Environmental impacts of animal agriculture

1644: 1319:(CAFOs) could increase perceived asthma-like symptoms for residents within 500 meters. Concentrated hog feeding operations release air pollutants from confinement buildings, manure holding pits, and land application of waste. Air pollutants from these operations have caused acute physical symptoms, such as respiratory illnesses, wheezing, increased breath rate, and irritation of the eyes and nose. That prolonged exposure to airborne animal particulate, such as swine dust, induces a large influx of inflammatory cells into the airways. Those in close proximity to CAFOs could be exposed to elevated levels of these byproducts, which may lead to poor health and respiratory outcomes. Additionally, since CAFOs tend to be located in primarily rural and low-income communities, low-income people are disproportionately affected by these environmental health consequences. 717:, which cannot deplete its water source, produces much of the livestock feed in North America. Corn (maize) is of particular interest, accounting for about 91.8% of the grain fed to US livestock and poultry in 2010. About 14 percent of US corn-for-grain land is irrigated, accounting for about 17% of US corn-for-grain production and 13% of US irrigation water use, but only about 40% of US corn grain is fed to US livestock and poultry. Irrigation accounts for about 37% of US withdrawn freshwater use, and groundwater provides about 42% of US irrigation water. Irrigation water applied in the production of livestock feed and forage has been estimated to account for about 9 percent of withdrawn freshwater use in the United States. 65: 56: 207: 1343: 3270:(CAFOs), defined as "new and existing operations which stable or confine and feed or maintain for a total of 45 days or more in any 12-month period more than the number of animals specified" where "rops, vegetation, forage growth, or post-harvest residues are not sustained in the normal growing season over any portion of the lot or facility." They may be designated as small, medium and large. Such designation of cattle CAFOs is according to cattle type (mature dairy cows, veal calves or other) and cattle numbers, but medium CAFOs are so designated only if they meet certain discharge criteria, and small CAFOs are designated only on a case-by-case basis. 415: 1566: 199: 381: 36: 1782: 3310:, which if not well-managed, can lead to adverse environmental consequences. However, manure also is a valuable source of nutrients and organic matter when used as a fertilizer. Manure was used as a fertilizer on about 6,400,000 hectares (15.8 million acres) of US cropland in 2006, with manure from cattle accounting for nearly 70% of manure applications to soybeans and about 80% or more of manure applications to corn, wheat, barley, oats and sorghum. Substitution of manure for synthetic fertilizers in crop production can be environmentally significant, as between 43 and 88 660: 389: 1482: 45: 3385: 3399: 2731: 2577: 15104: 13531: 15092: 2422: 1060: 15128: 15116: 1841: 2739:

diets due to habitual behaviours. Increasing and improving plant-based alternatives, as well as the education about plant-based alternatives, proved to be one of the most effective ways to combat these behaviours. The lack of education about plant-based alternatives is a road-block for most people - most adults do not know how to properly cook plant-based meals or know the health risks/benefits associated with a

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40% of total agricultural output in industrialized nations. Moreover, the efficiency of meat production varies depending on the specific production system, as well as the type of feed. It may require anywhere from 0.9 and 7.9 kilograms of grain to produce 1 kilogram of beef, between 0.1 to 4.3 kilograms of grain to produce 1 kilogram of pork, and 0 to 3.5 kilograms of grains to produce 1 kilogram of chicken.

13520: 2592:". However, substantially reducing meat intake could result in nutritional deficiencies if done inadequately, especially for children, adolescents, and pregnant and lactating women "in low-income countries". A review suggests that the reduction of meat in people's diets should be accompanied by an increase in alternative sources of protein and micronutrients to avoid nutritional deficiencies for 1885:

current pastureland was restored to its former state as wild grasslands, shrublands, and sparse savannas without livestock this could store an estimated 15.2–59.9 gigatons additional carbon. A study found that grazing in US virgin grasslands causes the soil to have lower soil organic carbon but higher soil nitrogen content. In contrast, at the High Plains Grasslands Research Station in

713:). A particularly important North American example of depletion is the High Plains (Ogallala) Aquifer, which underlies about 174,000 square miles in parts of eight states of the USA and supplies 30 percent of the groundwater withdrawn for irrigation there. Some irrigated livestock feed production is not hydrologically sustainable in the long run because of aquifer depletion. 697:, grazing livestock in drylands “removes vegetation, including dry and flammable plants, and mobilizes stored biomass through depositions, which is partly transferred to the soil, improving fertility. Livestock is key to creating and maintaining specific habitats and green infrastructures, providing resources for other species and dispersing seeds”. 693:, with around 80% of all deforested land being used for cattle farming. Additionally, 91% of deforested land since 1970 has been used for cattle farming. Research has argued that a shift to meat-free diets could provide a safe option to feed a growing population without further deforestation, and for different yields scenarios. However, according to 739:

fisheries, and other foods. Together they accounted for the consumption of over 2400 billion m embodied water, roughly equating to 40% of total embodied water by the whole system. This means that more than one-third of China's entire water consumption is being used for food processing purposes, and mostly for animal agricultural practices.

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degraded. Most of the rest has been fragmented, leaving only about 15 percent intact." WRI also states that around the world there is "an estimated 1.5 billion hectares (3.7 billion acres) of once-productive croplands and pasturelands – an area nearly the size of Russia – are degraded. Restoring productivity can improve food supplies,

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improve benefit-to-cost ratios. Manure can be mixed with other organic wastes in anaerobic digesters to take advantage of economies of scale. Digested waste is more uniform in consistency than untreated organic wastes, and can have higher proportions of nutrients that are more available to plants, which enhances the utility of

2399:. This occurs because as carbon emissions increase, a chemical reaction occurs between carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and ocean water, causing seawater acidification. The process is also known as the dissolution of inorganic carbon in seawater. This chemical reaction creates an environment that makes it difficult for 11151:

Tsaban, Gal; Meir, Anat Yaskolka; Rinott, Ehud; Zelicha, Hila; Kaplan, Alon; Shalev, Aryeh; Katz, Amos; Rudich, Assaf; Tirosh, Amir; Shelef, Ilan; Youngster, Ilan; Lebovitz, Sharon; Israeli, Noa; Shabat, May; Brikner, Dov; Pupkin, Efrat; Stumvoll, Michael; Thiery, Joachim; Ceglarek, Uta; Heiker, John

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People choose food not just through rational reflection, but also based on many other factors: food availability, habits and routines, emotional and impulsive reactions, and their financial and social situation. So we should consider ways to unburden the consumer and make sustainable, healthy food an

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published a review of all available evidence and accompanying policy recommendations to promote sustainable food consumption and reducing meat intake. They reported that the evidence supports policy interventions on pricing (including "meat taxes, and pricing products according to their environmental

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Sequestering carbon into soil is currently not feasible to cancel out planet-warming emissions caused by the livestock sector. The global livestock annually emits 135 billion metric tons of carbon, way more than can be returned to the soil. Despite this, the idea of sequestering carbon to the soil is

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for reducing methane emission from livestock include a change in diet, that is consuming less meat and dairy. A significant reduction in meat consumption will be essential to mitigate climate change, especially as the human population increases by a projected 2.3 billion by the middle of the century.

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accounted for 43% of the total greenhouse gas emissions from all agricultural activity in the world. The meat from ruminants has a higher carbon equivalent footprint than other meats or vegetarian sources of protein based on a global meta-analysis of lifecycle assessment studies. Small ruminants such

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According to a study conducted in Jiangsu, China, individuals with higher incomes tend to consume more food than those with lower incomes and larger families. Consequently, it is unlikely that those employed in animal feed production in these regions do not consume the animals that eat the crops they

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For every 100 kilograms of food made for humans from crops, 37 kilograms byproducts unsuitable for direct human consumption are generated. Many countries then repurpose these human-inedible crop byproducts as livestock feed for cattle. Raising animals for human consumption accounts for approximately

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for heating and/or electricity generation. Manure biogas operations can be found in Asia, Europe, North America, and elsewhere. System cost is substantial, relative to US energy values, which may be a deterrent to more widespread use. Additional factors, such as odour control and carbon credits, may

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Changes in demand for meat will influence how much is produced, thus changing the environmental impact of meat production. It has been estimated that global meat consumption may double from 2000 to 2050, mostly as a consequence of the increasing world population, but also partly because of increased

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in the forms of groundwater seepage and waste spray into neighboring areas with sprinklers. The contents in the spray and waste drift have been shown to cause mucosal irritation, respiratory ailment, increased stress, decreased quality of life, and higher blood pressure. This form of waste disposal

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is considered to be a serious threat to human and animal welfare in the future, and growing levels of antibiotics or antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment could increase the numbers of drug-resistant infections in both. Bacterial diseases are a leading cause of death and a future without

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and Atlantic Ocean (Palmquist, et al., 1997). In North Carolina, where the study was done, measures have since been taken to reduce the risk of accidental discharges from manure lagoons, and since then there has been evidence of improved environmental management in US hog production. Implementation

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Despite the wealth of environmental consequences listed above, local US governments tend to support the harmful practices of the animal production industry due to its strong economic benefits. Due to this protective legislature, it is extremely difficult for activists to regulate industry practices

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A green algae bloom has been observed in Sichuan, China. In normal conditions, river water is transparent, but algae blooms result in green algae covering the surface. This prevents other plants at the bottom of the river from getting sunlight, causing them to lose their ability to photosynthesise.

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Bush, Karen; Courvalin, Patrice; Dantas, Gautam; Davies, Julian; Eisenstein, Barry; Huovinen, Pentti; Jacoby, George A.; Kishony, Roy; Kreiswirth, Barry N.; Kutter, Elizabeth; Lerner, Stephen A.; Levy, Stuart; Lewis, Kim; Lomovskaya, Olga; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Mobashery, Shahriar; Piddock, Laura J.

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Young adults that are faced with new physical or social environments (for example, moving away from home) are also more likely to make dietary changes and reduce their meat intake. Another strategy includes increasing the prices of meat while also reducing the prices of plant-based products, which

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In North America, various studies have found that grazing sometimes improves habitat for elk, blacktailed prairie dogs, sage grouse, and mule deer. A survey of refuge managers on 123 National Wildlife Refuges in the US tallied 86 species of wildlife considered positively affected and 82 considered

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An important aspect of energy use in livestock production is the energy consumption that the animals contribute. Feed Conversion Ratio is an animal's ability to convert feed into meat. The Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) is calculated by taking the energy, protein, or mass input of the feed divided by

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To dispose of animal waste and other pollutants, animal production farms often spray manure (often contaminated with potentially toxic bacteria) onto empty fields, called "spray-fields", via sprinkler systems. The toxins within these spray-fields oftentimes run into creeks, ponds, lakes, and other

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A study in 2019 focused on linkages between water usage and animal agricultural practices in China. The results of the study showed that water resources were being used primarily for animal agriculture; the highest categories were animal husbandry, agriculture, slaughtering and processing of meat,

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The dramatic deforestation resulting from land conversion for agriculture and meat production could be reduced via adopting a diet that reduces meat consumption. Less meat can translate not only into less heat, but also more space for biodiversity . . . Although among many Indigenous populations,

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A reduction in meat portion sizes could potentially be more beneficial than cutting out meat entirely from ones diet, according to a 2022 study. This study revolved around young Dutch adults, and showed that the adults were more reluctant to cut out meat entirely to make the change to plant-based

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that reductions in meat consumption "can translate not only into less heat, but also more space for biodiversity." They insist that it is the "massive planetary monopoly of industrial meat production that needs to be curbed" while respecting the cultural traditions of indigenous peoples, for whom

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eq per year. A 2021 peer-reviewed paper found that sparsely grazed and natural grasslands account for 80% of the total cumulative carbon sink of the world’s grasslands, whereas managed grasslands have been a net greenhouse gas source over the past decade. Another peer-reviewed paper found that if

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Especially when modified by high temperatures, air pollution can harm all regions, socioeconomic groups, sexes, and age groups. Approximately seven million people die from air pollution exposure every year. Air pollution often exacerbates respiratory disease by permeating into the lung tissue and

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Manure provides environmental benefits when properly managed. Deposition of manure on pastures by grazing animals is an effective way to preserve soil fertility. Many nutrients are recycled in crop cultivation by collecting animal manure from barns and concentrated feeding sites, sometimes after

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Agriculture and fishing are the primary causes of the deterioration. Food production has increased dramatically since the 1970s, which has helped feed a growing global population and generated jobs and economic growth. But this has come at a high cost. The meat industry has a particularly heavy

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and habitat destruction; species-rich habitats, such as significant portions of the Amazon region, are being converted to agriculture for meat production. World Resource Institute (WRI) website mentions that "30 percent of global forest cover has been cleared, while another 20 percent has been

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transition plans now involve limits on total livestock headcounts, including substantial reductions of existing stocks in some countries with extensive animal agriculture sectors like Ireland. Yet, an outright end to human consumption of meat and/or animal products is not currently considered a

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is mainly driven by the spread of feces and waste to surrounding neighborhoods, polluting air and water with toxic waste particles. Waste from pig farms can carry pathogens, bacteria (often antibiotic resistant), and heavy metals that can be toxic when ingested. Pig waste also contributes to

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Grazing can have positive or negative effects on rangeland health, depending on management quality, and grazing can have different effects on different soils and different plant communities. Grazing can sometimes reduce, and other times increase, biodiversity of grassland ecosystems. In beef

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as sheep and goats contribute approximately 475 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent to GHG emissions, which constitutes around 6.5% of world agriculture sector emissions. Methane production by animals, principally ruminants, makes up an estimated 15-20% of global production of methane.

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Globally, the amount of water used for agricultural purposes exceeds any other industrialized purpose of water consumption. About 80% of water resources globally are used for agricultural ecosystems. In developed countries, up to 60% of total water consumption can be used for irrigation; in

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Commonly, CAFO wastewater and manure nutrients are applied to land at agronomic rates for use by forages or crops, and it is often assumed that various constituents of wastewater and manure, e.g. organic contaminants and pathogens, will be retained, inactivated or degraded on the land with

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production. For the marketing year 2009–2010, dried distillers grains used as livestock feed (and residual) in the US was estimated at 25.5 million metric tons. Examples of waste roughages include straw from barley and wheat crops (edible especially to large-ruminant breeding stock when on

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developing countries, it can be up to 90%, depending on the region's economic status and climate. According to the projected increase in food production by 2050, water consumption would need to increase by 53% to satisfy the world population's demands for meat and agricultural production.

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In addition to reduced consumption, emissions can also be reduced by changes in practice. One study found that shifting compositions of current feeds, production areas, and informed land restoration could enable greenhouse gas emissions reductions of 34–85% annually (612–1,506 megatons

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Berlin, Kustrim CerimiKustrim Cerimi studied biotechnology at the Technical University in; biotechnology, is currently doing his PhD He is interested in the broad field of fungal; Artists, Has Collaborated in Various Interdisciplinary Projects with; Artists, Hybrid (28 January 2022).

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Gerber, P. J., H. Steinfeld, B. Henderson, A. Mottet, C. Opio, J. Dijkman, A. Falcucci and G. Tempio. 2013. Tackling climate change through livestock - a global assessment of emissions and mitigation opportunities. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 115

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Permanent meadows and pastures, grazed or not, occupy 26% of the Earth's ice-free terrestrial surface. Feed crop production uses about one-third of all arable land. More than one-third of U.S. land is used for pasture, making it the largest land-use type in the contiguous United

1045:). In the US, a permit for a CAFO requires the implementation of a plan for the management of manure nutrients, contaminants, wastewater, etc., as applicable, to meet requirements under the Clean Water Act. There were about 19,000 CAFOs in the US as of 2008. In fiscal 2014, the 1797:

production, cattle ranching helps preserve and improve the natural environment by maintaining habitats that are well suited for grazing animals. Lightly grazed grasslands also tend to have higher biodiversity than overgrazed or non-grazed grasslands. Overgrazing can decrease

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practices. Mitigation strategies for reducing carbon dioxide emissions in the livestock sector include adopting more efficient production practices to reduce agricultural pressure for deforestation (such as in Latin America), reducing fossil fuel consumption, and increasing

190:, this makes livestock the main source of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. A significant reduction in meat consumption is essential to mitigate climate change, especially as the human population increases by a projected 2.3 billion by the middle of the century. 6943:

Castonguay, Adam C.; Polasky, Stephen; H. Holden, Matthew; Herrero, Mario; Mason-D’Croz, Daniel; Godde, Cecile; Chang, Jinfeng; Gerber, James; Witt, G. Bradd; Game, Edward T.; A. Bryan, Brett; Wintle, Brendan; Lee, Katie; Bal, Payal; McDonald-Madden, Eve (March 2023).

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in the freshwater systems exceeded 181.5× the recommended guidelines necessary for survival of aquatic life, while lead was 41.6×, copper was 57.5×, and arsenic exceeded 12.9×. The results showed excess metal accumulation due to agricultural runoff, the use of

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In Canada, a review highlighted that the methane and nitrous oxide emitted from manure management comprised 17% of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, while nitrous oxide emitted from soils after application of manure, accounted for 50% of total emissions.

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Zering, K. D., T. J. Centner, D. Meyer, G. L. Newton, J. M. Sweeten and S. Woodruff.2012. Water and land issues associated with animal agriculture: a U.S. perspective. CAST Issue Paper No. 50. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa. 24

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Giamouri, Elisavet; Zisis, Foivos; Mitsiopoulou, Christina; Christodoulou, Christos; Pappas, Athanasios C.; Simitzis, Panagiotis E.; Kamilaris, Charalampos; Galliou, Fenia; Manios, Thrassyvoulos; Mavrommatis, Alexandros; Tsiplakou, Eleni (2023-02-24).

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eq per year, which is equivalent to 4–11% of total global livestock emissions, but that "Expansion or intensification in the grazing sector as an approach to sequestering more carbon would lead to substantial increases in methane, nitrous oxide and

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Chang, Jinfeng; Ciais, Philippe; Gasser, Thomas; Smith, Pete; Herrero, Mario; Havlík, Petr; Obersteiner, Michael; Guenet, Bertrand; Goll, Daniel S.; Li, Wei; Naipal, Victoria; Peng, Shushi; Qiu, Chunjing; Tian, Hanqin; Viovy, Nicolas (2021-01-05).

3329:. A survey of refuge managers on 123 National Wildlife Refuges in the US tallied 86 species of wildlife considered positively affected and 82 considered negatively affected by refuge cattle grazing or haying. Proper management of pastures, notably 1901:

composting. For many areas with high livestock density, manure application substantially replaces the application of synthetic fertilizers on surrounding cropland. Manure is also spread on forage-producing land that is grazed, rather than cropped.

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Also, small-ruminant flocks in North America (and elsewhere) are sometimes used on fields for removal of various crop residues inedible by humans, converting them to food. Small ruminants, such as sheep and goats, can control some invasive or

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effective antibiotics would fundamentally change the way modern human as well as veterinary medicine is practised. However, legislation and other curbs on antibiotic use in farm animals are now being introduced across the globe. In 2017, the

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to produce protective shells and causes seagrass overpopulation. A reduction in marine life can have an adverse effect on people’s way of life, since limited sea life may reduce food availability and reduce coastal protection against storms.

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the output of meat provided by the animal. A lower FCR corresponds with a smaller requirement of feed per meat output, and therefore the animal contributes less GHG emissions. Chickens and pigs usually have a lower FCR compared to ruminants.

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Jafari, Sahar; Hezaveh, Erfan; Jalilpiran, Yahya; Jayedi, Ahmad; Wong, Alexei; Safaiyan, Abdolrasoul; Barzegar, Ali (6 May 2021). "Plant-based diets and risk of disease mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies".

1929:, etc.) on rangeland. Small ruminants are also useful for vegetation management in forest plantations and for clearing brush on rights-of-way. Other ruminants, like Nublang cattle, are used in Bhutan to help remove a species of bamboo, 5286:

Merchant, James A.; Naleway, Allison L.; Svendsen, Erik R.; Kelly, Kevin M.; Burmeister, Leon F.; Stromquist, Ann M.; Taylor, Craig D.; Thorne, Peter S.; Reynolds, Stephen J.; Sanderson, Wayne T.; Chrischilles, Elizabeth A. (2005).

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negatively affected by refuge cattle grazing or haying. The kind of grazing system employed (e.g. rest-rotation, deferred grazing, HILF grazing) is often important in achieving grazing benefits for particular wildlife species.

2070:. Atrazine, which is banned in 35 countries, could harm or kill at least 1,000 listed species. Both groups involved in the report advocate for consumers to reduce their consumption of animal products and to transition towards 5144:

United States Environmental Protection Agency. Appendix to EPA ICR 1989.06: Supporting Statement for the Information Collection Request for NPDES and ELG Regulatory Revisions for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (Final

2367:. Livestock management options for riparian protection include salt and mineral placement, limiting seasonal access, use of alternative water sources, provision of "hardened" stream crossings, herding, and fencing. In the 2022:

and dairy industries having a substantial impact. The global livestock sector contributes a significant share to anthropogenic GHG emissions, but it can also deliver a significant share of the necessary mitigation effort.

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is crucial to accelerate the growth of animal feed production, which in turn increases the amount of feed available for livestock. However, excess fertilizer can enter water bodies via runoff after rainfall, resulting in

459:, crop-residues and by-products account for 24% of the total dry matter intake of the global livestock sector. A 2018 study found that, "Currently, 70% of the feedstock used in the Dutch feed industry originates from the 9565:

Sarmah, Ajit K.; Meyer, Michael T.; Boxall, Alistair B. A. (1 October 2006). "A global perspective on the use, sales, exposure pathways, occurrence, fate and effects of veterinary antibiotics (VAs) in the environment".

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T.; Körner, Antje; Landgraf, Kathrin; Bergen, Martin von; Blüher, Matthias; Stampfer, Meir J.; Shai, Iris (1 July 2021). "The effect of green Mediterranean diet on cardiometabolic risk; a randomised controlled trial".

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V.; Projan, Steven; Thomas, Christopher M.; Tomasz, Alexander; Tulkens, Paul M.; Walsh, Timothy R.; Watson, James D.; Witkowski, Jan; Witte, Wolfgang; Wright, Gerry; Yeh, Pamela; Zgurskaya, Helen I. (2 November 2011).

2471:(mainly antibiotics) are consumed by farm animals. Furthermore, a 2015 study also estimates that global agricultural antibiotic usage will increase by 67% from 2010 to 2030, mainly from increases in use in developing 4646: 3333:

and grazing at low intensities can lead to less use of fossil fuel energy, increased recapture of carbon dioxide, fewer ammonia emissions into the atmosphere, reduced soil erosion, better air quality, and less water

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Richter, Brian D.; Bartak, Dominique; Caldwell, Peter; Davis, Kyle Frankel; Debaere, Peter; Hoekstra, Arjen Y.; Li, Tianshu; Marston, Landon; McManamay, Ryan; Mekonnen, Mesfin M.; Ruddell, Benjamin L. (2020-03-02).

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FAO. 2006. World agriculture: towards 2030/2050. Prospects for food, nutrition, agriculture and major commodity groups. Interim report. Global Perspectives Unit, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 71

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Mehdi, Youcef; Létourneau-Montminy, Marie-Pierre; Gaucher, Marie-Lou; Chorfi, Younes; Suresh, Gayatri; Rouissi, Tarek; Brar, Satinder Kaur; Côté, Caroline; Ramirez, Antonio Avalos; Godbout, Stéphane (1 June 2018).

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About 85% of the world's soybean crop is processed into meal and vegetable oil, and virtually all of that meal is used in animal feed. Approximately 6% of soybeans are used directly as human food, mostly in Asia.

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Tang, Karen L; Caffrey, Niamh P; Nóbrega, Diego; Cork, Susan C; Ronksley, Paul C; Barkema, Herman W; Polachek, Alicia J; Ganshorn, Heather; Sharma, Nishan; Kellner, James D; Ghali, William A (November 2017).

3372:, such as pollution and health problems. The United States Agriculture and Consumer Health Department has stated that the "main direct environmental impact of pig production is related to the manure produced. 2497:

became illegal in the United States on 1 January 2017, through regulatory change enacted by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which sought voluntary compliance from drug manufacturers to re-label their

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crops, mainly corn and soybeans. This practice reduces the amount of land available for growing crops that are fit for human consumption in these countries, putting the local population at risk of

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Boeckel, Thomas P. Van; Glennon, Emma E.; Chen, Dora; Gilbert, Marius; Robinson, Timothy P.; Grenfell, Bryan T.; Levin, Simon A.; Bonhoeffer, Sebastian; Laxminarayan, Ramanan (29 September 2017).

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In Central-Eastern Argentina, a 2017 study found large quantities of metal pollutants (chromium, copper, arsenic and lead) in their freshwater streams, disrupting the aquatic biota. The level of

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application at such rates; however, additional evidence is needed to test reliability of such assumptions. Concerns raised by opponents of CAFOs have included risks of contaminated water due to

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Bradford, S. A., E. Segal, W. Zheng, Q. Wang, and S. R. Hutchins. 2008. Reuse of concentrated animal feeding operation wastewater on agricultural lands. J. Env. Qual. 37 (supplement): S97-S115.

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Röös, Elin; Sundberg, Cecilia; Tidåker, Pernilla; Strid, Ingrid; Hansson, Per-Anders (2013-01-01). "Can carbon footprint serve as an indicator of the environmental impact of meat production?".

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USDA 2010. 2007 Census of agriculture. AC07-SS-1. Farm and ranch irrigation survey (2008). Volume 3, Special Studies. Part 1. (Issued 2009, updated 2010.) 209 pp. + appendices. Tables 1 and 28.

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Water pollution due to animal waste is a common problem in both developed and developing nations. The USA, Canada, India, Greece, Switzerland and several other countries are experiencing major

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meat have been growing recently at more than 5% annually. Meat consumption typically increases as people and countries get richer. Trends also vary among livestock sectors. For example, global

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Clark, Michael; Springmann, Marco; Rayner, Mike; Scarborough, Peter; Hill, Jason; Tilman, David; Macdiarmid, Jennie I.; Fanzo, Jessica; Bandy, Lauren; Harrington, Richard A. (16 August 2022).

9950:"Restricting the use of antibiotics in food-producing animals and its associations with antibiotic resistance in food-producing animals and human beings: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 2746:

In the Netherlands, a meat tax of 15% to 30% could show a reduction of meat consumption by 8% to 16%. as well as reducing the amount of livestock by buying out farmers. In 2022, the city of

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Parmar, N.R.; Nirmal Kumar, J.I.; Joshi, C.G. (2015). "Exploring diet-dependent shifts in methanogen and methanotroph diversity in the rumen of Mehsani buffalo by a metagenomics approach".

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NRCS. 2007. An analysis of energy production costs from anaerobic digestion systems on U.S. livestock production facilities. US Natural Resources Conservation Service. Tech. Note 1. 33 pp.

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A CAFO that discharges pollutants is required to obtain a permit, which requires a plan to manage nutrient runoff, manure, chemicals, contaminants, and other wastewater pursuant to the US

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Schiffman, S. S.; Miller, E. A.; Suggs, M. S.; Graham, B. G. (1995-01-01). "The effect of environmental odors emanating from commercial swine operations on the mood of nearby residents".

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Boeckel, Thomas P. Van; Pires, João; Silvester, Reshma; Zhao, Cheng; Song, Julia; Criscuolo, Nicola G.; Gilbert, Marius; Bonhoeffer, Sebastian; Laxminarayan, Ramanan (20 September 2019).

2456:. Antibiotics are an important tool to treat animal as well as human disease, safeguard animal health and welfare, and support food safety. However, used irresponsibly, this may lead to 11735: 7765:

Environment Canada. 2013. Amended recovery strategy for the Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus urophasianus) in Canada. Species at Risk Act, Recovery Strategy Series. 57 pp.

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in the US exceeds that for livestock by about a ratio of 60:1. This excessive use of river water distresses ecosystems and communities, and drives scores of species of fish closer to

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Almost one-third of the water used in the western United States goes to crops that feed cattle. This is despite the claim that withdrawn surface water and groundwater used for crop

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Bilotta, G. S.; Brazier, R. E.; Haygarth, P. M. (2007). "The impacts of grazing animals on the quality of soils, vegetation, and surface waters in intensively managed grasslands".

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region of the US, well-managed grazing of livestock on previously eroded soil resulted in high rates of beneficial carbon and nitrogen sequestration compared to non-grazed grass.

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in many dry regions of the world. However, on US farmland, soil erosion is much less on land used for livestock grazing than on land used for crop production. According to the US

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impacts, as well as lower taxes on healthy and sustainable alternatives"), availability and visibility, food composition, labelling and the social environment. They also stated:

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A 2022 review concluded that "low and moderate meat consumption levels are compatible with the climate targets and broader sustainable development, even for 10 billion people".

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of carbon and nitrogen in the soil. This sequestration helps mitigate the effects of greenhouse gas emissions, and in some cases, increases ecosystem productivity by affecting

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contamination. While research suggests some of these impacts can be mitigated by developing wastewater treatment systems and planting cover crops in larger setback zones, the

14828: 5361:

Viegas, S.; Faísca, V. M.; Dias, H.; Clérigo, A.; Carolino, E.; Viegas, C. (2013). "Occupational Exposure to Poultry Dust and Effects on the Respiratory System in Workers".

4627: 2320:(but only accounts for 18% of the global calorie intake), and the direct consumption of animals as well as over-harvesting them is causing environmental degradation through 2058:

found that, based on 2018 data, some 235 million pounds (or 117,500 tons) of pesticides are used for animal feed purposes annually in the United States alone, in particular

1750:

and "to cushion social hardships among low-income consumers". Meat and livestock are important sectors of the contemporary socioeconomic system, with livestock value chains

12232:"Hansen, Dave, Nelson, Jennifer and Volk, Jennifer. Setback Standards and Alternative Compliance Practices to Satisfy CAFO Requirements: An assessment for the DEF-AG group" 2489:

The use of antibiotics for growth promotion purposes was banned in the European Union from 2006, and the use of sub-therapeutic doses of medically important antibiotics in

1863:. A 2017 meta-study of the scientific literature estimated that the total global soil carbon sequestration potential from grazing management ranges from 0.3–0.8 gigatons CO 418:

Field of crops for animal consumption. These fields occupy a large amount of land. This limits the land available for local people to grow crops for their own consumption.

1089:

bodies of water, contaminating bodies of water. This process has also led to the contamination of drinking water reserves, harming the environment and citizens alike.

8306: 7452:

Wang, Yue; de Boer, Imke J. M.; Persson, U. Martin; Ripoll-Bosch, Raimon; Cederberg, Christel; Gerber, Pierre J.; Smith, Pete; van Middelaar, Corina E. (2023-11-22).

15004: 7543: 12209: 9037:

meat consumption represents a cultural tradition and a source of protein, it is the massive planetary monopoly of industrial meat production that needs to be curbed

6472: 5155: 1768:

in the documentary "Apocalypse Cow", is to stop farming cattle completely, however farmers often have political power so might be able to resist such a big change.

14672: 14129: 9819:

Van Boeckel, Thomas P.; Brower, Charles; Gilbert, Marius; Grenfell, Bryan T.; Levin, Simon A.; Robinson, Timothy P.; Teillant, Aude; Laxminarayan, Ramanan (2015).

9609:

Kumar, Kuldip; C. Gupta, Satish; Chander, Yogesh; Singh, Ashok K. (1 January 2005). "Antibiotic Use in Agriculture and Its Impact on the Terrestrial Environment".

3630: 667:

In many countries, livestock graze from the land which mostly cannot be used for growing human-edible crops, as seen by the fact that there is three times as much

17: 6104: 4896:

USDA. 2009. 2007 Census of Agriculture. United States Summary and State Data. Vol. 1. Geographic Area Series. Part 51. AC-07-A-51. 639 pp. + appendices. Table 1.

4595: 9482: 9239:"Water and sediment quality assessment in the Colastiné-Corralito stream system (Santa Fe, Argentina): impact of industry and agriculture on aquatic ecosystems" 6837: 6497: 1366:

as a fertiliser product. This encourages circularity in meat production, which is typically difficult to achieve due to environmental and food safety concerns.

12756: 7577: 1880:

eq per year. A 2022 peer-reviewed paper estimated the carbon sequestration potential of improved grazing management at a similar level of 0.15–0.70 gigatons CO

5981:

Kerr R.B., Hasegawa T., Lasco R., Bhatt I., Deryng D., Farrell A., Gurney-Smith H., Ju H., Lluch-Cota S., Meza F., Nelson G., Neufeldt H., Thornton P., 2022:

14845: 12952: 12600:

Bullers, Susan (2005). "Environmental Stressors, Perceived Control, and Health: The Case of Residents Near Large-Scale Hog Farms in Eastern North Carolina".

12273: 2672:

Nevertheless, observational studies find beneficial effects from plant-based diets (compared to consumption of meat products) on health and mortality rates.

1312:—the primary greenhouse gas emissions associated with meat production—have also been associated with respiratory diseases like asthma, bronchitis, and COPD. 2684:

and awareness building to promote more sustainable consumption styles. Other types of policy interventions could accelerate these shifts and might include "

1643: 12930: 7428: 7284:

Reisinger, Andy; Clark, Harry; Cowie, Annette L.; Emmet-Booth, Jeremy; Gonzalez Fischer, Carlos; Herrero, Mario; Howden, Mark; Leahy, Sinead (2021-11-15).

7034: 5212:

HERNÁNDEZ, DANIEL L.; VALLANO, DENA M.; ZAVALETA, ERIKA S.; TZANKOVA, ZDRAVKA; PASARI, JAE R.; WEISS, STUART; SELMANTS, PAUL C.; MOROZUMI, CORINNE (2016).

4479: 1673:

of the spared land, finding that if these were combined they could "reduce annual agricultural production emissions of high-income nations' diets by 61%".

12231: 8563: 8502: 8486:

Pushing all this forward, though, are increased demands for food from a growing global population and specifically our growing appetite for meat and fish.

7902:

The non-peer-reviewed estimates from the Savory Institute are strikingly higher – and, for all the reasons discussed earlier (Section 3.4.3), unrealistic.

14281: 14097: 12893: 3550: 12298: 9712: 1889:, the soil in the grazed pastures had more organic carbon and nitrogen in the top 30 cm than the soil in non-grazed pastures. Additionally, in the 463:

industry." Examples of grain-based waste conversion in the United States include feeding livestock the distillers grains (with solubles) remaining from

14276: 11759: 11860:"Reducing meat consumption: The influence of life course transitions, barriers and enablers, and effective strategies according to young Dutch adults" 10467:

Rzymski, Piotr; Kulus, Magdalena; Jankowski, Maurycy; Dompe, Claudia; Bryl, Rut; Petitte, James N.; Kempisty, Bartosz; Mozdziak, Paul (January 2021).

10070: 7003: 1410:, this pathway assumes animal-derived food will play a lower role in global diets relative to now. As a result, there have been calls for phasing out 14144: 12749: 9000: 8296:

Launchbaugh, K. (ed.) 2006. Targeted Grazing: a natural approach to vegetation management and landscape enhancement. American Sheep Industry. 199 pp.

2316:

Global agricultural practices are known to be one of the main reasons for environmental degradation. Animal agriculture worldwide encompasses 83% of

2102: 1696:

into the rumen, diet modification and grazing management, among others. The principal mitigation strategies identified for reduction of agricultural

9053: 8711: 1569:

Methane production from cows, and land conversion for grazing and animal feed means beef from dedicated beef herds has a very high carbon footprint.

6629:

Eckard, R. J.; Grainger, C.; de Klein, C.A.M. (2010). "Options for the abatement of methane and nitrous oxide from ruminant production: A review".

6554:

US EPA. 2012. Inventory of U.S. greenhouse gase emissions and sinks: 1990–2010. US. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA 430-R-12-001. Section 6.2.

5883:

Erneubare Energien in Deutschland - Rückblick und Stand des Innovationsgeschehens. Bundesministerium fűr Umwelt, Naturschutz u. Reaktorsicherheit.

1872:-induced CO2 emissions". Project Drawdown estimates the total carbon sequestration potential of improved managed grazing at 13.72–20.92 gigatons CO 1354:

Intensification and other changes in the livestock industries influence energy use, emissions, and other environmental effects of meat production.

12173: 2371:, a 1997 study found that waste release from pork farms has also been shown to cause large-scale eutrophication of bodies of water, including the 1406:, only SSP1 offers any realistic possibility of meeting the 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) target. Together with measures like a massive deployment of 14124: 14071: 10151: 10055: 3706: 2332:

are showing to be more sensitive and less protected than others and show a very high effect on biodiversity loss when faced with these impacts.

12967: 12962: 12935: 8115:

Bauer, A.; Cole, C. V.; Black, A. L. (1987). "Soil property comparisons in virgin grasslands between grazed and nongrazed management systems".

1376: 10531:"A systematic review on consumer acceptance of alternative proteins: Pulses, algae, insects, plant-based meat alternatives, and cultured meat" 10092: 8169:

Franzluebbers, A.J.; Stuedemann, J. A. (2010). "Surface soil changes during twelve years of pasture management in the southern Piedmont USA".

7850:

De Mazancourt, C.; Loreau, M.; Abbadie, L. (1998). "Grazing optimization and nutrient cycling: when do herbivores enhance plant production?".

7402: 6658:"Advances in Methane Emission Estimation in Livestock: A Review of Data Collection Methods, Model Development and the Role of AI Technologies" 2034:) may detrimentally affect certain wildlife species, e.g. by altering cover and food supplies. The growing demand for meat is contributing to 13780: 9237:

Regaldo, Luciana; Gutierrez, María F.; Reno, Ulises; Fernández, Viviana; Gervasio, Susana; Repetti, María R.; Gagneten, Ana M. (2017-12-22).

4207:

Hoffman, L. and A. Baker. 2010. Market issues and prospects for U.S. distillers' grains supply, use, and price relationships. USDA FDS-10k-01

1085:. This ecological harm has consequences not only for the native animals in the affected water body but also for the water supply for people. 1046: 10834: 15159: 14013: 12920: 12868: 12362: 11910:

Collier, Elizabeth S.; Oberrauter, Lisa-Maria; Normann, Anne; Norman, Cecilia; Svensson, Marlene; Niimi, Jun; Bergman, Penny (2021-12-01).

10861: 7665:

Milchunas, D. G.; Lauenroth, W. KI. (1993). "Quantitative effects of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range of environments".

3579:"Rapid global phaseout of animal agriculture has the potential to stabilize greenhouse gas levels for 30 years and offset 68 percent of CO 13897: 12942: 12915: 12888: 8521:

impact. Grazing areas for cattle account for about 25% of the world's ice-free land and more than 18% of global greenhouse gas emissions.

8376: 6605: 5784: 4506: 2723:, making consumers more aware of the environmental impacts of animal-based products (or requiring them to take such into consideration). 1081:. The reduction of oxygen and nutrients in the water caused by the growth of algae ultimately leads to the death of other species in the 11967: 7231:

Klein, C. A. M.; Ledgard, S. F. (2005). "Nitrous oxide emissions from New Zealand agriculture – key sources and mitigation strategies".

6445: 14166: 14114: 11653: 7822:

National Research Council. 1994. Rangeland Health. New Methods to Classify, Inventory and Monitor Rangelands. Nat. Acad. Press. 182 pp.

5006: 2552:– by over 80%. Various combinations may further reduce the environmental impacts of these alternatives – for example, a study explored 2426: 10643: 3506:

FAO say that in 2015 livestock production created around 12% of greenhouse gas emissions, some 62% of which is due to cattle, thus 7%.

15045: 14161: 13736: 13274: 13014: 11338: 8254: 7638:

Greenwood, K. L.; McKenzie, B. M. (2001). "Grazing effects on soil physical properties and the consequences for pastures: a review".

6886:

Sun, Zhongxiao; Scherer, Laura; Tukker, Arnold; Spawn-Lee, Seth A.; Bruckner, Martin; Gibbs, Holly K.; Behrens, Paul (January 2022).

6298:

Ripple WJ, Smith P, Haberl H, Montzka SA, McAlpine C, Boucher DH (20 December 2013). "Ruminants, climate change and climate policy".

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Belsky, A. J.; et al. (1999). "Survey of livestock influences on stream and riparian ecosystems in the western United States".

448:

produce. The lack of space for growing crops for consumption, coupled with the need to feed larger families, only exacerbates their

15179: 14376: 14087: 13805: 13582: 13544: 13539: 13259: 12883: 2793: 1428: 10586:

Humpenöder, Florian; Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon; Weindl, Isabelle; Lotze-Campen, Hermann; Linder, Tomas; Popp, Alexander (May 2022).

7518: 5111: 15169: 14732: 14521: 13679: 13534: 12878: 10172: 10071:"Working Party on Agricultural Policies and Markets: Antibiotic Use and Antibiotic Resistance in Food Producing Animals in China" 5156:

http://www2.epa.gov/enforcement/national-enforcement-initiative-preventing-animal-waste-contaminating-surface-and-ground#progress

4173:

Elferink, E. V.; et al. (2008). "Feeding livestock food residue and the consequences for the environmental impact of meat".

2066:. The report emphasizes that 100,000 pounds of glyphosate has the potential to harm or kill some 93% of species listed under the 2047:, and the ability to fight climate change." Around 25% to nearly 40% of global land surface is being used for livestock farming. 1605: 179: 7167:

Eckard, R. J.; et al. (2010). "Options for the abatement of methane and nitrous oxide from ruminant production: A review".

5722:"The effect of air pollution when modified by temperature on respiratory health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 4561: 1304:, ammonia, and particulate matter (PM), such as dust, all of which can negatively impact human respiratory health. Furthermore, 14381: 14344: 14198: 14183: 14092: 13741: 13685: 13264: 8403: 7194:

Dalal, R.C.; et al. (2003). "Nitrous oxide emission from Australian agricultural lands and mitigation options: a review".

5941:

Ramirez, Jerome; McCabe, Bernadette; Jensen, Paul D.; Speight, Robert; Harrison, Mark; van den Berg, Lisa; O'Hara, Ian (2021).

3267: 2801: 1818: 690: 8432:"Dietary change and land use change: assessing preventable climate and biodiversity damage due to meat consumption in Germany" 8005:"Climate warming from managed grasslands cancels the cooling effect of carbon sinks in sparsely grazed and natural grasslands" 2700:, e.g. for the damage done by excess nitrogen. In the case of restrictions, this could be based on limited domestic supply or 2515: 349:, and therefore, the environmental impacts of meat production and consumption will increase unless current behaviours change. 15040: 14178: 13523: 13279: 12957: 8150:

Manley, J. T.; Schuman, G. E.; Reeder, J. D.; Hart, R. H. (1995). "Rangeland soil carbon and nitrogen responses to grazing".

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Borsari, Bruno; Kunnas, Jan (2020), Leal Filho, Walter; Azul, Anabela Marisa; Brandli, Luciana; özuyar, Pinar Gökçin (eds.),

1316: 1042: 709:

Groundwater depletion is a concern in some areas because of sustainability issues (and in some cases, land subsidence and/or

12106: 3815: 15062: 14008: 14003: 13374: 13222: 11912:"Identifying barriers to decreasing meat consumption and increasing acceptance of meat substitutes among Swedish consumers" 10119: 9737: 8918: 5502:

Schinasi, Leah; Horton, Rachel Avery; Guidry, Virginia T.; Wing, Steve; Marshall, Stephen W.; Morland, Kimberly B. (2011).

3330: 1747: 11993: 5989:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 1457–1579 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.012 14543: 14321: 14139: 14061: 14051: 14034: 13941: 13748: 13227: 12873: 12858: 12205: 7196: 3991: 3452: 3351: 3344: 104: 14066: 10697:"Incorporation of novel foods in European diets can reduce global warming potential, water use and land use by over 80%" 7376: 6131:

Rasmussen, Laura Vang; Hall, Charlotte; Vansant, Emilie C.; Braber, Bowie den; Olesen, Rasmus Skov (17 September 2021).

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Machovina, B.; Feeley, K. J.; Ripple, W. J. (2015). "Biodiversity conservation: The key is reducing meat consumption".

7286:"How necessary and feasible are reductions of methane emissions from livestock to support stringent temperature goals?" 3829: 12494:"Environmental Health Impacts of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations: Anticipating Hazards—Searching for Solutions" 353:

per capita meat consumption (with much of the per capita consumption increase occurring in the developing world). The

15154: 14899: 14775: 14592: 13785: 13549: 13158: 13143: 12977: 12925: 12350: 10761:"Photovoltaic-driven microbial protein production can use land and sunlight more efficiently than conventional crops" 9630: 8546: 7622: 6656:

Ghassemi Nejad, J.; Ju, M. S.; Jo, J. H.; Oh, K. H.; Lee, Y. S.; Lee, S. D.; Kim, E. J.; Roh, S.; Lee, H. G. (2024).

5553:"Asthma Symptoms Among Adolescents Who Attend Public Schools That Are Located Near Confined Swine Feeding Operations" 5087: 4640: 2376:

of manure and wastewater management planning can help assure low risk of problematic discharge into aquatic systems.

2024: 1459: 694: 456: 422: 1383:

Livestock produces the majority of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and demands around 30% of agricultural

663:

The amount of globally needed agricultural land would be reduced by almost half if no beef or mutton would be eaten.

15132: 14770: 14750: 14697: 14649: 13701: 13205: 13019: 12910: 12900: 12100:""Regulatory Definitions of Large CAFOs, Medium CAFO, and Small CAFOs." Environmental Protection Agency Fact Sheet" 10695:

Mazac, Rachel; Meinilä, Jelena; Korkalo, Liisa; Järviö, Natasha; Jalava, Mika; Tuomisto, Hanna L. (25 April 2022).

10469:"COVID-19 Pandemic Is a Call to Search for Alternative Protein Sources as Food and Feed: A Review of Possibilities" 6033: 1471: 1041:

due to water pollution via animal waste. Concerns about such problems are particularly acute in the case of CAFOs (

12266: 9468:

Conference: 5th International Conference on Antimicrobial Agents in Veterinary Medicine (AAVM)At: Tel Aviv, Israel

7840:

NRCS. 2009. Summary report 2007 national resources inventory. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. 123 pp.

6566:"CH4 and N2O Emissions From Cattle Excreta: A Review of Main Drivers and Mitigation Strategies in Grazing Systems" 6029:"Scenario-based modelling of changes in chemical intake fraction in Sweden and the Baltic Sea under global change" 5982: 5179:"Factors affecting farmers' decisions on fertilizer use: A case study for the Chaobai watershed in Northern China" 2712: 2693: 14889: 14840: 14266: 14228: 14173: 13633: 13339: 13088: 13066: 13024: 12994: 12947: 12830: 12813: 12796: 12772: 8919:"Effects of cattle grazing and haying on wildlife conservation at National Wildlife Refuges in the United States" 6086: 5154:

the US EPA. National Enforcement Initiative: Preventing animal waste from contaminating surface and groundwater.

4914: 4852: 4834: 4045:

Mottet, Anne; de Haan, Cees; Falcucci, Alessandra; Tempio, Giuseppe; Opio, Carolyn; Gerber, Pierre (2017-09-01).

3457: 2055: 8712:"US meat industry using 235m pounds of pesticides a year, threatening thousands of at-risk species, study finds" 7863: 7024: 6859: 5602:"Relative exposure to swine animal feeding operations and childhood asthma prevalence in an agricultural cohort" 4100:, Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–11, 3874: 1669:

climate change mitigation potentials of 'high-income' nations shifting diets – away from meat-consumption – and

14957: 14241: 13988: 13044: 13039: 12363:

Effects of cattle grazing and haying on wildlife conservation at National Wildlife Refuges in the United States

12332:

Shapouri, H. et al. 2002. The energy balance of corn ethanol: an update. USDA Agricultural Economic Report 814.

12238: 11273:"Nutrient Intake and Status in Adults Consuming Plant-Based Diets Compared to Meat-Eaters: A Systematic Review" 8536: 8430:

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7886: 5504:"Air Pollution, Lung Function, and Physical Symptoms in Communities Near Concentrated Swine Feeding Operations" 425:

estimates, however, that about 2 thirds of the pasture area used by livestock is not convertible to crop-land.

361:

to 9 billion by 2050, and meat production is expected to increase by 40%. Global production and consumption of

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McDonald, J. M. et al. 2009. Manure use for fertilizer and for energy. Report to Congress. USDA, AP-037. 53pp.

11247: 8244:

McDonald, J. M. et al. 2009. Manure use for fertilizer and for energy. Report to Congress. USDA, AP-037. 53pp.

6237: 5455:"Environmental Exposure to Confined Animal Feeding Operations and Respiratory Health of Neighboring Residents" 3990:

Steinfeld, Henning; Gerber, Pierre; Wassenaar, Tom; Castel, Vincent; Rosales, Mauricio; de Haan, Cees (2006),

73:

Examples of environmental impacts of animal agriculture: Meat production is a main driver of deforestation in

15067: 14602: 14134: 13210: 13148: 12302: 8872:

Smith, M. A.; et al. (1979). "Forage selection by mule deer on winter range grazed by sheep in spring".

3422: 3296: 3286: 2400: 1399: 12702:"Race, poverty, political capacity and the spatial distribution of swine waste in North Carolina, 1982-1997" 8819:

Jensen, C. H.; et al. (1972). "Guidelines for grazing sheep on rangelands used by big game in winter".

8738:

Anderson, E. W.; Scherzinger, R. J. (1975). "Improving quality of winter forage for elk by cattle grazing".

4848:"HA 730-C High Plains aquifer. Ground Water Atlas of the United States. Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah" 3368:

problem, since the communities do not receive any benefit from the operations, and instead, suffer negative

3314:

of fossil fuel energy would be used per kg of nitrogen in manufacture of synthetic nitrogenous fertilizers.

15050: 14722: 14251: 14246: 14151: 14018: 13575: 12806: 11858:

van den Berg, Saskia W.; van den Brink, Annelien C.; Wagemakers, Annemarie; den Broeder, Lea (2022-01-01).

11041:

Ostojic, Sergej M. (1 July 2020). "Eat less meat: Fortifying food with creatine to tackle climate change".

10287:"Challenges to the Poultry Industry: Current Perspectives and Strategic Future After the COVID-19 Outbreak" 10097: 8809:

Neel. L.A. 1980. Sage Grouse Response to Grazing Management in Nevada. M.Sc. Thesis. Univ. of Nevada, Reno.

5884: 3530: 1746:

Measures that increase state revenues from meat consumption/production could enable the use of these funds

13359: 689:

because it requires land for grazing. The livestock sector is also the primary driver of deforestation in

64: 14261: 14104: 13177: 13061: 12818: 10228:

Walker, Polly; Rhubart-Berg, Pamela; McKenzie, Shawn; Kelling, Kristin; Lawrence, Robert S. (June 2005).

9144:"Pasture, Rangeland, and Grazing Operations - Best Management Practices | Agriculture | US EPA" 5720:

Areal, Ashtyn Tracey; Zhao, Qi; Wigmann, Claudia; Schneider, Alexandra; Schikowski, Tamara (2022-03-10).

3732: 3462: 2769: 2754:

announced that advertisements for factory-farmed meat will be banned in public places, starting in 2024.

2433: 2414: 206: 89:; Farms often pump their animal waste directly into a large lagoon, which has environmental consequences. 9762: 8975:

Holechek, J. L.; et al. (1982). "Manipulation of grazing to improve or maintain wildlife habitat".

4533: 3472: 2448:, which includes treatment when ill (therapeutic), treatment of a group of animals when at least one is 1064:

Oxygen levels in rivers fall when there is no other vegetation, resulting in the death of other species.

414: 15120: 14884: 14687: 14644: 14417: 14339: 14193: 12180: 5453:

Radon, Katja; Schulze, Anja; Ehrenstein, Vera; Van Strien, Rob T.; Praml, Georg; Nowak, Dennis (2007).

3447: 3321:

by mimicking the native grazers who they displaced; in many world regions, though, cattle are reducing

1357:

Manure can also have environmental benefits as a renewable energy source, in digester systems yielding

1342: 10203: 9164: 7744: 5721: 4046: 3939: 3900: 3526: 1466:(GHG) were due to cattle, but this is uncertain. Another estimate is 12% of global GHG. More recently 103:

practices employed around the world. Despite this, all agricultural practices have been found to have

14989: 14664: 14639: 14612: 14574: 14491: 14309: 14156: 14109: 13859: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13447: 13399: 13294: 13187: 13071: 10759:

Leger, Dorian; Matassa, Silvio; Noor, Elad; Shepon, Alon; Milo, Ron; Bar-Even, Arren (29 June 2021).

9713:"Sales of veterinary antimicrobial agents in 31 European countries in 2017: Trends from 2010 to 2017" 9224:

Key, N. et al. 2011. Trends and developments in hog manure management, 1998-2009. USDA EIB-81. 33 pp.

6000: 5908: 3361: 2484: 2317: 1802: 1655: 1475: 1424: 1420: 1038: 14504: 13354: 12437:"Intensive livestock operations, health, and quality of life among eastern North Carolina residents" 2027:

estimates that the adoption of already available best practices can reduce emissions by up to 30%.

1933:, which tends to crowd out indigenous plant species. These represent alternatives to herbicide use. 1619:, in other words countries where cattle are significant should use Tier 3 methods in their national 14999: 14994: 14984: 14925: 14765: 14271: 14236: 14119: 14046: 13887: 13716: 13652: 13613: 13452: 13407: 13309: 13034: 12850: 11359:

Fadnes, Lars T.; Økland, Jan-Magnus; Haaland, Øystein A.; Johansson, Kjell Arne (8 February 2022).

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Joblin, K. N. (1999). "Ruminal acetogens and their potential to lower ruminant methane emissions".

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Craig, Winston John (December 2010). "Nutrition concerns and health effects of vegetarian diets".

7290:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

15108: 15030: 14940: 14682: 14654: 14334: 13983: 13961: 13568: 13499: 13437: 12840: 11582:"Calculation of external climate costs for food highlights inadequate pricing of animal products" 7350: 4280:

Ward, J. K. (1978). "Utilization of corn and grain sorghum residues in beef cow forage systems".

3821: 3477: 3417: 2734:

Meat reduction and increased plant-based preferences seen based on social and other life changes.

2701: 2697: 2541: 2519: 2051: 1434:

Livestock activities also contribute disproportionately to land-use effects, since crops such as

342: 140: 12719: 8657: 5895:

Biogas from manure and waste products - Swedish case studies. SBGF; SGC; Gasföreningen. 119 pp.

2669:, many of which were generally lower in people consuming types of plant-based diets in studies. 1684:

Producers can reduce ruminant enteric fermentation using genetic selection, immunization, rumen

1588:, which cattle belch out. Additional methane is produced by anaerobic fermentation of manure in 1077:. The addition of nitrogen and phosphorus can cause the rapid growth of algae, also known as an 198: 14707: 14527: 14469: 14386: 14371: 14256: 13892: 13838: 13833: 13828: 13823: 13818: 13813: 13442: 13269: 12267:"Gurian-Sherman, Doug. CAFOs Uncovered: The Untold Costs of Confined Animal Feeding Operations" 8791:

Knowles, C. J. (1986). "Some relationships of black-tailed prairie dogs to livestock grazing".

6027:

Roth, Sabrina K.; Hader, John D.; Domercq, Prado; Sobek, Anna; MacLeod, Matthew (22 May 2023).

4587: 4136:"The Impact of Changes in Income Distribution on Current and Future Food Demand in Urban China" 3442: 2702:

Personal (Carbon) Allowances (certificates and credits which would reward sustainable behavior)

2429:

infographic on how antibiotic-resistant bacteria have the potential to spread from farm animals

2067: 2011: 1764:

for cattle and their feedstock could be stopped. A more controversial suggestion, advocated by

1666: 1648: 380: 346: 215:

Nutritional value and environmental impact of animal products, compared to agriculture overall

7351:"Rumen Defaunation: Determining the Level and Frequency of Leucaena leucocephala Linn. Forage" 6860:"How plant-based diets not only reduce our carbon footprint, but also increase carbon capture" 4216:

National Research Council. 2000. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. National Academy Press.

3317:

Grazing by cattle at low intensities can create a favourable environment for native herbs and

15096: 14742: 14619: 14427: 13877: 13800: 12825: 12643:

Horton, Rachel Avery; Wing, Steve; Marshall, Stephen W.; Brownley, Kimberly A. (2009-11-01).

10587: 9508:"Potential of Biological Processes to Eliminate Antibiotics in Livestock Manure: An Overview" 8683: 8068:

Hayek, Matthew N.; Harwatt, Helen; Ripple, William J.; Mueller, Nathaniel D. (January 2021).

6889:"Dietary change in high-income nations alone can lead to substantial double climate dividend" 4677: 3365: 3356: 2494: 2479: 2467:

use very low quantities to treat animals compared with humans, worldwide an estimated 73% of

2457: 2453: 2368: 2336: 2074:

in order to reduce the growth of factory farming and protect endangered species of wildlife.

1781: 1632: 369:

consumption per capita has increased recently (almost entirely due to changes in consumption

341:

Multiple studies have found that increases in meat consumption are currently associated with

12645:"Malodor as a Trigger of Stress and Negative Mood in Neighbors of Industrial Hog Operations" 11523:

Medawar, Evelyn; Huhn, Sebastian; Villringer, Arno; Veronica Witte, A. (12 September 2019).

8136: 2328:

interactions. These pressures are enough to drive biodiversity loss in any habitat, however

659: 14935: 14813: 14474: 14039: 13966: 13427: 13195: 12835: 12801: 12791: 11797: 11691: 11593: 10772: 10599: 9832: 9659: 9575: 9109: 8933: 8599: 8336: 8178: 8124: 8016: 7952: 7724: 7674: 7465: 7297: 7240: 6957: 6774: 6392: 6307: 6144: 6042: 5975: 5845:"The environmental impact of beef production in the United States: 1977 compared with 2007" 5817: 5733: 5613: 5370: 5044: 4953: 4686: 4354: 4253:

Males, J. R. (1987). "Optimizing the utilization of cereal crop residues for beef cattle".

4182: 4058: 3744: 3682: 3665: 2533: 2329: 1856: 1761: 1710: 1701: 1585: 1445: 1300:

pollution in the atmosphere. This type of production chain produces byproducts; endotoxin,

167: 12172:

Koelsch, Richard; Balvanz, Carol; George, John; Meyer, Dan; Nienaber, John; Tinker, Gene.

11330: 10669: 9763:"Global trends in antimicrobial resistance in animals in low- and middle-income countries" 7153:

Martin, C. et al. 2010. Methane mitigation in ruminants: from microbe to the farm scale.

7123:"Mitigation strategies to reduce enteric methane emissions from dairy cows: Update review" 388: 8: 14952: 14727: 13951: 13946: 13489: 13482: 13422: 13319: 13314: 12989: 12068: 11654:"Have we reached 'peak meat'? Why one country is trying to limit its number of livestock" 8255:"Livestock Grazing Guidelines for Controlling Noxious weeds in the Western United States" 7074: 6832: 6336:"Sustainable Strategies for Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction in Small Ruminants Farming" 5943:"Wastes to profit: a circular economy approach to value-addition in livestock industries" 5659:"Increased number of activated lymphocytes in human lung following swine dust inhalation" 5001: 4047:"Livestock: On our plates or eating at our table? A new analysis of the feed/food debate" 2765: 2396: 2321: 2035: 1998: 1830: 1670: 1597: 714: 710: 12147:

National Pork Producers Council, et al. v. United States Environmental Protection Agency

11801: 11695: 11597: 10776: 10603: 10152:"The Judicious Use of Medically Important Antimicrobial Drugs in Food-Producing Animals" 9836: 9663: 9579: 9483:"BVA policy position on the responsible use of antimicrobials in food producing animals" 9113: 8937: 8603: 8468: 8340: 8182: 8128: 8020: 7956: 7728: 7678: 7494: 7469: 7453: 7301: 7244: 6961: 6778: 6738: 6713: 6684: 6657: 6396: 6311: 6148: 6046: 5821: 5737: 5617: 5374: 5048: 4957: 4690: 4358: 4186: 4062: 3748: 2707:

Relevant to such a strategy, estimating the environmental impacts of food products in a

1320: 14780: 14712: 14629: 14479: 14444: 14401: 14396: 14391: 13956: 13504: 13462: 13457: 13417: 13369: 13133: 13029: 12905: 12677: 12644: 12625: 12582: 12526: 12493: 12469: 12436: 12412: 12379: 11949: 11889: 11828: 11785: 11717: 11635: 11622: 11581: 11557: 11524: 11505: 11446: 11395: 11360: 11307: 11272: 11185: 11128: 11093: 11074: 11018: 11001: 10933: 10920: 10887: 10816: 10803: 10760: 10734: 10631: 10568: 10503: 10468: 10444: 10411: 10391: 10378: 10345: 10321: 10286: 10267: 10120:"WHO guidelines on use of medically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals" 10036: 10023: 9998: 9974: 9949: 9929: 9916: 9891: 9868: 9855: 9820: 9801: 9693: 9680: 9647: 9547: 9534: 9507: 9426: 9379: 9322: 9284: 9125: 9121: 9022: 8995: 8957: 8899: 8854: 8846: 8773: 8765: 8097: 8045: 8004: 7984: 7941:"Grassland soil carbon sequestration: Current understanding, challenges, and solutions" 7867: 7831:

US BLM. 2004. Proposed Revisions to Grazing Regulations for the Public Lands. FES 04-39

7792: 7690: 7326: 7285: 7256: 7213: 7103: 7075:

The use of direct-fed microbials for mitigation of ruminant methane emissions: a review

6981: 6925: 6808: 6408: 6214: 6181: 6162: 6096: 6068: 5964: 5765: 5634: 5601: 5577: 5552: 5528: 5503: 5484: 5471: 5454: 5394: 5337: 5313: 5288: 5243: 5194: 5115: 5068: 4977: 4762: 4707: 4672: 4399: 4155: 3770: 3612: 3404: 3390: 3300: 2716: 2640: 2636: 2624: 2557: 1922: 1720: 1665:

recommended that global meat consumption be halved to mitigate climate change. A study

244: 10180: 9965: 9622: 9587: 8404:"Human activity threatens billions of years of evolutionary history, researchers warn" 7940: 7736: 7614: 5700:"Understanding Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations and Their Impact on Communities" 4447: 4423: 3955: 3916: 2743:

diet - which is why education among adults is important in meat-reduction strategies.

2584:

With care, meat can be substituted in most diets with a wide variety of foods such as

144: 35: 15014: 14677: 14422: 14188: 13971: 13934: 13721: 13675: 13379: 13254: 13200: 12999: 12984: 12682: 12664: 12629: 12617: 12574: 12566: 12562: 12531: 12513: 12474: 12456: 12417: 12399: 12346: 12039: 11953: 11941: 11933: 11893: 11881: 11833: 11815: 11721: 11709: 11639: 11627: 11609: 11562: 11544: 11509: 11497: 11489: 11450: 11438: 11418: 11400: 11382: 11312: 11294: 11228: 11220: 11189: 11177: 11169: 11133: 11115: 11078: 11066: 11058: 11023: 10982: 10974: 10925: 10907: 10820: 10808: 10790: 10738: 10726: 10696: 10635: 10623: 10615: 10572: 10560: 10552: 10508: 10490: 10449: 10431: 10395: 10383: 10365: 10326: 10308: 10259: 10251: 10028: 9997:

Shallcross, Laura J.; Howard, Simon J.; Fowler, Tom; Davies, Sally C. (5 June 2015).

9979: 9921: 9860: 9805: 9793: 9785: 9697: 9685: 9626: 9591: 9539: 9463: 9418: 9371: 9314: 9276: 9268: 9204: 9027: 8615: 8542: 8449: 8354: 8227: 8101: 8089: 8069: 8050: 8032: 7988: 7976: 7968: 7748: 7618: 7553: 7499: 7481: 7331: 7313: 6985: 6973: 6945: 6929: 6917: 6909: 6888: 6864: 6812: 6800: 6792: 6743: 6689: 6587: 6506: 6357: 6219: 6201: 6166: 6072: 6060: 6005: 5968: 5897:

http://www.iea-biogas.net/_download/public-task37/public-member/Swedish_report_08.pdf

5866: 5769: 5757: 5749: 5680: 5639: 5582: 5533: 5476: 5435: 5386: 5318: 5235: 5186: 5060: 5032: 4981: 4969: 4816: 4766: 4752: 4712: 4636: 4599: 4380: 4372: 4147: 4109: 4074: 3967: 3959: 3920: 3901:"Quantitative analyses of selected plant by-product feedstuffs, a global perspective" 3825: 3762: 3687: 3616: 3604: 2815: 2696:(externalities currently not reflected in any way in the monetary price) to make the 2372: 2364: 2071: 1945: 1918: 1705: 1616: 1305: 668: 358: 175: 120: 10937: 10903: 10040: 9999:"Tackling the threat of antimicrobial resistance: from policy to sustainable action" 9199: 9182: 9129: 8961: 8858: 8777: 8611: 7914: 7871: 7260: 7107: 6412: 6285: 6055: 6028: 5745: 5488: 5398: 5072: 5056: 4673:"Exploring the biophysical option space for feeding the world without deforestation" 4589: 4226:

Anderson, D. C. (1978). "Use of cereal residues in beef cattle production systems".

3774: 1481: 15057: 14624: 14607: 14548: 14439: 14203: 13917: 13790: 13726: 13334: 13329: 13304: 13103: 13076: 12672: 12656: 12609: 12586: 12558: 12521: 12505: 12464: 12448: 12407: 12391: 11923: 11876: 11871: 11859: 11823: 11805: 11699: 11617: 11601: 11552: 11536: 11481: 11430: 11390: 11372: 11302: 11284: 11212: 11161: 11123: 11105: 11050: 11013: 10964: 10915: 10899: 10798: 10780: 10716: 10708: 10607: 10542: 10498: 10480: 10439: 10423: 10373: 10357: 10316: 10298: 10241: 10018: 10010: 9969: 9961: 9933: 9911: 9903: 9872: 9850: 9840: 9777: 9675: 9667: 9618: 9583: 9551: 9529: 9519: 9410: 9361: 9353: 9288: 9258: 9250: 9194: 9117: 9017: 9009: 8949: 8941: 8889: 8881: 8836: 8828: 8755: 8747: 8607: 8439: 8384: 8344: 8278: 8217: 8186: 8132: 8081: 8040: 8024: 7960: 7859: 7774: 7740: 7732: 7682: 7647: 7610: 7489: 7473: 7321: 7305: 7248: 7217: 7205: 7176: 7134: 7095: 7057: 7029: 6965: 6901: 6782: 6733: 6725: 6679: 6669: 6638: 6577: 6400: 6347: 6315: 6209: 6193: 6152: 6050: 5954: 5942: 5856: 5825: 5741: 5670: 5629: 5621: 5572: 5564: 5523: 5515: 5466: 5425: 5378: 5308: 5300: 5225: 5052: 4961: 4941: 4847: 4806: 4796: 4744: 4736: 4702: 4694: 4362: 4316: 4289: 4262: 4235: 4190: 4101: 4066: 4020: 3951: 3912: 3752: 3677: 3594: 3482: 3285:

runoff, soil erosion, human and animal exposure to toxic chemicals, development of

2549: 2441: 2347:

have been negatively affected by livestock grazing. This has resulted in increased

1997:

Meat production is considered one of the prime factors contributing to the current

1910: 1806: 1407: 1301: 354: 124: 82: 12741: 11485: 9340:

DONEY, SCOTT C.; BALCH, WILLIAM M.; FABRY, VICTORIA J.; FEELY, RICHARD A. (2009).

7578:"George Monbiot: "Agriculture is arguably the most destructive industry on Earth"" 7099: 6020: 5829: 4307:

Klopfenstein, T.; et al. (1987). "Corn residues in beef production systems".

4194: 1805:(BLM) found that 16% of the evaluated 7,437 grazing allotments had failed to meet 15174: 15009: 14930: 14894: 14823: 14797: 14785: 14702: 14634: 14509: 14366: 13978: 13929: 13907: 13467: 13384: 13364: 13344: 13244: 13093: 12099: 11678:

Fuso Nerini, Francesco; Fawcett, Tina; Parag, Yael; Ekins, Paul (December 2021).

11525:"The effects of plant-based diets on the body and the brain: a systematic review" 11377: 11165: 10271: 8716: 7180: 6642: 6376: 6157: 6132: 5675: 5658: 5625: 5519: 5382: 5162: 4105: 3631:"Avoiding meat and dairy is ‘single biggest way’ to reduce your impact on Earth " 3599: 3578: 3274: 3105: 2708: 2681: 2680:

Strategies for implementing meat-reduction among populations include large-scale

2639:. Dairy and fish and/or specific types of other foods and/or supplements contain 2589: 2545: 2487:

strongly suggested reducing antibiotic use in animals used in the food industry.

2464: 2203: 2097: 1869: 1167: 494: 460: 370: 324: 292: 128: 108: 11928: 11911: 10835:"Plant-based meat substitutes - products with future potential | Bioökonomie.de" 10547: 10530: 10427: 9183:"Technologies to mitigate enviromental [sic] impact of swine production" 8206:"Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from Canadian animal agriculture: A review" 7429:"Grazing livestock could reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, study shows" 6079: 4909: 4019:

Mottet, A.; de Haan, C.; Falcucci, A.; Tempio, G.; Opio, C.; Gerber, P. (2022).

3299:

released a report in 2008 concluding that CAFOs are generally unsustainable and

2805: 2797: 2463:

While levels of use vary dramatically from country to country, for example some

1395:

needs, yet is still a minority of supply at 39%, with crops providing the rest.

682: 44: 14962: 14818: 14760: 14755: 14597: 14486: 14218: 14213: 14208: 14056: 13993: 13731: 13711: 13670: 13591: 13494: 13389: 13289: 13217: 13004: 11704: 11679: 11605: 11434: 11419:"Quality of plant-based diet determines mortality risk in Chinese older adults" 11054: 10712: 10611: 9238: 9143: 8444: 8431: 8085: 8028: 7477: 7454:"Risk to rely on soil carbon sequestration to offset global ruminant emissions" 6969: 6905: 6380: 4732:

Grazing with trees. A silvopastoral approach to managing and restoring drylands

4635:(World Bank Working Paper No. 22). Washington D.C.: The World Bank. p. 9. 4093: 3845: 2819: 2503: 2392: 2360: 2117: 2044: 1860: 1765: 1581: 1074: 276: 12613: 11857: 11540: 10888:"The importance of fungi and mycology for addressing major global challenges*" 10361: 9558: 9444: 9254: 8633: 8307:"Humans just 0.01% of all life but have destroyed 83% of wild mammals – study" 7252: 6582: 6565: 6105:"Ireland would need to cull up to 1.3 million cattle to reach climate targets" 4965: 4588:

Steinfeld, Henning; Gerber, Pierre; Wassenaar, T. D.; Castel, Vincent (2006).

4070: 2537: 1801:

by constantly depleting it of necessary nutrients. By the end of 2002, the US

1719:

Methane belching from cattle might be reduced by intensification of farming,

15164: 15148: 15035: 14967: 14692: 14514: 14499: 14434: 14329: 13477: 13432: 13412: 13234: 13009: 12668: 12660: 12621: 12570: 12517: 12460: 12403: 12019: 11998: 11968:"Up to 3,000 'peak polluters' given last chance to close by Dutch government" 11937: 11885: 11819: 11713: 11613: 11548: 11493: 11386: 11298: 11224: 11216: 11173: 11119: 11062: 11027: 10978: 10911: 10794: 10619: 10556: 10529:

Onwezen, M. C.; Bouwman, E. P.; Reinders, M. J.; Dagevos, H. (1 April 2021).

10494: 10435: 10369: 10312: 10303: 10255: 9789: 9602: 9499: 9422: 9375: 9318: 9272: 9208: 8453: 8231: 8093: 8036: 7972: 7582: 7557: 7485: 7317: 6977: 6913: 6796: 6607:

7.SM.6 Tables of greenhouse gas lifetimes, radiative efficiencies and metrics

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Konikow, L. W. 2013. Groundwater depletion in the United States (1900-2008).

4820: 4376: 4320: 4266: 4151: 4078: 3963: 3924: 3853: 3811: 3691: 3608: 3467: 3437: 3384: 3277:. The regulations involving CAFO permitting have been extensively litigated. 2827: 2740: 2529: 2468: 2325: 2093: 2039: 2019: 1926: 1914: 1822: 1697: 1593: 1589: 1467: 686: 449: 441: 429: 308: 210:

Cereal-use statistic show an estimated large fraction of crops used as fodder

183: 11810: 10969: 10952: 10785: 10644:"Replacing some meat with microbial protein could help fight climate change" 9884: 9882: 9845: 9781: 9704: 9671: 9357: 8388: 8349: 8324: 7964: 7519:"Research Undermines Claims that Soil Carbon Can Offset Livestock Emissions" 6787: 6762: 6404: 6261: 5230: 5213: 4367: 4342: 4293: 4239: 3757: 127:, food, and water. Meat is obtained through a variety of methods, including 14920: 14717: 14361: 14351: 13998: 13882: 13795: 13170: 13165: 13153: 13113: 13098: 12786: 12686: 12535: 12478: 12421: 11945: 11837: 11631: 11566: 11501: 11442: 11404: 11316: 11232: 11181: 11137: 11070: 10986: 10929: 10812: 10730: 10627: 10588:"Projected environmental benefits of replacing beef with microbial protein" 10564: 10512: 10453: 10412:"Use of antibiotics in broiler production: Global impacts and alternatives" 10387: 10330: 10263: 10112: 10032: 10014: 9983: 9925: 9864: 9797: 9689: 9639: 9595: 9543: 9280: 9054:"Linking aquatic biodiversity loss to animal product consumption: A review" 9031: 9013: 8619: 8568: 8507: 8358: 8310: 8190: 8054: 7980: 7752: 7548: 7503: 7335: 7309: 6921: 6804: 6747: 6729: 6693: 6498:"Treating beef like coal would make a big dent in greenhouse-gas emissions" 6223: 6197: 6109: 6064: 5870: 5761: 5643: 5586: 5568: 5537: 5480: 5439: 5390: 5322: 4716: 4484: 4384: 4018: 3803: 3766: 3634: 3555: 3322: 2593: 2553: 1906: 1845: 1834: 1826: 1798: 1724: 1693: 1297: 152: 12578: 12373: 12371: 11580:

Pieper, Maximilian; Michalke, Amelie; Gaugler, Tobias (15 December 2020).

10138:"Ban on antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed enters into effect" 5861: 5844: 5684: 5177:

Zhou, Yuan; Yang, Hong; Mosler, Hans-Joachim; Abbaspour, Karim C. (2010).

3971: 2730: 14947: 14464: 14456: 13706: 13284: 13239: 13108: 13081: 12452: 12395: 9990: 9879: 9445:"Fisheries, Food Security, and Climate Change in the Indo-Pacific Region" 8953: 8281:"The contributions of livestock species and breeds to ecosystem services" 8280: 7795:"The contributions of livestock species and breeds to ecosystem services" 7794: 7777:"The contributions of livestock species and breeds to ecosystem services" 7776: 6319: 4748: 4671:

Erb KH, Lauk C, Kastner T, Mayer A, Theurl MC, Haberl H (19 April 2016).

3807: 3412: 3369: 3326: 3201: 3185: 2751: 2632: 2628: 2605: 2565: 2490: 2437: 2251: 2171: 2155: 2031: 2015: 1810: 1728: 1713: 1685: 1628: 1384: 1231: 1215: 1183: 1078: 1049:(EPA) concluded 26 enforcement actions for various violations by CAFOs. 590: 574: 437: 100: 11760:"These are the UK supermarket items with the worst environmental impact" 11361:"Estimating impact of food choices on life expectancy: A modeling study" 10721: 9907: 9430: 9414: 9398: 9383: 9341: 9326: 9302: 9165:"Grazing management processes and strategies for riparian-wetland areas" 8894: 8841: 8760: 6674: 5885:

http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemin/application/pdf/ibee_gesamt_bf.pdf

5414:"Climate Change Effects on Respiratory Health: Implications for Nursing" 5247: 5198: 5178: 4698: 4159: 4135: 3806:(2011). "Origins and Consequences of the Animal Industrial Complex". In 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 2619:. This could be achieved with specific types of foods such as iron-rich 2576: 2560:. Alternatives are not only relevant for human consumption but also for 1758:

currently advocated by livestock industry as well as grassroots groups.

14979: 14356: 13349: 12368: 11289: 11110: 10485: 10246: 10229: 10144: 9940: 9524: 9462:

Bousquet-Melou, Alain; Ferran, Aude; Toutain, Pierre-Louis (May 2010).

9263: 8945: 8903: 8850: 8769: 8070:"The carbon opportunity cost of animal-sourced food production on land" 7694: 6763:"Reducing food's environmental impacts through producers and consumers" 6352: 6335: 5263:"How Black North Carolinians pay the price for the world's cheap bacon" 4801: 4784: 4566: 4343:"Reducing food's environmental impacts through producers and consumers" 3432: 3427: 2651: 2644: 2525: 2421: 2120:(water pollution by phosphates) of different foods per 100g of protein 2059: 1786: 1751: 1736: 1661: 1635:

are required to fully assess pastoral dairy farms in all environments.

1577: 1069: 725: 721: 132: 10003:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

9480: 9095:"Livestock grazing management impact on streamwater quality: a review" 8996:"Circling the drain: the extinction crisis and the future of humanity" 6332: 6186:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

5986: 5430: 5413: 4811: 4785:"Sustainable Water Use in Agriculture: A Review of Worldwide Research" 3551:"Huge reduction in meat-eating 'essential' to avoid climate breakdown" 3266:

Significant numbers of dairy, as well as beef cattle, are confined in

2692:". In the case of fiscal mechanisms, these could be based on forms of 1485:

Beef and lamb have the largest carbon footprint of protein-rich foods.

1059: 13924: 13472: 13118: 12509: 10408: 10056:"Implementation of the new Veterinary Medicines Regulation in the EU" 9366: 8503:"Human society under urgent threat from loss of Earth's natural life" 6473:"Livestock Don't Contribute 14.5% of Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions" 5600:

Pavilonis, Brian T.; Sanderson, Wayne T.; Merchant, James A. (2013).

5551:

Mirabelli, M. C.; Wing, S.; Marshall, S. W.; Wilcosky, T. C. (2006).

5304: 5031:

Xiao, Zhengyan; Yao, Meiqin; Tang, Xiaotong; Sun, Luxi (2019-01-01).

4740: 4507:"How much does eating meat affect nations' greenhouse gas emissions?" 3878: 3849: 3640: 3311: 2814:

has a significant environmental impact, whether measured in terms of

2685: 2662: 2449: 2445: 2385: 2356: 2348: 2267: 1960: 1689: 1573: 1414:

currently offered to livestock farmers in many places worldwide, and

1411: 1363: 1247: 1099: 1082: 606: 112: 74: 12206:"Ikerd, John. The Economics of CAFOs & Sustainable Alternatives" 10585: 9464:"Prophylaxis & Metaphylaxis in Veterinary Antimicrobial Therapy" 8885: 8832: 8751: 8222: 8205: 8204:

Kebreab, E.; Clark, K.; Wagner-Riddle, C.; France, J. (2006-06-01).

7686: 7651: 7209: 7139: 7122: 7061: 6133:"Rethinking the approach of a global shift toward plant-based diets" 5959: 4997:"How beef eaters in cities are draining rivers in the American West" 428:

Major corporations purchase land in different developing nations in

12720:"FAO's Animal Production and Health Division: Pigs and Environment" 12701: 11522: 6531: 6238:"How to Reduce Environmental impact of Intensive livestock Farming" 4730: 3487: 3089: 2689: 2616: 2612: 2561: 2380: 2082: 2063: 1988: 1849: 1840: 1790: 1415: 478: 374: 260: 163: 5657:

Müller-Suur, C.; Larsson, K.; Malmberg, P.; Larsson, P.H. (1997).

2509: 1453: 13902: 13560: 13299: 13249: 10858: 10227: 10090: 9710: 8377:"Meat-eaters may speed worldwide species extinction, study warns" 6942: 6828:"Eating meat has 'dire' consequences for the planet, says report" 5656: 3291: 3282: 3169: 2747: 2666: 2352: 2344: 2235: 1886: 1814: 1740: 1732: 1731:(killing the bacteria-killing protozoa), diet modification (e.g. 1681:

equivalent per year) without increasing costs or changing diets.

1624: 1439: 1392: 1391:

intake. Animal-derived food plays a larger role in meeting human

1388: 1199: 558: 464: 362: 228: 171: 148: 11783: 9818: 7793:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2016).

6946:"Navigating sustainability trade-offs in global beef production" 6446:"New FAO report maps pathways towards lower livestock emissions" 5452: 5338:"In California's Fertile Valley, a Bumper Crop of Air Pollution" 5211: 3519: 14915: 13123: 11092:

Mariotti, François; Gardner, Christopher D. (4 November 2019).

10524: 10522: 10230:"Public health implications of meat production and consumption" 10201: 10195: 10165: 10129: 9455: 8203: 7403:"Treating cows with antibiotics doubles dung methane emissions" 6284:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2013)

5412:

George, Maureen; Bruzzese, Jean-Marie; Matura, Lea Ann (2017).

4942:"Water scarcity and fish imperilment driven by beef production" 3307: 3217: 3137: 2811: 2720: 2719:

in supermarkets – could also be used to inform consumers or in

2658: 2340: 2187: 2007:

Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

1964: 1949: 1358: 1135: 526: 187: 11909: 11786:"Estimating the environmental impacts of 57,000 food products" 11094:"Dietary Protein and Amino Acids in Vegetarian Diets—A Review" 7544:"Nearly all global farm subsidies harm people and planet – UN" 7451: 7283: 5289:"Asthma and Farm Exposures in a Cohort of Rural Iowa Children" 3989: 3869: 3867: 2818:, land use, consumption of water, discharge of pollutants, or 14829:

Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

13912: 12380:"CAFOs and Environmental Justice: The Case of North Carolina" 11736:"A blueprint for scaling voluntary carbon markets | McKinsey" 11470: 10528: 10135: 9236: 8429: 5550: 4480:"Vegan diet massively cuts environmental damage, study shows" 3707:"Rising global meat consumption 'will devastate environment'" 2585: 2078: 2002: 1978: 1592:

and other manure storage structures. Manure can also release

1435: 1053: 732: 675: 11677: 11358: 10519: 9996: 8994:

Dirzo, Rodolfo; Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R. (2022).

5285: 5214:"Nitrogen Pollution Is Linked to US Listed Species Declines" 12130:

US Code of Federal Regulations 40 CFR 122.23, 40 CFR 122.42

11000:

Weston, A. R.; Rogers, R. W.; Althen, T. G. (1 June 2002).

9461: 7864:

10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2242:goancw]2.0.co;2

6614: 5088:"Water footprint of crop and animal products: a comparison" 4044: 3864: 3731:

Godfray, H. Charles J.; Aveyard, Paul; et al. (2018).

3318: 3249: 3233: 3153: 3121: 2620: 2601: 2597: 2516:

Sustainable consumption § Sustainable food consumption

2472: 2299: 2283: 2219: 2139: 1612: 1279: 1263: 1151: 1119: 638: 622: 542: 510: 433: 366: 12642: 12548: 12174:"Applying Alternative Technologies to CAFOs: A Case Study" 10466: 9506:

Massé, Daniel; Saady, Noori; Gilbert, Yan (4 April 2014).

7849: 6286:"FAO STATISTICAL YEARBOOK 2013 World Food and Agriculture" 6130: 5987:

Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability

5940: 5599: 4938: 3360:

is an attempt for factory farms to be cost efficient. The

15005:

Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

10694: 10670:"Lab-grown meat and insects 'good for planet and health'" 10053: 9888: 9760: 9645: 9608: 8688: 8473: 8408: 8279:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

8067: 7802: 7775:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

6885: 5719: 4591:

Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options

4538: 3993:

Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options

3944:

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice

3838: 2761: 2460:

which may impact human, animal and environmental health.

2388:, and poor mitigation efforts to stop the excess runoff. 1968: 78: 7377:"How Eating Seaweed Can Help Cows to Belch Less Methane" 6297: 5807: 5501: 2502:

There are concerns about meat production's potential to

11150: 8583: 8168: 8149: 7085: 6182:"Livestock production: recent trends, future prospects" 5709:– via Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. 5360: 5176: 4596:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

1102:(air pollution) of different foods per 100g of protein 10758: 9946: 7604: 6628: 5363:

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

4562:"Feeling Sad About the Amazon Fires? Stop Eating Meat" 3473:

Stranded assets in the agriculture and forestry sector

1470:

estimates 4.5% directly from cattle in 2022. Reducing

14846:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

12171: 11853: 11851: 11849: 11847: 11579: 9399:"Ocean Acidification: The Other Climate Change Issue" 8589: 8001: 6026: 4778: 4776: 2355:, decreased dissolved oxygen, increased temperature, 1419:

realistic goal. Therefore, any comprehensive plan of

1377:

Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture § Livestock

11994:"Is It Time To Start Banning Ads For Meat Products?" 10862:"Mushroom meat substitutes: A brief patent overview" 10093:"Timeline of FDA Action on Antimicrobial Resistance" 9821:"Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals" 9339: 8993: 7710:"Effects of herbivores on grassland plant diversity" 6714:"Enteric methane emissions in grazing dairy systems" 6655: 5411: 4837:. Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5079. 63 pp. 3817:

The Global Industrial Complex: Systems of Domination

3380: 2324:, biodiversity loss, climate change, pollution, and 2018:

are the primary drivers of the extinction, with the

1876:

eq between 2020–2050, equal to 0.46–0.70 gigatons CO

1615:

would like these taken into account when estimating

1495:

Billion tonnes CO2eq (% of total global emissions)

193: 12771: 9481:British Veterinary Association, London (May 2019). 9102:

Journal of the American Water Resources Association

9047: 9045: 8737: 6426:Yavitt JB (1992). "Methane, biogeochemical cycle". 5983:

Chapter 5: Food, Fibre and Other Ecosystem Products

5707:

2010 National Association of Local Boards of Health

5172: 5170: 5135:

the US Code of Federal Regulations 40 CFR 122.42(e)

4910:

Estimated use of water in the United States in 2005

4670: 4134:Zheng, Zhihao; Henneberry, Shida Rastegari (2010). 3940:"Byproduct Feeds: Feed Analysis and Interpretation" 3664:Parlasca, Martin C.; Qaim, Matin (5 October 2022). 3577:Eisen, Michael B.; Brown, Patrick O. (2022-02-01). 2727:could show a significant impact on meat-reduction. 2478:Increased antibiotic use is a matter of concern as 2407: 158:Animal agriculture is a significant contributor to 11844: 11271:Neufingerl, Nicole; Eilander, Ans (January 2022). 11270: 10999: 10951:Gille, Doreen; Schmid, Alexandra (February 2015). 9711:ESVAC (European Medicines Agency) (October 2019). 9170:. US Bureau of Land Management. 2006. p. 105. 8564:"How humans are driving the sixth mass extinction" 7939:Bai, Yongfei; Cotrufo, M. Francesca (2022-08-05). 7664: 7025:"Canada Is Using Genetics to Make Cows Less Gassy" 6887: 6496: 6102: 4773: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 1809:standards because of their excessive grazing use. 107:to some extent. Animal agriculture, in particular 11248:"The Truth Behind the Top 10 Dietary Supplements" 11002:"Review: The Role of Collagen in Meat Tenderness" 10204:"Veterinary Feed Directive Questions and Answers" 9564: 9505: 9001:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 7637: 5785:"NC GOP Protects Factory Farms' Right to Pollute" 3544: 3542: 3540: 2103:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 15146: 15046:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 11905: 11903: 10202:University of Nebraska, Lincoln (October 2015). 9232: 9230: 9042: 7348: 6374: 5167: 5085: 4397: 3985: 3983: 3981: 12150:, 635 F. 3d 738 (5th Cir 2011). 11790:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 11091: 10765:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 10136:European Commission, Brussels (December 2005). 10091:US Food & Drug Administration (July 2019). 9825:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8313:, 21 May 2018 (page visited on 19 August 2018). 6381:"Biogeochemical aspects of atmospheric methane" 4629:Causes of Deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon 4464: 4398:Merrill, Dave; Leatherby, Lauren (2018-07-31). 4327: 4133: 4003: 3733:"Meat consumption, health, and the environment" 3637:, 31 May 2018 (page visited on 19 August 2018). 2631:, plant-based protein powders and high-protein 2510:Alternatives to meat production and consumption 1454:Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from cattle 743:Estimated water requirements for various foods 12144:, 399 F.3d 486 (2nd cir 2005). 12020:"Towards sustainable food consumption – SAPEA" 11474:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 10054:European Medicines Agency (4 September 2019). 8469:"Humans 'threaten 1m species with extinction'" 8370: 8368: 8114: 6564:Rivera, Julián Esteban; Chará, Julian (2021). 5998: 5030: 4875:USDA. 2011. USDA Agricultural Statistics 2011. 4140:Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 3730: 3537: 1387:needs, while only supplying 18% of the global 1346:Energy efficiency of meat and dairy production 13781:History of climate change policy and politics 13576: 12757: 12065:""What is a Factory Farm?" Sustainable Table" 11900: 9227: 8496: 8494: 4782: 4091: 4053:. Food Security Governance in Latin America. 3978: 1047:United States Environmental Protection Agency 401: 202:Total annual meat consumption by type of meat 9648:"Reducing antimicrobial use in food animals" 9397:Johnson, Ashanti; White, Natasha D. (2014). 9396: 9243:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 8531: 8529: 8322: 7884: 7374: 7230: 6760: 5026: 5024: 4904: 4902: 4340: 4306: 3844: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3663: 2675: 2571: 2452:with clinical infection (metaphylaxis), and 1837:is within the estimated soil loss tolerance. 384:Per capita annual meat consumption by region 27:Impact of farming animals on the environment 13898:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 12167: 12165: 10950: 10285:Hafez, Hafez M.; Attia, Youssef A. (2020). 10068: 8365: 7892:. Food Climate Research Network. p. 64 7707: 7267: 7050:Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 6563: 6434:. London, England: Academic Press: 197–207. 5086:Fabrique [merken, design & interactie. 4892: 4890: 4871: 4869: 4424:"Agricultural land (% of land area) | Data" 4029: 3937: 2556:-driven production of microbial foods from 1700:emissions are avoiding over-application of 1688:, competition of methanogenic archaea with 1462:estimates that in 2015 around 7% of global 1369: 681:Free-range animal production, particularly 143:. The livestock sector also includes wool, 97:environmental impacts of animal agriculture 15127: 15115: 14572: 13583: 13569: 12764: 12750: 10284: 9051: 8491: 8323:Baillie, Jonathan; Zhang, Ya-Ping (2018). 7938: 7745:11370/3e3ec5d4-fa03-4490-94e3-66534b3fe62f 7541: 7349:L. Aban, Maita; C. Bestil, Lolito (2016). 7000:"Bovine genomics project at Genome Canada" 6711: 4477: 3576: 3548: 373:), while global consumption per capita of 14867: 14673:Adaptation strategies on the German coast 13806:United Nations Climate Change conferences 13275:Environmental issues in the United States 12676: 12525: 12468: 12411: 12089:US Code of Federal Regulations 40 CFR 122 11927: 11875: 11827: 11809: 11703: 11621: 11556: 11394: 11376: 11339:Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health 11306: 11288: 11245: 11127: 11109: 11017: 10968: 10919: 10802: 10784: 10720: 10546: 10502: 10484: 10443: 10377: 10320: 10302: 10245: 10022: 9973: 9915: 9854: 9844: 9679: 9533: 9523: 9365: 9262: 9198: 9092: 9021: 8916: 8893: 8840: 8759: 8538:Tackling Climate Change through Livestock 8526: 8443: 8348: 8221: 8044: 7493: 7358:International Journal of Food Engineering 7325: 7138: 6786: 6737: 6683: 6673: 6581: 6351: 6213: 6156: 6054: 5958: 5860: 5674: 5633: 5576: 5527: 5470: 5429: 5312: 5229: 5021: 4899: 4810: 4800: 4706: 4619: 4366: 3781: 3756: 3681: 3598: 3570: 3527:Mitigation of Climate Change: Full report 3100:Land Use (m·year per 100 g protein) 1404:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 1332: 1296:Animal agriculture is a cause of harmful 87:greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture 85:for exhaled methane production to reduce 14377:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 13260:Effects of climate change on agriculture 12434: 12162: 10953:"Vitamin B12 in meat and dairy products" 10173:"Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) Basics" 9735: 9180: 8974: 8401: 6179: 4887: 4866: 4625: 4225: 4172: 4094:"Agriculture Production and Consumption" 2794:Environmental effects of meat production 2729: 2694:scientific calculation of external costs 2575: 2493:and water to promote growth and improve 2420: 2107:meat is an important source of protein. 1839: 1780: 1771: 1642: 1564: 1480: 1429:effects of climate change on agriculture 1341: 1058: 658: 413: 387: 379: 205: 197: 18:Environmental effects of meat production 14733:National Adaptation Programme of Action 14522:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 12699: 12599: 12261: 12259: 11991: 11040: 9220: 9218: 8790: 8684:"How to stop the sixth mass extinction" 8466: 8137:10.2136/sssaj1987.03615995005100010037x 7516: 6825: 5335: 4994: 4652:from the original on September 10, 2008 4210: 3810:; Richard Kahn; Anthony J. Nocella II; 3549:Carrington, Damian (October 10, 2018). 3364:resulting from pig farming presents an 392:Total annual meat consumption by region 223:Contribution of farmed animal product 180:land use, land-use change, and forestry 105:a variety of effects on the environment 14: 15147: 14382:Economics of climate change mitigation 14345:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 13858: 13686:Scientific consensus on climate change 13265:Effects of climate change on livestock 12491: 12377: 12112:from the original on 24 September 2015 12067:. Sustainabletable.org. Archived from 11680:"Personal carbon allowances revisited" 10350:American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 10343: 9738:"Big Meat just can't quit antibiotics" 9093:Agouridis, C. T.; et al. (2005). 9073: 8818: 8681: 8374: 7166: 7047: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6467: 6465: 6425: 5842: 5697: 5260: 4559: 4499: 4098:Responsible Consumption and Production 3802: 3704: 3683:10.1146/annurev-resource-111820-032340 3268:concentrated animal feeding operations 2802:Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest 1819:Natural Resources Conservation Service 1427:, particularly the present and future 1317:concentrated animal feeding operations 1043:concentrated animal feeding operations 15041:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 14866: 14571: 14307: 13857: 13769: 13650: 13602: 13564: 12745: 12092: 11202: 10885: 8871: 8709: 8682:Sutter, John D. (December 12, 2016). 8561: 8500: 7885:Garnett, Tara; Godde, Cécile (2017). 7193: 7120: 6761:Poore, J.; Nemecek, T. (2018-06-01). 6570:Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 5782: 5336:Borrell, Brendan (December 3, 2018). 4783:Velasco-Muñoz, Juan F. (2018-04-05). 4448:"Arable land (% of land area) | Data" 4341:Nemecek, T.; Poore, J. (2018-06-01). 4252: 3898: 3666:"Meat Consumption and Sustainability" 2110: 1754:an estimated >1.3 billion people. 1638: 1337: 1329:and diminish environmental impacts. 468:maintenance diets), and corn stover. 436:to support large-scale production of 15063:Representative Concentration Pathway 14004:Tipping points in the climate system 13680:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 13519: 13375:Tropical cyclones and climate change 12279:from the original on 26 January 2013 12256: 9215: 7375:Lewis Mernit, Judith (2 July 2018). 6428:Encyclopedia of Earth System Science 4995:Borunda, Alejandra (March 2, 2020). 4531: 4279: 3938:Schingoethe, David J. (1991-07-01). 3331:managed intensive rotational grazing 2782: 2454:preventative treatment (prophylaxis) 1785:Clearings for cattle grazing in the 1748:for related research and development 1727:against the many methanogens, rumen 1442:are cultivated to feed the animals. 1056:diet reduced water pollution by 75%. 99:vary because of the wide variety of 15160:Environmental impact of agriculture 14834:Nationally determined contributions 14544:Individual action on climate change 13749:World energy supply and consumption 13408:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion 12212:from the original on 10 August 2014 9307:Journal of College Science Teaching 9052:Pena-Ortiz, Michelle (2021-07-01). 8710:Boyle, Louise (February 22, 2022). 7400: 7197:Australian Journal of Soil Research 6826:Gibbens, Sarah (January 16, 2019). 6712:Soder, K. J.; Brito, A. F. (2023). 6700: 6462: 4581: 4560:Liotta, Edoardo (August 23, 2019). 4478:Carrington, Damian (20 July 2023). 3670:Annual Review of Resource Economics 3453:Environmental impact of agriculture 3352:environmental impact of pig farming 3345:Environmental impact of pig farming 2548:are shown to have the potential to 1623:. Although well-managed perennial 1519:Enteric fermentation cattle pasture 1507:Enteric fermentation cattle feedlot 24: 14973:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis 13590: 12141:Waterkeeper Alliance et al. v. EPA 11246:Zelman, Kathleen M.; MPH; RD; LD. 10344:Greger, Michael (September 2021). 9122:10.1111/j.1752-1688.2005.tb03757.x 8562:Hance, Jeremy (October 20, 2015). 8210:Canadian Journal of Animal Science 7609:. Vol. 94. pp. 237–280. 7426: 7233:Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 6622: 6598: 6489: 6262:"Livestock development strategies" 6180:Thornton, Philip K. (2010-09-27). 6103:Lisa O'Carroll (3 November 2021). 5472:10.1097/01.ede.0000259966.62137.84 4400:"Here's How America Uses Its Land" 4022:More fuel for the food/feed debate 3905:Animal Feed Science and Technology 3875:"Information About Soya, Soybeans" 2391:Animal agriculture contributes to 1833:, and on 99.4% of US pastureland, 1032: 489:Land Use (myear per 100g protein) 25: 15191: 14900:Satellite temperature measurement 14505:forestry for carbon sequestration 13786:History of climate change science 13055:pharmaceuticals and personal care 12649:American Journal of Public Health 12498:Environmental Health Perspectives 12441:Environmental Health Perspectives 12384:Environmental Health Perspectives 12345:, 2003, Vintage Books, 256 pages 11006:The Professional Animal Scientist 9588:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.03.026 7708:Olff, H.; Ritchie, M. E. (1998). 7542:Carrington, Damian (2021-09-14). 5293:Environmental Health Perspectives 4532:Wang, George C. (April 9, 2017). 2038:as it is a significant driver of 1460:Food and Agriculture Organization 735:diet reduced water usage by 54%. 345:and rising individual incomes or 194:Consumption and production trends 15126: 15114: 15103: 15102: 15090: 14751:Climate Change Performance Index 14130:Destruction of cultural heritage 13530: 13529: 13518: 13206:decline in amphibian populations 12911:Deforestation and climate change 12712: 12693: 12636: 12593: 12542: 12485: 12428: 12365:. Environmental Mgt. 11: 35–44 . 12355: 12335: 12326: 12317: 12291: 12224: 12198: 12153: 12133: 12124: 12083: 12057: 12032: 12012: 11985: 11960: 11777: 11752: 11728: 11671: 11646: 11573: 11516: 11464: 11411: 11352: 11323: 11264: 11239: 11196: 11144: 11085: 11034: 10993: 10944: 10879: 10852: 10827: 10752: 10688: 10662: 10579: 10460: 10402: 10337: 10278: 10221: 10084: 10062: 10047: 9892:"Tackling antibiotic resistance" 9812: 9754: 9729: 9474: 9437: 9390: 9333: 9295: 9174: 9157: 9136: 9086: 9067: 8987: 8968: 8910: 8865: 8812: 8803: 8784: 8731: 8703: 8675: 8650: 8626: 8592:Science of the Total Environment 8555: 8460: 8423: 8395: 8316: 8299: 8290: 8272: 8247: 8238: 8197: 8162: 8143: 8108: 8061: 7995: 7932: 7907: 7878: 7843: 7834: 7825: 7816: 7786: 7768: 7759: 7701: 7658: 7631: 7598: 7570: 7535: 7510: 7445: 7420: 7394: 7368: 7342: 7277: 7224: 7187: 7160: 7147: 7114: 7079: 7068: 7041: 7037:from the original on 2023-05-24. 7017: 6992: 6936: 6879: 6852: 6819: 6754: 6034:Science of the Total Environment 5726:Science of the Total Environment 3705:Devlin, Hannah (July 19, 2018). 3397: 3383: 3343:This section is an excerpt from 2806:Beef § Environmental impact 2798:Milk § Environmental impact 2413:This section is an excerpt from 2408:Effects on antibiotic resistance 1647:Per capita meat consumption and 1543:Manure management cattle feedlot 1431:, must also consider livestock. 1375:This section is an excerpt from 1092: 63: 54: 43: 34: 15180:Human impact on the environment 14890:Instrumental temperature record 14841:Sustainable Development Goal 13 13340:Land surface effects on climate 12797:Environmental impact assessment 12773:Human impact on the environment 12492:Thorne, Peter S. (2017-03-01). 12435:Wing, S; Wolf, S (2017-03-01). 11992:Fortuna, Carolyn (2022-09-08). 10904:10.5598/imafungus.2014.05.02.10 10291:Frontiers in Veterinary Science 9200:10.1590/S1516-35982008001300029 9187:Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 8612:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.022 7717:Trends in Ecology and Evolution 6649: 6557: 6548: 6524: 6438: 6419: 6368: 6326: 6291: 6278: 6254: 6230: 6173: 6124: 6056:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164247 5999:Ellen Phiddian (5 April 2022). 5992: 5934: 5925: 5901: 5889: 5877: 5836: 5801: 5783:Cooke, Christina (2017-05-09). 5776: 5746:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152336 5713: 5691: 5650: 5593: 5544: 5495: 5446: 5405: 5354: 5329: 5279: 5254: 5205: 5148: 5138: 5129: 5112:"Livestock and the Environment" 5104: 5079: 5057:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.11.006 4988: 4932: 4922: 4878: 4853:United States Geological Survey 4840: 4835:United States Geological Survey 4827: 4723: 4664: 4553: 4525: 4440: 4416: 4391: 4300: 4273: 4246: 4219: 4201: 4166: 4127: 4085: 3931: 3892: 3500: 3458:Environmental impact of fishing 2580:An insight to a vegetarian diet 2056:Center for Biological Diversity 1936: 396: 15170:Climate change and agriculture 14958:Climate variability and change 14308: 13989:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 11877:10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104623 11205:Nutrition in Clinical Practice 11019:10.15232/S1080-7446(15)31497-2 9736:Torrella, Kenny (2023-01-08). 8501:Watts, Jonathan (6 May 2019). 8402:Woodyatt, Amy (May 26, 2020). 7381:Yale School of the Environment 5418:Journal of Nursing Scholarship 3796: 3724: 3698: 3623: 2830:requirements for various foods 2100:write in an opinion piece for 1821:, on 95.1% of US pastureland, 678:diet reduced land use by 75%. 137:intensive livestock production 81:in intensive farming; Testing 13: 1: 15068:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 14603:Climate emergency declaration 13211:decline in insect populations 12700:Edwards, Bob (January 2001). 12378:Nicole, Wendee (2017-03-01). 11486:10.1080/10408398.2021.1918628 10886:Lange, Lene (December 2014). 10346:"Primary Pandemic Prevention" 9966:10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30141-9 9623:10.1016/S0065-2113(05)87001-4 9181:Williams, C. M. (July 2008). 9061:Freshwater and Marine Biology 7737:10.1016/s0169-5347(98)01364-0 7615:10.1016/s0065-2113(06)94006-1 7100:10.1080/21553769.2015.1063550 6087:"just-transition-meat-sector" 5830:10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.08.004 4195:10.1016/j.jclepro.2007.06.008 3956:10.1016/S0749-0720(15)30787-8 3917:10.1016/S0377-8401(99)00031-0 3513: 3297:Union of Concerned Scientists 3287:antibiotic resistant bacteria 2688:or fiscal mechanisms such as 2604:. Meats notably also contain 2036:significant biodiversity loss 1611:As conditions vary a lot the 1531:Manure left on pasture cattle 1400:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 15051:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 14277:Middle East and North Africa 13603: 12563:10.1016/0361-9230(95)00015-1 11378:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003889 11166:10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317802 10098:Food and Drug Administration 8658:"Tackling Global Challenges" 8467:McGrath, Matt (6 May 2019). 7401:Axt, Barbara (25 May 2016). 7181:10.1016/j.livsci.2010.02.010 6643:10.1016/j.livsci.2010.02.010 6385:Global Biogeochemical Cycles 6158:10.1016/j.oneear.2021.08.018 5676:10.1183/09031936.97.10020376 5663:European Respiratory Journal 5626:10.1016/j.envres.2012.12.008 5520:10.1097/ede.0b013e3182093c8b 5383:10.1080/15287394.2013.757199 5261:Berger, Jamie (2022-04-01). 4106:10.1007/978-3-319-95726-5_78 3877:. 2011-10-16. Archived from 3600:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000010 3531:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 2711:way – as has been done with 2550:reduce environmental impacts 2506:as an environmental impact. 700: 182:. Together with methane and 7: 14125:Depopulation of settlements 13770: 11929:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105643 11864:Food Quality and Preference 10548:10.1016/j.appet.2020.105058 10428:10.1016/j.aninu.2018.03.002 9954:The Lancet Planetary Health 9896:Nature Reviews Microbiology 7517:Fassler, Joe (2024-02-01). 6001:"Explainer: IPCC Scenarios" 5914:. Agf.gov.bc.ca. 2014-06-02 4534:"Go vegan, save the planet" 3854:"Meat and Dairy Production" 3463:Environmental vegetarianism 3376: 2778:easy and affordable choice. 2770:Scientific Advice Mechanism 2627:of protein-rich foods like 2465:Northern European countries 2434:Antibiotic use in livestock 2415:Antibiotic use in livestock 1490:Estimates by Climate TRACE 685:, has also caused tropical 471: 123:, disease, and significant 10: 15196: 14885:Global surface temperature 14776:Popular culture depictions 14688:Ecosystem-based adaptation 14418:Carbon capture and storage 14340:Carbon offsets and credits 13651: 11705:10.1038/s41893-021-00756-w 11606:10.1038/s41467-020-19474-6 11435:10.1038/s43587-022-00178-z 11429:(3): 197–198. March 2022. 11055:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.05.030 10713:10.1038/s43016-022-00489-9 10612:10.1038/s41586-022-04629-w 8445:10.1007/s11625-023-01326-z 8086:10.1038/s41893-020-00603-4 8029:10.1038/s41467-020-20406-7 7478:10.1038/s41467-023-43452-3 6970:10.1038/s41893-022-01017-0 6906:10.1038/s43016-021-00431-5 6477:The Breakthrough Institute 4908:Kenny, J. F. et al. 2009. 3899:Fadel, J. G (1999-06-30). 3448:Factory farming divestment 3342: 2791: 2513: 2412: 2077:A 2023 study found that a 1735:fortification), decreased 1621:greenhouse gas inventories 1606:atmospheric carbon dioxide 1374: 1110:Acidifying Emissions (g SO 1052:A 2023 study found that a 731:A 2023 study found that a 674:A 2023 study found that a 402:Food production efficiency 377:meats has been declining. 15097:Climate change portal 15084: 15023: 14990:Extreme event attribution 14908: 14877: 14873: 14862: 14806: 14741: 14663: 14613:School Strike for Climate 14585: 14581: 14567: 14536: 14492:Climate-smart agriculture 14453: 14410: 14320: 14316: 14303: 14227: 14080: 14027: 13870: 13866: 13853: 13776: 13765: 13694: 13663: 13659: 13646: 13629:Climate change adaptation 13624:Climate change mitigation 13619:Effects of climate change 13609: 13598: 13513: 13448:Environmental engineering 13398: 13295:Environmental degradation 13186: 13072:fishing down the food web 12849: 12779: 12614:10.1007/s10745-005-1653-3 11541:10.1038/s41398-019-0552-0 10362:10.1177/15598276211008134 9470:– via ResearchGate. 9255:10.1007/s11356-017-0911-4 8917:Strassman, B. I. (1987). 8662:World Resources Institute 8638:World Resources Institute 8375:Morell, Virginia (2015). 7253:10.1007/s10705-004-7357-z 7088:Frontiers in Life Science 6583:10.3389/fsufs.2021.657936 6532:"Sectors - Climate TRACE" 5947:Animal Production Science 5909:"U.S. Anaerobic Digester" 4966:10.1038/s41893-020-0483-z 4626:Margulis, Sergio (2004). 4071:10.1016/j.gfs.2017.01.001 3533:. 2022. 7.3.2.1 page 771. 3423:Animal–industrial complex 3362:environmental degradation 3248: 3232: 3216: 3200: 3184: 3168: 3152: 3136: 3120: 3104: 3099: 3096: 2787: 2715:of more than 57,000 food 2676:Meat-reduction strategies 2572:Meat reduction and health 2485:World Health Organization 2298: 2282: 2266: 2250: 2234: 2218: 2202: 2186: 2170: 2154: 2138: 2127: 2124: 1829:are within the estimated 1803:Bureau of Land Management 1425:effects of climate change 1278: 1262: 1246: 1230: 1214: 1198: 1182: 1166: 1150: 1134: 1118: 1109: 1106: 1039:environmental degradation 750: 747: 728:during times of drought. 637: 621: 605: 589: 573: 557: 541: 525: 509: 493: 488: 485: 323: 307: 291: 275: 259: 243: 227: 222: 219: 162:. Cows, sheep, and other 147:, the livestock used for 15155:Food and the environment 15000:Global warming potential 14807:International agreements 14454:Preserving and enhancing 13888:Arctic methane emissions 13810:Years in climate change 13717:Greenhouse gas emissions 13614:Causes of climate change 13453:Environmental mitigation 13310:Greenhouse gas emissions 13270:Environmental insecurity 12661:10.2105/AJPH.2008.148924 11529:Translational Psychiatry 11217:10.1177/0884533610385707 10304:10.3389/fvets.2020.00516 10069:OECD, Paris (May 2019). 6288:. See data in Table 49. 4321:10.2527/jas1987.6541139x 4267:10.2527/jas1987.6541124x 3822:Rowman & Littlefield 3493: 2096:, Gerardo Ceballos, and 1999:biodiversity loss crisis 1776: 1602:global warming potential 1464:greenhouse gas emissions 1370:Greenhouse gas emissions 160:greenhouse gas emissions 145:egg and dairy production 117:greenhouse gas emissions 15031:Climate change scenario 14683:Disaster risk reduction 14335:Carbon emission trading 14145:U.S. insurance industry 14115:Civilizational collapse 13962:sea surface temperature 13500:Sustainable consumption 12841:Social ecology (ethics) 12551:Brain Research Bulletin 12361:Strassman, B. I. 1987. 11811:10.1073/pnas.2120584119 10786:10.1073/pnas.2015025118 10234:Public Health Nutrition 9846:10.1073/pnas.1503141112 9782:10.1126/science.aaw1944 9672:10.1126/science.aao1495 9358:10.5670/oceanog.2009.93 8389:10.1126/science.aad1607 8350:10.1126/science.aau1397 7965:10.1126/science.abo2380 6788:10.1126/science.aaq0216 6405:10.1029/GB002i004p00299 5698:Carrie, Hribar (2010). 4368:10.1126/science.aaq0216 4294:10.2527/jas1978.463831x 4240:10.2527/jas1978.463849x 3758:10.1126/science.aam5324 3583:emissions this century" 3478:Sustainable agriculture 3418:Animal-free agriculture 3366:environmental injustice 3337: 2520:Sustainable food system 2440:for any purpose in the 2052:World Animal Protection 1855:Grazing can affect the 1844:Dryland grazing on the 1694:methanotrophic bacteria 343:human population growth 174:are the main source of 141:subsistence agriculture 15024:Research and modelling 14708:Nature-based solutions 14528:Nature-based solutions 14470:Carbon dioxide removal 14387:Fossil fuel divestment 14372:Climate risk insurance 14282:Small island countries 13893:Arctic sea ice decline 13443:Ecological engineering 13223:runaway climate change 10015:10.1098/rstb.2014.0082 9014:10.1098/rstb.2021.0378 8793:Great Basin Naturalist 8436:Sustainability Science 8260:. University of Nevada 8191:10.2136/sssaj2010.0034 7887:"Grazed and confused?" 7310:10.1098/rsta.2020.0452 6730:10.3168/jdsc.2022-0297 6617:, 2021, p. 7SM-24 6198:10.1098/rstb.2010.0134 5843:Capper, J. L. (2011). 5606:Environmental Research 5569:10.1542/peds.2005-2812 3443:Economic vegetarianism 2780: 2735: 2581: 2430: 2068:Endangered Species Act 2012:industrial agriculture 1852: 1813:appears to cause soil 1793: 1762:Agricultural subsidies 1704:and adopting suitable 1652: 1633:life cycle assessments 1604:of the same amount of 1570: 1486: 1347: 1333:Climate change aspects 1065: 664: 419: 393: 385: 325:Freshwater withdrawals 211: 203: 14985:Earth's energy budget 14868:Background and theory 14756:Climate crisis (term) 14428:Fossil fuel phase-out 14322:Economics and finance 14287:by individual country 14229:By country and region 14204:Security and conflict 14199:Psychological impacts 13878:Abrupt climate change 13801:Charles David Keeling 13634:By country and region 12826:List of global issues 12301:. FAO. Archived from 12045:. Wasterfootprint.org 12040:"Virtual Water Trade" 11684:Nature Sustainability 11586:Nature Communications 10970:10.1093/nutrit/nuu011 10159:Guidance for Industry 9342:"Ocean Acidification" 9303:"Ocean acidification" 9146:. Epa.gov. 2006-06-28 8074:Nature Sustainability 8009:Nature Communications 7667:Ecological Monographs 7458:Nature Communications 6950:Nature Sustainability 6300:Nature Climate Change 5862:10.2527/jas.2010-3784 5810:Ecological Indicators 5231:10.1093/biosci/biw003 4946:Nature Sustainability 4678:Nature Communications 3357:groundwater pollution 2775: 2733: 2579: 2480:antibiotic resistance 2458:antibiotic resistance 2424: 2369:Eastern United States 2337:Western United States 2330:freshwater ecosystems 2134:eq per 100g protein) 2128:Eutrophying emissions 2118:eutrophying emissions 1843: 1784: 1772:Effects on ecosystems 1646: 1568: 1484: 1345: 1114:eq per 100g protein) 1062: 662: 417: 391: 383: 209: 201: 166:digest their food by 14814:Glasgow Climate Pact 14475:Carbon sequestration 14040:Mass mortality event 13428:Community resilience 13228:in the United States 13196:Biodiversity threats 12869:cannabis cultivation 12836:Planetary boundaries 12802:Environmental issues 12792:Ecological footprint 12453:10.1289/ehp.00108233 12396:10.1289/ehp.121-a182 12208:. Web.missouri.edu. 11335:The Nutrition Source 9611:Advances in Agronomy 8171:Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J 8117:Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J 7915:"Table of Solutions" 7640:Austral. J. Exp. Agr 7607:Advances in Agronomy 7157:4 : pp 351-365. 6320:10.1038/nclimate2081 6242:Agriculture land usa 5037:Ecological Modelling 4915:US Geological Survey 4051:Global Food Security 2401:calcifying organisms 2363:events, and reduced 2085:destruction by 66%. 2030:Grazing (especially 1931:Yushania microphylla 1711:carbon sequestration 1702:nitrogen fertilizers 1586:enteric fermentation 1476:limit climate change 1446:enteric fermentation 1325:damaging the lungs. 1100:acidifying emissions 168:enteric fermentation 14953:Climate sensitivity 14728:The Adaptation Fund 14184:Infectious diseases 14081:Social and economic 13490:Restoration ecology 13423:Climate engineering 13360:Ocean acidification 13350:Loss of green belts 13320:Holocene extinction 13315:Habitat destruction 12990:Environmental crime 12305:on 3 September 2013 12299:"Manure management" 11802:2022PNAS..11920584C 11796:(33): e2120584119. 11696:2021NatSu...4.1025F 11598:2020NatCo..11.6117P 10777:2021PNAS..11815025L 10771:(26): e2015025118. 10604:2022Natur.605...90H 9908:10.1038/nrmicro2693 9837:2015PNAS..112.5649V 9664:2017Sci...357.1350V 9658:(6358): 1350–1352. 9580:2006Chmsp..65..725S 9415:10.1511/2014.106.60 9114:2005JAWRA..41..591A 8938:1987EnMan..11...35S 8604:2015ScTEn.536..419M 8341:2018Sci...361.1051B 8305:Damian Carrington, 8183:2010SSASJ..74.2131F 8129:1987SSASJ..51..176B 8021:2021NatCo..12..118C 7957:2022Sci...377..603B 7729:1998TEcoE..13..261O 7679:1993EcoM...63..327M 7470:2023NatCo..14.7625W 7302:2021RSPTA.37900452R 7245:2005NCyAg..72...77D 6962:2023NatSu...6..284C 6840:on January 17, 2019 6833:National Geographic 6779:2018Sci...360..987P 6675:10.3390/ani14030435 6397:1988GBioC...2..299C 6312:2014NatCC...4....2R 6192:(1554): 2853–2867. 6149:2021OEart...4.1201R 6047:2023ScTEn.88864247R 5822:2013EcInd..24..573R 5738:2022ScTEn.81152336A 5618:2013ER....122...74P 5375:2013JTEHA..76..230V 5049:2019EcMod.392...31X 5002:National Geographic 4958:2020NatSu...3..319R 4735:. Rome: FAO. 2022. 4699:10.1038/ncomms11382 4691:2016NatCo...711382E 4359:2018Sci...360..987P 4187:2008JCPro..16.1227E 4063:2017GlFS...14....1M 3749:2018Sci...361M5324G 3629:Damian Carrington, 3306:Another concern is 3289:and an increase in 3093: 3092:of different foods 2833: 2766:European Commission 2637:dietary supplements 2524:A study shows that 2397:ocean acidification 2121: 2050:A 2022 report from 1831:soil loss tolerance 1598:atmospheric methane 1491: 1315:A study found that 1103: 744: 715:Rainfed agriculture 711:saltwater intrusion 482: 481:of different foods 216: 125:consumption of land 14524:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 14496:Forest management 14480:Direct air capture 14445:Sustainable energy 14402:Net zero emissions 14397:Low-carbon economy 14392:Green Climate Fund 14179:Indigenous peoples 14072:Plant biodiversity 13860:Effects and issues 13505:Waste minimization 13463:Mitigation banking 13458:Industrial ecology 13418:Cleaner production 13370:Resource depletion 12906:Corporate behavior 12864:animal agriculture 12343:The Future of Life 12186:on 17 October 2013 11290:10.3390/nu14010029 11111:10.3390/nu11112661 11043:Clinical Nutrition 10486:10.3390/nu13010150 10247:10.1079/PHN2005727 10009:(1670): 20140082. 9776:(6459): eaaw1944. 9525:10.3390/ani4020146 9403:American Scientist 9313:(4): 12–13. 2012. 9076:J. Soil Water Cons 8977:Wildlife Soc. Bull 8946:10.1007/bf01867177 8325:"Space for nature" 8152:J. Soil Water Cons 7296:(2210): 20200452. 6718:JDS Communications 6505:. 2 October 2021. 6353:10.3390/su15054118 5161:2018-09-10 at the 5092:waterfootprint.org 4802:10.3390/su10041084 4452:data.worldbank.org 4428:data.worldbank.org 3405:Agriculture portal 3391:Environment portal 3087: 2825: 2810:The production of 2736: 2582: 2558:direct air capture 2431: 2322:habitat alteration 2172:Farmed Crustaceans 2115: 2111:Aquatic ecosystems 1923:yellow starthistle 1853: 1794: 1721:selective breeding 1692:, introduction of 1656:Mitigation options 1653: 1639:Mitigation options 1629:carbon in the soil 1584:as a byproduct of 1576:in cattle include 1571: 1489: 1487: 1348: 1338:Energy consumption 1298:particulate matter 1184:Farmed Crustaceans 1097: 1066: 742: 665: 476: 420: 394: 386: 214: 212: 204: 133:free-range farming 15142: 15141: 15080: 15079: 15076: 15075: 15015:Radiative forcing 14858: 14857: 14854: 14853: 14678:Adaptive capacity 14563: 14562: 14559: 14558: 14423:Energy transition 14299: 14298: 14295: 14294: 14009:Tropical cyclones 13935:Urban heat island 13849: 13848: 13761: 13760: 13757: 13756: 13722:Carbon accounting 13676:Greenhouse effect 13642: 13641: 13558: 13557: 13380:Water degradation 13255:Ecological crisis 13201:biodiversity loss 13000:Industrialisation 12985:Genetic pollution 12831:Impact assessment 12655:(S3): S610–S615. 11690:(12): 1025–1031. 11480:(28): 7760–7772. 11160:(13): 1054–1061. 10957:Nutrition Reviews 9831:(18): 5649–5654. 8926:Environmental MGT 7951:(6606): 603–608. 7169:Livestock Science 7127:Can. J. Anim. Sci 7121:Boadi, D (2004). 6865:Leiden University 6773:(6392): 987–992. 6631:Livestock Science 6379:(December 1988). 5855:(12): 4249–4261. 5431:10.1111/jnu.12330 4758:978-92-5-136956-2 4605:978-92-5-105571-7 4353:(6392): 987–992. 4181:(12): 1227–1233. 4115:978-3-319-95726-5 3858:Our World in Data 3301:externalize costs 3264: 3263: 3085: 3084: 2872: 2865: 2856: 2847: 2843: 2816:methane emissions 2783:By type of animal 2546:ground-up insects 2395:, which leads to 2373:Mississippi River 2365:species diversity 2314: 2313: 2072:plant-based diets 1706:manure management 1659:A 2019 report in 1617:methane emissions 1600:has 81 times the 1563: 1562: 1472:methane emissions 1294: 1293: 1068:Effective use of 1030: 1029: 669:agricultural land 653: 652: 339: 338: 176:methane emissions 121:biodiversity loss 16:(Redirected from 15187: 15130: 15129: 15118: 15117: 15106: 15105: 15095: 15094: 15093: 15058:Paleoclimatology 14875: 14874: 14864: 14863: 14625:Ecological grief 14608:Climate movement 14583: 14582: 14569: 14568: 14549:Plant-based diet 14440:Renewable energy 14318: 14317: 14305: 14304: 14140:Economic impacts 14062:Invasive species 13918:Coastal flooding 13868: 13867: 13855: 13854: 13791:Svante Arrhenius 13767: 13766: 13737:from agriculture 13727:Carbon footprint 13712:Greenhouse gases 13661: 13660: 13648: 13647: 13600: 13599: 13585: 13578: 13571: 13562: 13561: 13533: 13532: 13522: 13521: 13355:Phosphorus cycle 13335:Land consumption 13330:Land degradation 13305:Freshwater cycle 13104:Overexploitation 13077:marine pollution 12884:cocoa production 12766: 12759: 12752: 12743: 12742: 12734: 12733: 12731: 12730: 12716: 12710: 12709: 12697: 12691: 12690: 12680: 12640: 12634: 12633: 12597: 12591: 12590: 12546: 12540: 12539: 12529: 12510:10.1289/ehp.8831 12489: 12483: 12482: 12472: 12432: 12426: 12425: 12415: 12390:(6): a182–a189. 12375: 12366: 12359: 12353: 12339: 12333: 12330: 12324: 12321: 12315: 12314: 12312: 12310: 12295: 12289: 12288: 12286: 12284: 12278: 12271: 12263: 12254: 12253: 12251: 12249: 12243: 12237:. 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Archived from 12178: 12169: 12160: 12157: 12151: 12149: 12143: 12137: 12131: 12128: 12122: 12121: 12119: 12117: 12111: 12104: 12096: 12090: 12087: 12081: 12080: 12078: 12076: 12061: 12055: 12054: 12052: 12050: 12044: 12036: 12030: 12029: 12027: 12026: 12016: 12010: 12009: 12007: 12006: 11989: 11983: 11982: 11980: 11979: 11964: 11958: 11957: 11931: 11907: 11898: 11897: 11879: 11855: 11842: 11841: 11831: 11813: 11781: 11775: 11774: 11772: 11770: 11756: 11750: 11749: 11747: 11746: 11740:www.mckinsey.com 11732: 11726: 11725: 11707: 11675: 11669: 11668: 11666: 11665: 11650: 11644: 11643: 11625: 11577: 11571: 11570: 11560: 11520: 11514: 11513: 11468: 11462: 11461: 11459: 11457: 11415: 11409: 11408: 11398: 11380: 11356: 11350: 11349: 11347: 11346: 11327: 11321: 11320: 11310: 11292: 11268: 11262: 11261: 11259: 11258: 11243: 11237: 11236: 11200: 11194: 11193: 11148: 11142: 11141: 11131: 11113: 11089: 11083: 11082: 11038: 11032: 11031: 11021: 10997: 10991: 10990: 10972: 10948: 10942: 10941: 10923: 10883: 10877: 10876: 10874: 10872: 10856: 10850: 10849: 10847: 10845: 10831: 10825: 10824: 10806: 10788: 10756: 10750: 10749: 10747: 10745: 10724: 10692: 10686: 10685: 10683: 10681: 10666: 10660: 10659: 10657: 10655: 10639: 10583: 10577: 10576: 10550: 10526: 10517: 10516: 10506: 10488: 10464: 10458: 10457: 10447: 10416:Animal Nutrition 10406: 10400: 10399: 10381: 10341: 10335: 10334: 10324: 10306: 10282: 10276: 10275: 10249: 10225: 10219: 10218: 10216: 10214: 10199: 10193: 10192: 10190: 10188: 10183:on 15 April 2017 10179:. 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Archived from 5108: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5098: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5028: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5009:on March 3, 2020 5005:. Archived from 4992: 4986: 4985: 4936: 4930: 4926: 4920: 4906: 4897: 4894: 4885: 4882: 4876: 4873: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4860: 4844: 4838: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4814: 4804: 4780: 4771: 4770: 4741:10.4060/cc2280en 4727: 4721: 4720: 4710: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4651: 4634: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4475: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4458: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4434: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4370: 4338: 4325: 4324: 4315:(4): 1139–1148. 4304: 4298: 4297: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4261:(4): 1124–1130. 4250: 4244: 4243: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4208: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4123: 4122: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4042: 4027: 4026: 4016: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3987: 3976: 3975: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3886: 3871: 3862: 3861: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3800: 3794: 3790: 3779: 3778: 3760: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3685: 3661: 3638: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3602: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3546: 3535: 3534: 3523: 3507: 3504: 3483:Sustainable diet 3407: 3402: 3401: 3400: 3393: 3388: 3387: 3259: 3258: 3243: 3242: 3227: 3226: 3211: 3210: 3195: 3194: 3179: 3178: 3163: 3162: 3147: 3146: 3131: 3130: 3115: 3114: 3094: 3086: 2868: 2859: 2850: 2845: 2839: 2834: 2824: 2763: 2590:meat substitutes 2309: 2308: 2293: 2292: 2277: 2276: 2261: 2260: 2245: 2244: 2229: 2228: 2213: 2212: 2197: 2196: 2181: 2180: 2165: 2164: 2149: 2148: 2122: 2114: 1986: 1976: 1958: 1911:spotted knapweed 1861:nutrient cycling 1807:rangeland health 1596:. Over 20 years 1492: 1488: 1408:green technology 1302:hydrogen sulfide 1289: 1288: 1273: 1272: 1257: 1256: 1241: 1240: 1225: 1224: 1209: 1208: 1193: 1192: 1177: 1176: 1161: 1160: 1145: 1144: 1129: 1128: 1104: 1096: 997:Sheep/goat meat 745: 741: 671:as arable land. 648: 647: 632: 631: 616: 615: 600: 599: 584: 583: 568: 567: 552: 551: 536: 535: 520: 519: 504: 503: 483: 475: 357:is projected to 355:human population 334: 333: 318: 317: 302: 301: 286: 285: 277:Greenhouse gases 270: 269: 254: 253: 238: 237: 217: 213: 83:Australian sheep 67: 58: 47: 38: 21: 15195: 15194: 15190: 15189: 15188: 15186: 15185: 15184: 15145: 15144: 15143: 15138: 15091: 15089: 15072: 15019: 15010:Orbital forcing 14904: 14869: 14850: 14824:Paris Agreement 14802: 14798:Warming stripes 14737: 14703:Managed retreat 14698:Loss and damage 14659: 14593:Business action 14577: 14555: 14532: 14455: 14449: 14406: 14367:Climate finance 14312: 14291: 14223: 14076: 14052:Extinction risk 14028:Flora and fauna 14023: 13984:Permafrost thaw 13979:Ozone depletion 13908:Extreme weather 13862: 13845: 13772: 13753: 13690: 13655: 13638: 13605: 13594: 13589: 13559: 13554: 13509: 13468:Organic farming 13394: 13385:Water pollution 13365:Ozone depletion 13345:Loss and damage 13245:Desertification 13182: 13094:Overconsumption 13015:cleaning agents 12916:Energy industry 12879:meat production 12845: 12775: 12770: 12739: 12737: 12728: 12726: 12718: 12717: 12713: 12698: 12694: 12641: 12637: 12598: 12594: 12547: 12543: 12490: 12486: 12433: 12429: 12376: 12369: 12360: 12356: 12340: 12336: 12331: 12327: 12322: 12318: 12308: 12306: 12297: 12296: 12292: 12282: 12280: 12276: 12269: 12265: 12264: 12257: 12247: 12245: 12241: 12234: 12230: 12229: 12225: 12215: 12213: 12204: 12203: 12199: 12189: 12187: 12183: 12176: 12170: 12163: 12158: 12154: 12145: 12139: 12138: 12134: 12129: 12125: 12115: 12113: 12109: 12102: 12098: 12097: 12093: 12088: 12084: 12074: 12072: 12063: 12062: 12058: 12048: 12046: 12042: 12038: 12037: 12033: 12024: 12022: 12018: 12017: 12013: 12004: 12002: 11990: 11986: 11977: 11975: 11966: 11965: 11961: 11908: 11901: 11856: 11845: 11782: 11778: 11768: 11766: 11758: 11757: 11753: 11744: 11742: 11734: 11733: 11729: 11676: 11672: 11663: 11661: 11652: 11651: 11647: 11578: 11574: 11521: 11517: 11469: 11465: 11455: 11453: 11417: 11416: 11412: 11371:(2): e1003889. 11357: 11353: 11344: 11342: 11329: 11328: 11324: 11269: 11265: 11256: 11254: 11244: 11240: 11201: 11197: 11149: 11145: 11090: 11086: 11039: 11035: 10998: 10994: 10949: 10945: 10884: 10880: 10870: 10868: 10857: 10853: 10843: 10841: 10839:biooekonomie.de 10833: 10832: 10828: 10757: 10753: 10743: 10741: 10693: 10689: 10679: 10677: 10676:. 25 April 2022 10668: 10667: 10663: 10653: 10651: 10642: 10640: 10598:(7908): 90–96. 10584: 10580: 10527: 10520: 10465: 10461: 10407: 10403: 10342: 10338: 10283: 10279: 10226: 10222: 10212: 10210: 10200: 10196: 10186: 10184: 10171: 10170: 10166: 10154: 10150: 10149: 10145: 10134: 10130: 10122: 10118: 10117: 10113: 10103: 10101: 10089: 10085: 10075: 10073: 10067: 10063: 10052: 10048: 9995: 9991: 9945: 9941: 9902:(12): 894–896. 9887: 9880: 9817: 9813: 9765: 9759: 9755: 9746: 9744: 9734: 9730: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9709: 9705: 9644: 9640: 9633: 9607: 9603: 9563: 9559: 9504: 9500: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9479: 9475: 9460: 9456: 9443: 9442: 9438: 9395: 9391: 9338: 9334: 9301: 9300: 9296: 9235: 9228: 9223: 9216: 9179: 9175: 9167: 9163: 9162: 9158: 9149: 9147: 9142: 9141: 9137: 9097: 9091: 9087: 9072: 9068: 9056: 9050: 9043: 8992: 8988: 8973: 8969: 8921: 8915: 8911: 8886:10.2307/3897382 8870: 8866: 8833:10.2307/3896543 8817: 8813: 8808: 8804: 8789: 8785: 8752:10.2307/3897442 8736: 8732: 8722: 8720: 8717:The Independent 8708: 8704: 8694: 8692: 8680: 8676: 8667: 8665: 8656: 8655: 8651: 8642: 8640: 8632: 8631: 8627: 8588: 8584: 8574: 8572: 8560: 8556: 8549: 8535: 8534: 8527: 8513: 8511: 8499: 8492: 8479: 8477: 8465: 8461: 8428: 8424: 8414: 8412: 8400: 8396: 8373: 8366: 8321: 8317: 8304: 8300: 8295: 8291: 8283: 8277: 8273: 8263: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8252: 8248: 8243: 8239: 8223:10.4141/A05-010 8202: 8198: 8167: 8163: 8148: 8144: 8113: 8109: 8066: 8062: 8000: 7996: 7937: 7933: 7924: 7922: 7913: 7912: 7908: 7895: 7893: 7889: 7883: 7879: 7848: 7844: 7839: 7835: 7830: 7826: 7821: 7817: 7808: 7806: 7797: 7791: 7787: 7779: 7773: 7769: 7764: 7760: 7712: 7706: 7702: 7687:10.2307/2937150 7663: 7659: 7652:10.1071/EA00102 7636: 7632: 7625: 7603: 7599: 7589: 7587: 7576: 7575: 7571: 7562: 7560: 7540: 7536: 7527: 7525: 7515: 7511: 7450: 7446: 7437: 7435: 7433:www.ualberta.ca 7427:Willis, Katie. 7425: 7421: 7411: 7409: 7399: 7395: 7385: 7383: 7373: 7369: 7353: 7347: 7343: 7282: 7278: 7272: 7268: 7229: 7225: 7210:10.1071/sr02064 7192: 7188: 7165: 7161: 7152: 7148: 7140:10.4141/a03-109 7119: 7115: 7084: 7080: 7073: 7069: 7062:10.1071/AR99004 7046: 7042: 7023: 7022: 7018: 7009: 7007: 6998: 6997: 6993: 6941: 6937: 6884: 6880: 6870: 6868: 6858: 6857: 6853: 6843: 6841: 6824: 6820: 6759: 6755: 6710: 6701: 6654: 6650: 6627: 6623: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6599: 6562: 6558: 6553: 6549: 6540: 6538: 6530: 6529: 6525: 6515: 6513: 6495: 6494: 6490: 6481: 6479: 6471: 6470: 6463: 6454: 6452: 6444: 6443: 6439: 6424: 6420: 6373: 6369: 6331: 6327: 6296: 6292: 6283: 6279: 6270: 6268: 6260: 6259: 6255: 6246: 6244: 6236: 6235: 6231: 6178: 6174: 6129: 6125: 6115: 6113: 6101: 6097: 6089: 6085: 6084: 6080: 6025: 6021: 6011: 6009: 5997: 5993: 5980: 5976: 5960:10.1071/AN20400 5939: 5935: 5930: 5926: 5917: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5906: 5902: 5894: 5890: 5882: 5878: 5841: 5837: 5806: 5802: 5793: 5791: 5781: 5777: 5718: 5714: 5702: 5696: 5692: 5655: 5651: 5598: 5594: 5549: 5545: 5500: 5496: 5451: 5447: 5410: 5406: 5359: 5355: 5346: 5344: 5334: 5330: 5284: 5280: 5271: 5269: 5259: 5255: 5210: 5206: 5175: 5168: 5163:Wayback Machine 5153: 5149: 5143: 5139: 5134: 5130: 5121: 5119: 5110: 5109: 5105: 5096: 5094: 5084: 5080: 5029: 5022: 5012: 5010: 4993: 4989: 4937: 4933: 4927: 4923: 4907: 4900: 4895: 4888: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4867: 4858: 4856: 4846: 4845: 4841: 4832: 4828: 4781: 4774: 4759: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4669: 4665: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4586: 4582: 4572: 4570: 4558: 4554: 4544: 4542: 4530: 4526: 4516: 4514: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4490: 4488: 4476: 4465: 4456: 4454: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4432: 4430: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4408: 4406: 4396: 4392: 4339: 4328: 4305: 4301: 4278: 4274: 4251: 4247: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4171: 4167: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4090: 4086: 4043: 4030: 4017: 4004: 3996: 3988: 3979: 3936: 3932: 3897: 3893: 3884: 3882: 3873: 3872: 3865: 3846:Ritchie, Hannah 3843: 3839: 3832: 3824:. p. 208. 3801: 3797: 3791: 3782: 3729: 3725: 3715: 3713: 3703: 3699: 3662: 3641: 3628: 3624: 3593:(2): e0000010. 3582: 3575: 3571: 3561: 3559: 3547: 3538: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3403: 3398: 3396: 3389: 3382: 3379: 3374: 3373: 3348: 3340: 3275:Clean Water Act 3260: 3256: 3255: 3244: 3240: 3239: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3212: 3208: 3207: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3116: 3112: 3111: 3106:Lamb and Mutton 2870: 2863: 2861: 2854: 2852: 2844: 2841: 2831: 2808: 2790: 2785: 2678: 2655: 2648: 2625:diverse variety 2609: 2574: 2542:microbial foods 2522: 2514:Main articles: 2512: 2504:spread diseases 2500: 2499: 2495:feed efficiency 2418: 2410: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2262: 2258: 2257: 2246: 2242: 2241: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2204:Lamb and Mutton 2198: 2194: 2193: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2166: 2162: 2161: 2150: 2146: 2145: 2133: 2129: 2113: 2098:Paul R. Ehrlich 2092:The biologists 1995: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1984: 1982: 1974: 1972: 1956: 1939: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1870:land use change 1866: 1779: 1774: 1680: 1641: 1582:produce methane 1456: 1451: 1450: 1380: 1372: 1340: 1335: 1311: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1274: 1270: 1269: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1242: 1238: 1237: 1226: 1222: 1221: 1210: 1206: 1205: 1194: 1190: 1189: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1168:Lamb and Mutton 1162: 1158: 1157: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1113: 1095: 1035: 1033:Water pollution 770: 765: 760: 703: 683:beef production 649: 645: 644: 633: 629: 628: 617: 613: 612: 601: 597: 596: 585: 581: 580: 569: 565: 564: 553: 549: 548: 537: 533: 532: 521: 517: 516: 505: 501: 500: 495:Lamb and mutton 474: 461:food processing 450:food insecurity 404: 399: 335: 331: 330: 319: 315: 314: 303: 299: 298: 293:Water pollution 287: 283: 282: 271: 267: 266: 255: 251: 250: 239: 235: 234: 196: 129:organic farming 109:meat production 93: 92: 91: 90: 70: 69: 68: 60: 59: 50: 49: 48: 40: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15193: 15183: 15182: 15177: 15172: 15167: 15162: 15157: 15140: 15139: 15137: 15136: 15124: 15112: 15100: 15085: 15082: 15081: 15078: 15077: 15074: 15073: 15071: 15070: 15065: 15060: 15055: 15054: 15053: 15043: 15038: 15033: 15027: 15025: 15021: 15020: 15018: 15017: 15012: 15007: 15002: 14997: 14992: 14987: 14982: 14977: 14976: 14975: 14965: 14963:Cloud feedback 14960: 14955: 14950: 14945: 14944: 14943: 14938: 14933: 14928: 14918: 14912: 14910: 14906: 14905: 14903: 14902: 14897: 14892: 14887: 14881: 14879: 14871: 14870: 14860: 14859: 14856: 14855: 14852: 14851: 14849: 14848: 14843: 14838: 14837: 14836: 14831: 14821: 14819:Kyoto Protocol 14816: 14810: 14808: 14804: 14803: 14801: 14800: 14795: 14794: 14793: 14788: 14783: 14773: 14771:Media coverage 14768: 14763: 14761:Climate spiral 14758: 14753: 14747: 14745: 14739: 14738: 14736: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14680: 14675: 14669: 14667: 14661: 14660: 14658: 14657: 14652: 14650:Public opinion 14647: 14642: 14637: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14617: 14616: 14615: 14605: 14600: 14598:Climate action 14595: 14589: 14587: 14579: 14578: 14565: 14564: 14561: 14560: 14557: 14556: 14554: 14553: 14552: 14551: 14540: 14538: 14534: 14533: 14531: 14530: 14525: 14519: 14518: 14517: 14512: 14510:REDD and REDD+ 14507: 14502: 14494: 14489: 14487:Carbon farming 14484: 14483: 14482: 14477: 14467: 14461: 14459: 14451: 14450: 14448: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14431: 14430: 14420: 14414: 14412: 14408: 14407: 14405: 14404: 14399: 14394: 14389: 14384: 14379: 14374: 14369: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14349: 14348: 14347: 14337: 14332: 14326: 14324: 14314: 14313: 14301: 14300: 14297: 14296: 14293: 14292: 14290: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14233: 14231: 14225: 14224: 14222: 14221: 14219:Water security 14216: 14214:Water scarcity 14211: 14209:Urban flooding 14206: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14186: 14181: 14176: 14171: 14170: 14169: 14159: 14154: 14149: 14148: 14147: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14112: 14107: 14102: 14101: 14100: 14095: 14084: 14082: 14078: 14077: 14075: 14074: 14069: 14064: 14059: 14057:Forest dieback 14054: 14049: 14044: 14043: 14042: 14031: 14029: 14025: 14024: 14022: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13994:Sea level rise 13991: 13986: 13981: 13976: 13975: 13974: 13969: 13967:stratification 13964: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13939: 13938: 13937: 13932: 13922: 13921: 13920: 13910: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13890: 13885: 13880: 13874: 13872: 13864: 13863: 13851: 13850: 13847: 13846: 13844: 13843: 13842: 13841: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13808: 13803: 13798: 13793: 13788: 13783: 13777: 13774: 13773: 13763: 13762: 13759: 13758: 13755: 13754: 13752: 13751: 13746: 13745: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13732:Carbon leakage 13729: 13724: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13698: 13696: 13692: 13691: 13689: 13688: 13683: 13673: 13671:Climate system 13667: 13665: 13657: 13656: 13644: 13643: 13640: 13639: 13637: 13636: 13631: 13626: 13621: 13616: 13610: 13607: 13606: 13596: 13595: 13592:Climate change 13588: 13587: 13580: 13573: 13565: 13556: 13555: 13553: 13552: 13547: 13542: 13537: 13526: 13514: 13511: 13510: 13508: 13507: 13502: 13497: 13495:Sustainability 13492: 13487: 13486: 13485: 13475: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13404: 13402: 13396: 13395: 13393: 13392: 13390:Water scarcity 13387: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13367: 13362: 13357: 13352: 13347: 13342: 13337: 13332: 13327: 13325:Nitrogen cycle 13322: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13290:Forest dieback 13287: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13242: 13237: 13232: 13231: 13230: 13225: 13218:Climate change 13215: 13214: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13192: 13190: 13184: 13183: 13181: 13180: 13175: 13174: 13173: 13163: 13162: 13161: 13156: 13151: 13146: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13085: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13059: 13058: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13035:nanotechnology 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12981: 12980: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12950: 12940: 12939: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12898: 12897: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12855: 12853: 12847: 12846: 12844: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12822: 12821: 12819:on marine life 12811: 12810: 12809: 12807:list of issues 12799: 12794: 12789: 12783: 12781: 12777: 12776: 12769: 12768: 12761: 12754: 12746: 12736: 12735: 12711: 12692: 12635: 12592: 12557:(4): 369–375. 12541: 12504:(2): 296–297. 12484: 12447:(3): 233–238. 12427: 12367: 12354: 12334: 12325: 12316: 12290: 12255: 12223: 12197: 12161: 12152: 12132: 12123: 12091: 12082: 12071:on 5 June 2012 12056: 12031: 12011: 11984: 11959: 11899: 11843: 11776: 11751: 11727: 11670: 11645: 11572: 11515: 11463: 11410: 11351: 11322: 11263: 11238: 11211:(6): 613–620. 11195: 11143: 11084: 11033: 11012:(2): 107–111. 10992: 10963:(2): 106–115. 10943: 10898:(2): 463–471. 10878: 10851: 10826: 10751: 10707:(4): 286–293. 10687: 10661: 10641:News article: 10578: 10518: 10459: 10422:(2): 170–178. 10401: 10356:(5): 498–505. 10336: 10277: 10240:(4): 348–356. 10220: 10194: 10164: 10143: 10128: 10111: 10083: 10061: 10046: 9989: 9939: 9878: 9811: 9753: 9728: 9703: 9638: 9631: 9601: 9574:(5): 725–759. 9557: 9518:(2): 146–163. 9498: 9473: 9454: 9436: 9389: 9332: 9294: 9226: 9214: 9173: 9156: 9135: 9108:(3): 591–606. 9085: 9066: 9041: 8986: 8967: 8909: 8864: 8827:(5): 346–352. 8811: 8802: 8783: 8746:(2): 120–125. 8730: 8702: 8674: 8649: 8625: 8582: 8554: 8547: 8525: 8490: 8459: 8422: 8394: 8364: 8335:(6407): 1051. 8315: 8298: 8289: 8271: 8246: 8237: 8216:(2): 135–157. 8196: 8161: 8142: 8123:(1): 176–182. 8107: 8060: 7994: 7931: 7906: 7877: 7842: 7833: 7824: 7815: 7785: 7767: 7758: 7723:(7): 261–265. 7700: 7673:(4): 327–366. 7657: 7630: 7623: 7597: 7569: 7534: 7509: 7444: 7419: 7393: 7367: 7341: 7276: 7266: 7223: 7204:(2): 165–195. 7186: 7175:(1–3): 47–56. 7159: 7146: 7133:(3): 319–335. 7113: 7094:(4): 371–378. 7078: 7067: 7040: 7033:. 2017-06-09. 7016: 6991: 6956:(3): 284–294. 6935: 6878: 6851: 6818: 6753: 6724:(4): 324–328. 6699: 6648: 6637:(1–3): 47–56. 6621: 6597: 6556: 6547: 6523: 6488: 6461: 6437: 6418: 6391:(4): 299–327. 6367: 6340:Sustainability 6325: 6290: 6277: 6253: 6229: 6172: 6123: 6095: 6078: 6019: 5991: 5974: 5933: 5924: 5900: 5888: 5876: 5835: 5800: 5775: 5712: 5690: 5669:(2): 376–380. 5649: 5592: 5563:(1): e66–e75. 5543: 5514:(2): 208–215. 5494: 5465:(3): 300–308. 5445: 5424:(6): 644–652. 5404: 5353: 5328: 5299:(3): 350–356. 5278: 5253: 5224:(3): 213–222. 5204: 5166: 5147: 5137: 5128: 5103: 5078: 5020: 4987: 4952:(4): 319–328. 4931: 4921: 4898: 4886: 4877: 4865: 4839: 4826: 4789:Sustainability 4772: 4757: 4722: 4663: 4641: 4618: 4604: 4580: 4552: 4524: 4498: 4463: 4439: 4415: 4390: 4326: 4299: 4288:(3): 831–840. 4272: 4245: 4234:(3): 849–861. 4218: 4209: 4200: 4175:J. Clean. Prod 4165: 4126: 4114: 4084: 4028: 4002: 3977: 3950:(2): 577–584. 3930: 3911:(4): 255–268. 3891: 3863: 3852:(2017-08-25). 3837: 3831:978-0739136980 3830: 3795: 3780: 3723: 3697: 3639: 3622: 3580: 3569: 3536: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3394: 3378: 3375: 3349: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3262: 3261: 3254: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3238: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3222: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3206: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3190: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3174: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3158: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3142: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3126: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3110: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3098: 3083: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3065: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3008: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2989: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2876: 2873: 2866: 2857: 2853:& Hoekstra 2848: 2837: 2832:(m water/ton) 2822:of waterways. 2820:eutrophication 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2677: 2674: 2653: 2646: 2607: 2573: 2570: 2511: 2508: 2469:antimicrobials 2436:is the use of 2419: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2393:global warming 2361:eutrophication 2312: 2311: 2304: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2288: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2272: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2256: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2240: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2224: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2208: 2206: 2200: 2199: 2192: 2190: 2184: 2183: 2176: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2160: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2144: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2112: 2109: 2045:water security 1983: 1973: 1955: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1864: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1766:George Monbiot 1678: 1640: 1637: 1631:, as of 2023 1590:manure lagoons 1561: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1527: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1515: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1474:quickly helps 1455: 1452: 1381: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1309: 1292: 1291: 1284: 1282: 1276: 1275: 1268: 1266: 1260: 1259: 1252: 1250: 1244: 1243: 1236: 1234: 1228: 1227: 1220: 1218: 1212: 1211: 1204: 1202: 1196: 1195: 1188: 1186: 1180: 1179: 1172: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1156: 1154: 1148: 1147: 1140: 1138: 1132: 1131: 1124: 1122: 1116: 1115: 1111: 1108: 1094: 1091: 1075:eutrophication 1034: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 994: 993: 990: 987: 984: 981: 977: 976: 973: 970: 967: 964: 960: 959: 956: 953: 950: 947: 943: 942: 939: 936: 933: 930: 926: 925: 922: 919: 916: 913: 909: 908: 905: 902: 899: 896: 892: 891: 888: 885: 882: 879: 875: 874: 871: 868: 865: 862: 858: 857: 854: 851: 848: 845: 841: 840: 837: 834: 831: 828: 824: 823: 820: 817: 814: 811: 810:Starchy roots 807: 806: 803: 800: 797: 794: 790: 789: 786: 783: 780: 777: 773: 772: 767: 762: 757: 753: 752: 749: 702: 699: 651: 650: 643: 641: 635: 634: 627: 625: 619: 618: 611: 609: 603: 602: 595: 593: 587: 586: 579: 577: 571: 570: 563: 561: 555: 554: 547: 545: 539: 538: 531: 529: 523: 522: 515: 513: 507: 506: 499: 497: 491: 490: 487: 473: 470: 403: 400: 398: 395: 337: 336: 329: 327: 321: 320: 313: 311: 305: 304: 297: 295: 289: 288: 281: 279: 273: 272: 265: 263: 257: 256: 249: 247: 241: 240: 233: 231: 225: 224: 221: 195: 192: 72: 71: 62: 61: 53: 52: 51: 42: 41: 33: 32: 31: 30: 29: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15192: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15158: 15156: 15153: 15152: 15150: 15135: 15134: 15125: 15123: 15122: 15113: 15111: 15110: 15101: 15099: 15098: 15087: 15086: 15083: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15052: 15049: 15048: 15047: 15044: 15042: 15039: 15037: 15036:Climate model 15034: 15032: 15029: 15028: 15026: 15022: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14993: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14974: 14971: 14970: 14969: 14968:Cloud forcing 14966: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14923: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14913: 14911: 14907: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14882: 14880: 14876: 14872: 14865: 14861: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14826: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14811: 14809: 14805: 14799: 14796: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14779: 14778: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14764: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14748: 14746: 14744: 14743:Communication 14740: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14723:Vulnerability 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14693:Flood control 14691: 14689: 14686: 14684: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14670: 14668: 14666: 14662: 14656: 14653: 14651: 14648: 14646: 14643: 14641: 14638: 14636: 14633: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14623: 14621: 14618: 14614: 14611: 14610: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14590: 14588: 14584: 14580: 14576: 14570: 14566: 14550: 14547: 14546: 14545: 14542: 14541: 14539: 14535: 14529: 14526: 14523: 14520: 14516: 14515:reforestation 14513: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14500:afforestation 14498: 14497: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14481: 14478: 14476: 14473: 14472: 14471: 14468: 14466: 14463: 14462: 14460: 14458: 14452: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14435:Nuclear power 14433: 14429: 14426: 14425: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14415: 14413: 14409: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14375: 14373: 14370: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14346: 14343: 14342: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14330:Carbon budget 14328: 14327: 14325: 14323: 14319: 14315: 14311: 14306: 14302: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14234: 14232: 14230: 14226: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14168: 14167:Mental health 14165: 14164: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14146: 14143: 14142: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14099: 14098:United States 14096: 14094: 14091: 14090: 14089: 14086: 14085: 14083: 14079: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14041: 14038: 14037: 14036: 14033: 14032: 14030: 14026: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13952:deoxygenation 13950: 13948: 13947:acidification 13945: 13944: 13943: 13940: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13927: 13926: 13923: 13919: 13916: 13915: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13891: 13889: 13886: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13875: 13873: 13869: 13865: 13861: 13856: 13852: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13811: 13809: 13807: 13804: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13794: 13792: 13789: 13787: 13784: 13782: 13779: 13778: 13775: 13768: 13764: 13750: 13747: 13743: 13742:from wetlands 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13719: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13702:Deforestation 13700: 13699: 13697: 13693: 13687: 13684: 13681: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13668: 13666: 13662: 13658: 13654: 13649: 13645: 13635: 13632: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13611: 13608: 13601: 13597: 13593: 13586: 13581: 13579: 13574: 13572: 13567: 13566: 13563: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13527: 13525: 13516: 13515: 13512: 13506: 13503: 13501: 13498: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13488: 13484: 13481: 13480: 13479: 13478:Reforestation 13476: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13433:Cultured meat 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13413:Birth control 13411: 13409: 13406: 13405: 13403: 13401: 13397: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13383: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13361: 13358: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13235:Deforestation 13233: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13220: 13219: 13216: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13198: 13197: 13194: 13193: 13191: 13189: 13185: 13179: 13176: 13172: 13169: 13168: 13167: 13164: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13141: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13064: 13063: 13060: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13012: 13011: 13010:Manufacturing 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12958:nuclear power 12956: 12954: 12953:fracking (US) 12951: 12949: 12946: 12945: 12944: 12941: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12918: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12899: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12861: 12860: 12857: 12856: 12854: 12852: 12848: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12820: 12817: 12816: 12815: 12812: 12808: 12805: 12804: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12784: 12782: 12778: 12774: 12767: 12762: 12760: 12755: 12753: 12748: 12747: 12744: 12740: 12725: 12721: 12715: 12707: 12703: 12696: 12688: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12670: 12666: 12662: 12658: 12654: 12650: 12646: 12639: 12631: 12627: 12623: 12619: 12615: 12611: 12607: 12603: 12602:Human Ecology 12596: 12588: 12584: 12580: 12576: 12572: 12568: 12564: 12560: 12556: 12552: 12545: 12537: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12519: 12515: 12511: 12507: 12503: 12499: 12495: 12488: 12480: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12462: 12458: 12454: 12450: 12446: 12442: 12438: 12431: 12423: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12405: 12401: 12397: 12393: 12389: 12385: 12381: 12374: 12372: 12364: 12358: 12352: 12351:0-679-76811-4 12348: 12344: 12341:E.O. Wilson, 12338: 12329: 12320: 12304: 12300: 12294: 12275: 12268: 12262: 12260: 12244:on 2 May 2012 12240: 12233: 12227: 12211: 12207: 12201: 12182: 12175: 12168: 12166: 12156: 12148: 12142: 12136: 12127: 12108: 12101: 12095: 12086: 12070: 12066: 12060: 12041: 12035: 12021: 12015: 12001: 12000: 11999:CleanTechnica 11995: 11988: 11973: 11969: 11963: 11955: 11951: 11947: 11943: 11939: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11921: 11917: 11913: 11906: 11904: 11895: 11891: 11887: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11869: 11865: 11861: 11854: 11852: 11850: 11848: 11839: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11821: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11803: 11799: 11795: 11791: 11787: 11780: 11765: 11764:New Scientist 11761: 11755: 11741: 11737: 11731: 11723: 11719: 11715: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11697: 11693: 11689: 11685: 11681: 11674: 11659: 11655: 11649: 11641: 11637: 11633: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11615: 11611: 11607: 11603: 11599: 11595: 11591: 11587: 11583: 11576: 11568: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11550: 11546: 11542: 11538: 11534: 11530: 11526: 11519: 11511: 11507: 11503: 11499: 11495: 11491: 11487: 11483: 11479: 11475: 11467: 11452: 11448: 11444: 11440: 11436: 11432: 11428: 11424: 11420: 11414: 11406: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11388: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11370: 11366: 11365:PLOS Medicine 11362: 11355: 11340: 11336: 11332: 11326: 11318: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11300: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11282: 11278: 11274: 11267: 11253: 11249: 11242: 11234: 11230: 11226: 11222: 11218: 11214: 11210: 11206: 11199: 11191: 11187: 11183: 11179: 11175: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11159: 11155: 11147: 11139: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11121: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11103: 11099: 11095: 11088: 11080: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11064: 11060: 11056: 11052: 11048: 11044: 11037: 11029: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11011: 11007: 11003: 10996: 10988: 10984: 10980: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10962: 10958: 10954: 10947: 10939: 10935: 10931: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10913: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10893: 10889: 10882: 10867: 10863: 10855: 10840: 10836: 10830: 10822: 10818: 10814: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10778: 10774: 10770: 10766: 10762: 10755: 10740: 10736: 10732: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10714: 10710: 10706: 10702: 10698: 10691: 10675: 10671: 10665: 10649: 10645: 10637: 10633: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10613: 10609: 10605: 10601: 10597: 10593: 10589: 10582: 10574: 10570: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10540: 10536: 10532: 10525: 10523: 10514: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10470: 10463: 10455: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10437: 10433: 10429: 10425: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10405: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10371: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10355: 10351: 10347: 10340: 10332: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10288: 10281: 10273: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10257: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10239: 10235: 10231: 10224: 10209: 10205: 10198: 10182: 10178: 10174: 10168: 10161:(#209). 2012. 10160: 10153: 10147: 10139: 10132: 10121: 10115: 10100: 10099: 10094: 10087: 10072: 10065: 10057: 10050: 10042: 10038: 10034: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10016: 10012: 10008: 10004: 10000: 9993: 9985: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9951: 9943: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9901: 9897: 9893: 9885: 9883: 9874: 9870: 9866: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9838: 9834: 9830: 9826: 9822: 9815: 9807: 9803: 9799: 9795: 9791: 9787: 9783: 9779: 9775: 9771: 9764: 9757: 9743: 9739: 9732: 9714: 9707: 9699: 9695: 9691: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9661: 9657: 9653: 9649: 9642: 9634: 9632:9780120007851 9628: 9624: 9620: 9616: 9612: 9605: 9597: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9561: 9553: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9517: 9513: 9509: 9502: 9484: 9477: 9469: 9465: 9458: 9450: 9446: 9440: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9393: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9336: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9304: 9298: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9233: 9231: 9221: 9219: 9210: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9177: 9166: 9160: 9145: 9139: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9096: 9089: 9081: 9077: 9070: 9062: 9055: 9048: 9046: 9038: 9033: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9015: 9011: 9007: 9003: 9002: 8997: 8990: 8982: 8978: 8971: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8954:2027.42/48162 8951: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8920: 8913: 8905: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8875: 8868: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8815: 8806: 8798: 8794: 8787: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8734: 8719: 8718: 8713: 8706: 8691: 8690: 8685: 8678: 8663: 8659: 8653: 8639: 8635: 8629: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8586: 8571: 8570: 8565: 8558: 8550: 8548:9789251079201 8544: 8541:. FAO. 2013. 8540: 8539: 8532: 8530: 8522: 8510: 8509: 8504: 8497: 8495: 8487: 8476: 8475: 8470: 8463: 8455: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8426: 8411: 8410: 8405: 8398: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8371: 8369: 8360: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8319: 8312: 8308: 8302: 8293: 8282: 8275: 8256: 8250: 8241: 8233: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8200: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8165: 8157: 8153: 8146: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8111: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8064: 8056: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8006: 7998: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7935: 7920: 7916: 7910: 7903: 7888: 7881: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7846: 7837: 7828: 7819: 7805: 7804: 7796: 7789: 7778: 7771: 7762: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7711: 7704: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7661: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7634: 7626: 7624:9780123741073 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7601: 7586:. 13 May 2022 7585: 7584: 7583:New Statesman 7579: 7573: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7550: 7545: 7538: 7524: 7520: 7513: 7505: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7448: 7434: 7430: 7423: 7408: 7407:New Scientist 7404: 7397: 7382: 7378: 7371: 7363: 7359: 7352: 7345: 7337: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7280: 7270: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7227: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7198: 7190: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7163: 7156: 7150: 7141: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7117: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7082: 7076: 7071: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7044: 7036: 7032: 7031: 7026: 7020: 7006:on 2019-08-10 7005: 7001: 6995: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6939: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6890: 6882: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6855: 6839: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6822: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6757: 6749: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6695: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6652: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6625: 6616: 6609: 6608: 6601: 6593: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6560: 6551: 6537: 6533: 6527: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6503:The Economist 6499: 6492: 6478: 6474: 6468: 6466: 6451: 6447: 6441: 6433: 6429: 6422: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6375:Cicerone RJ, 6371: 6363: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6329: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6294: 6287: 6281: 6267: 6263: 6257: 6243: 6239: 6233: 6225: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6176: 6168: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6127: 6112: 6111: 6106: 6099: 6088: 6082: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6041:: 2329–2340. 6040: 6036: 6035: 6030: 6023: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5995: 5988: 5984: 5978: 5970: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5937: 5928: 5910: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5872: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5839: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5804: 5790: 5786: 5779: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5716: 5708: 5701: 5694: 5686: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5653: 5645: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5596: 5588: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5498: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5449: 5441: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5408: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5357: 5343: 5339: 5332: 5324: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5282: 5268: 5264: 5257: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5185:(4): 80–102. 5184: 5180: 5173: 5171: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5151: 5141: 5132: 5118:on 2019-01-29 5117: 5113: 5107: 5093: 5089: 5082: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5025: 5008: 5004: 5003: 4998: 4991: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4935: 4925: 4918: 4916: 4911: 4905: 4903: 4893: 4891: 4881: 4872: 4870: 4855: 4854: 4849: 4843: 4836: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4779: 4777: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4750: 4749:2078.1/267328 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4733: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4679: 4674: 4667: 4648: 4644: 4642:0-8213-5691-7 4638: 4631: 4630: 4622: 4607: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4584: 4569: 4568: 4563: 4556: 4541: 4540: 4535: 4528: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4429: 4425: 4419: 4405: 4404:Bloomberg.com 4401: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4213: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4117: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4024: 4023: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3995: 3994: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3881:on 2011-10-16 3880: 3876: 3870: 3868: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3841: 3833: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3818: 3813: 3812:Peter McLaren 3809: 3805: 3804:Nibert, David 3799: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3727: 3712: 3708: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3636: 3632: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3573: 3558: 3557: 3552: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3518: 3503: 3499: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3468:Food vs. feed 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3438:Cultured meat 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3395: 3392: 3386: 3381: 3371: 3370:externalities 3367: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3346: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3278: 3276: 3271: 3269: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3189: 3187: 3183: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3009: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2867: 2862:& Renault 2858: 2849: 2838: 2836: 2835: 2829: 2828:virtual water 2823: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2779: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2742: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2649: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2594:healthy diets 2591: 2587: 2578: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2530:cultured meat 2527: 2521: 2517: 2507: 2505: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2428: 2423: 2416: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2343:and riparian 2342: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2123: 2119: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2094:Rodolfo Dirzo 2090: 2086: 2084: 2081:diet reduced 2080: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2041: 2040:deforestation 2037: 2033: 2028: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1990: 1980: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1954: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1927:tall larkspur 1924: 1920: 1916: 1915:tansy ragwort 1912: 1908: 1907:noxious weeds 1902: 1898: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1871: 1862: 1858: 1857:sequestration 1851: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1698:nitrous oxide 1695: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1663: 1657: 1650: 1645: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1594:nitrous oxide 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1567: 1559: 1557:20.11 (4.47) 1556: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1483: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1468:Climate Trace 1465: 1461: 1447: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1378: 1367: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1352: 1344: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1313: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1105: 1101: 1093:Air pollution 1090: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1061: 1057: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 995: 991: 988: 985: 982: 979: 978: 974: 971: 968: 965: 962: 961: 957: 954: 951: 948: 946:Chicken meat 945: 944: 940: 937: 934: 931: 928: 927: 923: 920: 917: 914: 911: 910: 906: 903: 900: 897: 894: 893: 889: 886: 883: 880: 877: 876: 872: 869: 866: 863: 860: 859: 855: 852: 849: 846: 843: 842: 838: 835: 832: 829: 826: 825: 821: 818: 815: 812: 809: 808: 804: 801: 798: 795: 792: 791: 787: 784: 781: 778: 775: 774: 768: 763: 758: 755: 754: 746: 740: 736: 734: 729: 727: 723: 718: 716: 712: 707: 698: 696: 692: 688: 687:deforestation 684: 679: 677: 672: 670: 661: 657: 642: 640: 636: 626: 624: 620: 610: 608: 604: 594: 592: 588: 578: 576: 572: 562: 560: 556: 546: 544: 540: 530: 528: 524: 514: 512: 508: 498: 496: 492: 484: 480: 469: 466: 462: 458: 455:According to 453: 451: 445: 443: 442:food security 439: 435: 431: 430:Latin America 426: 424: 416: 412: 408: 390: 382: 378: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 350: 348: 344: 328: 326: 322: 312: 310: 309:Air pollution 306: 296: 294: 290: 280: 278: 274: 264: 262: 258: 248: 246: 242: 232: 230: 226: 218: 208: 200: 191: 189: 185: 184:nitrous oxide 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 156: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 88: 84: 80: 76: 66: 57: 46: 37: 19: 15131: 15119: 15107: 15088: 14921:Carbon cycle 14878:Measurements 14573:Society and 14457:carbon sinks 14362:Climate debt 14352:Carbon price 14174:Human rights 13999:Season creep 13957:heat content 13883:Anoxic event 13796:James Hansen 13171:urban sprawl 13166:Urbanization 13114:Particulates 13099:Overdrafting 12863: 12814:Human impact 12787:Anthropocene 12738: 12727:. 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Retrieved 3556:The Guardian 3554: 3521: 3502: 3323:biodiversity 3316: 3305: 3290: 3279: 3272: 3265: 2809: 2776: 2759: 2756: 2745: 2737: 2725: 2709:standardized 2706: 2698:polluter pay 2686:restrictions 2679: 2671: 2583: 2554:solar-energy 2523: 2501: 2498:antibiotics. 2477: 2462: 2432: 2390: 2378: 2334: 2315: 2101: 2091: 2087: 2076: 2049: 2029: 2005: 1996: 1989:Wild mammals 1944: 1943: 1937:Biodiversity 1930: 1919:leafy spurge 1903: 1899: 1895: 1854: 1846:Great Plains 1835:wind erosion 1827:rill erosion 1799:soil quality 1795: 1760: 1756: 1745: 1743:management. 1725:immunization 1718: 1683: 1675: 1660: 1654: 1610: 1572: 1547:0.70 (0.16) 1542: 1535:2.91 (0.65) 1530: 1523:8.55 (1.90) 1518: 1511:7.95 (1.76) 1506: 1457: 1433: 1402:used by the 1397: 1382: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1327: 1323: 1314: 1295: 1087: 1067: 1051: 1036: 1014:Bovine meat 776:Sugar crops 756:kilocalorie 737: 730: 719: 708: 704: 680: 673: 666: 654: 454: 446: 427: 421: 409: 405: 397:Resource use 371:within China 351: 340: 170:, and their 157: 153:fish farming 111:, can cause 101:agricultural 96: 94: 14948:Carbon sink 14926:atmospheric 14791:video games 14465:Blue carbon 14088:Agriculture 14067:Marine life 14014:Water cycle 13972:temperature 13707:Fossil fuel 13285:Externality 13280:Coral reefs 13240:Defaunation 13109:Overgrazing 13082:overfishing 13062:Marine life 12936:electricity 12859:Agriculture 12724:www.fao.org 12608:(1): 1–16. 11592:(1): 6117. 11331:"Vitamin K" 11049:(7): 2320. 10701:Nature Food 9568:Chemosphere 9264:11336/58691 8695:January 10, 8598:: 419–431. 8575:January 10, 7896:11 February 7464:(1): 7625. 7056:(8): 1307. 6894:Nature Food 6871:14 February 6844:January 21, 6377:Oremland RS 6346:(5): 4118. 6266:www.fao.org 5816:: 573–581. 5183:Consilience 4795:(4): 1084. 3999:, Rome: FAO 3808:Steven Best 3562:October 16, 3413:Agroecology 3327:overgrazing 3202:Farmed Fish 3097:Food Types 2752:Netherlands 2629:red lentils 2566:animal feed 2540:, existing 2526:novel foods 2491:animal feed 2475:countries. 2438:antibiotics 2156:Farmed Fish 2032:overgrazing 2016:overfishing 2010:found that 2001:. The 2019 1811:Overgrazing 1729:defaunation 1686:defaunation 1671:restoration 1578:methanogens 1398:Out of the 1216:Farmed Fish 1107:Food Types 1079:algae bloom 793:Vegetables 751:Litres per 591:Farmed fish 486:Food Types 438:animal feed 220:Categories 15149:Categories 14980:Cryosphere 14941:permafrost 14713:Resilience 14665:Adaptation 14640:Litigation 14630:Governance 14575:adaptation 14357:Carbon tax 14310:Mitigation 14247:Antarctica 14135:Disability 13550:mitigation 13545:assessment 13540:by country 13438:Decoupling 13400:Mitigation 13129:Reservoirs 13050:pesticides 12995:Explosives 12973:reservoirs 12874:irrigation 12729:2017-04-23 12309:15 October 12283:15 October 12248:15 October 12216:15 October 12190:16 January 12116:15 October 12075:15 October 12025:2023-06-29 12005:2022-11-01 11978:2023-01-16 11922:: 105643. 11870:: 104623. 11745:2022-06-18 11664:2023-01-16 11535:(1): 226. 11345:2024-09-03 11257:2022-06-18 10892:IMA Fungus 10866:On Biology 10541:: 105058. 10479:(1): 150. 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245:Proteins 229:Calories 14936:oceanic 14786:fiction 14635:Justice 14586:Society 14194:Poverty 13903:Drought 13771:History 13695:Sources 13524:Commons 13300:Erosion 13250:Ecocide 13188:Effects 13134:Tourism 13067:fishing 13025:fashion 12948:fashion 12901:Bitcoin 12780:General 12678:2774199 12587:4764858 12579:7620910 12527:1817701 12470:1637983 12413:3672924 11829:9388151 11798:Bibcode 11692:Bibcode 11623:7738510 11594:Bibcode 11558:6742661 11396:8824353 11308:8746448 11129:6893534 10921:4329327 10804:8255800 10773:Bibcode 10600:Bibcode 10504:7830574 10445:6103476 10379:8504329 10322:7479178 10297:: 516. 10024:4424432 9975:5785333 9934:4048235 9917:4206945 9873:3861749 9856:4426470 9833:Bibcode 9770:Science 9681:6510296 9660:Bibcode 9652:Science 9576:Bibcode 9552:1312176 9535:4494381 9512:Animals 9289:3685205 9110:Bibcode 9023:9237743 8934:Bibcode 8904:3897382 8851:3896543 8770:3897442 8600:Bibcode 8415:May 27, 8381:Science 8337:Bibcode 8329:Science 8179:Bibcode 8125:Bibcode 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