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801:(GA/COL/3138/Rev.1*). Department of Public Information, News and Media Division, New York. Special Committee on Decolonization, 8th & 9th Meetings. (Issued on 13 June 2006.) The Approved Text reads, in part, "As in previous years, ... the Special Committee called on the President of the United States to release Puerto Rican political prisoners ..." (page 1)
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No one granted clemency was convicted in any of the actual bombings. Rather, they had been convicted on a variety of charges ranging from bomb making and conspiracy to armed robbery and firearms violations. They were all convicted for sedition, the act of attempting to overthrow the
Government of the
136:
The three FALN members were found guilty of seditious conspiracy and sentenced to 35 years of prison each. In addition, the jury found Torres and Cortes guilty of bomb and weapons violations, interstate transportation of a stolen car and possession of an unlicensed silencer. Cortes and
Rodriguez were
123:
George
Washington was a slave holder, that U.S. domination over Puerto Rico was illegal and that the FBI historically targeted the FALN for infiltration, disruption and annihilation. They invoked the names of freedom fighters from Northern Ireland, Puerto Rico, Nicaragua and elsewhere; attacked the
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The surveillance team was able to place cameras and listening equipment in the apartment. In the apartment, they found approximately 24 pounds of dynamite, 24 blasting caps, weapons, disguises, false identification and thousands of rounds of ammunition. The agents were able to neutralize all the
211:
There were reports of human rights violations against the FALN prisoners. The prisoners were placed in prisons far from their families, some were sexually assaulted by prison personnel, some were denied adequate medical attention, and others were kept in isolated underground prison cells for no
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American corporations, particularly drug companies, conducted unethical experiments, such as birth control tests, on Puerto Rican women; where the
American government systematically effaced a rich, proud Puerto Rican cultural heritage; and where the powerful, shadowy hand of the Wall Street
1006:
Special
Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Puerto Rican Self-determination Process: Draft Resolution Urges Probe of Pro-Independence Leader’s Killing, Human Rights Abuses; Calls for Clean-up, Decontamination of
796:
Special
Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Puerto Rican Self-determination Process: Draft Resolution Urges Probe of Pro-Independence Leader’s Killing, Human Rights Abuses; Calls for Clean-up, Decontamination of
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legitimacy of the 1898 treaty with Spain ceding Puerto Rico to the U.S.; accused government authorities of enslaving Puerto Rican nationals in a "cocoon of ignorance"; and cited a United
Nations resolution that sanctioned war against colonialism.
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There may be something heroic about someone who dies for his beliefs, but there is nothing heroic about someone who sneaks out into the dead of the night, plants bombs and then slinks back into the sanctuary of a safe house before the bomb
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on how to build a bomb; evaluate the perimeter of Army
Reserve Center and GSA facility at 74th and Pulaski; and plan to place bombs on July 4 of 1983. This prompted the arrest on June 29, 1983, of Cortes, Alberto Rodriguez, and
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263:
The sentences received by Cortes and the other
Nationalists were judged to be "out of proportion to the nationalists' offenses." In criticizing President Clinton's decision to release the Puerto Rican prisoners, the
224:, the judge found that their exceptionally restrictive conditions of detention were not in response to any legitimate security threat, and were therefore "an exaggerated response" and in violation of the prisoners'
79:. They had been linked to more than 100 bombings or attempted bombings since 1974 in their attempt to achieve independence for Puerto Rico. At their trial proceedings, some of the arrested declared their status as
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and the House of
Representatives' Subcommittee on Courts, Intellectual Property and the Administration of Justice both criticized the conditions. The conditions were found to be in violation of the
521:
Statement of the Special Agent (Retired) Richard S. Hahn before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary Hearin on FALN Clemency, September 15, 1999. Redacted in the website for Latin American Studies
90:
by law enforcement, a large team of local and federal agents placed him under nearly constant surveillance, which was used to identify a FALN safe house, which then was placed under surveillance.
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as having been influential on his decision to grant Cortes the clemency offer. Cases involving the release of other Puerto Rican Nationalist prisoners have also been categorized as cases of
101:
from jail during a trip to a hospital in mid March 1983. In addition, they forestalled similar escape attempts targeted for other FALN prisoners, housed near Bloomington, Illinois.
1011:(GA/COL/3138/Rev.1*). Department of Public Information, News and Media Division, New York. Special Committee on Decolonization, 8th & 9th Meetings. (Issued on 13 June 2006.)
268:
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None of the bombings of which they were convicted resulted in deaths or injuries. Cortes was given a 35-year federal sentence for seditious conspiracy and other charges.
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conspiracy and other charges. He was sentenced on October 5, 1985, and incarcerated in a U.S. federal prison. However, he was released early from prison, after President
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Effects and effectiveness of law enforcement intelligence measures to counter homegrown terrorism: A case study on the Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (FALN)
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855:...When we ask ourselves, 'Can it happen here?', the Puerto Rican people can answer, 'It has happened in Puerto Rico.' as he spoke about the treatment of
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For many years, numerous national and international organizations criticized Cortes' incarceration categorizing it as political imprisonment.
220:. A federal judge also expressed concerns regarding FALN prisoners held at the Female High Security Unit, Lexington, Kentucky. In the case of
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article. In 2006, the United Nations called for the release of the remaining Puerto Rican political prisoners in United States prisons.
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499:; Roberta Belli, Final Report to the Science & Technology Directorate, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, August 2012, page 23.
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The arrest in April 1980 of a dozen FALN members in Evanston led to the identification of Edwin Cortes as a suspect. Nicknamed
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Carlos Alberto Torres, Puerto Rican Nationalist Imprisoned In Illinois For 30 Years, Returns Home To Puerto Rico .
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ProLIBERTAD Campaign for the Freedom of Puerto Rican Political Prisoners and Prisoners of War: Arm the Spirit
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883:"Chicago's Puerto Rican community celebrates the release of political prisoner Carlos Alberto Torres ..."
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ammunition and explosives in the apartment, by replacing the gunpowder with coconut charcoal.
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These actions plus information derived from continued surveillance foiled an attempt to free
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capitalist dictated the country`s politics and exploited its citizens and natural resources.
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During the trial, Cortes and Torres painted a picture of Puerto Rico as a bleak world where
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Reviews Puerto Rico - U.S. relations, including cases of Puerto Rican political prisoners.
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Vito Marcantonio, U.S. Congressman. In his August 5, 1939, speech before Congress titled
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https://web.archive.org/web/20180705093457/https://www.sis.utk.edu/users/edwin-cortez
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Al Gore: Quick to Condemn "Arms-for-Hostages," but What About "Terrorists-for-Votes?"
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Had President Clinton not offered clemency, Cortes would have been released in 2004.
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Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
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Puerto Rican Nationalist Sentenced to 7 Years for 1983 Wells Fargo Robbery in Conn.
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Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Hunter College, City University of New York.
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convicted of conspiring to rob a Chicago Transit Authority money collector.
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In the words of Congressman Marcantonio, "There is no place in America for
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Guide to the Ruth M. Reynolds Papers: Archives of the Puerto Rican Diaspora
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also categorized Cortes as a "Puerto Rican Nationalist", echoing a recent
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699:"Federal Bureau of Prisons. U.S. Department of Justice. Inmate Locator"
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572:, Chicago Tribune article, August 06, 1985, by William B. Crawford Jr.
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Cortes was released from prison on September 10, 1999 after President
724:"United States Department of Justice. Press Release. August 11, 1999"
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Using surveillance, investigators documented Edwin Cortes training
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Puerto Rican community celebrates release of political prisoner.
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Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
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Puerto Rican Inmate Has No Regrets For His Terrorist Actions.
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U.N. Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners
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By Andrés Torres. Temple University Press. 1998. Page 147
420:"12 Imprisoned Puerto Ricans Accept Clemency Conditions"
75:
Cortes and 11 others were arrested on April 4, 1980, in
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extended a clemency offer to him on February 19, 1999.
1022:"Eleven Puerto Rican Nationalists Freed from Prison"
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The Puerto Rican movement: voices from the diaspora.
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Lolita Lebrón, Puerto Rican Nationalist, Dies at 90
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Eleven Puerto Rican Nationalists Freed from Prison.
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1203:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
770:By Charles Babington. September 11, 1999, Page A2"
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525:Official report of the Committee of the Judiciary
459:Torres, Andrés; Velázquez, José Emiliano (1998).
83:, and refused to participate in the proceedings.
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144:Seditious conspiracy and human rights violations
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1895:Imprisoned Puerto Rican independence activists
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248:extended clemency to him. Clinton cited Rev.
1900:Recipients of American presidential clemency
768:Puerto Rican Nationalists Freed From Prison.
113:and a fourth sympathizer (Jose Rodriguez).
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976:"U.S. Senate Republican Policy Committee.
815:, August 1991/December 2003 (updated 2005)
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177:. Please do not remove this message until
71:Criminal activities, arrest and conviction
197:Learn how and when to remove this message
1193:Hostosian National Independence Movement
173:Relevant discussion may be found on the
59:who received a sentence of 35 years for
1173:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
279:United States in Puerto Rico by force.
269:U.S. Senate Republican Policy Committee
121:They and their witnesses asserted that
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1836:La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío
1780:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
1230:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
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944:
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1805:U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954)
1080:
1050:. Community.seattletimes.nwsource.com
623:"High Security Unit in Lexington, KY"
581:W. Crawford, Chicago Tribune article.
231:
1113:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
951:. By Douglas Martin. August 3, 2010"
918:
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1048:By Charles J. Hanley. May 10, 1998"
13:
352:Puerto Rican independence movement
14:
1916:
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1042:Hanley, Charles J. (1998-05-10).
1004:United Nations General Assembly.
794:United Nations General Assembly.
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982:. Rpc.senate.gov. Archived from
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240:Clemency and release from prison
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1183:Puerto Rican Independence Party
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440:Denver Westword, July 12, 1995.
370:Mark Zambrano (July 21, 1985).
1719:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
1351:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado
1188:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
945:Martin, Douglas (2010-08-03).
530:
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488:
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55:nationalist and member of the
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1740:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
1654:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
1414:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
1266:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
357:
1800:Truman assassination attempt
1178:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
859:. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
377:. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
7:
1790:San Juan Nationalist revolt
1399:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres
919:Coto, Danica (2010-07-28).
670:"Cable News Network (CNN).
468:. Temple University Press.
372:Faln Divides Its Own People
332:Juan Enrique Segarra-Palmer
285:
179:conditions to do so are met
128:The prosecutors countered:
10:
1921:
1168:Union Party of Puerto Rico
1885:Puerto Rican nationalists
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1494:María de Lourdes Santiago
1489:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana
1364:
1331:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
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901:. Foxnews.com. 2010-04-07
847:January 12, 2012, at the
701:. Bop.gov. Archived from
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32:
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1326:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
1296:Francisco Ramírez Medina
1286:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
1810:Cerro Maravilla murders
1755:Levantamiento de Ciales
1714:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
1634:Tomás López de Victoria
1619:Andres Figueroa Cordero
1609:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
1429:José M. Dávila Monsanto
1291:Antonio Mattei Lluberas
1281:Francisco Gonzalo Marín
1276:Eugenio María de Hostos
1246:Ramón Emeterio Betances
1161:Political organizations
523:. Also can be found at
449:Retrieved on 2008-11-21
1880:History of Puerto Rico
1709:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
1604:Isabel Freire de Matos
1594:Juan Antonio Corretjer
1544:Margot Arce de Vázquez
1374:Antonio Rafael Barceló
1301:José Gualberto Padilla
1239:19th century activists
1219:Cadets of the Republic
1212:Militant organizations
921:"The Huffington Post.
877:July 31, 2010, at the
836:Five Years of Tyranny.
820:July 15, 2010, at the
766:"The Washington Post.
537:Richard Hahn interview
1669:Helen Rodríguez Trías
1649:Francisco Matos Paoli
1614:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
1574:Rafael Cancel Miranda
1509:Carlos Alberto Torres
1409:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí
1365:20th and 21st century
1306:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
1120:Indigenous resistance
947:"The New York Times.
840:Congressional Record.
570:4 Guilty In Bomb Plot
560:R. Belli, page 27-28.
327:Carlos Alberto Torres
252:and former President
214:Amnesty International
16:Puerto Rican activist
1760:Río Piedras massacre
1464:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
1444:Víctor Manuel Gerena
1379:Félix Benítez Rexach
1224:Boricua Popular Army
655:Peoples Law Office.
621:Susler, Jan (1989).
1831:Grito de Lares flag
1724:Olga Viscal Garriga
1699:Clemente Soto Vélez
1689:Vidal Santiago Díaz
1599:José Ferrer Canales
1534:Pedro Albizu Campos
1484:Ángel Rivero Méndez
1469:Antonio S. Pedreira
1454:Luis Lloréns Torres
1449:Edwin Irizarry Mora
1321:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
1044:"The Seattle Times.
980:September 21, 1999"
895:"Fox News Network.
869:Chicago Sun-Times.
857:Pedro Albizu Campos
853:political prisoners
774:The Washington Post
674:September 10, 1999"
436:Prendergast, Alan.
422:by John M. Broder.
337:Pedro Albizu Campos
258:political prisoners
222:Baraldini vs. Meese
166:of this section is
1750:Intentona de Yauco
1704:Griselio Torresola
1659:Ruth Mary Reynolds
1554:Casimiro Berenguer
1504:Alejandrina Torres
1459:Oscar López Rivera
1424:Pedro Ortiz Dávila
1341:Fernando Fernandez
1336:Manuel Zeno Gandía
955:The New York Times
630:Law and Liberation
603:. Hartford-hwp.com
548:R. Hahn testimony.
511:R. Belli, page 24.
445:2012-01-28 at the
424:The New York Times
322:Oscar López Rivera
300:Puerto Rico portal
232:Political prisoner
111:Alejandrina Torres
99:Oscar Lopez Rivera
77:Evanston, Illinois
1862:
1861:
1774:Ley de la Mordaza
1664:Germán Rieckehoff
1579:José Coll y Cuchí
1526:Nationalist Party
1439:Leopoldo Figueroa
1389:Americo Boschetti
1024:. CNN. 1999-09-10
842:August 14, 1939.)
838:(Recorded in the
747:. CNN. 1999-09-09
426:September 8, 1999
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1419:Juan Dalmau
1127:Agüeybaná I
1869:Categories
1054:2012-01-17
1028:2012-01-17
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927:. HuffPost
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358:References
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164:neutrality
88:The Rabbit
1404:Roy Brown
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175:talk page
131:detonates
61:seditious
1853:Claridad
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286:See also
273:Newsweek
228:rights.
212:reason.
168:disputed
37:Sedition
1824:Symbols
1770:Gag Law
1152:Urayoán
1147:Jumacao
1137:Arasibo
797:Vieques
1733:Events
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51:was a
1845:Media
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470:ISBN
161:The
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