45:
427:. The number of members was determined by the size of the population of the district. Each voter could choose three or more members from a list of candidates, and those with the highest number of votes were chosen for the existing number of seats available. A voter could cast all their votes for one person. Known as 'plumping', that ensured that religious and later political minorities could ensure some representation on the board. The franchise was different from national elections since female householders could vote and stand for office.
277:, set the framework for schooling of all children between the ages of 5 and 12 in England and Wales. It established local education authorities with defined powers, authorized public money to improve existing schools, and tried to frame conditions attached to this aid so as to earn the goodwill of managers. It has long been seen as a milestone in educational development, but recent commentators have stressed that it brought neither free nor compulsory education, and its importance has thus tended to be diminished rather than increased.
469:
169:
491:(pronounced "Cooper-Temple"), a Liberal MP, proposed for religious teaching in the new state schools to be non-denominational and so restricted in practice to learning the Bible and a few hymns. The Cabinet accepted that amendment on 14 June 1870, and Gladstone proposed it to the House of Commons two days later. It became the famous Cowper-Temple clause (Section 14 of the Act).
346:. Some poor people feared that mass education would equip people to defraud or mislead those without an education. Another reason was the vested interests of the Church and other social groups. The churches were funded by the state with public money to provide education for the poor and did not want to lose that influence on youth.
902:
with the curriculum emphasising the teaching of reading, writing, and arithmetic (the three ‘Rs’). The churches made a crucial contribution to the new system by handing over their schools without charge to the School Boards. At this time, the Free Church supported 548 schools across
Scotland together
542:
There were ongoing political clashes between the vested interests of Church, private schools and the
National Education League followers. In some districts, the creation of boards was delayed by local vote. In others, church leaders managed to be voted onto boards and restrict the building of board
538:
Rural boards, run by parishes, had only one or two schools to manage, but industrial town and city boards had many. Rural boards favoured economy and the release of children for agricultural labour. Town boards tended to be more rigorous in their provisions, and by 1890, some had special facilities
664:
In areas served by school boards that had implemented by-laws requiring attendance, compulsory attendance until 13 was exempted if a child over 10 had been certified by the inspector as satisfying the required standard for that board. The standards required varied between 4th
Standard (such as in
530:
Between 1870 and 1880, 3,000 to 4,000 schools were started or taken over by school boards. The act required that every child should be taught in a reasonable building led by a qualified head teacher. 62 temporary prefabricated buildings were constructed in London. Newly certified teachers like
510:
Secondly, parents still had to pay fees for their children to attend school. Section 25 gave school boards the power to pay the fees of poor children, including those attending voluntary (church) schools. Although few school boards actually did so, the provision caused great anger among
460:
to make attendance compulsory unless there was an excuse, such as sickness, living more than three miles from a school or having been certified as reaching a certain standard of education. In 1873, 40% of the population lived in compulsory attendance districts.
408:
Local authorities were required to make returns of the number of children in their area and existing educational provision. That was done by comparing the results of a census of existing school places with the number of children of school age recorded in the
511:
nonconformists, who saw it as a new source of local ratepayers' money being spent on Church of
England schools. A large conference was held at Manchester in 1872 to lead resistance to the section, and one of the campaigners was the Birmingham politician
326:
to vote "wisely". It also came about due to demands for reform from industrialists, who feared that
Britain's competitive status in world trade, manufacture and improvement was being threatened by the lack of an effective education system.
546:
Many factory owners feared the removal of children as a source of cheap labour. However, with the simple mathematics and
English that they were acquiring, factory owners now had workers who could read and make measurements.
506:
Section 7 also gave parents the right to withdraw their children from any religious instruction provided in board schools and to withdraw their children at any time to attend any other religious instruction of their choice.
882:
The 1872 Education Act brought in compulsory education for all children between 5 and 13, although fees still had to be paid until 1890. Teacher shortages continued and problems arose in areas where teachers who spoke no
384:(as he remarked, "Undoubtedly, the conduct of the campaign, on the German side, has given a marked triumph to the cause of systematic popular education"), he was a devout Anglican and did not want to see the existing
353:
that out of 4.3 million children of primary school age in
England & Wales, 1 million were in purely voluntary (church) schools and 1.3 million were in state aided voluntary schools but 2 million had no schooling.
550:
In Wales, the Act is widely believed to be one of the most damaging pieces of legislation in the social history of the Welsh language, as children in Wales who very often knew no
English were taught in English only.
503:, insisting that religious teaching not be for or against any denomination, was defeated by 251 votes to 130. The supporters of the amendment were all Liberals, and the government won only with Conservative support.
464:
All schools would be inspected by making use of the existing regime. The individual schools continued to be eligible for an annual government grant calculated on the basis of the inspection ('payment by results').
578:
c. 23) ("the
Mundella Act") required attendance to the age of 10 everywhere in England and Wales, with various exemptions. In 1891, elementary schooling became free in both board and voluntary (church) schools.
890:
Local school boards made sure sufficient schools were built and that children attended them. After 1918, this became a county responsibility. State control increased the number of school inspectors after 1872.
299:, not yet a Member of Parliament, was a prominent campaigner on the issue. However, like many grassroots Liberals, he opposed the bill because it was open to the possibility of subsidising
656:(LEAs), by which time there were 5,700 board schools (2.6 million pupils) and 14,000 voluntary schools (3 million pupils). The LEAs remit included secondary education for the first time.
495:, the editor of Gladstone's diaries, believes that compromise to have hurt Gladstone more deeply than any other that he had to make. However, on 30 June 1870, a stronger amendment by
554:
The Act established the foundations of
English elementary education although it was not taken up in all areas and would be more firmly enforced through later reforms. The state's
1274:
563:
155:
996:
535:
became the head of a temporary school in 1874 until she and the staff moved to the newly constructed Orange Street Girls' School in Southwark that same year.
1194:
1029:
Nigel Middleton, "The Education Act of 1870 as the Start of the Modern Concept of the Child." British Journal of Educational Studies 18.2 (1970): 166-179.
132:
570:
c. 70) gave parents a legal obligation to ensure that their children were educated. Following continued campaigning by the National Education League, the
518:
The resulting splits (some education campaigners, including Chamberlain, stood for Parliament as independent candidates) helped to cost the Liberals the
1613:
875:. It required compulsory attendance from the start. It allowed post-elementary schools, but not public funding of them. There were around 1,000
186:
488:
233:
982:
For a list of the enactments that otherwise repealed this Act, see Halsbury's Statutes of England and Wales, Fourth Edition, 2010 Reissue,
322:
The Act was passed partly in response to political factors, such as the need to educate the citizens who were recently enfranchised by the
597:. This was a weekly magazine which took the form of a mini-encyclopedia of information to appeal to the new generations of young readers.
205:
380:). Although Gladstone was sympathetic to the argument that better education had helped the Prussians to their unexpected victory in the
377:
1284:
212:
1623:
1188:
784:
A sentence slowly dictated once, by a few words at a time, from a reading book, such as is used in the first class of the school.
605:
reached a circulation of 700,000 by the end of the 19th century and paved the way for popular journalism. Most significantly, the
705:
Simple addition and subtraction of numbers of not more than four figures, and the multiplication table to multiplication by six.
1628:
1618:
441:
The boards could make grants to existing church schools, as had occurred since the 1830s, and erect their own board schools or
393:
357:
311:
219:
67:
1653:
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attempted to teach children who had no English. Pupil-teachers could later qualify after attending Teacher Training College.
813:
Another short ordinary paragraph in a newspaper, or other modern narrative, slowly dictated once by a few words at a time.
519:
1566:
The Elementary Education Act, 1870, with Introduction, Notes, and Index, and Appendix containing the Incorporated Statutes
201:
385:
1143:
1000:
895:
were introduced after 1908, though reaching remote schools proved difficult. The leaving age was raised to 14 in 1883.
559:
414:
17:
1502:
1469:
252:
929:
484:
Two provisions of the Act became, for religious reasons, matters of contention within the governing Liberal Party.
457:
49:
1443:
Parker, Stephen G., Sophie Allen, and Rob Freathy. "The Church of England and the 1870 elementary education act."
1160:
924:
628:
453:
373:
304:
342:, possibly encouraging them to revolt. Others feared that handing children to a central authority could lead to
1403:
1349:
190:
396:. A bill was eventually introduced in the 1870 session although Gladstone was at least as concerned about the
1658:
1648:
934:
872:
862:
571:
361:
140:
1608:
226:
689:
One of the narratives next in order after monosyllables in an elementary reading book used in the school.
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435:
397:
1386:
McCulloch, Gary. "Compulsory school attendance and the elementary education ACT of 1870: 150 years on."
1633:
350:
136:
1512:
876:
653:
292:
487:
Firstly, nonconformists objected to their children being taught Anglican doctrine. As a compromise,
388:
absorbed into any kind of National Education system. Education was not a legislative priority after
1638:
912:
961:
179:
1372:
McCann, W. P. "Elementary Education in England and Wales on the Eve of the 1870 Education Act."
1643:
1412:
Middleton, Nigel. "The Education Act of 1870 as the Start of the Modern Concept of the Child."
892:
587:
As a direct response to this Education Act, the founding father of British popular journalism,
555:
365:
281:
83:
957:
1516:
1055:
871:, a similar act to the English Elementary Education Act was passed in 1872 for Scotland, the
389:
57:
1577:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1342:
The Collected Essays of Asa Briggs. Volume 3: Serious Pursuits: Communications and Education
475:
comments on the new law. Children may learn to read--"subject to a variety of restrictions."
1591:). First Edition. Butterworth & Co (Publishers) Ltd. 1929. Volume 7. Page 120 et seq.
697:
Copy in manuscript character a line of print, and write from dictation a few common words.
288:
1130:
8:
1569:
960:
of this Act. Due to the repeal of this Act, it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the
468:
438:. They were also eligible to apply for capital funding in the form of a government loan.
381:
339:
868:
649:
512:
442:
296:
285:
430:
The boards financed themselves by a precept (a requisition) added to either the local
1498:
1465:
1399:
1345:
1240:
1207:
1139:
612:
532:
424:
300:
100:
1543:
The Elementary Education Acts, 1870, 1873, 1874, and Agricultural Children Act, 1873
734:
The multiplication table, and any simple rule as far as short division (inclusive).
726:
A sentence from the same book, slowly read once, and then dictated in single words.
420:
The boards were to provide elementary education for children aged 5–12 (inclusive).
1325:
1279:
1199:
1168:
575:
567:
270:
72:
1419:
Mitch, David. "The Elementary Education Act of 1870: Landmark or Transition?." in
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1084:
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983:
323:
1429:
Monks, Geoff. "The Duke of Portland and his agent: the Education Act of 1870."
1424:
1203:
884:
343:
335:
1450:
Smith, John T. "The Wesleyans, The 'Romanists' and the Education Act of 1870."
755:
A sentence slowly dictated once by a few words at a time, from the same book.
1602:
1172:
867:
Although universal primary education had been established in Scotland by the
623:
588:
492:
369:
915:
was named after the provision familiar to generations of history students.
496:
331:
112:
1263:, 5th ed., by James Todd, published 1873, Edmonston and Douglas, Edinburgh
1189:"Burgwin [née Canham], Elizabeth Miriam (1850–1940), educationist"
1161:"Elizabeth Miriam Burgwin: Child Welfare Pioneer and Trade Union Activist"
953:
637:
for five years after winning a competition to get a job on the magazine.
500:
1557:. The Elementary Education Acts, 1870-1891. Seventeenth Edition. 1891.
1367:
Education Act Forster: a political biography of WE Forster (1818-1886).
1337:
607:
338:. They claimed it would make labouring classes 'think' and thus attain
62:
An Act to provide for public Elementary Education in England and Wales.
1379:
McCann, W. P. "Trade unionists, artisans and the 1870 education act."
1129:
Susan Shaw (2011). "1: History of Education". In Hilary Cooper (ed.).
805:
A short ordinary paragraph in a newspaper, or other modern narrative.
368:(Vice-President of the Council) were responsible for education in the
1239:. London: Hodder & Stoughton (1911) Kessinger Publishing (2008).
431:
291:, and it was introduced on 17 February 1870 after campaigning by the
168:
633:
617:
601:
593:
372:
government of 1868–1874 and were keen to introduce a bill, as was
1495:
Educational Documents, England and Wales, 1816 to the present day
776:
A few lines of poetry or prose, at the choice of the inspector.
449:
423:
Board members were elected by the ratepayers under a system of
410:
127:
295:, although not entirely to their requirements. In Birmingham,
543:
schools or divert the school rate funds into church schools.
1478:
Sylvester, D. W. "Robert Lowe and the 1870 Education Act."
334:. One was that many people remained hostile to the idea of
1551:
The Elementary Education Acts, 1870, 1873, 1874 & 1876
1360:
High minds: the Victorians and the birth of modern Britain
1344:. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf. pp. 246–83.
1340:(1991). "Struggle: fighting for the Education Act, 1870".
1198:. Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1316:
Armytage, Walter H. G. (1970). "The 1870 Education Act".
591:, began his career in publishing in 1881 when he founded
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
515:, who emerged as a national figure for the first time.
1100:
747:
A short paragraph from a more advanced reading book.
539:
for gymnastics, art and crafts and domestic science.
1423:(Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2019) pp. 301–324.
1070:"Education in England: A Brief History", chapter 2"
718:A short paragraph from an elementary reading book.
665:Birmingham) and 6th Standard (such as in Bolton) .
448:Section 74 of the Act empowered boards to create a
193:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1234:
1187:
898:The new system was co-ordinated nationally by the
1374:Journal of Educational Administration and History
1013:Walter H. G. Armytage, "The 1870 education act."
659:
1600:
1308:Adelman, Paul. "Gladstone and Education, 1870,"
842:A short theme or letter, or an easy paraphrase.
1312:(July 1970), Vol. 20 Issue 7, p496-503, online.
850:Proportion and fractions (vulgar and decimal).
1261:Handbook of the Education (Scotland) Act, 1872
792:Compound rules (common weights and measures).
1595:. Second Edition. Volume 8. Page 132 et seq.
1425:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13570-6_13
1396:Joseph Chamberlain: entrepreneur in politics
973:The Elementary Education Act 1870, section 2
879:at the time they were eventually abolished.
87:
1438:The Education Act 1870: Text and Commentary
997:"Elementary Education Act 1870 - full text"
1511:Collected reports and publications of the
1421:School Acts and the Rise of Mass Schooling
1128:
763:Long division and compound rules (money).
582:
1132:Professional Studies in Primary Education
479:
253:Learn how and when to remove this message
143:, Pt I, so far as not otherwise repealed.
1459:
1315:
1165:Journal of Diversity in Higher Education
645:The school boards were abolished by the
467:
330:There were objections to the concept of
1574:The Elementary Education Acts,1870-1880
1492:
1369:(Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1997).
1195:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1082:
1067:
640:
14:
1614:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1870
1601:
1583:"The Elementary Education Act, 1870".
1568:. Shaw & Sons, Fetter Lane. 1870.
1445:British Journal of Educational Studies
1414:British Journal of Educational Studies
1398:. New Haven: Yale UP. pp. 34–55.
1388:British Journal of Educational Studies
1381:British Journal of Educational Studies
1336:
1318:British Journal of Educational Studies
1015:British Journal of Educational Studies
652:, which replaced them with around 300
312:Elementary Education Acts 1870 to 1893
1393:
1272:
1152:
906:
834:To read with fluency and expression.
156:Text of statute as originally enacted
1185:
1179:
1158:
1037:
1035:
1025:
1023:
191:adding citations to reliable sources
162:
1273:Chris, Leadbeater (23 April 2002).
417:for the district would be created.
24:
1531:The Elementary Education Act, 1870
1486:
1302:
1186:Horn, Pamela (23 September 2004).
25:
1670:
1533:. Knight & Co. London. 1870.
1497:(5th ed.). London: Methuen.
1032:
1020:
952:The citation of this Act by this
675:Revised code of Regulations, 1872
1589:The Complete Statutes of England
930:History of education in Scotland
167:
50:Parliament of the United Kingdom
43:
1624:History of education in England
1462:Education in Britain, 1750–1914
1275:"Pilgrims Gather at the Temple"
1266:
1254:
1228:
1122:
1086:Education in England: A History
1076:
925:History of education in England
821:Practice and bills of parcels.
202:"Elementary Education Act 1870"
178:needs additional citations for
1585:Halsbury's Statutes of England
1440:. (David & Charles. 1972).
1431:Family & Community History
1061:
1048:
1007:
989:
976:
967:
946:
893:Medical and dental inspections
660:Standards of education in 1872
558:became increasingly involved.
413:. If there was a shortfall, a
13:
1:
1629:History of education in Wales
1619:United Kingdom Education Acts
1330:10.1080/00071005.1970.9973277
1058:, section 2(1) and Schedule 2
940:
935:Education (Scotland) Act 1872
873:Education (Scotland) Act 1872
863:Education (Scotland) Act 1872
572:Elementary Education Act 1880
564:Elementary Education Act 1876
403:
398:abolition of University Tests
362:Lord President of the Council
349:It had been deduced from the
267:Elementary Education Act 1870
33:Elementary Education Act 1870
1654:United Kingdom education law
1553:. Fourteenth Edition. 1879.
1523:
1493:MacLure, J. Stuart (1985) .
1222:UK public library membership
1159:Horn, Pamela (Autumn 1990).
7:
1235:Friederichs, Hulda (1911).
918:
900:Scotch Education Department
856:
654:local education authorities
10:
1675:
1564:Glen, William Cunningham.
1464:. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
911:The early 2000s rock band
860:
669:The following are the six
525:
351:United Kingdom Census 1861
273:c. 75), commonly known as
29:United Kingdom legislation
1513:National Education League
877:school boards in Scotland
825:
796:
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738:
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386:Church of England schools
293:National Education League
154:
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126:
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94:
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37:
1537:. Fourth Edition. 1870.
1460:Stephens, W. B. (1998).
1452:British Catholic History
1283:. London. Archived from
1175:– via TandFonline.
1173:10.1080/0309877900140304
913:The Cooper Temple Clause
96:Territorial extent
1576:. Sixth Edition. 1881.
1545:. Tenth Edition. 1875.
1083:Gillard, Derek (2018).
1068:Gillard, Derek (2011).
962:Interpretation Act 1978
583:Commercial consequences
499:, a younger brother of
317:
280:The law was drafted by
275:Forster's Education Act
1204:10.1093/ref:odnb/51776
671:Standards of Education
556:Gladstonian liberalism
480:Contentious provisions
476:
390:Irish Disestablishment
1517:Library of Birmingham
1454:23.1 (1996): 127-142.
1447:68.5 (2020): 541-565.
1416:18.2 (1970): 166-179.
1394:Marsh, Peter (1994).
1390:68.5 (2020): 523-540.
1383:18.2 (1970): 134–150.
1138:. SAGE Publications.
1119:Jenkins 2002, pp231-5
1056:Short Titles Act 1896
1017:18#2 (1970): 121-133.
489:William Cowper-Temple
471:
1659:February 1870 events
1649:Compulsory education
1480:History of Education
1433:19.2 (2016): 95-105.
1003:on 14 November 2013.
641:End of school boards
394:First Irish Land Act
187:improve this article
1609:1870 in British law
903:with 584 teachers.
677:
615:, a contributor to
382:Austro-Prussian War
340:class consciousness
332:universal education
303:schools with local
34:
1519:, A370.8, z1103222
1482:3.2 (1974): 16–26.
1376:2.1 (1969): 20–29.
1365:Jackson, Patrick.
1287:on 1 February 2008
1251:(republished 2008)
1043:Joseph Chamberlain
956:was authorised by
907:In popular culture
869:Education Act 1633
668:
650:Education Act 1902
513:Joseph Chamberlain
477:
443:elementary schools
400:at the same time.
310:It was one of the
297:Joseph Chamberlain
133:Charities Act 1960
32:
18:Education Act 1870
1634:1870 in education
1362:(2013) pp 412–69.
1246:978-0-548-88777-6
1220:(Subscription or
1213:978-0-19-861412-8
854:
853:
673:contained in the
613:Alfred Harmsworth
576:43 & 44 Vict.
568:39 & 40 Vict.
533:Elizabeth Burgwin
425:cumulative voting
301:Church of England
271:33 & 34 Vict.
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122:Other legislation
101:England and Wales
73:33 & 34 Vict.
38:Act of Parliament
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180:verification
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1338:Briggs, Asa
986:, Page 101.
954:short title
797:STANDARD V
681:STANDARD I
560:Lord Sandon
501:John Bright
493:HCG Matthew
374:Henry Bruce
128:Repealed by
1603:Categories
1405:0300058012
1351:0710805365
1224:required.)
941:References
847:Arithmetic
818:Arithmetic
789:Arithmetic
760:Arithmetic
731:Arithmetic
702:Arithmetic
621:, and the
608:Daily Mail
458:Parliament
456:it before
404:Principles
358:Lord Ripon
305:ratepayers
213:newspapers
58:Long title
1524:Law books
1291:21 August
958:section 1
432:poor rate
370:Gladstone
307:' money.
919:See also
857:Scotland
634:Tit-Bits
618:Tit-Bits
602:Tit-Bits
594:Tit-Bits
392:and the
243:May 2023
68:Citation
1092:7 March
839:Writing
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1136:(PDF)
473:Punch
454:table
234:JSTOR
220:books
141:Sch 7
107:Dates
75:c. 75
1499:ISBN
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1094:2020
1054:The
318:Need
284:, a
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