340:
31:
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Another question closely related to the chromatin structure which
Trifonov pursued to answer was the length of the DNA helical repeat (turn) within nucleosomes. It is known that in free DNA (i.e. DNA which is not part of a nucleosome), the DNA helix twists 360° per approximately
1152:
Later on, Trifonov collected even 101 criteria for the amino acids order. Each criterion could be represented as a vector of length 20 (for 20 basic amino acids). Trifonov averaged over them and got the proposed temporal order of the amino acids emergence,
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can be attributed only to two triplets: GCU and GCC, the rest being their permutations or complementary counterparts. He discussed this finding with
Trifonov, his friend and colleague. Trifonov had earlier discovered
1008:
which later formed these closed loops. They supposed that the loops structure provided more stability to the sequence and thus was favored in the evolution. Modern proteins are probably a group of closed loops
222:
617:(specific for these base pairs). He called this feature curvature. Moreover, he suggested that in addition to curvature, each base pairs step could be deformed to different extent being bound to the
1230:. He collected 123 definitions by other authors. Instead of dealing with logical or philosophical arguments, he analyzed the vocabulary of the present definitions. By an approach close to the
3302:
Cohanim, Amir B.; Trifonov, Edward N.; Kashi, Yechezkel (2006). "Specific
Selection Pressure at the Third Codon Positions: Contribution to 10- to 11-Base Periodicity in Prokaryotic Genomes".
2482:
Travers, Andrew (2011). "The nature of DNA sequence preferences for nucleosome positioning. Comment on 'Cracking the chromatin code: Precise rule of nucleosome positioning' by
Trifonov".
989:. In 2000, Trifonov with Berezovsky and Grosberg studied protein sequences and tried to identify simple sequential elements in proteins. They postulated that structurally diverse closed
3688:
1039:. Each fragment is represented as a node. Two fragments with certain level of similarity to each other are connected with an edge. This approach should make it possible to determine
558:
The "hinge" model: the DNA molecule was assumed to be a rigid rod-like structure interrupted by sharp kinks (up to 90°), with the straight segments being a multiple of 10
629:
and co-workers. Finally, an ideal sequence of the nucleosomal DNA was derived in 2009 by
Gabdank, Barash and Trifonov. The proposed sequence CGRAAATTTYCG (R standing for a
371:
as an associate professor. He worked there from 1976 to 1991 before moving to the
Department of Structural Biology as a full professor in 1992. He was appointed professor
3921:
550:
protein component. The principle of this winding (and thus the rules determining nucleosome positions), was not known at the beginning of the 1980s, although multiple
637:: C or T) expresses the preferential order of the dinucleotides in the sequence of the nucleosomal DNA. However, these inferences are disputed by some scientists.
2972:
Structure and
Methods, Vol. 1. Human Genome Initiative and DNA Recombination; Proceedings of the Sixth Conversation in the Discipline Biomolecular Stereodynamics
2888:
Trifonov, Edward N. (1987). "Translation framing code and frame-monitoring mechanism as suggested by the analysis of mRNA and 16 S rRNA nucleotide sequences".
2028:
3818:
3124:
Berezovsky, Igor N.; Grosberg, Alexander Y.; Trifonov, Edward N. (2000). "Closed loops of nearly standard size: common basic element of protein structure".
2415:
2088:
1098:
Since GCU and GCC appeared to be the most expandable (or the most "aggressive") triplets, Trifonov and
Bettecken inferred that they could be the first two
2295:
598:) are frequently placed in regular (periodical) distances from each other in the chromatin DNA. This was a breakthrough discovery initiating a search for
3526:
626:
363:
there in 1970. He worked as a researcher at the Moscow
Physico-Technical Institute from 1961 to 1964. Then he moved to the Biological Department at the
1059:
646:
296:), USSR in 1937. He was raised by his mother, Riva, and his step-father, Nikolay Nikolayevich Trifonov. In his school years, he became interested in
3797:
3776:
2648:"The first thirty years of nucleosome positioning – Comment on "Cracking the chromatin code: Precise rule of nucleosome positioning" by Trifonov"
1261:. LC of a sequence is defined as "richness" of its vocabulary, i.e. how many different substrings of certain length are present in the sequence.
1184:
3601:
625:
have been now considered major factors playing a role in the nucleosome positioning. Periodicity of other dinucleotides were confirmed later by
962:
The codes can overlap each other so that up to 4 different codes can be identified in one DNA sequence (specifically a sequence involved in a
3695:
3886:
493:, and established the first research group for that discipline in the country. He is known for his innovative insights into the world of
375:
in 2003. During that time, he was also a head of the Center for Genome
Structure and Evolution at the Institute of Molecular Sciences in
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136:
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are not equal, but their size depends on the particular neighboring base pairs thus introducing an "anisotropic" or "wedge" model.
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Makhoul, Cameel H.; Trifonov, Edward N. (2002). "Distribution of rare triplets along mRNA and their relation to protein folding".
3162:
1257:
Linguistic sequence complexity (LC) is a measure introduced by Trifonov in 1990. It is used for analyses and characterization of
602:
patterns in the chromatin DNA. They had also pointed out that those dinucleotides repeated with the same period as the estimated
2647:
832:
counterparts which slows down the translation process and thus provides time for the fresh-synthesized segment of a protein to
3111:
Trifonov, Edward N. (1999). "Glycine clock: eubacteria first, archaea next, protoctista, fungi, planta and animalia at last".
1939:
1905:
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201:
3891:
2574:"Sequence complexity profiles of prokaryotic genomic sequences: A fast algorithm for calculating linguistic complexity"
444:
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in Moscow, staying there until 1975. After his immigration to Israel, he joined the Department of Polymer Research at
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1958:
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structure, investigating how certain segments of the DNA are packed inside the cells in protein-DNA complexes called
248:
He discovered the 3-bp and 10-bp periodicity in the DNA sequences, as well as the rules determining the curvature of
3916:
3822:
2615:
Vaidyanathan, P.P.; Yoon, Byung-Jun (2004). "The role of signal-processing concepts in genomics and proteomics".
565:
The "isotropic" model: the DNA molecule is bent smoothly along its length, with the same angle between every two
3911:
3896:
3408:
Frenkel, Zakharia M.; Trifonov, Edward N. (2008). "From protein sequence space to elementary protein modules".
1252:
3734:
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Trifonov, Edward N.; Bettecken, Thomas (1979). "Noninteger pitch and nuclease sensitivity of chromatin DNA".
2474:
2352:
2145:
2079:
1369:
1067:
368:
144:
2196:
Ohyama, Takashi (2001). "Intrinsic DNA bends: an organizer of local chromatin structure for transcription".
1231:
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emerged. To address this question, they resorted to three, according to them the most natural, hypotheses:
1024:
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Trifonov, Edward N.; Berezovsky, Igor N. (2003). "Evolutionary aspects of protein structure and folding".
613:
Thus in his wedge model, Trifonov supposed that each combination of neighboring base pairs form a certain
580:
Trifonov supported the concept of smooth bending of the DNA. However, he proposed that angles between the
527:
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1213:) provide us with a "binary code" which can be used for more accurate analyses of proteins relatedness.
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The first ancient codons were GGC and GCC from which the other codons have been derived by series of
511:
339:
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Trifonov, Edward N. (2011b). "Cracking the chromatin code: Precise rule of nucleosome positioning".
526:
DNA sequences. They were the first to discover two periodical patterns in the DNA sequences, namely
30:
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160:
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3906:
2624:
1047:
1036:
3735:"Welcome to the home page of the Israeli Society for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology"
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3579:
3357:"Walking through the protein sequence space: Towards new generation of the homology modeling"
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Troyanskaya, Olga G.; Arbell, Ora; Koren, Yehuda; Landau, Gad M.; Bolshoy, Alexander (2002).
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Trifonov has been a head of the Genome Diversity Center at the Institute of Evolution at the
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At the beginning of his scientific career, Trifonov studied characteristics of the DNA with
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1978:"Structure-based Analysis of DNA Sequence Patterns Guiding Nucleosome Positioning in vitro"
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To trace the evolution of sequences, Trifonov and Zakharia Frenkel introduced a concept of
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234:
122:
1326:. He adverts to recurring events of a discovery of yet another "the second" genetic code.
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order). He was also the first to demonstrate that there are multiple codes present in the
8:
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Proteins are composed of short oligopeptides derived from ancient sequences being either
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The "mini-kinks" model: Similar to the hinge model, but with smoother kinks every 5
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383:
364:
265:
148:
140:
97:
3759:
3737:. The Israeli Society for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology. 2008. Archived from
3717:. The Israeli Society for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology. 2008. Archived from
3694:. The Israeli Society for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology. 2008. Archived from
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Bolshoy, Alexander; McNamara, Peter; Harrington, Robert E.; Trifonov, Edward N. (1991).
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which has curvilinear shape due to slight differences in the angles between neighboring
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2010:
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1102:. Their ability to expand rapidly comparing to other triplets would provide them with
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2402:
2384:
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2243:"Promoters Responsive to DNA Bending – A Common Theme in Prokaryotic Gene-Expression"
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2015:
1997:
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2089:"Comment Defining Life: An Exercise in Semantics or A Route to Biological Insights?"
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Since the beginning of his Israeli scientific period Trifonov has been studying the
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2005:
1989:
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Trifonov, Edward N. (2008a). "Codes of biosequences". In Barbieri, Marcello (ed.).
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901:
889:
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155:
3689:"ISBCB presents this Distinguished Membership Award to Professor Edward Trifonov"
2155:"Comment Self-Generated and Reproducible Dynamics in "Gene Years" Represent Life"
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and he called it bending. These two features of DNA present in the nucleosomes –
618:
519:
348:
256:. Trifonov unveiled multiple novel codes in biological sequences and the modular
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2503:
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241:. In his research, he specializes in the recognition of weak signal patterns in
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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1993:
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978:
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Second, third, fourth... genetic codes - One spectacular case of code crowding
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2416:"Comment Attempts to Define Life Do Not Help to Understand the Origin of Life"
2380:
1183:-content of a protein can be used as a measure of the respective protein age (
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3384:
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2001:
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The Stanislaw Ulam Memorial Lecture at the 2003 RECOMB meeting, Berlin (2003)
1082:. Thus the combination of these two facts led them to the idea that the (GCU)
874:
793:
614:
328:
2991:"Curved DNA without A-A: experimental estimation of all 16 DNA wedge angles"
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3339:
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3015:
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2712:
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2406:
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2188:
2123:
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2019:
1436:
1319:
1307:
1174:
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The newly synthesized protein is folded a module by module, not as a whole.
756:
735:
694:
678:
599:
588:
515:
452:
3103:
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Trifonov, Edward N. (1989). "The multiple codes of nucleotide sequences".
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2829:
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1050:, i.e. the question how a protein sequence can fold in a very short time.
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1010:
953:
885:
261:
197:
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They would be associated with the older one of the two known classes of
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at the middle position in the codons alternating with segments having a
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2938:
1926:. Biosemiotics. Vol. 1. Springer (published 2008). pp. 3–14.
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1210:
1202:
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Trifonov elaborated these concepts further and proposed these notions:
1119:
1063:
1032:
994:
963:
945:
932:
928:
923:. Nowadays, we can see it in modern genes as "mini-genes" containing a
897:
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682:
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estimated the length of a nucleosomal DNA repeat to be 10.33–10.4
634:
592:
543:
486:
324:
305:
273:
269:
253:
126:
89:
2209:
1697:
1286:
1103:
1001:
982:
949:
818:
654:
650:
642:
607:
606:(the length of one DNA helix repeat) of the chromatin DNA (10.4
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566:
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523:
489:
methods. After his relocation to Israel in 1976, he switched over to
344:
52:
3715:"Report about the 11th Israeli Bioinformatics Symposium, April 2008"
3163:"Loop fold structure of proteins: Resolution of Levinthal's paradox"
2786:"The pitch of chromatin DNA is reflected in its nucleotide sequence"
1894:"Theory of early molecular evolution: predictions and confirmations"
3738:
786:
372:
297:
118:
64:
412:
International Society of Gene Therapy and Molecular Biology (1997)
3800:. The Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa. Archived from
3779:. The Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa. Archived from
2988:
1590:
1488:
1195:
1191:
1180:
1158:
1154:
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975:
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is a set of rules responsible for positioning of the nucleosomes.
709:
693:
has a function, i.e. contains codes, although different from the
547:
448:
301:
281:
3687:
2970:
Trifonov, Edward N. (1990). "Making sense of the human genome".
1863:
1442:
1402:
1400:
966:). According to Trifonov, other codes are yet to be discovered.
3758:
The Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa. Archived from
2241:
Pérez-Martín, José; Rojo, Fernando; de Lorenzo, Víctor (1994).
1206:
924:
630:
320:
313:
183:
3445:
Trifonov, Edward N. (2008b). "Tracing Life back to elements".
2839:"Sequence-dependent deformational anisotropy of chromatin DNA"
2697:"Anisotropic flexibility of DNA and the nucleosomal structure"
2695:
Zhurkin, Victor B.; Lysov, Yury P.; Ivanov, Valery I. (1979).
1898:
Discovering biomolecular mechanisms with computational biology
1745:
1709:
1476:
1397:
1122:
appeared the first, or more generally in which order all the
1118:
Having the suspected first two triplets, they pondered which
1099:
1053:
814:
3052:"Periodic Recurrence of Methionines: Fossil of Gene Fusion?"
2571:
1851:
653:. This value was finally confirmed and refined to 10.4
3662:
The scientists started to map plant DNA in three dimensions
1733:
1721:
1087:
1076:
797:
774:
674:
391:
309:
3657:
Vědci začali mapovat rostlinné DNA v trojrozměrném měřítku
3482:
Gabdank, Idan; Barash, Danny; Trifonov, Edward N. (2009).
3123:
2240:
1951:
Genome analysis : current procedures and applications
1703:
1594:
1448:
845:
422:
Editor, microbiology and biochemistry sections of Russian
3527:"Vocabulary of Definitions of Life Suggests a Definition"
1295:
1282:
705:
701:
686:
249:
85:
2974:. Albany, New York, USA: Adenine Press. pp. 69–78.
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1500:
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2739:
1387:
1385:
1306:
Both of these features are directed by the particular
1274:
Trifonov strictly differentiates between two notions:
1130:
The earliest amino acids were chemically the simplest.
591:
who had shown in 1980 that some of the dinucleotides (
505:
3481:
1949:
Poptsova, Maria S. (2014). Poptsova, Maria S. (ed.).
1798:
1774:
1660:
1616:
1606:
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1341:
Kleeman Professor of Molecular Biophysics (1982–2002)
1241:
3301:
1786:
1757:
1650:
1517:
1515:
1046:
Protein modularity could also give an answer to the
514:
techniques to biological sequences. In 1980, he and
245:
and is known for his unorthodox scientific methods.
1424:
1382:
1110:of these two would give rise to 14 other triplets.
409:
International Society of Molecular Evolution (1993)
308:in Moscow. He started his scientific career in the
3795:
3600:
3355:Frenkel, Zakharia M.; Trifonov, Edward N. (2007).
3264:
3160:
2694:
1751:
1715:
1494:
1482:
1412:
1406:
741:Every triplet in the RNA sequence corresponds (is
622:
334:
3922:Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology alumni
3845:
3362:Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics
3161:Berezovsky, Igor N.; Trifonov, Edward N. (2002).
2746:
2463:. Archived from the original on January 27, 2012.
2341:. Archived from the original on January 29, 2022.
1634:
1512:
1246:
1201:These two alphabets distinguished by the type of
587:This model was based on the work of Trifonov and
3873:
3534:Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics
3488:Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics
3222:Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics
3170:Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics
2614:
2423:Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics
2303:Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics
2159:Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics
2096:Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics
2036:Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics
1982:Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics
1466:
1298:as a result of binding to proteins (e.g. to the
1269:
1238:". This work gained multiple critical comments.
997:are universal building blocks of protein folds.
969:
884:The number of repetitions (n) can change in the
3484:"Nucleosome DNA Bendability Matrix (C-elegans)"
3407:
3354:
3219:
3056:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2790:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2783:
1739:
1727:
1537:
1521:
1454:
807:
406:The Israel National Committee for CODATA (1987)
233:; b. March 31, 1937) is a Russian-born Israeli
3798:"(list of publications by Edward N. Trifonov)"
3574:. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.
3049:
2784:Trifonov, Edward N.; Sussman, Joel L. (1980).
2134:. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
2068:. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
939:
431:Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics
1318:While the scientific community recognize one
1000:They speculated that at the beginning of the
828:time of these codons is longer than of their
3050:Kolker, Eugene; Trifonov, Edward N. (1995).
2029:"Comment Trifonov's Meta-Definition of Life"
546:. In a nucleosome, the DNA winds around the
1857:
1335:Kurchatov Prize for Young Scientists (1969)
1323:
1313:
981:tries to address the questions of proteins
952:in the modern DNA sequences as a result of
3733:
2359:
1975:
1871:
1545:
1525:
1460:
1054:Molecular evolution and the origin of life
700:Trifonov recognizes specific codes in the
365:I. V. Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy
357:Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
355:Trifonov graduated in biophysics from the
141:I. V. Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy
137:Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
75:Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
29:
3819:"Can Science Define Life In Three Words?"
3545:
3524:
3499:
3444:
3374:
3093:
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3032:
3014:
2870:
2819:
2809:
2720:
2628:
2589:
2526:
2450:
2396:
2276:
2258:
2170:
2047:
2009:
1921:
1804:
1780:
1691:
1675:
1654:
1638:
1610:
1578:
1549:
1338:Kurchatov Prize for Basic Research (1971)
1236:Life is self-reproduction with variations
1205:in the middle positions within triplets (
677:contrary to the generally recognized one
664:
386:in Israel since 2002, and a professor at
3852:. Prague, Czech Republic. Archived from
3774:
3664:] (in Czech). Brno, Czech Republic:
3654:
3110:
2969:
2924:
2887:
2836:
2026:
1948:
1891:
1847:
1824:
1792:
1768:
1704:Berezovsky, Grosberg & Trifonov 2000
1687:
1595:Pérez-Martín, Rojo & de Lorenzo 1994
1541:
1506:
1470:
1430:
1391:
913:
860:
846:Berezovsky, Grosberg & Trifonov 2000
763:
720:
338:
3846:Trifonov, Edward N. (lecturer) (2010).
3624:
2645:
2481:
2413:
1820:
1622:
1418:
1114:Consensus temporal order of amino acids
202:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3874:
3816:
2296:"A Conversation on Definition of Life"
2195:
2152:
2086:
1976:Cui, Feng; Zhurkin, Victor B. (2010).
1832:
1828:
1816:
1561:
1234:, he derived a consensus definition: "
1023:based on the protein modules. It is a
533:
510:Trifonov pioneered the application of
436:Editorial board and associate editor,
3267:Current Opinion in Structural Biology
2362:"What controls nucleosome positions?"
2360:Segal, Eran; Widom, Jonathan (2009).
2293:
1836:
359:in 1961 and earned his PhD degree in
3608:. Spring–Summer 1999. Archived from
1968:
1864:ISBCB Distinguished Membership Award
1443:ISBCB Distinguished Membership Award
689:. He points out that even so called
292:Trifonov was born in Leningrad (now
2740:Scientific papers – primary sources
1953:. Norfolk: Caister Academic Press.
1607:Gabdank, Barash & Trifonov 2009
1086:could reflect a pattern of ancient
669:Trifonov advocates the notion that
554:had been suggested. These included
506:Periodicity in biological sequences
474:Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics
252:molecules and their bending within
217:
13:
3887:Academic staff of Ariel University
3625:Trifonov, Edward N. (April 2010).
3113:Gene Therapy and Molecular Biology
1651:Cohanim, Trifonov & Kashi 2006
1361:Distinguished Membership Award of
1242:Research techniques and approaches
866:are present in all three types of
817:are placed in the distance of 150
460:Gene Therapy and Molecular Biology
264:theory of the origin of life, and
14:
3933:
3839:
2617:Journal of the Franklin Institute
1372:, South Bend, Indiana, USA (2009)
1346:Lomonosov Moscow State University
1222:A part of Trifonov's work on the
956:of ancient independent sequences.
851:Proteins are composed of modules.
734:RNA-to-protein translation code (
500:
369:The Weizmann Institute of Science
2927:Bulletin of Mathematical Biology
1495:Zhurkin, Lysov & Ivanov 1979
1322:, Trifonov promotes the idea of
1133:They would be present among the
892:which may (or may not) help the
530:and 10-11bp (10.4) periodicity.
304:. As a result, he went to study
182:
2639:10.1016/j.jfranklin.2003.12.001
2591:10.1093/bioinformatics/18.5.679
1841:
1810:
1681:
1644:
1628:
1600:
1584:
1531:
781:which is complementary to (xxC)
403:USSR Biochemical Society (1970)
398:Membership of learned societies
335:Education and scientific career
204: instead of Hebrew letters.
3501:10.1080/07391102.2009.10507255
3304:Journal of Molecular Evolution
3234:10.1080/07391102.2002.10506859
3182:10.1080/07391102.2002.10506817
2260:10.1128/MMBR.58.2.268-290.1994
1896:. In Eisenhaber, Frank (ed.).
1752:Berezovsky & Trifonov 2002
1716:Trifonov & Berezovsky 2003
1264:
1253:Linguistic sequence complexity
1247:Linguistic sequence complexity
1035:obtained from a collection of
467:Journal of Integrative Biology
438:Journal of Molecular Evolution
16:Israeli molecular biophysicist
1:
3821:. Science 2.0. Archived from
3525:Trifonov, Edward N. (2011a).
3279:10.1016/S0959-440X(03)00005-8
3138:10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01091-7
1879:
1635:Trifonov & Bettecken 1979
1370:Indiana University South Bend
1368:Distinguished Citizen Fellow
1270:DNA curvature vs. DNA bending
1226:is his aim to find a concise
1043:of uncharacterized proteins.
970:Modular structure of proteins
417:Editorial and advisory Boards
394:, Czech Republic since 2007.
145:Weizmann Institute of Science
2902:10.1016/0022-2836(87)90241-5
2890:Journal of Molecular Biology
2837:Trifonov, Edward N. (1980).
2294:Sarma, Ramaswamy H. (2012).
1892:Trifonov, Edward N. (2006).
1467:Vaidyanathan & Yoon 2004
1376:
1232:Principal component analysis
445:College of Judea and Samaria
287:
210:Edward Nikolayevich Trifonov
23:Edward Nikolayevich Trifonov
7:
3681:
3594:
3467:10.1016/j.plrev.2008.03.001
2672:10.1016/j.plrev.2011.02.001
2646:Zhurkin, Victor B. (2011).
2549:10.1016/j.plrev.2011.01.004
2504:10.1016/j.plrev.2011.01.010
1932:10.1007/978-1-4020-6340-4_1
1868:ISBCB 11th Symposium report
1740:Frenkel & Trifonov 2008
1728:Frenkel & Trifonov 2007
1538:Trifonov & Sussman 1980
1522:Trifonov & Sussman 1980
1455:Trifonov & Sussman 1980
909:codes of evolutionary past
808:Makhoul & Trifonov 2002
480:
10:
3938:
3902:Soviet emigrants to Israel
3756:"Edward N. Trifonov Ph.D."
3547:10.1080/073911011010524992
3422:10.1016/j.gene.2007.10.024
2435:10.1080/073911012010524998
2315:10.1080/073911012010524997
2172:10.1080/073911012010525002
2108:10.1080/073911012010525000
2087:Koonin, Eugene V. (2012).
2049:10.1080/073911012010524999
2027:Di Mauro, Ernesto (2012).
1994:10.1080/073911010010524947
1250:
1173:Evolutionary table of the
1161:being the first two ones.
1146:aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
1068:triplet expansion diseases
940:Kolker & Trifonov 1995
938:genome segmentation code (
806:translation pausing code (
759:; still poorly identified.
755:is a code responsible for
472:Editorial advisory board,
465:Editorial board of OMICS,
3892:Israeli bioinformaticians
3636:(36): 2–3. Archived from
3584:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3324:10.1007/s00239-005-0258-1
2473:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2414:Szostak, Jack W. (2012).
2381:10.1016/j.tig.2009.06.002
2351:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2144:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2078:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1329:
1124:proteinogenic amino acids
1066:noticed that most of the
792:It maintains the correct
512:digital signal processing
237:and a founder of Israeli
230:
174:
166:
154:
132:
110:
103:
80:
70:
60:
37:
28:
21:
3648:
3602:"The First Genetic Word"
1885:
1314:(Multiple) Genetic codes
1027:arrangement of sequence
948:tend to occur every 400
873:They are represented by
645:. In 1979, Trifonov and
455:, West Bank) (1994–1999)
443:Academic Council of the
161:Yuri Semenovich Lazurkin
3447:Physics of Life Reviews
2652:Physics of Life Reviews
2529:Physics of Life Reviews
2484:Physics of Life Reviews
2247:Microbiological Reviews
2153:Mittal, Aditya (2012).
1852:Troyanskaya et al. 2002
1407:Interface Magazine 1999
1198:(thus two "alphabets").
1165:Results and predictions
1037:fully sequenced genomes
859:fast adaptation codes (
3917:Scientists from Moscow
3297:. ISI:000181133300015.
3016:10.1073/pnas.88.6.2312
2843:Nucleic Acids Research
2811:10.1073/pnas.77.7.3816
2701:Nucleic Acids Research
1546:Cui & Zhurkin 2010
1526:Cui & Zhurkin 2010
1483:Trifonov: Publications
1354:Mendel Lecture, Brno,
1324:multiple genetic codes
1139:Miller–Urey experiment
974:Trifonov's concept of
902:environmental pressure
844:protein folding code (
665:Multiple genetic codes
424:"Biological Abstracts"
352:
235:molecular biophysicist
190:This section contains
3912:Scientists from Haifa
3897:Israeli biophysicists
3077:10.1073/pnas.92.2.557
2855:10.1093/nar/8.17.4041
1344:Adjunct Professor of
1251:Further information:
841:in protein sequences
623:curvature and bending
377:Palo Alto, California
342:
317:(immigrated as a Jew)
258:structure of proteins
3804:on 28 September 2013
3796:Trifonov, Edward N.
3783:on 28 September 2013
3777:"(Curriculum Vitae)"
3775:Trifonov, Edward N.
3754:Trifonov, Edward N.
2713:10.1093/nar/6.3.1081
1259:biological sequences
1031:of the length of 20
868:biological sequences
671:biological sequences
495:biological sequences
361:molecular biophysics
243:biological sequences
123:molecular biophysics
3762:on 20 February 2012
3459:2008PhLRv...5..121T
3316:2006JMolE..63..393C
3068:1995PNAS...92..557K
3007:1991PNAS...88.2312B
2802:1980PNAS...77.3816T
2761:10.1021/bi00570a011
2664:2011PhLRv...8...64Z
2541:2011PhLRv...8...39T
2496:2011PhLRv...8...53T
1591:Bolshoy et al. 1991
1356:Abbey of St. Thomas
1281:a property of free
1224:molecular evolution
1048:Levinthal's paradox
1004:, there were short
995:amino acid residues
534:Chromatin structure
458:Editorial board of
384:University of Haifa
312:. In 1976, he made
266:molecular evolution
149:University of Haifa
98:molecular evolution
3701:on 10 January 2012
3643:on 5 January 2011.
3606:Interface Magazine
3376:10.1002/prot.21325
2939:10.1007/BF02460081
2369:Trends in Genetics
1548:, p. 822 and
1228:definition of life
1218:Definition of life
1106:advantage. Single
1094:The first triplets
1080:consensus sequence
1006:polypeptide chains
771:consensus sequence
661:analysis in 2006.
633:: A or G, Y for a
388:Masaryk University
353:
2849:(17): 4041–4054.
2210:10.1002/bies.1100
1969:Scientific papers
1941:978-1-4020-6339-8
1924:The Codes of Life
1907:978-0-387-34527-7
1294:a deformation of
888:as a response to
813:Clusters of rare
731:in RNA sequences
716:in DNA sequences
627:Alexander Bolshoy
282:protein sequences
260:. He proposed an
198:rendering support
178:
177:
167:Doctoral students
105:Scientific career
94:protein structure
84:DNA periodicity,
3929:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3858:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3825:on 16 March 2012
3813:
3811:
3809:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3721:on 20 March 2012
3710:
3708:
3706:
3700:
3693:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3666:Czech Television
3644:
3642:
3634:Informační Listy
3631:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3589:
3583:
3575:
3549:
3531:
3521:
3503:
3478:
3441:
3404:
3378:
3351:
3298:
3261:
3216:
3214:
3208:. Archived from
3167:
3157:
3132:(2–3): 283–286.
3120:
3107:
3097:
3079:
3046:
3036:
3018:
2985:
2966:
2921:
2884:
2874:
2833:
2823:
2813:
2796:(7): 3816–3820.
2780:
2734:
2724:
2707:(3): 1081–1096.
2691:
2642:
2632:
2623:(1–2): 111–135.
2611:
2593:
2568:
2523:
2478:
2472:
2464:
2454:
2420:
2410:
2400:
2366:
2356:
2350:
2342:
2300:
2290:
2280:
2262:
2237:
2192:
2174:
2149:
2143:
2135:
2093:
2083:
2077:
2069:
2051:
2033:
2023:
2013:
1964:
1945:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1874:
1861:
1855:
1845:
1839:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1658:
1648:
1642:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1604:
1598:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1535:
1529:
1519:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1395:
1389:
1060:Thomas Bettecken
821:from each other.
745:) to a specific
719:chromatin code (
659:crystallographic
647:Thomas Bettecken
294:Saint Petersburg
232:
225:
219:
186:
156:Doctoral advisor
48:
46:
33:
19:
18:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3872:
3871:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3842:
3837:
3828:
3826:
3807:
3805:
3786:
3784:
3765:
3763:
3744:
3742:
3724:
3722:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3671:
3669:
3651:
3640:
3629:
3615:
3613:
3612:on 15 June 2022
3597:
3592:
3577:
3576:
3529:
3212:
3165:
2982:
2742:
2737:
2466:
2465:
2418:
2364:
2344:
2343:
2298:
2137:
2136:
2091:
2071:
2070:
2031:
1971:
1961:
1942:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1888:
1882:
1877:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
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1799:
1791:
1787:
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1775:
1767:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1726:
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1714:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1661:
1649:
1645:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1605:
1601:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1536:
1532:
1520:
1513:
1509:, p. 4041.
1505:
1501:
1497:, p. 1081.
1493:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1383:
1379:
1332:
1316:
1300:histone octamer
1272:
1267:
1255:
1249:
1244:
1108:point mutations
1085:
1075:to be a hidden
1074:
1056:
987:protein folding
972:
921:point mutations
880:
784:
780:
667:
619:histone octamer
536:
520:autocorrelation
508:
503:
483:
349:Andrei Sakharov
337:
290:
276:to present-day
231:Эдуapд Тpифoнoв
221:
218:אדוארד טריפונוב
207:
206:
205:
196:Without proper
187:
147:
143:
139:
71:Alma mater
56:
50:
44:
42:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3935:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3870:
3869:
3841:
3840:External links
3838:
3836:
3835:
3817:Zimmer, Carl.
3814:
3793:
3772:
3751:
3731:
3711:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3622:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3540:(2): 259–266.
3522:
3494:(4): 403–411.
3479:
3453:(2): 121–132.
3442:
3416:(1–2): 64–71.
3405:
3369:(2): 271–284.
3352:
3310:(3): 393–400.
3299:
3273:(1): 110–114.
3262:
3228:(3): 413–420.
3217:
3215:on 2005-02-12.
3158:
3121:
3108:
3062:(2): 557–560.
3047:
2986:
2980:
2967:
2933:(4): 417–432.
2922:
2896:(4): 643–652.
2885:
2834:
2781:
2755:(3): 454–456.
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2692:
2643:
2630:10.1.1.72.6984
2612:
2584:(5): 679–688.
2578:Bioinformatics
2569:
2524:
2479:
2429:(4): 599–600.
2411:
2375:(8): 335–343.
2357:
2309:(4): 597–598.
2291:
2253:(2): 268–290.
2238:
2204:(8): 708–715.
2193:
2165:(4): 609–611.
2150:
2102:(4): 603–605.
2084:
2042:(4): 601–602.
2024:
1988:(6): 821–841.
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1946:
1940:
1919:
1906:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1872:ISBCB homepage
1856:
1840:
1809:
1805:Trifonov 2011a
1797:
1785:
1781:Trifonov 2008b
1773:
1756:
1744:
1732:
1720:
1708:
1696:
1692:Trifonov 2008a
1680:
1676:Trifonov 2008a
1659:
1655:Trifonov 2011b
1643:
1639:Trifonov 2011b
1627:
1615:
1611:Trifonov 2011b
1599:
1583:
1579:Trifonov 2011b
1566:
1564:, p. 708.
1554:
1550:Trifonov 2011b
1530:
1511:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1459:
1447:
1435:
1423:
1411:
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1214:
1199:
1188:
1178:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1131:
1083:
1072:
1055:
1052:
1021:sequence space
971:
968:
960:
959:
958:
957:
943:
936:
931:in the middle
917:
907:
906:
905:
882:
878:
875:tandem repeats
871:
857:
856:
855:
852:
849:
839:
838:
837:
822:
811:
804:
790:
782:
778:
767:
762:framing code (
760:
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739:
729:
728:
727:
724:
691:non-coding DNA
666:
663:
578:
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535:
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507:
504:
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501:Research areas
499:
491:bioinformatics
482:
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404:
336:
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289:
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239:bioinformatics
200:, you may see
188:
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158:
152:
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134:
130:
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115:Bioinformatics
112:
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107:
101:
100:
82:
81:Known for
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
51:
41:March 31, 1937
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3934:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3907:Living people
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3859:on 2010-10-10
3855:
3851:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3824:
3820:
3815:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3761:
3757:
3752:
3741:on 2009-05-10
3740:
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3035:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3001:(6): 2312–6.
3000:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2981:0-940030-29-2
2977:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1962:
1960:9781908230294
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1854:, p. 680
1853:
1849:
1848:Trifonov 1990
1844:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1825:Di Mauro 2012
1822:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1793:Trifonov 1999
1789:
1782:
1777:
1770:
1769:Trifonov 2006
1765:
1763:
1761:
1753:
1748:
1741:
1736:
1729:
1724:
1717:
1712:
1705:
1700:
1693:
1689:
1688:Trifonov 1980
1684:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1625:, p. 54.
1624:
1619:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1597:, p. 268
1596:
1592:
1587:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1563:
1558:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1542:Trifonov 1980
1539:
1534:
1528:, p. 822
1527:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1508:
1507:Trifonov 1980
1503:
1496:
1491:
1484:
1479:
1473:, p. 128
1472:
1471:Poptsova 2014
1468:
1463:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1415:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1392:Czech TV 2011
1388:
1386:
1381:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1311:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1262:
1260:
1254:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1196:oligoglycines
1193:
1192:oligoalanines
1189:
1186:
1185:Glycine clock
1182:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1081:
1078:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1003:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
977:
967:
965:
955:
951:
947:
944:
941:
937:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
915:
914:Trifonov 2006
912:binary code (
911:
910:
908:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
876:
872:
869:
865:
864:
862:
861:Trifonov 1989
858:
853:
850:
847:
843:
842:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
820:
816:
812:
809:
805:
802:
799:
795:
794:reading frame
791:
788:
776:
772:
768:
765:
764:Trifonov 1987
761:
758:
754:
752:splicing code
751:
748:
744:
740:
737:
733:
732:
730:
725:
722:
721:Trifonov 1980
718:
717:
715:
714:
713:
711:
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
594:
590:
585:
583:
575:
571:
568:
564:
561:
557:
556:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
498:
496:
492:
488:
475:
471:
468:
464:
461:
457:
454:
450:
446:
442:
439:
435:
432:
428:
425:
421:
420:
419:
418:
411:
408:
405:
402:
401:
400:
399:
395:
393:
389:
385:
380:
379:(1992–1995).
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
350:
346:
341:
332:
330:
329:Gregor Mendel
326:
322:
318:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
244:
240:
236:
228:
224:
215:
211:
203:
199:
195:
193:
185:
173:
170:Jaime Lagunez
169:
165:
162:
159:
157:
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
135:
131:
128:
124:
120:
116:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:positioning,
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
54:
49:(age 87)
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
3861:. Retrieved
3854:the original
3848:
3827:. Retrieved
3823:the original
3806:. Retrieved
3802:the original
3785:. Retrieved
3781:the original
3764:. Retrieved
3760:the original
3743:. Retrieved
3739:the original
3723:. Retrieved
3719:the original
3703:. Retrieved
3696:the original
3670:. Retrieved
3661:
3656:
3638:the original
3633:
3627:"Magic lead"
3614:. Retrieved
3610:the original
3605:
3580:cite journal
3537:
3533:
3491:
3487:
3450:
3446:
3413:
3409:
3366:
3360:
3307:
3303:
3270:
3266:
3225:
3221:
3210:the original
3173:
3169:
3129:
3126:FEBS Letters
3125:
3116:
3112:
3059:
3055:
2998:
2994:
2971:
2930:
2926:
2893:
2889:
2846:
2842:
2793:
2789:
2752:
2749:Biochemistry
2748:
2704:
2700:
2658:(1): 64–66.
2655:
2651:
2620:
2616:
2581:
2577:
2535:(1): 39–50.
2532:
2528:
2490:(1): 53–55.
2487:
2483:
2469:cite journal
2426:
2422:
2372:
2368:
2347:cite journal
2306:
2302:
2250:
2246:
2201:
2197:
2162:
2158:
2140:cite journal
2099:
2095:
2074:cite journal
2039:
2035:
1985:
1981:
1950:
1923:
1911:. Retrieved
1900:. Springer.
1897:
1859:
1843:
1821:Szostak 2012
1812:
1800:
1788:
1776:
1747:
1735:
1723:
1711:
1699:
1683:
1657:, p. 42
1646:
1641:, p. 42
1630:
1623:Travers 2011
1618:
1613:, p. 46
1602:
1586:
1557:
1552:, p. 41
1533:
1502:
1490:
1478:
1462:
1450:
1438:
1431:Trifonov: CV
1426:
1419:IL GSGM 2010
1414:
1320:genetic code
1317:
1308:DNA sequence
1305:
1273:
1256:
1235:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1175:triplet code
1168:
1164:
1163:
1151:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1104:evolutionary
1097:
1093:
1092:
1057:
1045:
1028:
1015:
999:
973:
961:
757:RNA splicing
736:triplet code
699:
695:triplet code
679:genetic code
668:
639:
612:
589:Joel Sussman
586:
579:
537:
516:Joel Sussman
509:
484:
476:(since 2010)
473:
469:(since 2006)
466:
462:(since 1997)
459:
437:
430:
423:
416:
415:
397:
396:
381:
354:
316:
291:
268:from single
247:
209:
208:
189:
133:Institutions
104:
3882:1937 births
1833:Mittal 2012
1829:Koonin 2012
1817:Zimmer 2012
1694:, p. 4
1562:Ohyama 2001
1265:Terminology
1211:pyrimidines
1120:amino acids
1090:sequences.
1062:, a German
1033:amino acids
946:Methionines
933:nucleotides
886:cell genome
826:translation
801:translation
683:amino acids
544:nucleosomes
522:to analyse
487:biophysical
440:(1993–2004)
433:(1988–1995)
426:(1970–1975)
351:before 1976
274:amino acids
270:nucleotides
254:nucleosomes
192:Hebrew text
88:curvature,
61:Nationality
3876:Categories
3176:(1): 5–6.
3119:: 313–322.
1880:References
1837:Sarma 2012
1287:base pairs
1203:nucleotide
1064:geneticist
1013:together.
964:nucleosome
929:pyrimidine
830:synonymous
747:amino acid
743:translated
673:bear many
641:10.5
635:pyrimidine
593:nucleotide
582:base pairs
567:base pairs
345:refuseniks
325:role model
306:biophysics
127:proteomics
90:nucleosome
45:1937-03-31
3556:0739-1102
3510:0739-1102
3475:1571-0645
3430:0378-1119
3385:0887-3585
3332:0022-2844
3287:0959-440X
3242:0739-1102
3190:0739-1102
3146:0014-5793
3086:0027-8424
3025:0027-8424
2963:189884626
2947:0092-8240
2910:0022-2836
2863:0305-1048
2769:0006-2960
2680:1571-0645
2625:CiteSeerX
2600:1367-4803
2557:1571-0645
2512:1571-0645
2443:0739-1102
2389:0168-9525
2323:0739-1102
2269:0146-0749
2218:0265-9247
2198:BioEssays
2181:0739-1102
2116:0739-1102
2058:0739-1102
2002:0739-1102
1850:cited in
1690:cited in
1653:cited in
1637:cited in
1609:cited in
1593:cited in
1544:cited in
1524:cited in
1377:Citations
1278:curvature
1029:fragments
1002:evolution
993:of 25–30
983:evolution
877:(AB...MN)
836:properly.
787:ribosomes
540:chromatin
524:chromatin
288:Biography
262:abiogenic
223:‹See Tfd›
53:Leningrad
3863:26 March
3829:22 March
3808:20 March
3787:20 March
3766:20 March
3745:20 March
3725:20 March
3705:20 March
3682:Websites
3672:22 March
3595:Journals
3572:38476092
3564:21875147
3518:19108579
3438:18022768
3401:23415265
3393:17286283
3348:32737768
3340:16897261
3295:12581667
3258:21978672
3250:12437379
3206:33174198
3198:12144347
3154:10682844
2688:21330223
2608:12050064
2565:21295529
2520:21292572
2461:22208251
2407:19596482
2339:22483508
2331:22208249
2234:32669357
2226:11494319
2189:22208255
2124:22208253
2066:22208252
2020:20232936
1913:22 March
1358:, (2004)
1135:products
1058:In 1996
1041:function
777:is (GCU)
710:proteins
681:(coding
600:sequence
481:Research
429:Editor,
373:emeritus
298:medicine
119:genomics
3455:Bibcode
3312:Bibcode
3104:7831328
3064:Bibcode
3043:2006170
3003:Bibcode
2955:2673451
2918:2443708
2881:7443521
2830:6933438
2798:Bibcode
2660:Bibcode
2537:Bibcode
2492:Bibcode
2452:4208307
2398:2810357
2287:8078436
2132:1732987
2011:2993692
1291:bending
1207:purines
1181:Glycine
1159:alanine
1155:glycine
1137:of the
1025:network
1018:protein
979:modules
976:protein
900:to the
796:during
785:in the
773:of the
548:histone
449:Kedumim
302:physics
227:Russian
65:Israeli
43: (
3668:. 2011
3616:10 May
3570:
3562:
3554:
3516:
3508:
3473:
3436:
3428:
3399:
3391:
3383:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3293:
3285:
3256:
3248:
3240:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3152:
3144:
3102:
3092:
3084:
3041:
3031:
3023:
2978:
2961:
2953:
2945:
2916:
2908:
2879:
2872:324213
2869:
2861:
2828:
2821:349717
2818:
2777:420792
2775:
2767:
2731:440969
2729:
2722:327755
2719:
2686:
2678:
2627:
2606:
2598:
2563:
2555:
2518:
2510:
2459:
2449:
2441:
2405:
2395:
2387:
2337:
2329:
2321:
2285:
2278:372964
2275:
2267:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2187:
2179:
2130:
2122:
2114:
2064:
2056:
2018:
2008:
2000:
1957:
1938:
1904:
1365:(2008)
1348:(1999)
1330:Honors
1100:codons
954:fusion
925:purine
890:stress
815:codons
631:purine
596:dimers
552:models
323:. His
321:Israel
314:aliyah
214:Hebrew
111:Fields
55:, USSR
3857:(mp3)
3699:(PDF)
3692:(PDF)
3660:[
3649:Media
3641:(PDF)
3630:(PDF)
3568:S2CID
3530:(PDF)
3397:S2CID
3344:S2CID
3254:S2CID
3213:(PDF)
3202:S2CID
3166:(PDF)
3095:42780
3034:51221
2959:S2CID
2419:(PDF)
2365:(PDF)
2335:S2CID
2299:(PDF)
2230:S2CID
2128:S2CID
2092:(PDF)
2032:(PDF)
1886:Books
1363:ISBCB
1071:(GCU)
1011:fused
991:loops
898:adapt
675:codes
657:with
615:angle
604:pitch
562:long.
518:used
453:Ariel
343:With
3865:2012
3831:2012
3810:2012
3789:2012
3768:2012
3747:2012
3727:2012
3707:2012
3674:2012
3618:2012
3586:link
3560:PMID
3552:ISSN
3514:PMID
3506:ISSN
3471:ISSN
3434:PMID
3426:ISSN
3410:Gene
3389:PMID
3381:ISSN
3336:PMID
3328:ISSN
3291:PMID
3283:ISSN
3246:PMID
3238:ISSN
3194:PMID
3186:ISSN
3150:PMID
3142:ISSN
3100:PMID
3082:ISSN
3039:PMID
3021:ISSN
2976:ISBN
2951:PMID
2943:ISSN
2914:PMID
2906:ISSN
2877:PMID
2859:ISSN
2826:PMID
2773:PMID
2765:ISSN
2727:PMID
2684:PMID
2676:ISSN
2604:PMID
2596:ISSN
2561:PMID
2553:ISSN
2516:PMID
2508:ISSN
2475:link
2457:PMID
2439:ISSN
2403:PMID
2385:ISSN
2353:link
2327:PMID
2319:ISSN
2283:PMID
2265:ISSN
2222:PMID
2214:ISSN
2185:PMID
2177:ISSN
2146:link
2120:PMID
2112:ISSN
2080:link
2062:PMID
2054:ISSN
2016:PMID
1998:ISSN
1955:ISBN
1936:ISBN
1915:2012
1902:ISBN
1540:and
1469:and
1157:and
1088:mRNA
1077:mRNA
985:and
894:cell
834:fold
824:The
798:mRNA
775:mRNA
769:The
708:and
528:3 bp
392:Brno
347:and
310:USSR
300:and
280:and
272:and
38:Born
3542:doi
3496:doi
3463:doi
3418:doi
3414:408
3371:doi
3320:doi
3275:doi
3230:doi
3178:doi
3134:doi
3130:466
3090:PMC
3072:doi
3029:PMC
3011:doi
2935:doi
2898:doi
2894:194
2867:PMC
2851:doi
2816:PMC
2806:doi
2757:doi
2717:PMC
2709:doi
2668:doi
2635:doi
2621:341
2586:doi
2545:doi
2500:doi
2447:PMC
2431:doi
2393:PMC
2377:doi
2311:doi
2273:PMC
2255:doi
2206:doi
2167:doi
2104:doi
2044:doi
2006:PMC
1990:doi
1928:doi
1296:DNA
1283:DNA
1209:or
1194:or
950:bps
896:to
706:RNA
702:DNA
687:DNA
610:).
390:in
327:is
319:to
278:DNA
250:DNA
86:DNA
3878::
3632:.
3604:.
3582:}}
3578:{{
3566:.
3558:.
3550:.
3538:29
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