834:, where potentially lethal voltages and currents were employed, continuously rather than in pulses. Some prisoners used the electric barbed-wire fence to commit suicide. Many died at Mauthausen by being thrown onto the high voltage wire. One was Georg Benjamin, physician and anti-National Socialist activist, brother to scholar Walter Benjamin. Georg Benjamin's transfer to the Mauthausen concentration camp was tantamount to a death sentence. The Gestapo's transport order expressly stated that a return of the communist and Jew was undesirable. The camp's death list states the cause of death as "suicide due to high voltage". Similarly, the message from the command of the Mauthausen concentration camp to the widow speaks of “suicide by touching the power line,” while the death certificate only mentions that “Doctor Israel Georg Benjamin” died on August 26, 1942 at 1:30 a.m. Hilde Spiel, on the other hand, writes in her autobiography that Benjamin was killed. Benjamin's grave is in the Wilmersdorfer Waldfriedhof Stahnsdorf in field B IW II-6. A former Nazi prisoner testified to the American Military Tribunal in Dachau, Germany, August 13, 1947 that Jews were forced to jump into electrically-charged fences to be burned death. The witness, who preferred to remain unidentified because of fear of reprisals, testified that he saw Franz Koffler, one of the accused, beat five Jews and order them to jump into the wired fences. Two of the Jews accepted their fate and were immediately electrocuted, he said, but the other three, a father and two sons, held back. The father begged that his life be sacrificed but his sons’ spared, but Koffler and several other guards picked up the three and tossed them to their deaths.
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494:. Typically, one or more strands of wire, synthetic tape or cord are mounted on metal or plastic posts with stakes at the bottom, designed to be driven into the ground with the foot. For a hand-tightened temporary fence of electrified rope or web in a small area, these are usually spaced at no more than 12 to 15 feet (about four metres) to prevent the fencing material from sagging and touching the ground. Larger areas where tools are used to stretch wire may be able to set step-in posts at larger distances without risk that the fencing material will sag.
1282:'To give the scheme some more effect,' he makes it visible only through a grate of massive iron bars, among which are arranged wires connected with an electrical machine in a neighbouring chamber; should any daring hand or foot obtrude itself with the bars, it receives a smart shock, that often passes through many of the crowd, and the cause being unknown, the effect is exceedingly comic; terror, astonishment, curiosity, are all set in action, and all contribute to make 'Dorfeuille's Hell' one of the most amusing exhibitions imaginable.
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significantly increased the range an electric fence could be used from a few hundred metres to 35 km (~20 miles), and reduced the cost of fencing by more than 80%. The non-shortable electric fence was patented by
Phillips and by 1964 was manufactured by Plastic Products, a New Zealand firm, under the name "Waikato Electric Fence". Since then, a variety of plastic insulators are now used on farms throughout the world.
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dehydration or starvation. Pangolins found dead on electric fences often have epidermal burns – these sometimes burning through the scales. Internal injuries may also be significant. Pangolins found alive while wrapped around an electrified wire may suffer debilitating neurological damage if they have experienced prolonged exposure to the electric current. These ultimately succumb even when released.
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322:", an electrified fences along the border between Belgium and the Netherlands to prevent unauthorized movement of people across the border. The fences covered 300 kilometres and consisted of several strands of copper wire, backed with barbed wire, and energized to several thousand volts. An estimated 3,000 human fatalities, as well as the destruction of livestock, were caused by the fence.
502:(which are quickly driven in with hand tools and unearthed with relative ease, using a leverage device), to help keep the fence upright, particularly at corners. Livestock owners using rotational grazing in set patterns that are similar from one year to the next may permanently drive a few permanent wooden fence posts in strategic locations.
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Pangolins are bipedal, walking on their hind legs with their front legs and tail held off the ground, leaving their ventral surface unprotected. This makes them particularly prone to accidental lethal electric shock on electrified fences. Depending on the electrified fence's design and height of the
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In practice, once most animals have learned of the unpleasant consequences of touching the fence they tend to avoid it long after even when it is inactive. However, some animals learn to avoid the shock, either by running under the fence quickly between pulses, or by pushing other individuals through
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Security electric fences are electric fences constructed using specialised equipment and built for perimeter security as opposed to animal management. Security electric fences consist of wires that carry pulses of electric current to provide a non-lethal shock to deter potential intruders. Tampering
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Palisade electric fences are used in most countries, particularly where there is little vegetation to short-circuit the fence or where the costs of security personnel is high in relation to automated security equipment. The electric pulse is a strong deterrent for criminals, while the palisade fence
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The electrified fence itself must be kept insulated from the earth and from any materials that will conduct electricity and ignite or short out the fence. Fencing must therefore avoid vegetation, and cannot be attached directly to wood or metal posts. Typically, wooden or metal posts are driven into
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Early alternating current (AC) fence chargers used a transformer and a mechanically-driven switch to generate the electrical pulses. The pulses were wide and the voltage unpredictable, with no-load peaks in excess of 10,000 volts and a rapid drop in voltage as the fence leakage increased. The switch
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if the conducting wire contacts any non-electrified component that may make up the rest of the fence, power failure, or forced disconnection because of the risk of fires starting by dry vegetation touching an electrified wire. Other disadvantages can be lack of visibility and the potential to shock
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or livestock. The buried wire radiates a weak radio signal, which is detected by a collar worn by the animal. The collar emits a warning noise near the wire, but if this is ignored, produces a mild shock. Humans and other animals are unaware of the buried line. In a similar system, the collar uses
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A piggyback electric fence is mounted off the back of an existing wire or mesh fence, adding another level of security to the existing perimeter barrier. The piggyback profile is fastened to existing fence posts (e.g. pillars of a palisade fence) using rivets or screws. These are the most commonly
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Non-lethal electric fences are used by both private and government-sector bodies to prevent trespass. These include freight carriers, auto auctions, equipment rental companies, auto dealers, housing communities, commercial factories or warehouses, prisons, military bases, and government buildings.
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from raiding crops, and preventing geese from soiling areas used by people. Electric fencing has been extensively used to reduce the conflict between elephants or other animals and humans in Africa and Asia. However, electric fences are increasingly used in small livestock farming as a management
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In 1969 Robert B. Cox, a farmer in Adams County, Iowa, invented an improved electric fence bracket and was issued United States Patent No. 3,516,643 on 23 June 1970. This bracket improved electric fences by keeping the wire high enough above the ground and far enough away from the fence to permit
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set, Gallagher used the device to keep his horse from scratching itself against his car. Gallagher later started the
Gallagher Group to improve and market the design. In 1962, another New Zealand inventor, Doug Phillips, invented the non-shortable electric fence based on capacitor discharge. This
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David H. Wilson obtained United States Patent 343,939 in 1886, combining protection, an alarm bell, and telephone communications. He constructed an experimental 30-mile electric fence energized by a water wheel in Texas in 1888, which proved successful at keeping cattle separated, but was deemed
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promotes the use of palisade fencing over opaque, usually brick, walls as criminals cannot hide as easily behind the fence. The City of
Johannesburg manual on safety describes best practices and maintenance of palisade fencing, such as not growing vegetation in front of palisades as this allows
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An animal wrapped around the electric wire receives successive shocks, which in the case of pangolins results in them curling into an ever tighter ball around the live wire. The repeated electrical pulses ultimately kill the pangolin. Those not killed outright usually succumb to exposure,
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fences can be electrified, though such practices create a more hazardous fence, particularly if an animal becomes caught by the fencing material (electrified barbed wire is unlawful in some areas). Synthetic webbing and rope-like fencing materials woven with fine conducting wires (usually of
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Changes in laws. In some jurisdictions, certain types of electrical outputs for fences were unlawful until the 1950s or 1960s. In other areas, signage requirements and other restrictions limited usability. Many US cities continue to have outdated laws prohibiting electric fences to prevent
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Permanent electric fencing is used in many agricultural areas, as construction of electric fences can be much cheaper and faster than conventional fences (it uses plain wire and much lighter construction, as the fence does not need to physically restrain animals). The risk of injury to
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Portable fence energizers are made for temporary fencing, powered solely by batteries, or by a battery kept charged by a small solar panel. Rapid laying-out and removal of multiple-strand temporary electric fencing over a large area may be done using a set of reels mounted on a
132:"Weed burner" fence chargers were popular for a time and featured a longer-duration output pulse that would destroy weeds touching the fence. These were responsible for many grass fires when used during dry weather. Although still available, they have declined in popularity.
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Stand-alone electric fences act as the sole perimeter barrier. This type is normally found as one of many layers of perimeter security around high security establishments, meaning that in order touch it, an intruder would have had to previously bypass at least one physical
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tool to exclude animals, such as potential predators, that will tunnel under these fences to gain entrance to livestock camps. Electrified fences are also increasingly used on both domestic livestock and wildlife (game) farms in Africa as a management tool to exclude
100:. The effects of the shock depend upon the voltage, the energy of the pulse, the degree of contact between the recipient and the fence and ground, and the route of the current through the body; it can range from barely noticeable to uncomfortable, painful or even lethal.
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kV AC lethal fence, energized when the DC fence detects an intruder. Alternatively it may consist of a single, AC or pulsed DC fence capable of running in "safe", "unsafe" or "lethal" modes by varying the DC pulse energy, AC/DC fence voltage or fence on–off duty cycle.
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lower lines, the pangolin's head or exposed belly come into contact with the electrified wire(s). The initial shock will causes the pangolin to adopt its defense of rolling into a ball, often resulting in it inadvertently wrapping itself around the electrified wire.
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Electric fences are used in similar fashion at some high-security prisons and certain other installations. Typically a nonelectric fence is constructed on either side of such an installation, or the deadly current is carried out of casual reach atop a wall.
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batteries or a smaller battery kept charged by a solar panel. The power consumption of a fence in good condition is low, and so a lead-acid battery powering several hundred metres of fence may last for several weeks on a single charge. For shorter periods,
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12-foot-high "stun–lethal" fences have been in use for some time in many US state prisons, like those in
Arizona. The Federal Department of Corrections added them in 2005 to two prisons in Coleman, Florida, and prisons in Tucson; Terre Haute, Indiana;
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and other forms of non-human animal control, although they are also used to protect high-security areas such as military installations or prisons, where potentially-lethal voltages may be used. Virtual electric fences for livestock using
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Many fences are made entirely of standard smooth or high-tensile wire, although high quality synthetic fencing materials are also beginning to be used as part of permanent fences, particularly when visibility of the fence is a concern.
541:) may learn to push through the fence themselves, using their coats as electrical insulation. Some animals also learn to recognize the slight clicking sound made by some electric fences and thus can sense when the fence is off.
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With temporary electric fencing, a large area can be fenced off in a short period. Temporary fencing that is intended to be left in place for several weeks or months may be given additional support by the use of steel
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with the fence also results in an alarm that is logged by the security electric fence energiser, and can also trigger a siren, strobe, or notifications to a control room or directly to the owner via email or phone.
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from excavating beneath other fencing. Substandard conventional fencing can also be made temporarily usable until proper repairs are made by the addition of a single electric line set on a "stand-off" insulator.
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Jacobsen, N.H.G., Newbery, R.E., De Wet, M.J., Viljoen, P.C. and
Pietersen, E. 1991. A contribution of the ecology of the Steppe Pangolin Manis temminckii in the Transvaal. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 56:
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of any type may be strengthened by the addition of a single electric line mounted on insulators attached to the top or front of the fence. A similar wire mounted close to the ground may be used to prevent
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They can also be used inside a building, for example as a grid behind windows or skylights to prevent people from climbing through. They have also been used on yachts and on large ships to deter pirates.
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Most modern fences emit pulses of high voltage at a fixed time interval or use a voltage multiplier to store a high voltage that is applied continuously to the fence except when recharging after a shock.
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pulse. One terminal of the power energizer releases an electrical pulse along a connected bare wire about once per second. Another terminal is connected to a metal rod implanted in the earth, called a
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in
England to control grazing in wild and sensitive landscapes without the need for expensive and visually intrusive fencing. Companies which have developed this technology include the Norwegian
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In a virtual electric fence system, each animal has a collar with a GPS unit which is set to produce first an audible warning and then a shock as the animal approaches a programmable boundary.
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systems in addition to causing an uncomfortable shock. Electrified palisade fences are used to protect isolated property and high security facilities, but also around some residential homes.
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grass and weeds growing beneath the wire to be mowed. The brackets attached to the posts by what may be called a "pivot bind" or "torsion-lock". The weight of the bracket, the attached
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Smooth steel wire is the material most often used for electric fences, ranging from a fine thin wire used as a single line to thicker, high-tensile (HT) wire. Less often, woven wire or
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A "stun–lethal" fence may also consist of two fences; one set of wires forming a conventional pulsed DC non-lethal fence, the second set (interleaved with the first) forming a 6.6
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mechanism was prone to failure. Later systems replaced the switch with a solid-state circuit, with an improvement in longevity but no change in pulse width or voltage control.
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Burger, M. and Branch, W.R. 1994. Tortoise mortality caused by electric fences in the Thomas Baines Nature
Reserve. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 24: 32–37.
246:
525:, and other smaller animals, plastic electric netting may be mounted on insulating stakes – this is also effective at keeping out some predators such as
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Heard, H.W. and
Stephenson, A. 1987. Electrification of a fence to control the movements of black-backed jackals. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 17: 20–24.
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Wall-top electric fences attach to the top of an existing perimeter barrier such as a masonry wall. These are the second most common type of security electric fences.
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The value of electrified fences is offset by lethal electric shock threats to a number of species, including vulnerable and endangered species such as
African ground
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297:, describes "The Lightning Bolts of Captain Nemo" – the use of electrification of a structure as a defensive weapon. Published in 1889,
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the ground and plastic or porcelain insulators are attached to them, or plastic posts are used. The conducting material is then attached to the posts.
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Electric fences are occasionally employed to discourage suicide attempts on tall structures, and to reduce the incidence of graffiti and other petty
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In South Africa it is estimated that more than 31,500 reptiles (predominantly tortoises) are killed on electrified fences annually. The estimate for
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describes an arrangement of wires connected with an electrical machine used to protect a display called "Dorfeuille's Hell" in the
Western Museum of
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is mechanically stronger than a typical steel cable electric fence, being able to withstand impact from wildlife, small falling trees and wildfires.
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Depending on the area to be fenced and remoteness of its location, fence energizers may be hooked into a permanent electrical circuit or run by
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to control domestic dogs have been used since 1973, and the first system for livestock control was developed by Peck's Invisible Fence Co, now
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Beck, A. 2008. Electric fence induced mortality in South Africa. M.Sc. thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
96:. An animal touching both the wire and the earth during a pulse will complete an electrical circuit and will conduct the pulse, causing an
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Design of moveable fence components, such as Tumblewheel, a moveable fence post used for making mobile one-wire fences for the purpose of
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agricultural fences from entering the city. Houston, Texas for example, changed their ordinance that prohibited electric fencing in 2008.
149:) have become available in the late 1990s and are particularly useful for areas requiring additional visibility or as temporary fencing.
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From this point, "animal" is used to refer to both humans and other animals for simplicity, except where the text refers to "livestock".
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from entering or exiting a camp. A number of animal species, other than predators, may dig under these fences to cross that barrier.
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to publish a bulletin on electric shock from electric fences, leading to the ANSI/UL standard No. 69 for electric fence controllers.
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A "stun–lethal" electric fence can be set to deliver a non-fatal shock if touched once, and a fatal one if touched a second time.
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to cause problems for nearby telephone, radio, and television reception – and have been a particular problem for
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sensor array that act as a (or part of a) physical barrier, a psychological deterrent to potential intruders, and as part of a
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In many countries such as Switzerland or Austria, virtual electric fences are currently not allowed due to concerns about
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Introduction of high tensile (HT) steel fence wire in the 1970s in New Zealand and in the 1980s in the United States.
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Electric materials are also used for the construction of temporary fencing, particularly to support the practice of
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1551:"A Review of the Anthropogenic Threats Faced by Temminck's Ground Pangolin, Smutsia temminckii, in Southern Africa"
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in the United States in the early 1930s, and electric fencing technology developed in both the United States and
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Its disadvantages include the potential for the entire fence to be disabled by a break in the conducting wire,
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killed by electric shock is 377–1,028 annually. The impacts of electrified fences on other species, such as
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Detail of an electric fence material made of synthetic cord with metal interwoven through it, attached to a
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474:(also known as rotational or "strip" grazing). It is also popular in some places for confining horses and
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Improvements in electrical design of the fence energizer, often called a "charger" (USA) or "fencer" (UK).
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Electric fences designed to carry potentially lethal currents can be used for anti-personnel purposes.
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insulators, beginning in the 1960s. Polyethylene is much cheaper than porcelain and is less breakable.
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An early application of the electric fence for livestock control was developed in 1936–1937 by
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signals to determine proximity to a predetermined "virtual fence" without a physical installation.
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A temporary electric fence of synthetic materials and plastic step-in posts set about 12 feet apart
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Introduction of synthetic webbing and rope-like fencing materials woven with fine conducting wires.
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of the shock may have effects ranging from discomfort to death. Most electric fences are used for
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was lined with high electric fence during Cold War to prevent emigration from Czechoslovakia.
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were lined with a 3 m (10 ft) high electric fence to deter potential defectors from
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The Brother - Literature Bernd-Peter Lange remembers the doctor and communist Georg Benjamin
1662:"Patent US20080079316: Lethal Electric Fence Energizer (points 0016-0024, 0026, 0038, 0051)"
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when touched by an animal. A component called a power energizer converts power into a brief
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180:. Typically the fences are 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in) tall and typically send high
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Between truth and poetry: Anti-Semitism and National Socialism with Heimito von Doderer .
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1433:"...while working as a scientist at Ruakura Agricultural Research Centre in the 1950s..."
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1121:"Virtual Fencing Is Comparable to Electric Tape Fencing for Cattle Behavior and Welfare"
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889:(also called "invisible fences" or "electronic fences") are sometimes used to contain
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found their effect on goats and cows to be comparable to traditional electric fences.
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1788:"Former Nazi Prisoner Describes Killing of Jews at Mauthausen Camp by Electrocution"
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Electric fences have improved significantly over the years. Improvements include:
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Hilde Benjamin: . Hirzel Verlag, Leipzig 1987, p. 60 and pictures 62 and 63
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1070:"A moo-ving target: fenceless grazing widens possibilities for cows and wildlife"
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or certain types of woven wire with large openings that can entangle the feet.
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batteries may be used. Some energizers can be powered by more than one source.
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Campbell, Dana L. M.; Lea, Jim M.; Keshavarzi, Hamideh; Lee, Caroline (2019).
1043:"Nofence invisible fencing trial - Geltsdale - Geltsdale - The RSPB Community"
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jumping over an electric fence only touching the positive pole not getting an
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and the electric wire attached to the insulator bind the bracket to the post.
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The art of staying neutral: the Netherlands in the First World War, 1914-1918
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at Port Arthur. In 1915, during World War I, the German army installed the "
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Anderson, D. M. (2007). "Virtual fencing - past, present and future".
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an animal passing by that accidentally touches or brushes the fence.
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Pietersen, Darren W.; McKechnie, Andrew E.; Jansen, Raymond (2014).
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Multi-zone security electric fence used alongside a physical barrier
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Taser conducted electrical weapons: physiology, pathology, and law
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1988:
1860:
911:
796:
784:
780:
735:
were surrounded by electric fences, like this one shown above at
522:
507:
483:
235:
181:
74:
45:
1297:
Europe and America : criss-crossing perspectives, 1788-1848
314:
In 1905, the Russian army improvised electric fences during the
44:
to deter people and other animals from crossing a boundary. The
3680:
3034:
2600:
2538:
2482:
2460:
2437:
2430:
2306:
2289:
2121:
1953:
1935:
1905:
499:
287:, which she herself invented. Published in 1870, Chapter 22 of
65:
352:
By 1939, public safety concerns in the United States prompted
3721:
3665:
3409:
2934:
2765:
2605:
1926:
792:
686:
534:
518:
427:
576:
Electric fences are useful for controlling the movements of
2703:
2545:
2512:
2487:
2279:
2269:
2238:
2217:
654:
In practical terms, security electric fences are a type of
581:
566:
895:
890:
526:
455:
1548:
1118:
553:
Electric fencing to protect a walkway against wildlife.
189:
1327:
https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/aoe01
1635:"7 Federal Prisons to Get Lethal Electrified Fences"
921:
901:
533:
the fence. Animals with thick woolly coats (such as
1205:"Virtual Fencing without Long-Term Stress for Cows"
245:. In 2023 and 2024, industry-funded studies by the
224:, in 1987. An early application involved goats and
791:, using a 300 km electric fence running from
307:, uses an electric fence for defensive purposes.
3792:
2132:
756:; Pine Knot, Kentucky; and Pollock, Louisiana.
674:Many of these electric fences act as monitored
2694:
2640:
2458:
2304:
1683:"Mauthausen Images - The SS Album! (39 of 51)"
3349:
3079:
2908:
2884:
2501:
2492:
2449:
2173:
1969:
1960:
1876:
3468:
3449:
3440:
3431:
3020:
2995:
2971:
2932:
2923:
2875:
2861:
2832:
2803:
2794:
2770:
2731:
2536:
2517:
2435:
2384:
2375:
2331:
2322:
2313:
2250:
2236:
2227:
2110:
2087:
1325:"ELECTRIC FENCE," Handbook of Texas Online (
84:Electric fences are designed to complete an
2119:
2101:
2047:
2033:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1814:"Electric fence interference with Internet"
703:Types of security electric fences include:
304:A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court
1883:
1869:
1337:
1335:
1228:
1171:
870:uses electric fences to seal off parts of
16:Shock barrier to contain animals or people
1714:The power woman Hilde Benjamin 1902–1989.
1574:
1451:
1449:
1154:
1136:
232:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
211:
1255:
1014:
801:
727:
664:
560:
548:
461:
260:
230:. Virtual fencing has been used by the
64:
27:
1332:
1229:Stockinger, Michael (23 October 2023).
1112:
1067:
1008:
822:Electric fences were used to guard the
3793:
1488:
1446:
1293:
1231:"Virtuelle Grenzen statt Zäune setzen"
1061:
294:Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas
269:First published in 1832, Chapter 7 of
60:
1864:
1841:Wildlife control at Canadian Airports
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1202:
614:), and a number of tortoise species.
325:Electric fences were used to control
57:technology have also been developed.
1800:"E. Germany Builds Electric Fence",
1555:African Journal of Wildlife Research
1179:"Automated Farming: Virtual Fencing"
1087:
914:Internet users in some rural areas.
743:
697:
430:) is lower than with fences made of
208:criminals to make an unseen breach.
135:
3275:Weapons Storage and Security System
1489:Feibel, Carolyn (23 January 2008).
1345:, Amsterdam University Press, 2006
1068:Barkham, Patrick (3 January 2021).
1035:
841:the French erected the electrified
787:closed off the border with neutral
692:Due to the high levels of crime in
645:
311:impractical as a business venture.
265:Electric fence in urban environment
103:
13:
1890:
1828:. Ministry of Economic Development
1525:
1509:
156:
32:Charger for a plus-minus net fence
14:
3832:
1834:
1266:Domestic Manners of the Americans
902:Interference and unwanted effects
272:Domestic Manners of the Americans
3774:
3773:
1826:"Five-Step Electric Fence Check"
924:
806:Electric fences are used in the
629:spp), have not been quantified.
1819:
1807:
1794:
1780:
1757:
1736:
1727:
1706:
1689:
1675:
1654:
1627:
1618:
1608:
1599:
1497:
1482:
1461:
1425:
1403:
1382:
1364:"A boss who won't be fenced in"
1356:
1319:
1287:
1249:
1222:
1125:Frontiers in Veterinary Science
767:
544:
21:Electric fence (disambiguation)
1370:. STUFF.co.nz. 31 October 2007
1196:
976:
957:
711:used security electric fences.
410:
164:are usually made from painted
1:
3170:British "hedgehog" road block
1294:Portes, Jacques, ed. (1987).
970:
881:
656:perimeter intrusion detection
486:, or at competitions such as
1411:"Scientists Work Recognised"
908:electromagnetic interference
344:. Built from a car ignition
184:electric pulses through the
7:
3580:Cities with defensive walls
3165:Defensive fighting position
3080:
2885:
2695:
2641:
2502:
2493:
2459:
2450:
2305:
1456:"50 YEARS OF POWER FENCING"
917:
698:Electrified palisade fences
640:
162:Electrified palisade fences
10:
3837:
414:
354:Underwriters' Laboratories
256:
199:Due to the high levels of
18:
3764:
3694:
3618:
3562:
3496:
3382:
3287:
3210:Hardened aircraft shelter
3185:Entry control point (ECP)
3097:
3008:
2724:
2717:
2149:
1898:
1774:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
1269:(EBook #10345 ed.).
472:managed intensive grazing
247:Venn Research Association
3707:Continuity of government
1742:Alexandra Kleinlercher:
1703:, January 9, 2020, p. 17
1413:. FarmneT. 16 April 2003
1138:10.3389/fvets.2019.00445
950:
733:Nazi concentration camps
619:African ground pangolins
555:Pilanesberg Game Reserve
492:competitive trail riding
192:(one pulse per second).
3821:Pest control techniques
3529:Motte-and-bailey castle
3235:Missile launch facility
3230:Main line of resistance
1925:
1816:, NZ Government website
754:Hazelton, West Virginia
405:
40:is a barrier that uses
3811:New Zealand inventions
3605:Military installations
3469:
3450:
3441:
3432:
3350:
3021:
2996:
2972:
2962:Scarp and Counterscarp
2933:
2924:
2909:
2876:
2862:
2833:
2804:
2795:
2771:
2732:
2537:
2518:
2436:
2385:
2376:
2332:
2323:
2314:
2251:
2237:
2228:
2174:
2133:
2120:
2111:
2102:
2088:
2048:
2034:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1916:
1209:www.agroscope.admin.ch
887:Buried electric fences
819:
740:
670:
573:
558:
467:
266:
212:Virtual electric fence
81:
33:
3374:Floating water castle
3105:Admiralty scaffolding
2398:Fortified buildings (
1746:Böhlau, Vienna 2011,
1439:28 March 2012 at the
1341:Maartje M. Abbenhuis
1259:(30 November 2003) .
1047:community.rspb.org.uk
1017:The Rangeland Journal
805:
731:
668:
564:
552:
465:
264:
201:crime in South Africa
68:
31:
3717:Subterranean warfare
2670:Viking ring fortress
1716:Links, Berlin 1997,
1567:10.3957/056.044.0209
1493:. Houston Chronicle.
1390:"Gallagher, History"
940:Agricultural fencing
603:), Southern African
451:agricultural fencing
417:Agricultural fencing
222:Invisible Fence Inc.
205:City of Johannesburg
188:at a frequency of 1
50:agricultural fencing
19:For other uses, see
3534:Quadrangular castle
3270:Weapon storage area
2626:Quadrangular castle
1766:Daily News Bulletin
1712:Marianne Brentzel:
1640:The Washington Post
1491:"Alternate Current"
858:Czechoslovak border
850:inner German border
824:concentration camps
700:are commonly used.
512:all-terrain vehicle
94:ground or earth rod
61:Design and function
3816:Perimeter security
3265:Underground hangar
3050:Fire control tower
2847:Gunpowder magazine
2275:Butter-churn tower
984:"Manual on safety"
932:Electronics portal
820:
810:, which separates
741:
671:
574:
559:
468:
399:rotational grazing
316:Russo-Japanese War
267:
86:electrical circuit
82:
34:
3788:
3787:
3712:Military urbanism
3646:Fortified gateway
3519:Concentric castle
3283:
3282:
3200:Fire support base
3040:Coastal artillery
2915:(Spanish America)
2509:
2351:Concentric castle
1846:Controlling geese
1752:978-3-205-78605-4
1471:, Springer, 2009
1368:The Dominion Post
1271:Project Gutenberg
1095:"Virtual fencing"
945:Temporary fencing
856:. Similarly, the
744:Stun–lethal fence
136:Fencing materials
3828:
3777:
3776:
3770:
3661:National redoubt
3590:Fortified estate
3514:Circular rampart
3474:
3455:
3446:
3437:
3355:
3115:Anti-tank trench
3110:Air raid shelter
3085:
3045:Disappearing gun
3026:
3001:
2977:
2938:
2929:
2914:
2890:
2881:
2867:
2838:
2809:
2800:
2776:
2737:
2722:
2721:
2700:
2680:Bailey (or ward)
2646:
2551:Motte-and-bailey
2542:
2523:
2507:
2499:
2498:
2464:
2455:
2441:
2390:
2381:
2337:
2328:
2319:
2310:
2256:
2242:
2233:
2179:
2136:
2125:
2116:
2107:
2093:
2053:
2039:
1979:Circular rampart
1975:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1790:. 20 March 2015.
1784:
1778:
1777:
1776:, 14 August 1947
1771:
1761:
1755:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1710:
1704:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1578:
1546:
1523:
1520:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1480:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1444:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1360:
1354:
1339:
1330:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1158:
1140:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:
995:
989:. Archived from
988:
980:
964:
961:
934:
929:
928:
848:Sections of the
775:In 1915, during
762:
646:Non-lethal fence
488:endurance riding
104:Fence energizers
71:steel fence post
3836:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3806:Garden features
3791:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3768:
3760:
3690:
3614:
3558:
3492:
3427:Imperial castle
3400:Coercion castle
3395:Coastal defence
3378:
3340:Promontory fort
3310:Hillside castle
3279:
3195:Fallout shelter
3160:Concertina wire
3140:Border security
3093:
3004:
2713:
2346:Coercion castle
2334:Cheval de frise
2316:Chemin de ronde
2164:Albarrana tower
2145:
2090:Schwedenschanze
2067:Promontory fort
1894:
1889:
1851:Uses in Montana
1837:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1804:, 28 March 1984
1799:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1711:
1707:
1694:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1547:
1526:
1521:
1510:
1504:"Jumbo dilemma"
1502:
1498:
1487:
1483:
1467:Mark W. Kroll,
1466:
1462:
1454:
1447:
1441:Wayback Machine
1430:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1340:
1333:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1292:
1288:
1275:
1273:
1257:Trollope, Fanny
1254:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1029:10.1071/RJ06036
1013:
1009:
999:
997:
996:on 20 July 2011
993:
986:
982:
981:
977:
973:
968:
967:
962:
958:
953:
930:
923:
920:
904:
884:
770:
760:
746:
648:
643:
623:monitor lizards
547:
539:highland cattle
478:overnight when
419:
413:
408:
281:natural history
259:
227:Euphorbia esula
214:
174:stainless steel
159:
157:Palisade fences
147:stainless steel
138:
106:
63:
42:electric shocks
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3834:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3746:
3744:Trench warfare
3741:
3739:Tunnel warfare
3736:
3735:
3734:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3595:Fortifications
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3447:
3438:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3412:
3407:
3405:Counter-castle
3402:
3397:
3392:
3390:Border barrier
3386:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3325:Lowland castle
3322:
3317:
3315:Hilltop castle
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3190:Electric fence
3187:
3182:
3180:Dragon's teeth
3177:
3175:Czech hedgehog
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3089:Wire obstacles
3086:
3077:
3075:Polygonal fort
3072:
3067:
3065:Martello tower
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3030:Border outpost
3027:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2930:
2921:
2916:
2906:
2904:Polygonal fort
2901:
2896:
2891:
2882:
2873:
2868:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2801:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2515:
2510:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2456:
2447:
2442:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2416:
2411:
2396:
2394:Flanking tower
2391:
2382:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2361:Counter-castle
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2248:
2243:
2234:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2151:Post-classical
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2141:Vitrified fort
2138:
2126:
2117:
2108:
2099:
2094:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2045:
2040:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1999:Defensive wall
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1892:Fortifications
1888:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:Use in prisons
1853:
1848:
1843:
1836:
1835:External links
1833:
1831:
1830:
1818:
1806:
1793:
1779:
1756:
1735:
1726:
1705:
1688:
1674:
1653:
1626:
1617:
1607:
1598:
1561:(2): 167–178.
1524:
1508:
1506:, Bangkok Post
1496:
1481:
1460:
1445:
1424:
1402:
1381:
1355:
1331:
1318:
1286:
1248:
1221:
1195:
1170:
1111:
1086:
1060:
1034:
1007:
974:
972:
969:
966:
965:
955:
954:
952:
949:
948:
947:
942:
936:
935:
919:
916:
903:
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883:
880:
769:
766:
745:
742:
726:
725:
721:
718:
715:
712:
708:
676:security alarm
660:security alarm
647:
644:
642:
639:
571:electric shock
557:, South Africa
546:
543:
426:(particularly
415:Main article:
412:
409:
407:
404:
403:
402:
395:
392:
389:
385:
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342:Bill Gallagher
277:Fanny Trollope
258:
255:
243:animal welfare
213:
210:
158:
155:
137:
134:
105:
102:
98:electric shock
62:
59:
38:electric fence
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3809:
3807:
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3799:
3798:
3796:
3781:
3780:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3749:Urban warfare
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3702:Civil defense
3700:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
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3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3570:Bastion forts
3568:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3554:Z-plan castle
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3524:L-plan castle
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3509:Bridge castle
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3478:Refuge castle
3476:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3459:Military base
3457:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3422:Hunting lodge
3420:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3335:Moated castle
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3320:Island castle
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:By topography
3286:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:Submarine pen
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:Hesco bastion
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3130:Blast shelter
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3087:
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3076:
3073:
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3066:
3063:
3061:
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3056:
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3051:
3048:
3046:
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3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2965:
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2960:
2958:
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2937:
2936:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2899:Place-of-arms
2897:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2860:
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2778:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2764:
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2678:
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2648:
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2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2532:Machicolation
2530:
2528:
2527:L-plan castle
2525:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
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2463:
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2409:
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2318:
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2312:
2309:
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2301:
2298:
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2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2260:Bridge castle
2258:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2223:Bent entrance
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2208:Battery tower
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2170:
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2160:
2159:Advanced work
2157:
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2142:
2139:
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2100:
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2083:Refuge castle
2081:
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2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
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1997:
1995:
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1722:3-86153-139-9
1719:
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1695:Lutz Herden:
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1477:0-387-85474-6
1474:
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1434:
1428:
1412:
1406:
1391:
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1369:
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1359:
1353:pages 164-168
1352:
1351:90-5356-818-2
1348:
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1235:Bauernzeitung
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840:
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798:
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786:
783:occupiers of
782:
778:
773:
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738:
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449:Conventional
447:
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386:
383:
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376:
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365:
363:
357:
355:
350:
347:
346:trembler coil
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
323:
321:
320:Wire of Death
317:
312:
308:
306:
305:
300:
296:
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286:
282:
278:
274:
273:
263:
254:
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79:
76:
72:
67:
58:
56:
51:
47:
43:
39:
30:
26:
22:
3772:
3727:Siege engine
3695:Other topics
3619:Related word
3585:Defense line
3549:Tower castle
3504:Bastion fort
3488:Urban castle
3416:Ganerbenburg
3414:
3369:Water castle
3345:Ridge castle
3330:Marsh castle
3189:
3145:Bomb shelter
3125:Belgian gate
3098:20th century
3009:19th century
2947:Retrenchment
2919:Punji sticks
2828:Entrenchment
2823:Device Forts
2790:Counterguard
2725:Early modern
2655:Tower castle
2591:Powder tower
2566:Outer bailey
2478:Inner bailey
2452:Gulyay-gorod
2420:Ganerbenburg
2418:
2414:Fujian tulou
2356:Corner tower
2295:Chamber gate
2265:Bridge tower
2113:Trou de loup
1821:
1809:
1801:
1796:
1782:
1765:
1759:
1743:
1738:
1729:
1724:, p. 284 ff.
1713:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1638:
1629:
1620:
1610:
1601:
1558:
1554:
1499:
1484:
1468:
1463:
1432:
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1405:
1393:. Retrieved
1384:
1372:. Retrieved
1367:
1358:
1342:
1321:
1309:. Retrieved
1296:
1289:
1281:
1274:. Retrieved
1265:
1251:
1239:. Retrieved
1234:
1224:
1212:. Retrieved
1208:
1198:
1186:. Retrieved
1182:
1173:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1102:. Retrieved
1099:www.csiro.au
1098:
1089:
1077:. Retrieved
1074:The Guardian
1073:
1063:
1051:. Retrieved
1049:. 5 May 2021
1046:
1037:
1020:
1016:
1010:
998:. Retrieved
991:the original
978:
959:
905:
885:
866:
862:
854:East Germany
847:
839:Algerian War
836:
832:World War II
828:Nazi Germany
821:
774:
771:
768:Lethal fence
758:
750:
747:
702:
694:South Africa
691:
684:
680:
672:
653:
649:
635:
631:
626:
616:
611:
608:
600:
597:
591:
578:wild animals
575:
545:Wild animals
531:
516:
504:
496:
480:trail riding
476:pack animals
469:
448:
444:
439:shorting out
436:
420:
372:Polyethylene
366:
358:
351:
335:
324:
313:
309:
302:
292:
270:
268:
240:
225:
215:
198:
194:
161:
160:
151:
139:
131:
127:
111:
107:
90:high voltage
83:
37:
35:
25:
3626:Castle town
3483:Toll castle
3452:Lustschloss
3434:Kaiserpfalz
3364:Spur castle
3359:Rock castle
3300:Hill castle
3295:Cave castle
3255:Spider hole
3155:Bremer wall
3120:Barbed tape
3016:Barbed wire
2690:Witch tower
2660:Tower house
2650:Toll castle
2636:Shield wall
2556:Murder hole
2445:Guard tower
2062:Pincer gate
2009:Faussebraye
1646:21 November
1443:Ag Heritage
1261:"Chapter 7"
1237:(in German)
1203:Agroscope.
1183:FutureLearn
876:South Korea
868:North Korea
843:Morice Line
837:During the
816:South Korea
812:North Korea
789:Netherlands
777:World War I
720:Stand alone
432:barbed wire
411:Agriculture
338:New Zealand
331:New Zealand
289:Jules Verne
142:barbed wire
3795:Categories
3651:Gatekeeper
3471:Ordensburg
3443:Landesburg
3250:Sentry gun
3205:Flak tower
3135:Blast wall
3055:Gun turret
2952:Sally port
2857:Kotta mara
2797:Couvreface
2761:Breastwork
2756:Blockhouse
2734:Abwurfdach
2685:Watchtower
2675:Wall tower
2631:Shell keep
2581:Portcullis
2576:Peel tower
2561:Neck ditch
2520:Landesburg
2468:Half tower
2426:Gate tower
2371:Drawbridge
2213:Battlement
2129:Wagon fort
1972:Chengqiang
1667:20 October
1576:2263/42426
1311:11 October
1276:11 October
971:References
882:Other uses
872:its border
612:natalensis
601:temminckii
377:replacing
375:insulators
299:Mark Twain
285:Cincinnati
218:Pet fences
170:galvanized
166:mild steel
3754:Guerrilla
3497:By design
3245:Revetment
3060:Land mine
2991:Star fort
2818:Crownwork
2813:Covertway
2746:Barricade
2387:Embrasure
2300:Chartaque
2230:Bergfried
2188:Arrowslit
2014:Gatehouse
1984:City gate
1945:Castellum
1911:Acropolis
1802:The Times
1585:2410-7220
1479:pp. 18-19
1306:144696928
1147:2297-1769
1023:(1): 65.
737:Auschwitz
707:Piggyback
587:predators
424:livestock
379:porcelain
362:insulator
340:inventor
327:livestock
301:'s novel
251:Agroscope
114:lead-acid
78:insulator
3779:Category
3769:See also
3656:Loophole
3544:Ringwork
3539:Ringfort
3464:Obstacle
3305:Hillfort
3225:Loophole
3023:Barbette
2998:Tenaille
2981:Sea fort
2911:Presidio
2871:Magazine
2852:Hornwork
2785:Cavalier
2780:Casemate
2773:Caponier
2616:Ringwork
2504:Detinets
2473:Hoarding
2378:Enceinte
2253:Bretèche
2198:Bartizan
2193:Barbican
2169:Alcazaba
2097:Stockade
2077:Ringfort
2057:Palisade
2029:Landwehr
2024:Hillfort
1593:91183392
1437:Archived
1417:26 April
1374:26 April
1165:31921906
1000:19 April
918:See also
724:barrier.
714:Wall top
662:system.
641:Security
594:pangolin
186:palisade
178:aluminum
123:dry cell
118:dry cell
3686:Vedette
3676:Schloss
3641:Festung
3636:Dungeon
3631:Château
3575:Castles
3383:By role
3240:Pillbox
3070:Outpost
2986:Station
2974:Schanze
2957:Sandbag
2942:Redoubt
2926:Ravelin
2894:Palanka
2878:Orillon
2864:Lunette
2806:Coupure
2751:Bastion
2741:Arsenal
2709:Zwinger
2621:Roundel
2611:Ricetto
2586:Postern
2571:Outwork
2495:Kremlin
2366:Curtain
2341:Citadel
2325:Chemise
2285:Caltrop
2203:Bastion
2176:Alcázar
2072:Rampart
2050:Oppidum
2043:Nuraghe
1989:Crannog
1963:Castros
1899:Ancient
1754:, p. 95
1615:94–100.
1188:25 July
1156:6927273
1131:: 445.
1104:25 July
1079:23 July
1053:23 July
912:dial-up
830:during
797:Scheldt
785:Belgium
627:Varanus
598:Smutsia
523:poultry
508:tractor
500:T posts
484:hunting
257:History
236:Nofence
182:voltage
172:steel,
75:plastic
73:with a
46:voltage
3801:Fences
3681:Trench
3671:Picket
3082:Sangar
3035:Bunker
2967:Sconce
2887:Ostrog
2835:Flèche
2718:Modern
2697:Yagura
2665:Turret
2601:Reduit
2539:Merlon
2483:Kasbah
2461:Gusuku
2438:Glacis
2431:Gabion
2400:church
2307:Chashi
2290:Castle
2134:Laager
2122:Vallum
2079:(Rath)
1954:Castra
1936:Burgus
1906:Abatis
1750:
1720:
1701:Friday
1699:. In:
1591:
1583:
1475:
1349:
1304:
1241:10 May
1214:10 May
1163:
1153:
1145:
781:German
779:, the
761:
609:Python
605:python
428:horses
3722:Siege
3666:Palas
3610:Walls
3600:Forts
3563:Lists
3410:Fence
3352:Rocca
3220:Kabal
2935:Redan
2842:Gorge
2766:Canal
2643:Shiro
2606:Ribat
2596:Qalat
2408:Dzong
2404:house
2104:Sudis
2036:Limes
1994:Ditch
1927:Broch
1918:Agger
1770:(PDF)
1589:S2CID
1395:9 May
994:(PDF)
987:(PDF)
951:Notes
874:with
814:from
793:Vaals
687:crime
535:sheep
527:foxes
519:sheep
3732:list
3150:Buoy
2704:Yett
2546:Moat
2513:Ksar
2488:Keep
2280:Caer
2270:Burh
2246:Boom
2239:Berm
2218:Bawn
2183:Amba
2019:Gord
1748:ISBN
1718:ISBN
1669:2019
1648:2016
1581:ISSN
1473:ISBN
1419:2017
1397:2008
1376:2017
1347:ISBN
1313:2012
1302:OCLC
1278:2012
1243:2024
1216:2024
1190:2021
1161:PMID
1143:ISSN
1106:2021
1081:2021
1055:2021
1002:2010
891:dogs
582:boar
567:wolf
517:For
490:and
456:pigs
406:Uses
249:and
2004:Dun
1571:hdl
1563:doi
1151:PMC
1133:doi
1025:doi
896:GPS
826:of
808:DMZ
795:to
537:or
510:or
291:'s
283:in
275:by
176:or
116:or
55:GPS
36:An
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