554:
56:
279:
508:, which ultimately controlled most of the region. His domain also extended to territories formerly controlled by Mataram. Mataram counter-attacked in 1690 but was defeated, partly because of Surapati's previous experience in European military techniques. A combined Dutch-Mataram-Madurese force killed Surapati in 1706 and captured Pasuruan in 1707. However, neither the Dutch or Mataram were able to establish control over the region as a whole.
489:, tried unsuccessfully to subdue the region in 1647. From this point neither Mataram nor any other central Javanese polity would have effective control over the region. It remained outside Mataram's influence between the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries, when that region was developing the features and characteristics known today as essentially
605:
regency. Because the region was outside
Mataram's influence during the "formative period" of the Javanese tradition, the inhabitants of the eastern salient often differ from other Javanese in terms of etiquette, language, art, and social hierarchy. In contrast to the social hierarchy of Central Java,
620:
The region is predominantly Muslim, but Islam was not well-established until the late eighteenth century. Major conversions to Islam occurred when the region was under the VOC's control, with the company supporting the conversions (sometimes by force). The
Tengger mountains are a notable exception.
515:
in which the Dutch defeated
Mataram, Mataram gave up its claim to the region and "ceded" it to the Dutch (although it did not control the region in the first place) along with other concessions. The Dutch attempt to establish control was met by resistance, including from people calling themselves
405:
Kingdom circa fourteenth century. During
Majapahit period, the eastern realm was regarded as peripheral area of the Javanese kingdom, which centered in Majapahit and surrounding Brantas River basin. Whereas eastern salient areas such as Lumajang is regarded as the outlying provinces.
456:
stood on its own as the one solitary Hindu kingdom left in Java, controlling the larger part of Java's eastern salient. For almost three centuries, Blambangan was situated between two different political factions, the
Islamic state of Mataram in the west, and various
290:
considered the western boundary of the region to be just east of the modern-day Malang-Surabaya highway. The region extends 180 kilometers east-to-west, (out of Java's total length of about 1,000 kilometers), to the east coast of Java, just across the strait from
484:
in 1614–1625, while managing to conquer
Surabaya, Malang, Pasuruan and Madura, did not establish control over the eastern salient. A renewed campaign in 1640 brought the region under Mataram's control until Agung's death in 1645. His successor,
295:. Unlike Java's central heartland and northern coast, the region is drier, more rugged, and lacks major rivers. These factors make wet-rice agriculture less extensive here than in central regions of Java. The region covers the
429:(provinces) of Majapahit. However, it seems that the eastern realm steadily has grown quite independently. The eastern salient become the host of eastern court which rival Majapahit central authority. The rivalry erupted in
380:
During the formative early period of
Javanese history, eastern salient of Java was quite isolated from the center of Javanese polity. As the cradle of Javanese civilization blossomed in the ninth century in
262:. It is not a formal or administrative subdivision, but rather a designation often used to refer to its distinct history, culture, and geographical feature. It is generally considered to begin in the
55:
516:"descendants of Surapati". In 1764, the Dutch, supported by local allies, defeated the resistance in the Tengger section of the region, and in 1771 they pacified
799:
287:
446:
533:("commander"). The Dutch encouraged the population's conversion to Islam, in order to erode the Hindu-Balinese influence from further east. After
421:. As the reward of Wiraraja's support, in 1295, Raden Wijaya agreed to give him the eastern salient of Java, which includes Blambangan areas with
414:
449:. In 1406 the western troops led by Bhre Tumapel, the son of Wikramawardhana, penetrated the eastern palace and defeated Bhre Wirabhumi.
334:
The western section of the region, among Java's most rugged, isolated the eastern salient from Java's central heartland to its west. The
606:
the eastern salient maintained its frontier character, populist mannerism, and less hierarchical ways, which remain to the present day.
617:
also inhabit the area. Since the nineteenth century, Madurese have become the dominant ethnic group in some areas, such as
Pasuruan.
92:
553:
774:
Java in the 14th
Century: A Study in Cultural History Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
772:
1116:
1092:
461:(Gelgel, Buleleng, and Mengwi) in the east. Both neighbouring powers simultaneously contested the territory of Blambangan.
347:
988:
1071:
782:
1159:
286:
The eastern salient consists of the narrow peninsula in the eastern extremity of the Java island. Anthropologist
625:
priesthood remains. In addition, parts of the highlands have few orthodox Muslim influences, and have a strong
368:
which support rice-based communities. However, the basin area is much narrower than in other parts of Java.
481:
675:
The sum of the last columns of rows 08-13 and 75 is 7,592,959. This is a lower bound because according to
653:
468:, the eastern salient lay outside the control of Javanese political powers, which were typically based in
534:
266:
and extend eastwards to the east coast of Java. It is entirely contained by the
Indonesian province of
501:
504:(known by the Dutch acronym, "VOC") fled to the eastern salient and set up an independent polity at
512:
263:
805:
663:
658:
574:
453:
1127:
60:
The eastern salient of Java (bottom-right) shown in the context of the island of Java (top).
369:
8:
300:
211:
99:
679:, the eastern salient covers all these seven subdivision, plus the eastern part of the
1142:
1136:
1112:
1088:
1067:
778:
594:
590:
562:
558:
477:
358:
235:
170:
254:, "eastern corner") is a region that makes up the easternmost part of the island of
680:
324:
134:
104:
1138:
Java's last frontier : the struggle for hegemony of Blambangan, c. 1763–1813
1106:
1061:
614:
586:
561:
in the 1890s. While the rest of the eastern salient is predominantly Muslim, the
438:
390:
178:
166:
1102:
573:
The eastern salient has a population of at least 7.5 million, according to the
351:
335:
245:
1082:
1153:
394:
996:
654:"Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Status Kewarganegaraan - Provinsi Jawa Timur"
598:
578:
490:
486:
473:
469:
458:
410:
343:
174:
529:
382:
365:
339:
328:
452:
At the time of the collapse of Majapahit in the late fifteenth century,
602:
517:
465:
442:
430:
398:
386:
320:
129:
278:
582:
538:
402:
316:
312:
296:
267:
259:
124:
119:
79:
69:
622:
566:
505:
497:
434:
433:(1404–1406), which was fought as the contest of succession between
422:
346:, Java's highest peak, lie in this section. Together they form the
304:
193:
109:
282:
The Bromo, Tengger, Semeru volcanic complex of the eastern salient
626:
197:
234:, "The Horseshoe" – referring to the region's shape on the map;
1084:
The Political Economy of Mountain Java: An Interpretive History
610:
545:("The Horseshoe"), referring to how the region looks on a map.
418:
308:
114:
189:
355:
292:
255:
874:
872:
870:
868:
425:
as its capital. The eastern realm become the vassal or as
940:
938:
1016:
1014:
889:
887:
855:
853:
851:
1038:
971:
969:
967:
965:
950:
911:
899:
865:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
1026:
935:
923:
836:
770:
733:
731:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
1011:
884:
848:
962:
824:
743:
718:
716:
714:
712:
804:. Abhinav Publications. p. 104. Archived from
728:
686:
812:
1130:(in Indonesian). Pesantren Zainul Hasan Genggong.
801:From Majapahit and Sukuh to Megawati Sukarnoputri
709:
409:The Majapahit kingdom was established in 1293 by
364:Between the tight mountain formations, there are
1151:
227:
217:
609:Because of steady migration from the island of
995:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from
621:The Tenggerese are predominantly Hindu, and a
797:
648:
646:
527:("The east corner") and was supervised by a
354:massif lies in the central section, and the
1063:Hindu Javanese: Tengger Tradition and Islam
613:off the eastern salient's north coast, the
523:Under Dutch control, the region was called
16:Geographical region in East Java, Indonesia
1128:"Sejarah Tapal Kuda di Kawasan Jawa Timur"
1108:A History of Modern Indonesia Since C.1200
548:
643:
520:, the easternmost section of the region.
1101:
1044:
1032:
956:
917:
905:
878:
842:
552:
277:
1134:
1081:Hefner, Robert W. (18 December 1990b).
1080:
1059:
1020:
975:
944:
929:
893:
859:
830:
818:
758:
737:
703:
565:are predominantly Hindu and maintain a
1152:
1125:
1111:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 46–48.
722:
676:
791:
1141:(Doctoral thesis). Faculty of Arts,
585:, its inhabitants are mostly ethnic
1060:Hefner, Robert W. (January 1990a).
372:lies in the southeasternmost area.
13:
1126:Sholeh, Anwar (1 September 2014).
1087:. University of California Press.
500:, a resistance leader against the
413:with the help of cunning and able
348:Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park
14:
1171:
1135:Margana, Sri (13 December 2007).
593:sub-ethnic group who live in the
537:, the region became part of the
54:
1053:
981:
771:Theodore G.Th. Pigeaud (2013).
1066:. Princeton University Press.
764:
541:province, and is often called
389:valley in Central Java during
1:
632:
361:lies in the eastern section.
637:
601:subgroup in the easternmost
273:
7:
798:Victor M Fic (2 Jan 2014).
150: • Estimate
86:Administrative subdivisions
10:
1176:
375:
323:, the eastern part of the
777:. Springer. p. 419.
502:Dutch East Indies Company
327:, as well as the city of
239:
185:
162:
157:
149:
144:
85:
75:
65:
53:
38:
31:
21:
535:Indonesia's independence
511:In the aftermath of the
482:conquest of eastern Java
393:, later shifted east to
25:
549:Inhabitants and culture
208:eastern salient of Java
23:Eastern salient of Java
1160:Geography of East Java
570:
397:valley during Kediri,
283:
264:Tengger mountain range
249:
228:
218:
163: • Ethnicity
48:("the eastern corner")
26:Ujung Timur Pulau Jawa
1105:(11 September 2008).
664:Badan Pusat Statistik
659:Indonesia 2010 census
575:Indonesia 2010 census
556:
281:
186: • Religion
153:More than 7.5 million
589:. This includes the
513:Java War (1741–1743)
459:Hindu realms in Bali
370:Blambangan Peninsula
999:on December 6, 2016
224:, "eastern end" or
137:(eastern part only)
100:Probolinggo Regency
44:("The Horseshoe");
33:Geographical region
577:. As with most of
571:
284:
39:Nickname(s):
1143:Leiden University
1118:978-1-137-05201-8
1094:978-0-520-91376-9
595:Tengger mountains
559:Tengger mountains
557:Priests from the
359:composite volcano
204:
203:
1167:
1146:
1131:
1122:
1098:
1077:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
989:"Tengger people"
985:
979:
973:
960:
954:
948:
942:
933:
927:
921:
915:
909:
903:
897:
891:
882:
876:
863:
857:
846:
840:
834:
828:
822:
816:
810:
809:
795:
789:
788:
768:
762:
756:
741:
735:
726:
720:
707:
701:
684:
683:(pop. 1,512,468)
681:Pasuruan Regency
674:
672:
671:
650:
464:For most of the
417:, the Regent of
325:Pasuruan Regency
288:Robert W. Hefner
243:
231:
221:
135:Pasuruan Regency
105:Probolinggo City
58:
19:
18:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1150:
1149:
1119:
1095:
1074:
1056:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1012:
1002:
1000:
987:
986:
982:
974:
963:
955:
951:
943:
936:
928:
924:
916:
912:
904:
900:
892:
885:
877:
866:
858:
849:
841:
837:
829:
825:
817:
813:
796:
792:
785:
769:
765:
757:
744:
736:
729:
721:
710:
702:
687:
669:
667:
652:
651:
644:
640:
635:
551:
439:Wikramawardhana
391:Mataram kingdom
378:
276:
140:
96:
95:
61:
49:
34:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1173:
1163:
1162:
1148:
1147:
1132:
1123:
1117:
1103:Ricklefs, M.C.
1099:
1093:
1078:
1072:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1047:, p. 123.
1037:
1025:
1010:
993:britannica.com
980:
961:
959:, p. 132.
949:
947:, p. 240.
934:
932:, p. 248.
922:
920:, p. 116.
910:
908:, p. 104.
898:
883:
881:, p. 102.
864:
847:
835:
823:
811:
808:on 2014-12-21.
790:
783:
763:
742:
727:
708:
685:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
550:
547:
447:Bhre Wirabhumi
377:
374:
352:Iyang-Argapura
336:Tengger massif
275:
272:
244:, "far east",
202:
201:
187:
183:
182:
164:
160:
159:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
142:
141:
139:
138:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
91:
90:
89:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
40:
36:
35:
32:
29:
28:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1172:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1073:0-691-02856-7
1069:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1046:
1045:Ricklefs 2008
1041:
1035:, p. 12.
1034:
1033:Ricklefs 2008
1029:
1023:, p. 32.
1022:
1017:
1015:
998:
994:
990:
984:
977:
972:
970:
968:
966:
958:
957:Ricklefs 2008
953:
946:
941:
939:
931:
926:
919:
918:Ricklefs 2008
914:
907:
906:Ricklefs 2008
902:
896:, p. 30.
895:
890:
888:
880:
879:Ricklefs 2008
875:
873:
871:
869:
862:, p. 29.
861:
856:
854:
852:
845:, p. 87.
844:
843:Ricklefs 2008
839:
833:, p. 27.
832:
827:
820:
815:
807:
803:
802:
794:
786:
784:9789401771337
780:
776:
775:
767:
761:, p. 23.
760:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
739:
734:
732:
724:
719:
717:
715:
713:
705:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
682:
678:
665:
661:
660:
655:
649:
647:
642:
630:
628:
624:
618:
616:
612:
607:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
568:
564:
560:
555:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
531:
526:
521:
519:
514:
509:
507:
503:
499:
494:
492:
488:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
460:
455:
450:
448:
444:
443:Eastern court
440:
436:
435:Western court
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:Arya Wiraraja
412:
407:
404:
400:
396:
395:Brantas River
392:
388:
384:
373:
371:
367:
362:
360:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
280:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
252:
247:
242:
237:
233:
232:
230:
223:
222:
220:
213:
209:
199:
195:
191:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
165:
161:
156:
152:
148:
143:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
97:
94:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
57:
52:
47:
43:
37:
30:
20:
1137:
1107:
1083:
1062:
1054:Bibliography
1040:
1028:
1021:Hefner 1990a
1001:. Retrieved
997:the original
992:
983:
978:, p. 9.
976:Hefner 1990b
952:
945:Margana 2007
930:Margana 2007
925:
913:
901:
894:Hefner 1990a
860:Hefner 1990a
838:
831:Hefner 1990a
826:
819:Margana 2007
814:
806:the original
800:
793:
773:
766:
759:Hefner 1990a
740:, p. 1.
738:Margana 2007
706:, p. 6.
704:Hefner 1990b
668:. Retrieved
657:
619:
608:
572:
542:
528:
524:
522:
510:
495:
487:Amangkurat I
474:Sultan Agung
470:Central Java
463:
451:
426:
411:Raden Wijaya
408:
379:
366:river basins
363:
344:Mount Semeru
333:
285:
250:
240:
226:
225:
216:
215:
207:
205:
158:Demographics
93:Regency/city
45:
41:
1003:December 6,
723:Sholeh 2014
677:Sholeh 2014
629:tradition.
569:priesthood.
530:gezaghebber
525:De Oosthoek
427:mancanagara
340:Mount Bromo
338:(including
329:Probolinggo
301:Probolinggo
219:ujung timur
169:(including
46:De Oosthoek
670:2015-12-21
633:References
603:Banyuwangi
591:Tenggerese
563:Tenggerese
543:Tapal Kuda
518:Blambangan
466:modern era
454:Blambangan
441:, against
431:Regreg war
401:and later
399:Singhasari
387:Opak River
321:Banyuwangi
241:bang wetan
229:Tapal Kuda
212:Indonesian
171:Tenggerese
145:Population
130:Banyuwangi
42:Tapal Kuda
638:Footnotes
583:East Java
539:East Java
496:In 1686,
403:Majapahit
317:Bondowoso
313:Situbondo
297:regencies
274:Geography
268:East Java
260:Indonesia
125:Bondowoso
120:Situbondo
80:East Java
70:Indonesia
1154:Category
623:Shivaite
615:Madurese
597:and the
587:Javanese
567:Shivaite
506:Pasuruan
498:Surapati
491:Javanese
423:Lumajang
305:Lumajang
251:Oosthoek
236:Javanese
200:, others
194:Hinduism
181:, others
179:Madurese
167:Javanese
110:Lumajang
76:Province
627:Kejawen
579:Central
478:Mataram
445:led by
437:led by
376:History
342:), and
198:Kejawen
66:Country
1115:
1091:
1070:
781:
666:. 2010
611:Madura
419:Madura
350:. The
319:, and
309:Jember
115:Jember
599:Osing
383:Progo
246:Dutch
190:Islam
175:Osing
1113:ISBN
1089:ISBN
1068:ISBN
1005:2016
779:ISBN
581:and
385:and
356:Ijen
299:of:
293:Bali
256:Java
206:The
173:and
480:'s
476:of
177:),
1156::
1013:^
991:.
964:^
937:^
886:^
867:^
850:^
745:^
730:^
711:^
688:^
662:.
656:.
645:^
493:.
472:.
331:.
315:,
311:,
307:,
303:,
270:.
258:,
248::
238::
214::
196:,
192:,
1145:.
1121:.
1097:.
1076:.
1007:.
821:.
787:.
725:.
673:.
210:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
