2850:
2831:
2812:
2793:
2771:
2749:
2632:
2313:
2193:
3740:
537:
187:
17:
4035:
3186:
3481:
85:
3620:
546:
For most of the pre-modern period, Chinese culture dominated East Asia. Scholars in Vietnam, Korea and Japan wrote in
3499:
3391:
2868:
118:
4887:
4140:
3697:
3557:
3366:
3216:
3191:
2223:
67:
5009:
3577:
2943:
2283:
4729:
4717:
3825:
3630:
3567:
3542:
3428:
3181:
56:
468:
MSEA languages tend to have monosyllabic morphemes, though there are exceptions. Most MSEA languages are very
4944:
4934:
4929:
4794:
4622:
4406:
4401:
4071:
3615:
3552:
3399:
3331:
3306:
3203:
2967:
2335:
2238:
554:. Their languages absorbed large numbers of Chinese words, known collectively as Sino-Xenic vocabulary, i.e.
5014:
4949:
4919:
4774:
4030:
3935:
3638:
3361:
3151:
299:
461:
4897:
4799:
4238:
4133:
3529:
3326:
3276:
505:
497:
384:
364:
183:
2208:
601:). The Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese languages are collectively referred to as CJKV, or just
4566:
4040:
3702:
3692:
3600:
3595:
2936:
563:
167:
2268:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4822:
4744:
4739:
4395:
4381:
4156:
3985:
3950:
3905:
3471:
3356:
3246:
2781:
203:
92:
4789:
4734:
4505:
4335:
4224:
3875:
3870:
3765:
3757:
3733:
3376:
3211:
2245:
2110:
626:
555:
380:
317:
to the islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, as well as some areas of mainland southeast Asia.
3321:
2298:
4603:
4498:
4448:
4427:
4418:
4300:
4217:
4177:
3995:
3970:
3885:
3865:
3815:
3785:
3775:
3409:
2230:
541:
493:
476:
and little derivational morphology. Grammatical relations are typically signalled by word order,
329:
264:
241:
219:
45:
3296:
287:, most of the Tai–Kadai languages still remaining in China are spoken in isolated upland areas.
4759:
4754:
4519:
4491:
4441:
4081:
3960:
3955:
3835:
3668:
3562:
3414:
3256:
2260:
2200:
2151:
In many of the region's languages, including Japanese, Korean, Thai, and Malay/Indonesian, new
617:
usually resistant to loanwords, because their foreign origin was hidden by their written form.
559:
440:
360:
325:
310:
2148:
are all terms ultimately derived from Chinese and all refer to different statuses of "uncle".
4911:
4784:
4764:
4512:
4307:
4245:
4025:
3975:
3930:
3910:
3900:
3800:
3509:
3371:
3316:
3061:
2215:
211:
2705:
396:
4892:
4882:
4872:
4722:
4576:
4389:
4273:
4000:
3915:
3895:
3780:
3770:
3605:
3491:
3461:
3424:
3341:
2647:
2172:
2123:, with varying levels of politeness or respect, are well-developed in Japanese and Korean.
477:
388:
321:
2714:
8:
4939:
4712:
4697:
4632:
4434:
4356:
4266:
4259:
4210:
4168:
4055:
4045:
3980:
3945:
3880:
3860:
3850:
3810:
3795:
3790:
3726:
3251:
630:
598:
578:
489:
245:
2651:
4673:
4627:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4086:
4005:
3965:
3940:
3920:
3855:
3830:
3820:
3805:
3610:
3404:
3336:
3301:
3266:
2673:
2275:
2128:
582:
567:
517:
344:
340:
1040:
516:
Languages of both eastern and southeast Asia typically have well-developed systems of
4877:
4854:
4849:
4827:
4769:
4547:
4470:
4363:
4110:
3925:
3890:
3845:
3840:
3749:
3466:
3261:
3043:
2898:
2879:
2846:
2827:
2808:
2789:
2767:
2745:
2737:
2665:
2290:
2168:
2160:
2124:
2000:
743:
634:
525:
469:
376:
356:
332:
spoken in Tibet, southwest China, northeast India, Burma and neighbouring countries.
252:, as well as many other languages spoken in areas scattered as far afield as Malaya (
171:
159:
147:
139:
4839:
4832:
4779:
4707:
4702:
4659:
4652:
4582:
4526:
4464:
4370:
4342:
4328:
4314:
4231:
4203:
4191:
4184:
3650:
3547:
3451:
3446:
3351:
3281:
3127:
3117:
3100:
3095:
3090:
2709:
2701:
2677:
2655:
2600:
2152:
551:
547:
448:
428:
Characteristic of many MSEA languages is a particular syllable structure involving
348:
336:
253:
4666:
4617:
4571:
4454:
4349:
4321:
4280:
4197:
3146:
3132:
3073:
2759:
2320:
2156:
418:
352:
284:
163:
3644:
4844:
4612:
4125:
3661:
3381:
3286:
3156:
3002:
2990:
2305:
609:
605:, since modern Vietnamese is no longer written with Chinese characters at all.
602:
571:
501:
452:
257:
249:
199:
2052:
207:
198:
from Chinese vocabulary into these and other neighboring Asian languages. The
5003:
4104:
3514:
3239:
3176:
3107:
3078:
2628:
2175:
indicate a level of politeness and familiarity directed toward the audience.
613:
524:
areal feature. However, similar noun class systems are also found among most
510:
368:
276:
268:
155:
2822:
Schönig, Claus (2003), "Turko-Mongolic Relations", in Janhunen, Juha (ed.),
585:
characters (Chinese, Japanese), a locally developed phonetic script (Korean
298:
in the 18th and 19th centuries, triggered by the suppression of a series of
4749:
4557:
4291:
3229:
3161:
3141:
2864:
2860:
2669:
1136:
594:
436:
429:
400:
391:. Linguists undergoing long-range comparison have hypothesized even larger
295:
291:
272:
179:
4114:
3224:
3112:
3056:
3051:
3019:
3014:
1503:
The Standard Meiji-Era Written Style of Japanese (Meiji Futsūbun) example
521:
392:
4924:
4643:
4593:
4459:
3674:
3271:
3234:
3068:
2919:
2116:
485:
473:
456:
3590:
3171:
3034:
2980:
2959:
2660:
2120:
874:
134:
3718:
162:
with similar syllable and tone structure. In the 1st millennium AD,
34:
3009:
2167:
whose use is obligatory in grammatical constructs. In addition to
432:
195:
2869:"The Austroasiatic Urheimat: the Southeastern Riverine Hypothesis"
4160:
3655:
3166:
3122:
3085:
1003:
303:
175:
4601:
2876:
Dynamics of Human Diversity: The Case of Mainland Southeast Asia
4252:
3024:
2368:
2164:
586:
481:
422:
314:
191:
142:, with many common features attributed to interaction. In the
2997:
2985:
2975:
439:, a fairly large inventory of consonants, including phonemic
223:
215:
2928:
2163:: they are not stable over time, not few in number, and not
2351:
2171:
that indicate politeness toward the subject of the speech,
590:
577:
Today, these words of Chinese origin may be written in the
2925:(2017), comparative lexicon of languages in southern China
2545:
2521:
2497:
406:
347:
language families, which some linguists had grouped as an
2461:
2449:
2127:
in Chinese are relatively weak, having simplified from a
2569:
2392:
2581:
2473:
2533:
2485:
2509:
2437:
2557:
2380:
236:
Classification schemes for Southeast Asian languages
2878:, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, pp. 317–345,
504:are thought to have changed to this order from the
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2425:
2404:
1390:The epistolary style of Japanese (Sōrōbun) example
194:. As a consequence, there was a massive influx of
5001:
4155:
3442:Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia
531:
3586:Association of East Asian Research Universities
2687:"Areal Linguistics and Mainland Southeast Asia"
2601:"KCTOS 2007: What Happened to the Honorifics?"
620:
4141:
3734:
3538:China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting
2944:
2859:
2374:
629:, sentences are frequently structured with a
4985:Families with more than 30 languages are in
581:characters (Chinese, Japanese, and Korean),
496:. The usual word order in MSEA languages is
570:and pronounced in a local approximation of
4148:
4134:
3741:
3727:
2951:
2937:
2897:(2nd ed.), Harvard Univ Asia Center,
3437:China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit
2892:
2845:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2840:
2713:
2659:
2587:
2575:
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
2826:, London: Routledge, pp. 403–419,
2821:
2758:
2742:Old Japanese: A Phonetic Reconstruction
2706:10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120406
2684:
2627:
2551:
2539:
2527:
2503:
2491:
2467:
2455:
2443:
2410:
413:Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area
407:Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area
144:Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area
14:
5002:
3457:East Asian Bureau of Economic Research
2802:
2780:
2764:Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time
2736:
2563:
2515:
2479:
2431:
2398:
2386:
550:and were thoroughly familiar with the
4129:
3748:
3722:
2932:
2104:
2182:
1985:I've already eaten today's dinner. (
1866:I've already eaten today's dinner. (
1748:I've already eaten today's dinner. (
1641:
1614:I've already eaten today's dinner. (
1485:I've already eaten today's dinner. (
1374:I've already eaten today's dinner. (
1267:
1240:I’ve already eaten today's dinner. (
1120:I've already eaten today's dinner. (
987:I've already eaten today's dinner. (
856:I've already eaten today's dinner. (
727:I've already eaten today's dinner. (
653:
538:Adoption of Chinese literary culture
229:
57:adding citations to reliable sources
28:
2098:I've already eaten today's dinner.
24:
25:
5026:
2913:
313:are believed to have spread from
4109:
4100:
4099:
3621:Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute
3033:
2620:
2327:
2312:
2297:
2282:
2267:
2252:
2237:
2222:
2207:
2192:
566:. These words were written with
33:
2766:, University of Chicago Press,
2593:
608:In a similar way to the use of
351:, sometimes also including the
44:needs additional citations for
4067:British Indian Ocean Territory
3568:EAFF E-1 Football Championship
3543:East Asian Football Federation
2807:, Princeton University Press,
2788:, Cambridge University Press,
2715:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-167B-C
2416:
367:word order and some degree of
13:
1:
3616:Journal of East Asian Studies
3553:East Asian Judo Championships
3400:East Asia Climate Partnership
2958:
2841:Shibatani, Masayoshi (1990),
2694:Annual Review of Anthropology
2357:
2336:Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages
641:is a comment about the topic
532:Influence of Literary Chinese
526:Sub-Saharan African languages
513:organization is also common.
399:, including Sino-Tibetan and
263:One of these groups were the
3639:Horses in East Asian warfare
3182:other ethnic groups in China
2893:Wilkinson, Endymion (2000),
2633:"Taiwan's gift to the world"
2362:
2119:, including frequent use of
417:The Mainland Southeast Asia
324:are usually included in the
7:
2375:Sidwell & Blench (2011)
2345:
1766:Korean mixed script example
627:topic–comment constructions
621:Topic–comment constructions
455:), which was followed by a
385:Sino-Austronesian languages
152:languages of southeast Asia
138:belong to several distinct
10:
5031:
4805:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
3693:Needham Research Institute
3601:East Asia Image Collection
3596:East Asian Economic Review
3031:
2874:, in Enfield, N.J. (ed.),
2803:Ramsey, S. Robert (1987),
2108:
535:
410:
233:
202:was also adapted to write
4973:
4910:
4863:
4813:
4693:
4686:
4641:
4592:
4556:
4481:
4417:
4380:
4290:
4167:
4095:
4054:
4014:
3756:
3683:
3629:
3576:
3528:
3490:
3472:Human rights in East Asia
3423:
3390:
3357:Sino-Xenic pronunciations
3202:
3042:
2966:
2895:Chinese history: a manual
2097:
1984:
1895:Okinawan Ryukyuan example
1865:
1747:
1613:
1484:
1373:
1239:
1119:
986:
855:
726:
660:Classical Chinese example
3816:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2921:Hanzangyu yuyin he cihui
2111:Honorifics (linguistics)
494:sentence-final particles
68:"Languages of East Asia"
4982:have no living members.
4865:East and Southeast Asia
4077:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3558:East Asian martial arts
3505:Archaeological cultures
2231:Austroasiatic languages
542:Sino-Xenic vocabularies
330:Tibeto-Burman languages
242:Austroasiatic languages
5010:Languages of East Asia
3685:Science and technology
3669:The Book of Five Rings
3563:East Asian Youth Games
2843:The Languages of Japan
2824:The Mongolic Languages
2805:The Languages of China
2685:Enfield, N.J. (2005),
2261:Austronesian languages
2201:Sino-Tibetan languages
2115:Linguistic systems of
328:, which also includes
311:Austronesian languages
2968:Countries and regions
2129:more developed system
1622:already eaten this.)
1128:I've already eaten.)
995:I've already eaten.)
864:I've already eaten.)
735:I've already eaten.)
379:hypothesis, based on
335:To the north are the
256:) and central India (
3991:United Arab Emirates
3708:Traditional medicine
3606:East Asia Law Review
3462:East Asian Community
3152:Indigenous Taiwanese
2246:Hmong–Mien languages
2173:Korean speech levels
389:Austro-Tai languages
322:varieties of Chinese
53:improve this article
18:East Asian Languages
5015:Linguistic typology
4623:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
4407:Northwest Caucasian
4402:Northeast Caucasian
4018:limited recognition
3133:Khalkha in Mongolia
2744:, RoutledgeCurzon,
2652:2000Natur.403..709D
2554:, pp. 131–133.
2530:, pp. 189–190.
2506:, pp. 187–190.
2470:, pp. 186–187.
2458:, pp. 182–184.
2401:, pp. 278–279.
2377:, pp. 339–340.
579:traditional Chinese
518:numeral classifiers
506:subject–object–verb
498:subject–verb–object
492:is expressed using
365:subject–object–verb
326:Sino-Tibetan family
265:Tai–Kadai languages
4888:Austronesian–Ongan
4687:Proposed groupings
3750:Languages of Asia
3611:East Asian studies
3307:Hip-and-gable roof
3302:Chinese characters
2738:Miyake, Marc Hideo
2276:Koreanic languages
2161:closed class words
2125:Politeness systems
2105:Politeness systems
2013:Vietnamese example
583:simplified Chinese
568:Chinese characters
168:dominate East Asia
160:analytic languages
4997:
4996:
4906:
4905:
4898:Sino-Austronesian
4682:
4681:
4157:Language families
4123:
4122:
4060:other territories
3716:
3715:
3467:Four Asian Tigers
2904:978-0-674-00249-4
2885:978-0-85883-638-9
2852:978-0-521-36918-3
2833:978-0-7007-1133-8
2814:978-0-691-01468-5
2795:978-0-521-29653-3
2773:978-0-226-58056-2
2751:978-0-415-30575-4
2646:(6771): 709–710,
2482:, pp. 53–56.
2291:Japonic languages
2216:Kra–Dai languages
2183:Distribution maps
2169:Korean honorifics
2153:personal pronouns
2102:
2101:
1997:
1996:
1977:
1968:
1962:
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1442:tabemōshisōrōnari
1386:
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1357:
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1103:
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999:
998:
979:
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959:
868:
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848:
843:
828:
744:Standard Mandarin
739:
738:
719:
702:
449:checked syllables
230:Language families
172:Classical Chinese
148:Chinese varieties
140:language families
129:
128:
121:
103:
16:(Redirected from
5022:
4965:Proto-Euphratean
4691:
4690:
4599:
4598:
4567:Great Andamanese
4150:
4143:
4136:
4127:
4126:
4113:
4103:
4102:
4072:Christmas Island
3758:Sovereign states
3743:
3736:
3729:
3720:
3719:
3651:Miyamoto Musashi
3548:East Asian Games
3520:Former countries
3452:East Asia Summit
3282:Chinese knotting
3037:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2930:
2929:
2908:
2889:
2873:
2856:
2837:
2818:
2799:
2777:
2760:Nichols, Johanna
2755:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2724:
2718:, archived from
2717:
2691:
2681:
2663:
2661:10.1038/35001685
2637:
2629:Diamond, Jared M
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2597:
2591:
2588:Wilkinson (2000)
2585:
2579:
2576:Shibatani (1990)
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2334:Distribution of
2331:
2319:Distribution of
2316:
2304:Distribution of
2301:
2289:Distribution of
2286:
2274:Distribution of
2271:
2256:
2244:Distribution of
2241:
2229:Distribution of
2226:
2214:Distribution of
2211:
2199:Distribution of
2196:
2157:open class words
2121:honorific titles
2019:
2018:
1993:already eaten.)
1989:today's dinner;
1975:
1966:
1960:
1901:
1900:
1874:already eaten.)
1870:today's dinner;
1856:
1847:
1839:
1772:
1771:
1756:already eaten.)
1752:today's dinner;
1738:
1729:
1721:
1654:
1653:
1642:
1618:today's dinner;
1601:
1592:
1584:
1509:
1508:
1493:already eaten.)
1489:today's dinner;
1475:
1471:
1467:
1455:
1396:
1395:
1382:already eaten.)
1378:today's dinner;
1364:
1355:
1347:
1280:
1279:
1274:Japanese example
1268:
1244:today's dinner;
1230:
1226:
1211:
1145:
1144:
1124:today's dinner;
1107:
1101:
1089:
1012:
1011:
991:today's dinner;
977:
972:
957:
883:
882:
860:today's dinner;
846:
841:
826:
752:
751:
731:today's dinner;
717:
700:
666:
665:
654:
552:Chinese classics
548:Literary Chinese
158:, tending to be
124:
117:
113:
110:
104:
102:
61:
37:
29:
21:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4992:
4969:
4960:Paleo-Laplandic
4955:Pre-Finno-Ugric
4902:
4859:
4823:Greater Siangic
4809:
4795:Uralic–Yukaghir
4745:Ibero-Caucasian
4740:Elamo-Dravidian
4678:
4637:
4588:
4552:
4477:
4413:
4396:North Caucasian
4376:
4286:
4225:Paleo-Sardinian
4163:
4154:
4124:
4119:
4091:
4059:
4050:
4031:Northern Cyprus
4017:
4010:
3752:
3747:
3717:
3712:
3679:
3625:
3572:
3524:
3486:
3482:Stock exchanges
3419:
3386:
3198:
3038:
3029:
2962:
2957:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2886:
2871:
2853:
2834:
2815:
2796:
2774:
2752:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2689:
2635:
2623:
2618:
2609:
2607:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2502:
2498:
2490:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2332:
2323:
2321:Nivkh languages
2317:
2308:
2302:
2293:
2287:
2278:
2272:
2263:
2257:
2248:
2242:
2233:
2227:
2218:
2212:
2203:
2197:
2185:
2113:
2107:
1886:
1634:
1260:
623:
564:Sino-Vietnamese
544:
536:Main articles:
534:
419:linguistic area
415:
409:
238:
232:
174:was adopted by
164:Chinese culture
125:
114:
108:
105:
62:
60:
50:
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5028:
5018:
5017:
5012:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4983:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4916:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4869:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4819:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4790:Uralo-Siberian
4787:
4782:
4777:
4775:Serbi–Mongolic
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4735:Dravido-Korean
4732:
4730:Dené–Yeniseian
4727:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4718:Dené–Caucasian
4715:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4688:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4663:
4656:
4648:
4646:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4607:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4563:
4561:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4487:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4423:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4392:
4386:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4336:Hurro-Urartian
4332:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4296:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4228:
4221:
4218:Paleo-Corsican
4214:
4207:
4200:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4173:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4153:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4130:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4107:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4063:
4061:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4022:
4020:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3746:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3723:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3665:
3662:The Art of War
3658:
3653:
3648:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3382:Chinese zodiac
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3287:Chinese dragon
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3247:Blepharoplasty
3244:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3071:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3006:
3005:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2956:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2915:
2914:External links
2912:
2910:
2909:
2903:
2890:
2884:
2857:
2851:
2838:
2832:
2819:
2813:
2800:
2794:
2778:
2772:
2756:
2750:
2734:
2700:(1): 181–206,
2682:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2592:
2580:
2578:, p. 146.
2568:
2556:
2552:Nichols (1992)
2544:
2542:, p. 189.
2540:Enfield (2005)
2532:
2528:Enfield (2005)
2520:
2518:, p. 280.
2508:
2504:Enfield (2005)
2496:
2494:, p. 186.
2492:Enfield (2005)
2484:
2472:
2468:Enfield (2005)
2460:
2456:Enfield (2005)
2448:
2446:, p. 403.
2444:Schönig (2003)
2436:
2424:
2415:
2411:Diamond (2000)
2403:
2391:
2389:, p. 233.
2379:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2333:
2326:
2324:
2318:
2311:
2309:
2306:Ainu languages
2303:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2266:
2264:
2258:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2236:
2234:
2228:
2221:
2219:
2213:
2206:
2204:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2109:Main article:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2009:
2008:
1995:
1994:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1923:Transcription:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1797:Transcription:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1679:Transcription:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1648:Korean example
1640:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1537:Transcription:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1418:Transcription:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1384:
1383:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1305:Transcription:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1248:I had eaten.)
1238:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1170:Transcription:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1130:
1129:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
997:
996:
985:
981:
980:
975:
969:
966:
963:
960:
955:
952:
948:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
911:Transcription:
908:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
869:
866:
865:
854:
850:
849:
844:
838:
835:
832:
829:
824:
821:
817:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
780:Transcription:
777:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
737:
736:
725:
721:
720:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
698:
695:
691:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
652:
651:
650:
622:
619:
595:Latin alphabet
572:Middle Chinese
533:
530:
500:. Chinese and
453:stop consonant
411:Main article:
408:
405:
397:Dené–Caucasian
231:
228:
200:Chinese script
180:ruling classes
156:areal features
127:
126:
41:
39:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5027:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5005:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4800:Eskimo–Uralic
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4685:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4640:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:Paleosiberian
4600:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4499:Austroasiatic
4496:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4449:Austroasiatic
4446:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4428:Indo-European
4425:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4301:Indo-European
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4178:Indo-European
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4151:
4146:
4144:
4139:
4137:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4106:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4041:South Ossetia
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3739:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3217:Architecture
3215:
3213:
3212:Age reckoning
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3044:Ethnic groups
3041:
3036:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2949:
2947:
2942:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2866:
2865:Blench, Roger
2862:
2861:Sidwell, Paul
2858:
2854:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2782:Norman, Jerry
2779:
2775:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2725:on 2013-05-24
2721:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2621:Sources cited
2606:
2602:
2596:
2590:, p. 43.
2589:
2584:
2577:
2572:
2566:, p. 99.
2565:
2564:Miyake (2004)
2560:
2553:
2548:
2541:
2536:
2529:
2524:
2517:
2516:Ramsey (1987)
2512:
2505:
2500:
2493:
2488:
2481:
2480:Norman (1988)
2476:
2469:
2464:
2457:
2452:
2445:
2440:
2433:
2432:Norman (1988)
2428:
2419:
2412:
2407:
2400:
2399:Ramsey (1987)
2395:
2388:
2387:Ramsey (1987)
2383:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2337:
2330:
2325:
2322:
2315:
2310:
2307:
2300:
2295:
2292:
2285:
2280:
2277:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2259:Dispersal of
2255:
2250:
2247:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2225:
2220:
2217:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2180:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1999:Note that in
1992:
1988:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1826:siksahayeotda
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1480:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1235:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:chiq-theq-leq
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1041:Transcription
1039:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1005:
994:
990:
983:
982:
976:
970:
967:
964:
961:
956:
953:
950:
949:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
910:
909:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
885:
884:
881:
879:
878:
876:
870:
863:
859:
852:
851:
845:
839:
836:
833:
830:
825:
822:
819:
818:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
779:
778:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
754:
753:
750:
748:
747:
745:
734:
730:
723:
722:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
699:
696:
693:
692:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
668:
667:
664:
662:
661:
656:
655:
648:
647:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
618:
615:
614:ancient Greek
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
556:Sino-Japanese
553:
549:
543:
539:
529:
527:
523:
519:
514:
512:
511:Topic-comment
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
463:
458:
454:
450:
444:
442:
438:
434:
431:
426:
424:
420:
414:
404:
402:
398:
394:
393:macrofamilies
390:
386:
382:
378:
372:
370:
369:vowel harmony
366:
362:
361:agglutinative
358:
354:
350:
349:Altaic family
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
237:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
136:
133:languages of
123:
120:
112:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70: –
69:
65:
64:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
4986:
4979:
4978:Families in
4935:Pre-Goidelic
4930:Pre-Germanic
4760:Indo-Semitic
4755:Indo-Pacific
4750:Indo-Hittite
4665:
4658:
4651:
4581:
4558:Indian Ocean
4525:
4520:Austronesian
4518:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4492:Sino-Tibetan
4490:
4482:
4469:
4447:
4442:Sino-Tibetan
4440:
4433:
4426:
4394:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4251:
4246:North Picene
4244:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4202:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4056:Dependencies
3986:Turkmenistan
3951:Saudi Arabia
3667:
3660:
3645:Bansenshūkai
3643:
3410:Rainy season
3311:
3187:unrecognized
2920:
2894:
2875:
2842:
2823:
2804:
2785:
2763:
2741:
2727:, retrieved
2720:the original
2697:
2693:
2643:
2639:
2608:. Retrieved
2604:
2595:
2583:
2571:
2559:
2547:
2535:
2523:
2511:
2499:
2487:
2475:
2463:
2451:
2439:
2434:, p. 6.
2427:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2177:
2159:rather than
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2114:
2095:Translation:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2012:
2011:
2010:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1982:Translation:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1863:Translation:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1753:
1749:
1745:Translation:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1611:Translation:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1490:
1486:
1482:Translation:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1371:Translation:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1237:Translation:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1137:Shanghainese
1135:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1117:Translation:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1002:
1001:
1000:
992:
988:
984:Translation:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
873:
872:
871:
861:
857:
853:Translation:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
742:
741:
740:
732:
728:
724:Translation:
659:
658:
657:
642:
638:
624:
607:
576:
545:
515:
467:
451:ending in a
445:
437:lexical tone
430:monosyllabic
427:
416:
373:
334:
319:
308:
296:Qing Dynasty
289:
262:
239:
132:
130:
115:
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
4785:Ural-Altaic
4765:Indo-Uralic
4577:Sentinelese
4308:Afroasiatic
4274:Eteocypriot
4115:Asia portal
4016:States with
3936:Philippines
3876:South Korea
3871:North Korea
3766:Afghanistan
3500:Archaeology
3392:Environment
3257:Calligraphy
3101:in Sakhalin
3057:Han Chinese
3020:South Korea
3015:North Korea
2605:www.inst.at
1693:jeonyeokbab
1476:AFFIRMATIVE
718:AFFIRMATIVE
589:, Japanese
560:Sino-Korean
522:Pacific Rim
486:adpositions
462:Haudricourt
154:share many
5004:Categories
4925:Pre-Celtic
4893:East Asian
4883:Austro-Tai
4873:Andamanese
4723:Eurasiatic
4644:North Asia
4594:North Asia
4506:Hmong–Mien
4460:Burushaski
4419:South Asia
4390:Kartvelian
4357:Philistine
4267:Eteocretan
4211:Tartessian
3996:Uzbekistan
3971:Tajikistan
3886:Kyrgyzstan
3866:Kazakhstan
3786:Bangladesh
3776:Azerbaijan
3675:Yi Sun-sin
3510:Bronze Age
3447:Capitalism
3372:Typography
3367:Television
3337:Philosophy
3322:Mādhyamaka
3317:Literature
3272:Sinosphere
3192:historical
2729:2013-06-05
2610:2022-11-14
2358:References
2117:politeness
2045:bữa ăn tối
2007:Vietnamese
1976:PERFECTIVE
1937:yuu'ubanoo
1857:PERFECTIVE
1739:PERFECTIVE
1602:ACCUSATIVE
1365:PERFECTIVE
1108:PERFECTIVE
1072:chia̍h-kòe
1047:Kin-á-ji̍t
973:PERFECTIVE
842:PERFECTIVE
599:Vietnamese
474:inflection
472:, with no
457:tone split
441:aspiration
381:morphology
246:Vietnamese
234:See also:
204:Vietnamese
79:newspapers
4950:Pre-Vedic
4940:Pre-Greek
4912:Substrata
4815:Arunachal
4713:Nostratic
4698:Alarodian
4633:Yeniseian
4483:East Asia
4435:Dravidian
4292:West Asia
4260:Tyrsenian
4082:Hong Kong
4036:Palestine
3961:Sri Lanka
3956:Singapore
3836:Indonesia
3591:CrossAsia
3578:Education
3332:Mythology
3312:Languages
3292:Festivals
3240:Taiwanese
3147:Ryukyuans
3062:subgroups
2981:Hong Kong
2960:East Asia
2363:Citations
1708:meogeotda
1102:AUXILIARY
875:Cantonese
478:particles
433:morphemes
281:southward
196:loanwords
135:East Asia
109:June 2009
4945:Vasconic
4920:Atlantic
4674:Eskaleut
4628:Yukaghir
4543:Koreanic
4538:Tungusic
4533:Mongolic
4471:Harappan
4382:Caucasus
4364:Sumerian
4239:Ligurian
4105:Category
4026:Abkhazia
3976:Thailand
3931:Pakistan
3911:Mongolia
3906:Maldives
3901:Malaysia
3801:Cambodia
3698:Printing
3631:Military
3515:Iron Age
3429:Politics
3377:Yogācāra
3362:Surnames
3342:Religion
3252:Buddhism
3230:Japanese
3157:Tibetans
3128:in China
3118:Mongolic
3096:in Japan
3091:in China
3074:Japanese
3010:Mongolia
2991:Mainland
2923:汉藏语语音和词汇
2867:(2011),
2784:(1988),
2762:(1992),
2740:(2004),
2670:10693781
2631:(2000),
2346:See also
2001:Okinawan
1991:Comment:
1961:GENITIVE
1889:Ryukyuan
1872:Comment:
1840:GENITIVE
1754:Comment:
1722:GENITIVE
1703:beolsseo
1620:Comment:
1585:GENITIVE
1491:Comment:
1456:GENITIVE
1380:Comment:
1348:GENITIVE
1319:bangohan
1263:Japanese
1246:Comment:
1212:GENITIVE
1126:Comment:
1112:already
1090:GENITIVE
993:Comment:
978:NEWSTATE
958:GENITIVE
925:maancaan
862:Comment:
847:NEWSTATE
827:GENITIVE
733:Comment:
701:GENITIVE
635:articles
593:), or a
490:Modality
470:analytic
395:such as
345:Tungusic
341:Mongolic
292:Miao–Yao
267:such as
244:include
220:Japanese
176:scholars
166:came to
4980:italics
4878:Austric
4855:Kho-Bwa
4850:Hrusish
4828:Siangic
4770:Karasuk
4670: ?
4583:Kenaboi
4548:Japonic
4513:Kra–Dai
4474: ?
4465:Kusunda
4371:Elamite
4343:Kassite
4329:Kaskian
4232:Camunic
4204:Iberian
4161:Eurasia
4001:Vietnam
3916:Myanmar
3896:Lebanon
3826:Georgia
3781:Bahrain
3771:Armenia
3656:Sun Tzu
3492:History
3425:Economy
3405:Monsoon
3347:Scripts
3297:Gardens
3267:Cuisine
3225:Chinese
3204:Culture
3167:Uyghurs
3123:Mongols
3086:Koreans
2786:Chinese
2678:4379227
2648:Bibcode
2165:clitics
2090:dinner
2084:already
2070:𩛷𩛖啐。
2053:Chữ Nôm
2025:Hôm nay
1971:already
1965:dinner-
1852:already
1792:食事하였다.
1734:already
1597:already
1571:shokusu
1463:already
1360:already
1231:PRESENT
1227:PERFECT
1222:already
1174:Cín-zau
1139:example
1006:example
1004:Hokkien
968:already
877:example
837:already
784:Jīntiān
746:example
711:already
649:Chinese
482:coverbs
377:Austric
363:, with
357:Japonic
304:Guizhou
300:revolts
208:Chữ Nôm
184:Vietnam
93:scholar
4840:Mijiic
4833:Digaro
4780:Pontic
4708:Borean
4703:Altaic
4667:Rouran
4660:Turkic
4653:Uralic
4642:Other
4527:Turkic
4455:Nihali
4350:Gutian
4322:Hattic
4315:Turkic
4281:Minoan
4253:Sicani
4198:Basque
4192:Turkic
4185:Uralic
4169:Europe
4046:Taiwan
3981:Turkey
3946:Russia
3881:Kuwait
3861:Jordan
3851:Israel
3811:Cyprus
3796:Brunei
3791:Bhutan
3703:Swords
3530:Sports
3262:Cinema
3235:Korean
3177:Zhuang
3108:Manchu
3079:Yamato
3025:Taiwan
3003:Ryukyu
2901:
2882:
2849:
2830:
2811:
2792:
2770:
2748:
2676:
2668:
2640:Nature
2144:, and
2075:Gloss:
1987:Topic:
1954:Gloss:
1880:
1868:Topic:
1844:dinner
1833:Gloss:
1811:mansig
1801:Geumir
1750:Topic:
1726:dinner
1715:Gloss:
1637:Korean
1628:
1616:Topic:
1589:dinner
1578:Gloss:
1566:korewo
1561:sudeni
1487:Topic:
1472:POLITE
1468:HUMBLE
1460:dinner
1449:Gloss:
1437:sudeni
1413:食申候也。
1376:Topic:
1352:dinner
1341:Gloss:
1334:tabeta
1254:
1242:Topic:
1216:dinner
1205:Gloss:
1122:Topic:
1094:dinner
1083:Gloss:
1057:àm-tǹg
989:Topic:
962:dinner
951:Gloss:
935:jiging
915:Gamjat
858:Topic:
831:dinner
820:Gloss:
809:chīguò
804:yǐjīng
794:wǎnfàn
729:Topic:
705:dinner
694:Gloss:
587:hangul
423:Chamic
353:Korean
337:Turkic
315:Taiwan
285:Zhuang
254:Aslian
218:) and
212:Korean
190:, and
170:, and
95:
88:
81:
74:
66:
4618:Nivkh
4572:Ongan
4087:Macau
4006:Yemen
3966:Syria
3941:Qatar
3921:Nepal
3856:Japan
3831:India
3821:Egypt
3806:China
3477:Ports
3415:Flora
3327:Music
3277:Dance
3162:Tujia
3142:Qiang
2998:Japan
2986:Macau
2976:China
2872:(PDF)
2723:(PDF)
2690:(PDF)
2674:S2CID
2636:(PDF)
2142:dượng
2078:today
1967:TOPIC
1957:today
1947:kadan
1918:噛だん。
1848:TOPIC
1836:today
1730:TOPIC
1718:today
1683:Oneur
1674:먹었다.
1600:this-
1593:TOPIC
1581:today
1551:yūhan
1452:today
1432:yūhan
1356:TOPIC
1344:today
1300:食べた。
1208:today
1194:i-cín
1184:ya-ve
1165:吃脫了。
1100:have-
1086:today
954:today
940:sikzo
823:today
697:today
631:topic
610:Latin
502:Karen
258:Korku
250:Khmer
224:Kanji
216:Hanja
192:Japan
188:Korea
100:JSTOR
86:books
4987:bold
4845:Miju
4613:Ainu
3926:Oman
3891:Laos
3846:Iraq
3841:Iran
3427:and
3352:Seal
3221:Art
3113:Miao
3052:Ainu
2899:ISBN
2880:ISBN
2847:ISBN
2828:ISBN
2809:ISBN
2790:ISBN
2768:ISBN
2746:ISBN
2666:PMID
2352:EALC
2058:𣋚𠉞
1974:eat-
1927:Chuu
1912:夕御飯ー
1855:eat-
1737:eat-
1606:eat
1532:食ス。
1466:eat-
1363:eat-
1225:eat-
1179:gheq
1106:eat-
971:eat-
840:eat-
612:and
591:kana
562:and
540:and
480:and
387:and
355:and
343:and
320:The
309:The
290:The
277:Shan
275:and
269:Thai
248:and
240:The
222:(as
214:(as
206:(as
178:and
150:and
131:The
72:news
4560:rim
4159:of
4058:and
3069:Hui
2710:hdl
2702:doi
2656:doi
2644:403
2146:cậu
2138:chú
2134:bác
2087:eat
2030:tôi
1942:naa
1821:gii
1816:eun
1698:eun
1665:저녁밥
1541:Kyō
1422:Kyō
1309:Kyō
1291:晩ご飯
1189:ngu
1062:góa
1035:矣。
1017:今仔日
945:laa
930:ngo
906:喇。
814:le.
775:了。
714:eat
689:也。
625:In
603:CJK
484:or
401:Ket
302:in
273:Lao
210:),
182:in
55:by
5006::
3172:Yi
2863:;
2708:,
2698:34
2696:,
2692:,
2672:,
2664:,
2654:,
2642:,
2638:,
2603:.
2140:,
2136:,
2067:𩛖
2047:.
2040:ăn
2035:đã
2016::
1949:.
1932:nu
1915:なー
1906:今日
1898::
1828:.
1806:ui
1789:旣已
1783:晩食
1777:今日
1769::
1710:.
1688:ui
1671:벌써
1659:오늘
1651::
1573:.
1556:wa
1546:no
1529:之ヲ
1526:已ニ
1520:夕飯
1514:今日
1506::
1444:.
1427:no
1407:夕飯
1401:今日
1393::
1336:.
1329:mō
1324:wa
1314:no
1297:もう
1285:今日
1277::
1162:已經
1156:夜飯
1150:今朝
1142::
1077:ah
1067:ū
1032:食過
1023:暗頓
1009::
920:ge
903:食咗
900:已經
894:晚餐
888:今日
880::
799:wǒ
789:de
772:吃過
769:已經
763:晚飯
757:今天
749::
663::
645:.
574:.
558:,
528:.
488:.
435:,
403:.
339:,
306:.
271:,
186:,
146:,
4989:.
4606:"
4602:"
4149:e
4142:t
4135:v
3742:e
3735:t
3728:v
2952:e
2945:t
2938:v
2907:.
2888:.
2855:.
2836:.
2817:.
2798:.
2776:.
2754:.
2732:.
2712::
2704::
2680:.
2658::
2650::
2613:.
2413:.
2081:I
2064:吔
2061:碎
2055::
1909:ぬ
1786:은
1780:의
1668:은
1662:의
1523:ハ
1517:ノ
1474:-
1470:-
1410:已
1404:之
1294:は
1288:の
1229:-
1219:I
1159:我
1153:個
1097:I
1052:ê
1043::
1029:有
1026:我
1020:兮
965:I
897:我
891:嘅
834:I
766:我
760:的
708:I
686:食
683:已
680:吾
677:飱
674:之
671:今
643:A
639:B
597:(
122:)
116:(
111:)
107:(
97:·
90:·
83:·
76:·
49:.
20:)
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