1127:
1509:
811:
669:
525:
1773:
859:
717:
573:
895:
753:
609:
1581:
1797:
907:
765:
621:
871:
729:
585:
1785:
943:
2913:
2901:
2889:
998:
835:
693:
549:
1113:
931:
1099:
823:
681:
537:
847:
705:
561:
883:
741:
597:
919:
269:
was an attempt to minimize fluctuations between member state currencies—initially by managing the variance of each against its respective ECU reference rate—with the aim to achieve fixed ratios over time, and so enable the
European Single Currency (which became known as the euro) to replace national
386:. However, the symbol was not widely adopted. Few computer systems utilized by financial institutions and governments could render it, and commercial payment systems were obliged to use the ISO code, XEU, as with other currencies without widely recognised currency symbols. The
337:
Due to the ECU being used in some international financial transactions, there was a concern that foreign courts might not recognize the euro as the legal successor to the ECU. This was unlikely to be a problem, since it is a generally accepted principle of
285:
proposed the creation of a 'hard' ECU, which different national currencies could compete against and, if the ECU was successful, could lead to a single currency. The move was seen by France and
Germany as a wrecking tactic, especially when the increasingly
252:
As a unit of account, the ECU was not a circulating currency and did not replace or override the value of the currency of EEC member countries. However, it was used to price some international financial transactions and capital transfers.
204:
1430:
329:
joined the eurozone from the beginning, even though their currencies were not part of the ECU basket, since they had joined the EU in 1995, two years after the ECU composition was "frozen".
1365:
346:
legislation to that effect. However, for abundant caution, several foreign jurisdictions adopted legislation to ensure a smooth transition. Of particular importance, the
309:⟩) replaced the ECU at par (one-to-one). Unlike the ECU, the euro is a real currency, although not all member states participate (for details on euro membership see
432:, and not all typefaces provided a glyph. By 2009, Microsoft referred to the ECU symbol as "historical". Support among other operating systems, including
2659:
1905:
1457:
294:
403:) was not implemented on many personal computer operating systems until the release of Unicode v2.1 in May 1998, which also introduced the
2869:
2082:
358:
adopted legislation to ensure a large proportion of international financial contracts recognized the euro as the successor of the ECU.
1310:
2175:
2938:
1973:
1958:
2864:
1881:
1450:
1784:
1274:
237:
and composed of a basket of member country currencies. The ECU came in to operation on 13 March 1979 and was assigned the
2438:
2667:
1341:
1257:
1222:
1357:
2648:
2531:
1963:
1443:
266:
2180:
1474:
2943:
2040:
1698:
1396:
1187:
467:
that could be used for everyday transactions. However, various
European countries and organizations like the
2697:
2065:
2014:
2004:
2717:
2682:
2677:
2468:
433:
379:
279:
234:
129:
459:
As the ECU was only an electronic unit of account and not a full currency, it did not have any official
2170:
155:
2415:
2953:
2433:
2060:
1999:
1874:
339:
2627:
2377:
2337:
242:
98:
2390:
2520:
2019:
1846:
2395:
1915:
1529:
1421:
451:, was chosen because the name did not favor any single language, nation, or historical period.
1519:
2904:
2463:
2443:
2352:
2332:
2190:
1953:
1930:
1910:
1673:
1425:
1104:
480:
1549:
2692:
2488:
2478:
2473:
2385:
2362:
1867:
1586:
1300:
8:
2621:
2605:
2515:
2493:
2483:
2292:
2282:
2272:
2090:
2072:
1155:
1140:
870:
728:
584:
468:
383:
262:
2818:
2428:
1497:
2916:
2738:
2400:
2367:
2342:
2327:
2322:
2297:
2287:
2277:
2195:
1756:
1524:
1132:
472:
444:
2948:
2912:
2900:
2888:
2823:
2357:
2307:
2302:
2185:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2035:
1706:
1683:
1668:
1663:
1611:
1487:
1337:
1253:
1218:
947:
425:
290:
1772:
2828:
2808:
2803:
2672:
2576:
2504:
2347:
2317:
2312:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2095:
1658:
1621:
1275:"The legal implications of the European Monetary Union under U.S. and New York Law"
1214:
1043:
911:
769:
625:
355:
342:
that states determine their currencies, and that therefore states would accept the
195:
489:
issued commemorative coins from 1993 through 1998, though these were (nominally)
2838:
2687:
2050:
1790:
1751:
1502:
1466:
514:
No. of national currency units (weight, i.e. % contribution to total value)
230:
208:
187:
61:
2581:
175:
This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete.
2843:
2783:
2768:
2763:
2205:
2105:
2009:
1822:
1761:
1746:
1726:
1616:
1601:
1574:
1482:
1145:
997:
935:
923:
863:
858:
721:
716:
577:
572:
494:
343:
287:
137:
439:
Although the acronym for ECU is formed from the
English name of the unit, the
2932:
2833:
2778:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2591:
2550:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2100:
1936:
1716:
1564:
1492:
1249:
1047:
899:
827:
815:
757:
685:
673:
613:
541:
529:
2892:
2848:
2813:
2798:
2793:
2773:
2586:
2571:
2555:
2228:
2223:
2218:
1741:
1711:
1688:
1596:
1580:
1554:
1118:
887:
851:
839:
745:
709:
697:
601:
565:
553:
490:
428:
beginning in the early 1990s; however, accessing it required the use of an
2788:
2213:
2165:
2160:
1983:
1646:
1539:
1514:
1150:
894:
875:
752:
733:
608:
589:
2122:
1968:
1812:
1766:
1651:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1606:
1569:
1241:
906:
764:
620:
347:
282:
1431:
Google Ngrams: Historical usage graph of "ecus" and "euros" in
English
1978:
1920:
1807:
1802:
1544:
1534:
1305:
486:
479:
coins and notes. A common theme on the coins was usually celebrating
421:
404:
306:
1508:
2264:
1925:
1796:
1778:
1678:
1591:
1435:
1334:
A Concise
History of European Monetary Integration: From EPU to EMU
1182:
942:
464:
429:
351:
310:
238:
41:
2055:
1830:
1721:
1559:
1211:
Wall Street Words: An
Essential A to Z Guide for Today's Investor
1050:, thus represented in the BEF's weight and percentage of the ECU.
834:
822:
810:
692:
680:
668:
548:
536:
524:
476:
387:
326:
322:
314:
1391:
313:). Two of the countries in the ECU basket of currencies, UK and
19:"XEU" redirects here. For the radio station branded as XEU, see
16:
Basket of the currencies of the
European Community member states
930:
846:
704:
560:
424:
did include the ECU symbol in many of its
European versions of
318:
20:
1859:
440:
2045:
918:
882:
740:
596:
1890:
1736:
1002:
460:
448:
305:
On 1 January 1999, the euro (with the code EUR and symbol ⟨
246:
116:
27:
245:(EUA) at parity in 1979, and it was later replaced by the
1281:. Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs
483:, such as celebrating membership of the European Union.
443:
was a family of gold coins minted during the reign of
1336:. Westport, Connecticut: Quorum Books. p. 286.
1094:
1906:Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union
2930:
1875:
1451:
1362:HM Government of Gibraltar: Laws of Gibraltar
2870:European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism
1882:
1868:
1458:
1444:
317:, did not join the eurozone, and a third,
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
300:
249:(EUR) at parity on 1 January 1999.
1331:
1272:
1236:
1234:
1038:
1036:
447:. The name of the ECU's successor, the
2931:
1389:
2865:European Financial Stability Facility
2056:Euro interbank offered rate (Euribor)
1863:
1439:
1390:Werner, Antweiler (7 December 2001).
1240:
1208:
1168:
629:
332:
293:announced her outright opposition to
2257:Coins by country with minting rights
1465:
1313:from the original on 5 December 2012
1231:
1033:
295:European Economic and Monetary Union
273:
2439:French Southern and Antarctic Lands
1392:"The EURO - Europes's New Currency"
1358:"Gibraltar Coinage (Ecu) Act, 1990"
297:(EMU), and the idea was abandoned.
13:
2668:European Monetary Cooperation Fund
2066:European payments initiative (EPI)
1209:Scott, David L. (September 2003).
500:
493:only in Gibraltar, which uses the
454:
361:
321:, joined late. On the other hand,
14:
2965:
1415:
1371:from the original on 2 April 2022
1046:was in a currency union with the
2911:
2899:
2887:
2061:Single euro payments area (SEPA)
1964:European System of Central Banks
1795:
1783:
1771:
1579:
1507:
1125:
1111:
1097:
996:
941:
929:
917:
905:
893:
881:
869:
857:
845:
833:
821:
809:
763:
751:
739:
727:
715:
703:
691:
679:
667:
619:
607:
595:
583:
571:
559:
547:
535:
523:
390:designation for the ECU symbol (
267:European Exchange Rate Mechanism
261:Using a mechanism known as the "
256:
1889:
1383:
1070:
1053:
1350:
1325:
1293:
1266:
1202:
1183:"European Currency Unit (ECU)"
1016:
1:
2939:Currencies with ISO 4217 code
2041:Economy of the European Union
1397:UBC Sauder School of Business
1246:John Major: The Autobiography
1188:UBC Sauder School of Business
1161:
2171:2 € commemorative coins
2005:European Stability Mechanism
1332:Ungerer, Horst (July 1997).
1080: 1989 –
1063: 1984 –
1026: 1979 –
370:, consists of an interlaced
26:Not to be confused with the
7:
2678:European Monetary Institute
1422:Economic and Monetary Union
1090:
434:Macintosh operating systems
280:Chancellor of the Exchequer
241:code. The ECU replaced the
235:European Economic Community
213:Europäische Währungseinheit
130:European Economic Community
10:
2970:
2532:Other extant EU currencies
2378:Monetary agreement with EU
1301:"euro Currency Symbol FAQ"
1213:(3rd ed.). New York:
1008:
994:
513:
192:Unité de compte européenne
25:
18:
2882:
2857:
2726:
2706:
2613:
2604:
2564:
2540:
2529:
2505:Countries and territories
2502:
2452:
2434:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2413:
2376:
2263:
2256:
2204:
2176:Other commemorative coins
2121:
2114:
2081:
2028:
2000:Stability and Growth Pact
1992:
1946:
1898:
1839:
1821:
1697:
1473:
991:
804:
662:
518:
378: —the initials of "
340:private international law
173:
166:12 currencies (1989–1998)
154:
149:
122:
112:
104:
94:
86:
81:
73:
60:
55:
47:
40:
2858:Former fiscal provisions
2628:European Monetary System
2418:using euro per agreement
243:European Unit of Account
200:Unidad Monetaria Europea
163:8 currencies (1979–1989)
99:European Unit of Account
2507:using euro unilaterally
2020:European Fiscal Compact
1699:Obsolete and historical
1273:Lenihan, Niall (1998).
2734:European Currency Unit
2420:without minting rights
1916:European banking union
212:
199:
191:
184:European Currency Unit
36:European Currency Unit
2905:European Union portal
2454:Potential adoption by
2444:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
2191:Europa coin programme
1954:European Central Bank
1911:Capital Markets Union
1426:European Central Bank
1105:European Union portal
506:Composition of 1 ECU
301:Euro replaces the ECU
2944:Currencies of Europe
2727:Preceding currencies
2693:European debt crisis
2083:International status
436:, was inconsistent.
278:In 1990 the British
87:Date of introduction
2708:Previous EU members
2622:Snake in the tunnel
2073:Euro Currency Index
1840:Generic placeholder
1252:. pp. 150–51.
1156:World currency unit
1141:Asian Monetary Unit
507:
469:European Parliament
384:languages of Europe
263:snake in the tunnel
37:
2917:Numismatics portal
2739:Austrian schilling
2416:Non-EU territories
2091:Proposed eurobonds
1133:Numismatics portal
969:0.008552 (1.086%)
966:0.08784 (12.452%)
505:
445:Louis IX of France
401:EURO-CURRENCY SIGN
380:European Community
366:The ECU's symbol,
333:Legal implications
105:Date of withdrawal
35:
2926:
2925:
2878:
2877:
2824:Portuguese escudo
2600:
2599:
2409:
2408:
2252:
2251:
2181:Identifying marks
2036:Economy of Europe
1993:Fiscal provisions
1857:
1856:
1364:. 14 June 2007 .
1013:
1012:
957:0.6242 (31.915%)
274:Hard ECU proposal
180:
179:
2961:
2954:Currency symbols
2915:
2903:
2891:
2829:Sammarinese lira
2819:Monégasque franc
2809:Luxembourg franc
2804:Lithuanian litas
2673:Delors Committee
2662:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2611:
2610:
2577:Hungarian forint
2544:
2538:
2537:
2429:Saint Barthélemy
2261:
2260:
2119:
2118:
2096:Reserve currency
1884:
1877:
1870:
1861:
1860:
1849:
1799:
1787:
1775:
1654:
1583:
1511:
1467:Currency symbols
1460:
1453:
1446:
1437:
1436:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1370:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1309:. 25 June 2009.
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1244:(24 July 1999).
1238:
1229:
1228:
1215:Houghton Mifflin
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1179:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1044:Luxembourg franc
1040:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1001:
1000:
963:1.332 (20.306%)
960:0.1976 (2.653%)
946:
945:
934:
933:
922:
921:
910:
909:
898:
897:
886:
885:
874:
873:
862:
861:
850:
849:
838:
837:
826:
825:
814:
813:
791:0.00871 (1.20%)
788:0.0878 (14.98%)
768:
767:
756:
755:
744:
743:
732:
731:
720:
719:
708:
707:
696:
695:
684:
683:
672:
671:
649:0.00759 (1.15%)
646:0.0885 (13.34%)
624:
623:
612:
611:
600:
599:
588:
587:
576:
575:
564:
563:
552:
551:
540:
539:
528:
527:
508:
504:
419:
416:
413:
411:
402:
399:
396:
394:
219:
207:
142:
134:
108:31 December 1998
68:
38:
34:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2874:
2853:
2839:Slovenian tolar
2722:
2711:
2709:
2702:
2688:Black Wednesday
2658:
2654:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2632:
2596:
2560:
2542:
2534:
2525:
2509:
2506:
2498:
2457:
2456:other countries
2455:
2448:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2405:
2372:
2248:
2200:
2110:
2077:
2051:Euro calculator
2024:
1988:
1942:
1894:
1888:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1835:
1817:
1693:
1652:
1469:
1464:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1217:. p. 130.
1207:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1181:
1180:
1169:
1164:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1017:
995:
987:1.393 (0.695%)
981:6.885 (4.138%)
975:0.2198 (9.87%)
954:3.301 (8.183%)
940:
928:
916:
904:
892:
880:
868:
856:
844:
832:
820:
808:
797:0.256 (10.13%)
779:0.719 (32.08%)
762:
750:
738:
726:
714:
702:
690:
678:
666:
655:0.286 (10.51%)
637:0.828 (32.98%)
618:
606:
594:
582:
570:
558:
546:
534:
522:
503:
501:Currency basket
457:
455:Coins and notes
417:
414:
409:
408:
400:
397:
392:
391:
364:
362:Symbol and name
335:
303:
276:
259:
231:unit of account
217:
203:
169:
145:
140:
132:
66:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2967:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2908:
2896:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2844:Spanish peseta
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2769:Finnish markka
2766:
2764:Estonian kroon
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2718:United Kingdom
2714:
2712:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2652:
2641:
2625:
2617:
2615:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2469:Czech Republic
2466:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
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1045:
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817:
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807:
803:
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787:
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781:
778:
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775:
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766:
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735:
730:
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677:
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581:
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473:commemorative
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257:Exchange rate
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239:ISO 4217
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90:13 April 1979
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2910:
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2893:Money portal
2886:
2849:Vatican lira
2814:Maltese lira
2799:Latvian lats
2794:Italian lira
2774:French franc
2733:
2637:
2587:Romanian leu
2582:Polish złoty
2572:Czech koruna
2556:Danish krone
2401:Vatican City
2186:Starter kits
1935:
1731:
1401:. Retrieved
1395:
1385:
1373:. Retrieved
1361:
1352:
1333:
1327:
1315:. Retrieved
1304:
1295:
1283:. Retrieved
1279:ec.europa.eu
1278:
1268:
1245:
1210:
1204:
1192:. Retrieved
1186:
1119:Money portal
1078:21 September
1076:Period from
1072:
1065:21 September
1061:17 September
1059:Period from
1055:
1028:16 September
1022:Period from
1018:
794:140 (9.98%)
652:109 (9.49%)
491:legal tender
485:
458:
438:
375:
371:
367:
365:
336:
304:
277:
270:currencies.
260:
251:
233:used by the
226:
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183:
181:
174:
82:Demographics
32:
2789:Irish pound
2779:German Mark
2683:Enlargement
2348:Netherlands
1984:Euro summit
1475:Circulating
1242:Major, John
1151:Green pound
1084: 1998.
1082:31 December
1067: 1989.
1030: 1984.
1009:1.0 (100%)
348:U.S. states
288:Eurosceptic
156:Pegged with
141:(1993–1998)
133:(1979–1998)
113:Replaced by
2933:Categories
2698:Withdrawal
2521:Montenegro
2396:San Marino
2338:Luxembourg
2244:500 €
2239:200 €
2234:100 €
1969:Eurosystem
1285:6 February
1248:. London:
1162:References
805:1989–1998
663:1984–1989
519:1979–1984
382:" in many
283:John Major
215: ; ⟨
2333:Lithuania
2229:50 €
2224:20 €
2219:10 €
2206:Banknotes
2196:Euro mint
2101:Petroeuro
1979:Eurogroup
1921:Euro sign
1403:19 August
1317:18 August
1306:Microsoft
487:Gibraltar
422:Microsoft
418:EURO SIGN
405:euro sign
205:‹See Tfd›
150:Valuation
2949:Eurozone
2710:and euro
2464:Bulgaria
2363:Slovenia
2358:Slovakia
2353:Portugal
2265:Eurozone
2214:5 €
2166:2 €
2161:1 €
2015:Six pack
1931:Language
1926:Eurozone
1366:Archived
1311:Archived
1194:25 April
1091:See also
1024:13 March
430:Alt code
415:€
398:₠
356:New York
352:Illinois
311:Eurozone
291:Thatcher
229:) was a
95:Replaced
74:Nickname
42:ISO 4217
2614:General
2606:History
2489:Romania
2479:Hungary
2474:Denmark
2386:Andorra
2318:Ireland
2308:Germany
2298:Finland
2293:Estonia
2283:Croatia
2278:Belgium
2273:Austria
2029:Economy
1899:General
1424:at the
1375:2 April
511:Period
477:mock-up
426:Windows
388:Unicode
327:Austria
323:Finland
315:Denmark
265:", the
196:Spanish
123:User(s)
69:
2657:
2646:
2635:
2516:Kosovo
2494:Sweden
2484:Poland
2391:Monaco
2328:Latvia
2313:Greece
2303:France
2288:Cyprus
1974:Ecofin
1893:topics
1340:
1256:
1221:
412:
410:U+20AC
395:
393:U+20A0
319:Greece
209:German
188:French
62:Symbol
21:XHU-FM
2565:Other
2368:Spain
2343:Malta
2323:Italy
2123:Coins
2046:Eonia
1369:(PDF)
992:1999
471:made
465:notes
461:coins
225:, or
2541:ERM
1891:Euro
1405:2020
1377:2022
1338:ISBN
1319:2020
1287:2022
1254:ISBN
1219:ISBN
1196:2020
1042:The
475:and
449:euro
374:and
354:and
325:and
247:euro
182:The
117:Euro
56:Unit
48:Code
28:euro
2660:EMU
2655:III
2649:ERM
2638:ECU
2156:50c
2151:20c
2146:10c
1762:Pts
1742:ℒ𝓈
1717:₢$
1712:Դր.
1003:EUR
948:PTE
936:GRD
924:ESP
912:LUF
900:NLG
888:ITL
876:IEP
864:GBP
852:FRF
840:DKK
828:DEM
816:BEF
770:LUF
758:NLG
746:ITL
734:IEP
722:GBP
710:FRF
698:DKK
686:DEM
674:BEF
626:LUF
614:NLG
602:ITL
590:IEP
578:GBP
566:FRF
554:DKK
542:DEM
530:BEF
463:or
441:écu
420:).
350:of
227:XEU
223:ECU
221:⟩,
77:ECU
51:XEU
2935::
2644:II
2543:II
2141:5c
2136:2c
2131:1c
1813:𐆘
1808:𐆗
1803:𐆙
1791:𐆚
1767:ℛℳ
1642:Rs
1622:රු
1617:रू
1515:$
1394:.
1360:.
1303:.
1277:.
1233:^
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1170:^
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800:—
658:—
497:.
211::
202:,
198::
194:,
190::
2633:I
2624:"
2620:"
1883:e
1876:t
1869:v
1848:¤
1831:₿
1779:₷
1757:ℳ
1752:₥
1747:₶
1737:₤
1732:₠
1727:₯
1722:₰
1707:₳
1689:円
1684:¥
1679:₩
1674:₮
1669:₸
1664:₺
1659:৳
1653:C
1647:₪
1637:꠸
1632:௹
1627:૱
1612:₹
1607:₽
1602:៛
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