729:. It has also been the subject of substantial international attention and criticism. Human rights advocates have criticized Canada's euthanasia laws for lacking safeguards, devaluing the lives of disabled people, prompting health workers and doctors to suggest euthanasia to people who would not otherwise consider it, and killing people who were not receiving adequate government support to continue living. According to the Fourth Annual Report on MAID, there were 13,241 MAID deaths reported in Canada in 2022. The underlying medical conditions from MAID applications include cancer (63%), cardiovascular (18.8%), other at 14.9% (can be frailty, diabetes, chronic pain, autoimmune), respiratory (13.2%), and neurological conditions (12.6%). Seventy-seven percent of MAID recipients received palliative care and of the MAID recipients who did not receive palliative care 87.5% had access, a level similar to the three previous years.
1127:
could be implemented without amending the
Criminal Code. Some arguments addressed to the panel suggested that there was no evidence that safeguards and protocols could be adequate and thus the panel's mandate could not be fulfilled. The panel concluded that despite these uncertainties, people could still voluntarily wish to request medical assistance in dying and thus its mandate could be fulfilled. One member of the panel, Ellen Cohen, resigned for ethical reasons. Cohen believes that the issues faced by those in poverty or seeking housing was not adequately considered by the rest of the panel. A person can simultaneously seek medical assistance in dying while waiting for other treatments. Proponents of including mentally ill patients regard the delays as discriminatory. Opponents are sceptical that mental illness is irremediable or concerned about endangering vulnerable individuals.
914:. The Supreme Court issued a 12-month suspended declaration of invalidity. As a result of the decision, euthanasia was expected to be made legal for "a competent adult person who (1) clearly consents to the termination of life and (2) has a grievous and irremediable medical condition (including an illness, disease or disability) that causes enduring suffering that is intolerable to the individual in the circumstances of his or her condition". The court decision includes a requirement that there must be stringent limits that are "scrupulously monitored". This will require the death certificate to be completed by an independent medical examiner, not the treating physician, to ensure the accuracy of reporting the cause of death.
483:
825:, including in the moment right before death. Consent can be revoked at any time, in any manner. There are no consequences for backing out and there are no limits to how often it can be requested. Doctors are permitted to suggest euthanasia to patients, regardless of whether the patient has already said that they do not want it. To receive euthanasia, patients experiencing disease, disability or terminal illness must sign a written request expressing their wish to end their life in front of one independent witness who can confirm it was done willingly free of
653:
1715:
extreme poverty on human rights raised concerns that the bill would not adhere to "international human rights standards". They believe that the bill potentially violates the right to life of disabled people, that provisions of the bill are not consistent with Canada's obligation to equality and non-discrimination, and that the bill perpetuates negative stereotypes about disabilities. In a paper from August 2023 authored by a member of the law faculty at the
University of British Columbia,
863:. Canada's law is more restrictive than those of Belgium and the Netherlands in that it does not permit minors access to euthanasia. Canada will not allow euthanasia on the grounds of severe refractory mental illness, a practice allowed in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Switzerland, until at least 17 March 2027. Canada's law is less restrictive in that it does not require a patient to have exhausted all other treatment options, unlike Belgium and the Netherlands. While Belgium allows
927:
1140:
was provided in 2022 was 77.0 years. The underlying medical conditions included cancer (63%), cardiovascular (18.8%), other at 14.9% (can be frailty, diabetes, chronic pain, autoimmune), respiratory (13.2%), and neurological conditions (12.6%). Seventy-seven percent of MAID recipients received palliative care and of the MAID recipients who did not receive palliative care 87.5% had access, a level similar to the three previous years.
1650:'s special rapporteur on the rights of persons with disabilities criticized Bill C-7 and assisted death in general, for undermining both disabled people's equal right to live and their ability to autonomously access support to continue living. An estimated 25% of disabled Canadian adults live in poverty. Money available through social programs differs across provinces but is often below the
1085:
in the euthanasia. Senators such as Serge Joyal who disagree with the restrictive wording believe that the provinces should refer the issue to the
Supreme Court of Canada for an opinion in order to preclude the need for individuals to proceed with such an Appeal and incur the significant expense of doing so. There was also a debate on the issue of suicide in Indigenous communities with MP
1638:
of
Canadians supported expanding euthanasia to mature minors, with 23% opposed and 26% being unsure. 65% supported advanced directives in the face of a worsening cognitive condition, with 14% opposed and 22% being unsure. 45% supported expanding eligibility for euthanasia to include individuals with serious mental health illnesses, with 23% opposed and 32% being unsure of their position.
1702:, their most popular article in 2022, stated that the Canadian government sees MAID as a more economical alternative to investments in social programs and welfare. The Canadian Parliamentary Budget Officer released a report claiming the old MAID policies will save Canada $ 86.9 million per year and that Bill C-7 will save an additional $ 62 million per year. There have also been
1626:(CMA) describes euthanasia as "one of the most complex and ethically challenging issues facing Canadian physicians". Before the legalization of euthanasia, the organization stated that it is not up to them to decide on the issue of euthanasia, but the responsibility of society. The organization also reported that not all doctors were willing to help a terminally-ill patient die.
1119:
mental illnesses that have exhausted all treatment options to be eligible for euthanasia two years after the legislation passed. This clause has been particularly controversial due to the perceived difficulty of receiving informed consent from individuals suffering from a mental illness, particularly when the mental illness is already associated with
1123:. However, multiple studies show that the majority of people with mental illnesses do not lack the mental competence or the capacity to make treatment-related decisions. This expansion in access to medical assistance in dying was originally planned for March 2023 before being postponed by one year to 17 March 2024. It was further postponed to 2027.
1074:
amendment, a final vote was held on 18 June. At that time, a majority agreed with the restrictive wording provided by the House of
Commons indicating that "only patients suffering from an incurable illness whose natural death is 'reasonably foreseeable' are eligible for a medically assisted death", as summarized by the
788:(BCCLA) challenged the constitutionality of the previous law because it excluded people with long-term disabilities and those with "curable" medical conditions whose only treatment options people may find unacceptable. The BCCLA argued these medical conditions should qualify under the court's definition of
1089:(Liberal) voting against the government on C-14. This was the first instance of a government backbencher voting against their party. Ouellette believes that large-scale changes to social norms like euthanasia should move very slowly because the impacts will be felt differently across Canada and societies.
1697:
that many might opt into euthanasia because of poverty, with accusations of Canada "euthanizing its poor". Critics believe that a lack of social spending structurally places these people in poverty, and then introduces MAID as a way out, citing issues like insufficient welfare for disabled people and
1637:
A 2023 survey by the Angus Reid
Institute showed 61% of Canadians supported the current version of the legislation, while 31% supported extending euthanasia to mental disorders. A poll conducted by Leger in the summer of 2022 regarding further liberalization of Canada's euthanasia laws found that 51%
1084:
decision was broader, including desperately ill individuals and not only those who are terminally ill or near death. The House of
Commons did accept a few Senate amendments, such as requiring that patients be counseled about alternatives including palliative care and barring beneficiaries from acting
892:
of the
Charter, and are of no force and effect to the extent that they prohibit physician-assisted suicide by a medical practitioner in the context of a physician-patient relationship". Moreover, the court found that the relevant sections were legislatively overbroad, had a disproportionate effect on
1139:
There have been 44,958 MAID deaths reported in Canada since the introduction of legislation in 2016. In 2022, 13,241 MAID provisions were reported in Canada, accounting for 4.1% of all deaths in Canada. This represents a growth rate of 31.2% over 2021. The average age of individuals at the time MAID
1101:
violated the
Charter's guarantee to "life, liberty, and security of the person" as well as the Charter's guarantee of "equal protection" under the law. The ruling declared the reasonably foreseeable clause in the federal euthanasia legislation to be unconstitutional. Neither the Attorney General of
1793:
testified that a
Veterans Affairs Canada employee offered her MAID as an option when she was fighting for the installation of a wheelchair lift or ramp at her house. Subsequently, VAC claimed they found no record that MAID was offered as an option to Gauthier and that it found four such cases, all
1714:
Bill C-7 has been criticized as discriminatory towards disabled people. A letter from the United Nations Human Rights Council's Special Rapporteur on the rights of persons with disabilities, the Independent Expert on the enjoyment of all human rights by older persons, and the Special Rapporteur on
1629:
A 2015 survey indicated that 29% of Canadian doctors surveyed would consider providing euthanasia while 63% would refuse. However, the belief in late 2015 was that no physician would be forced to do so. The extent of conscientious objection to providing euthanasia continues to be debated on issues
1126:
A panel was established by the government to study potential issues and safeguards with implementing medical assistance in dying for people whose sole medical condition was a mental illness. A report of this process was given to parliament on 6 May 2022. The panel had nineteen recommendations that
1065:
tabled a bill in parliament in April 2016 to amend the Criminal Code to allow euthanasia. Bill C-14 "create exemptions from the offences of culpable homicide, of aiding suicide and of administering a noxious thing, in order to permit medical practitioners and nurse practitioners to provide medical
759:
medical conditions are entitled to an assisted death. The Court delayed its suspension of invalidity for a period of 12 months, to allow Parliament the opportunity to amend its laws if it so chose. In January 2016, the Court granted an additional four-month extension to the suspension to allow for
809:
condition, but this prohibition was initially set to expire on 17 March 2024. On 2 February 2023, the Canadian government introduced legislation to extend the temporary exclusion of eligibility in circumstances where a person's sole underlying medical condition is a mental illness for a period of
1118:
to access euthanasia, conditional on the approval of medical practitioner who specialized in the underlying condition, a 90-day assessment period, and discussion on all other available treatment methods. The legislation also included a sunset clause that would allow people with severe refractory
1073:
After the House of Commons passed Bill C-14 that would allow for euthanasia, it was debated in the Senate in mid-June 2016. Initially, that chamber amended the bill, expanding eligibility for euthanasia. However, when it became apparent that the elected House of Commons would not accept the
717:
in June 2016 for those whose death was reasonably foreseeable. Before this time, it was illegal as a form of culpable homicide. In March 2021, the law was further amended by Bill C-7 which to include those suffering from a grievous and irremediable condition whose death was not reasonably
1767:
had a medically assisted death after failing to find affordable housing that was free from tobacco smoke and other chemicals. This case was addressed by her health care provider in testimony provided to the Special Joint Committee on MAID, and was referenced in their final
810:
one-year, until 17 March 2024. In 2024, this was further delayed until 2027. After this date, persons with a severe refractory mental illness will be eligible for medical assistance in dying, subject to any further amendments to the law or any new regulations.
1801:
asked patients seeking mental healthcare for suicidal ideation if they would like to consider MAiD, which the patients experienced as undermining their access to suicide prevention care; the hospital stated the suggestion was a method of assessing suicide
1998:
1742:
at an Ontario hospital. Foley alleged that his only options were to be forcibly discharged from the hospital and then treated by an organization that had previously failed to provide him adequate care or apply for MAID. Foley hired a lawyer for a
1630:
such as whether objecting physicians must refer patients to a doctor who is willing to provide euthanasia and whether institutions have a right to refuse to provide euthanasia services; at present doctors are required to make effective referrals.
2204:
3978:
1130:
In 2024, a lawsuit about the legality of delaying expansion of euthanasia to those with a mental disorder was filed due to the belief that denying it on these grounds is discriminatory and violates the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
2923:
2245:
1066:
assistance in dying and to permit pharmacists and other persons to assist in the process". The bill restricted euthanasia only to mentally competent adults with "enduring and intolerable suffering" and in cases where death is
887:
ruled that provisions in the Criminal Code prohibiting euthanasia were unconstitutional as they apply to severely disabled patients capable of giving consent. The lower court ruled that the Criminal Code provisions "infringe
3800:"Mandates of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of persons with disabilities; the Independent Expert on the enjoyment of all human rights by older persons; and the Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights"
1114:, notably removing the 10-day waiting period, requiring only a single independent witness, and removing the requirement to offer palliative care. The legislation also introduced a new avenue for those whose death was not
1899:
848:, a medical expert in the underlying medical condition must sign off on the request, their assessment must take at least 90 days, and they must be informed about and decline all other forms of treatment, including
2006:
764:
decision. On 6 June 2016, the suspension of invalidity expired and the law was struck down. On 17 June 2016, a bill to legalize and regulate euthanasia passed in Canada's Parliament. Ostensibly to prevent
2544:
1719:, the author argues that the expansion of MAID through Bill C-7 conflicts with the Canadian constitution, violating s.7 and s.15, which pertain to equal protection under law and anti-discrimination.
855:
Canada's law is consistent with many other nations that allow euthanasia in requiring at least two physicians to confirm the details of a diagnosis. Canada's law no longer requires the presence of a
1677:. While standard reviews of MAID cases may be conducted, Canada's process has been criticized for lacking regional panels and oversight processes that other countries with legal euthanasia provide.
3413:
1622:
had declared that it was prepared to cross the line on the debate over euthanasia and proposed that it be included as part of the appropriate care in certain particular circumstances. The
1666:, the authors argued that while socioeconomic deprivation drives mortality to a large degree, it does not drive medical assistance in dying to any substantial degree. Another 2023 paper,
565:
2028:
Kluge, Eike-Henner W. (2000), "Assisted Suicide, Ethics and the Law: The Implication of Autonomy and Respect for Persons, Equality and Justice, and Beneficence", in Prado, C. G. (ed.),
1805:
In February 2024, a 27-year old woman with autism was scheduled for euthanasia in Alberta. Her father sought a temporary injuction through the justice system to prevent her death.
3904:
1698:
unconstitutionally long waiting times for healthcare as evidence that those who are disabled and impoverished do not have enough support to survive. An analysis piece from
4004:
889:
780:
medical condition had been controversial for how it limited the original Supreme Court of Canada ruling, mandating that euthanasia be made available to all adults with
3095:
Quebec's Court of Appeal has maintained the province's right to allow terminally ill patients the choice to die with medical help, the first law of its kind in Canada.
3051:
2149:
1972:
1735:
was told by a doctor that not applying for MAID was "selfish". Her daughter was in the room when the conversation took place and described the experience as traumatic.
3951:
2800:"Making a case for the inclusion of refractory and severe mental illness as a sole criterion for Canadians requesting medical assistance in dying (MAiD): A review"
2751:""For Their Own Good": A Response to Popular Arguments Against Permitting Medical Assistance in Dying (MAID) where Mental Illness is the Sole Underlying Condition"
3583:
1706:
issues raised with MAID relating to higher rates of poverty in marginalized communities, lack of social support, and ableism and racism in the medical community.
2554:
3008:
2103:
1670:, concluded that "The Canadian MAiD regime is lacking the safeguards, data collection, and oversight necessary to protect Canadians against premature death."
681:
817:. Neither the legal witness nor the physicians involved can have any legal or financial interest in the outcomes of the patient. Consent must be repeatedly
3878:
2073:
2409:
3853:
1110:
The federal government passed Bill C-7 on 17 March 2021. The new legislation relaxed or eliminated some of the safeguards for patients whose deaths were
760:
further time. As an interim measure, it ruled that provincial courts can now begin approving applications for euthanasia pursuant to the criteria in the
3108:
2704:"Are Concerns About Irremediableness, Vulnerability, or Competence Sufficient to Justify Excluding All Psychiatric Patients from Medical Aid in Dying?"
2603:"Government Bill (House of Commons) C-7 (43-2) - Royal Assent - An Act to amend the Criminal Code (medical assistance in dying) - Parliament of Canada"
2994:
2308:
725:
The intensity and breadth of Canada's MAID program has led to condemnation of its program by UN human rights experts and disability rights groups in
2205:"Delay of eligibility for medical assistance in dying for persons suffering solely from mental illness proposed by Ministers of Justice and Health"
3771:
3420:
2440:
1939:
3175:
2578:"Introduction - Legislative Background: Bill C-7: Government of Canada's Legislative Response to the Superior Court of Québec Truchon Decision"
2517:
576:
243:
2975:
785:
4056:
2219:
2135:
674:
186:
3246:
2846:
4082:
3741:
3692:"How poverty, not pain, is driving Canadians with disabilities to consider medically-assisted death - National | Globalnews.ca"
1782:
In November 2022, an anonymous active Canadian Forces member has alleged he was offered MAID when seeking assistance regarding
893:
people with disabilities, and was "grossly disproportionate to the objectives it is meant to accomplish." The case reached the
166:
3691:
3446:
829:. Next, two physicians and/or nurse practitioners must independently confirm their written agreement that the patient has an
667:
343:
3930:
2153:
1727:
In addition to broader criticism of MAID, the handling of certain cases have been subject to media coverage. These include:
1673:
In certain cases, family members are not informed that their relative has died through MAID, as individuals have a right to
4140:
1869:
449:
3799:
751:, which ruled that the Criminal Code provisions that make it a crime to help a person end their life violate the Canadian
722:
is controversial and has been repeatedly delayed. The legality of this postponement to 2027 is being challenged in court.
3638:
2492:"Bill C-14: An Act to amend the Criminal Code and to make related amendments to other Acts (medical assistance in dying)"
1914:
1647:
527:
4030:
3078:
747:
161:
2179:
906:
884:
356:
98:
3609:
3309:"Ethical arguments against coercing provider participation in MAiD (medical assistance in dying) in Ontario, Canada"
2950:
2110:
312:
4135:
1815:
317:
2469:
2260:
2081:
1685:
After the repeal of the reasonably foreseeable requirement in Bill C-7, there have been claims from writers for
1097:
On 11 September 2019, the Superior Court of Quebec declared that restricting euthanasia to those whose death is
3384:
2627:
1634:
often refuse to provide healthcare that goes against the institution's tenets, such as abortion or euthanasia.
769:, Canada's current law makes euthanasia available only to residents eligible for Canadian healthcare coverage.
4168:
3359:
1758:
954:
An Act to amend the Criminal Code and to make related amendments to other Acts (medical assistance in dying)
612:
543:
466:
338:
292:
113:
61:
1016:
3979:"St. Catharines man who was about to access medical assistance in dying saved through generosity of others"
1623:
1619:
1026:
1006:
864:
3663:
3905:"Woman with chemical sensitivities chose medically-assisted death after failed bid to get better housing"
521:
499:
4178:
2872:
382:
236:
3716:
307:
297:
123:
3447:"How poverty, not pain, is driving Canadians with disabilities to consider medically-assisted death"
4183:
2382:
2046:
1798:
867:
in all circumstances, such advance directives in Canada may only be used if the patient's death is
442:
282:
67:
2545:"Robert-Falcon Ouellette questions impact of doctor-assisted dying on Canada's Indigenous Peoples"
1900:"As Bill C-7 reaches Senate, UN watchdog raises concerns about MAiD for persons with disabilities"
1086:
894:
880:
742:
262:
156:
118:
4173:
2602:
860:
516:
253:
72:
813:
Canada's euthanasia law includes some legal safeguards aimed at preventing abuse and ensuring
4005:"Another Canadian Forces member alleges Veterans Affairs offered assisted death as 'support'"
1825:
871:. Canada is the only country that allows nurses to administer the drugs used for euthanasia.
602:
403:
322:
267:
2577:
2150:"Assisted-dying legislation faces new legal challenge in B.C. - British Columbia - CBC News"
3854:"Mother says doctor brought up assisted suicide option as sick daughter was within earshot"
3472:
2628:"Oh, Canada! Your New Law Will Provide, Not Prevent, Suicide for Some Psychiatric Patients"
1062:
999:
966:
934:
899:
698:
550:
482:
474:
287:
57:
798:
ruled in 2019 that the law could not limit euthanasia only to individuals whose death was
8:
2897:
1820:
904:
The court ruled that the law banning euthanasia of terminally-ill patients (based on the
435:
387:
302:
277:
25:
4083:"Vancouver hospital defends suggesting MAID to suicidal patient as risk assessment tool"
3360:"When it comes to physician-assisted death, could religious hospitals ethically refuse?"
4109:"Father asks court to stop 27-year-old daughter's MAID death, review doctors' sign-off"
3879:"'The solution is assisted life': Offered death, terminally ill Ont. man files lawsuit"
3565:
3508:
3335:
3308:
3289:
3223:
3190:
3113:
2827:
2775:
2750:
2731:
2684:
1790:
1690:
617:
597:
560:
418:
212:
176:
171:
3385:"Canadians supportive of assisted dying law but wary of mental health expansion: poll"
3009:"Canada's assisted-dying law faces constitutional fight for excluding mental disorder"
4057:"Veterans Affairs says it has no proof former paralympian was offered assisted death"
3569:
3557:
3549:
3512:
3500:
3492:
3340:
3293:
3228:
3210:
3169:
2831:
2819:
2780:
2723:
2676:
2357:
2338:
2129:
1947:
1763:
1744:
1739:
1703:
1651:
1631:
639:
634:
627:
555:
511:
505:
413:
108:
47:
3952:"Ontario man applying for medically-assisted death as alternative to being homeless"
3584:"This family learned loved one had medically assisted death only after she was gone"
3473:"Medical Assistance in Dying, Palliative Care, Safety, and Structural Vulnerability"
2060:
3834:
3539:
3484:
3330:
3320:
3281:
3272:
Sumner, L. W. (2020). "Conscientious refusal to provide medically assisted dying".
3218:
3202:
2811:
2770:
2762:
2735:
2715:
2688:
2666:
1874:
1751:
1120:
856:
841:
814:
737:
Euthanasia was previously prohibited under the Criminal Code as a form of culpable
714:
372:
151:
88:
52:
2815:
1664:
Medical Assistance in Dying, Palliative Care, Safety, and Structural Vulnerability
3610:"A complicated grief: Living in the aftermath of a family member's death by MAID"
2799:
1750:
In 2019, Alan Nichols successfully applied for MAID while being hospitalized for
1674:
849:
822:
766:
622:
570:
423:
377:
207:
181:
93:
3325:
1772:
1732:
719:
202:
3544:
3527:
3135:
2719:
2671:
2654:
2653:
Okai, D.; Owen, G.; McGuire, H.; Singh, S.; Churchill, R.; Hotopf, M. (2007).
4162:
4031:"Former paralympian tells MPs veterans department offered her assisted death"
3553:
3496:
3214:
2951:"Why I resigned from the federal expert panel on medical assistance in dying"
2847:"Feds looking to delay expansion of assisted dying: 'Need to get this right'"
2766:
2491:
1951:
1835:
1699:
1686:
1655:
657:
492:
135:
3526:
Coelho, Ramona; Maher, John; Gaind, K. Sonu; Lemmens, Trudo (18 July 2023).
2703:
2470:"Doctor-assisted dying bill restricted to adults facing 'foreseeable' death"
1828:– Canadian physician that was convicted for providing assisted suicide
3561:
3504:
3344:
3285:
3232:
2823:
2784:
2727:
2680:
2342:
1779:
campaign, he was able to find a place to live and withdrew his application.
1775:
applied for MAID when facing homelessness. After receiving $ 60,000 from a
1076:
973:
351:
130:
3826:
3488:
3206:
2873:"Medically assisted death for mental illness delayed until 2027: minister"
2289:
1834:– murder trial in which the defendant claimed that the murder was a
3838:
3772:"Marginalized communities concerned about changes to assisted-dying laws"
3389:
1840:
1831:
1694:
3827:"Legislated Ableism: Bill C-7 and the Rapid Expansion of MAiD in Canada"
2976:"9 things to know about medical assistance in dying for mental illness"
945:
818:
229:
33:
1940:"As assisted dying broadens, countries wrestle with new ethical lines"
1717:
Legislated Ableism: Bill C-7 and the Rapid Expansion of MAiD in Canada
844:
of receiving and willing to receive euthanasia. If their death is not
2439:
Guichon; Alakija; Doig; Mitchell & Thibeault (28 December 2015).
2426:
103:
3052:"Fourth annual report on Medical Assistance in Dying in Canada 2022"
1973:"Fourth annual report on Medical Assistance in Dying in Canada 2022"
926:
805:
The current law prohibits mental illnesses as being considered as a
741:. The prohibition was overturned in a February 2015 decision by the
4146:
2549:
2220:"Liberals delay expansion of assisted dying eligibility until 2027"
1776:
826:
738:
408:
3471:
Downar, James; MacDonald, Susan; Buchman, Sandy (September 2023).
1757:
In February 2022, an anonymous Torontonian suffering from extreme
1659:
1061:
As required by the 2015 Supreme Court decision, Justice Minister
2659:
The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science
2518:"Assisted dying to become law after Senate backs Liberals' bill"
1102:
Canada or the Attorney General of Quebec appealed the decision.
4108:
2995:"Canada Backtracks on Allowing Euthanasia for the Mentally Ill"
2576:
Government of Canada, Department of Justice (21 October 2020).
2309:"Canada Backtracks on Allowing Euthanasia for the Mentally Ill"
1662:
offers the most at $ 1,685 per month. In an August 2023 paper,
874:
726:
2701:
2180:"Medical Assistance in Dying in Canada After Carter v. Canada"
910:
decision) was unconstitutional, and violated Section 7 of the
2924:"Final Report of the Expert Panel on MAiD and Mental Illness"
2410:"Canadians Have A Right To Assisted Suicide, High Court Says"
2246:"Final Report of the Expert Panel on MAiD and Mental Illness"
1618:
Before euthanasia was made legal in Quebec in June 2014, the
4141:
CBC Radio Interview about providing physician-assisted death
2655:"Mental capacity in psychiatric patients: Systematic review"
1870:"'Disturbing': Experts troubled by Canada's euthanasia laws"
772:
The previous law's requirement that a natural death must be
3247:"Canadian doctors express mixed opinions on assisted dying"
1783:
4152:
3742:"Cost Estimate for Bill C-7 "Medical Assistance in Dying""
3079:"Quebec's top court rules assisted dying law can go ahead"
2438:
3664:"The Canadian State Is Euthanizing Its Poor and Disabled"
794:
3528:"The realities of Medical Assistance in Dying in Canada"
3162:
A Natural Right to Die: Twenty-Three Centuries of Debate
3109:"Quebec physicians tentatively propose legal euthanasia"
2032:, Ottawa, Canada: University of Ottawa Press, p. 83
3525:
2702:
Rooney, W.; Schuklenk, U.; Van De Vathorst, S. (2018).
1754:. The reason given on his application was hearing loss.
1092:
792:. The BC Supreme Court and the Quebec Supreme court in
3470:
3414:"Attitudes Towards Medical Assistance in Dying (MAID)"
1668:
The Realities of Medical Assistance in Dying in Canada
3639:"Most-read 2022: Why is Canada euthanising the poor?"
2748:
1915:"Most-read 2022: Why is Canada euthanising the poor?"
1902:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2 February 2021.
3931:"Medical Assistance in Dying: Choices for Canadians"
2652:
2575:
2441:"Assisted dying: Four problems, one simple solution"
2080:. Government of Canada. 16 June 2016. Archived from
3717:"Chaoulli v. Quebec (Attorney General) - SCC Cases"
2290:"What different countries say about assisted dying"
4136:Medical assistance in dying - Government of Canada
3253:. Bell Media. The Canadian Press. 27 December 2015
718:foreseeable. The planned inclusion of people with
2898:"Canada's medical assistance in dying (MAID) law"
2218:Taylor, Stephanie; Osman, Laura (February 2024).
4160:
3519:
2061:Canada's parliament passed assisted suicide bill
2041:
2039:
1709:
2358:"B.C. Supreme Court Kills Assisted-Suicide Ban"
1070:. It also mandated a 10-day reflection period.
907:Rodriguez v British Columbia (Attorney General)
861:euthanasia is only legal in those circumstances
3306:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
2749:Dembo, J.; Schuklenk, U.; Reggler, J. (2018).
1794:involving a single now-suspended case manager.
1080:. Some opponents to the law indicate that the
2283:
2281:
2036:
1722:
1680:
675:
443:
244:The Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia
875:Carter v. Canada (Attorney General) decision
786:British Columbia Civil Liberties Association
3191:"Many doctors won't provide assisted dying"
3027:
2349:
2217:
1738:In 2018, Roger Foley was being treated for
4002:
3749:Office of the Parliamentary Budget Officer
3174:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2916:
2797:
2278:
1789:In December 2022, Paralympian and veteran
925:
682:
668:
450:
436:
187:World Federation of Right to Die Societies
3607:
3543:
3444:
3334:
3324:
3239:
3222:
2774:
2670:
2515:
2332:
2238:
4054:
4028:
3769:
3307:Carpenter, Travis; Vivas, Lucas (2020).
3076:
3070:
2407:
2021:
1731:In 2017, a mother of a young woman with
1658:offers the least at $ 705 per month and
3159:
3077:Shingler, Benjamin (22 December 2015).
2992:
2542:
2306:
2030:Assisted Suicide: Canadian Perspectives
912:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
713:) and it first became legal along with
4161:
4003:Passifiume, Bryan (24 November 2022).
3976:
3686:
3684:
3632:
3630:
3271:
3106:
2464:
2462:
2258:
2173:
2171:
2134:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2053:
838:advanced state of irreversible decline
344:Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1995
3824:
3794:
3792:
3411:
3188:
2948:
2355:
2287:
2177:
2027:
1867:
16:Legal history of euthanasia in Canada
4055:Brewster, Murray (5 December 2022).
4029:Brewster, Murray (1 December 2022).
3977:Barker, Matthew (21 November 2022).
3851:
3770:Ghobrial, Adrian (22 January 2021).
3195:Canadian Medical Association Journal
2427:End-of-life law and policy in Canada
1894:
1892:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1093:Truchon v Attorney General of Canada
879:On 15 June 2012, in a case filed by
859:, unlike many other countries where
4155:, advocacy group against euthanasia
4080:
3897:
3681:
3636:
3627:
3608:Anderssen, Erin (18 January 2023).
3445:Leffler, Brennan; Dimain, Mariane.
3164:, Westport, Connecticut, p. 41
2459:
2335:Bull Soc Sci Med Grand Duche Luxemb
2168:
2047:Carter v. Canada (Attorney General)
1912:
1648:United Nations Human Rights Council
1082:Carter v. Canada (Attorney General)
900:Carter v. Canada (Attorney General)
748:Carter v. Canada (Attorney General)
13:
3789:
3357:
2870:
2844:
2408:Chappell, Bill (6 February 2015).
2252:
991:C-14, 42nd Parliament, 1st Session
776:and that the medical condition be
162:Death with Dignity National Center
14:
4195:
4143:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
4129:
4106:
3637:Zhu, Yuan Yi (31 December 2022).
3274:University of Toronto Law Journal
2993:Navarre, Brianna (5 March 2024).
2543:Hoffman, Kristy (15 April 2016).
2516:McCharles, Tonda (17 July 2016).
2307:Navarre, Brianna (5 March 2024).
1932:
1913:Zhu, Yuan Yi (31 December 2022).
1906:
1889:
1852:
885:Supreme Court of British Columbia
357:Washington Death with Dignity Act
99:Euthanasia and the slippery slope
3825:Grant, Isabel (24 August 2023).
3532:Palliative & Supportive Care
2949:Cohen, Ellen (14 October 2022).
2288:Lewis, Penney (6 October 2015).
836:medical condition that is in an
651:
481:
4149:, advocacy group for euthanasia
4100:
4074:
4048:
4022:
3996:
3970:
3944:
3923:
3871:
3845:
3818:
3763:
3734:
3709:
3656:
3601:
3576:
3464:
3438:
3405:
3377:
3351:
3300:
3265:
3182:
3153:
3128:
3100:
3001:
2986:
2968:
2942:
2890:
2864:
2838:
2791:
2742:
2695:
2646:
2620:
2595:
2569:
2536:
2509:
2484:
2432:
2420:
2401:
2375:
2326:
2300:
2211:
2197:
2142:
2096:
2066:
1868:Cheng, Maria (11 August 2022).
1816:Euthanasia Prevention Coalition
3477:Journal of Palliative Medicine
3107:Séguin, Rhéal (16 July 2009).
2755:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
2356:Greer, Darryl (18 June 2012).
1991:
1965:
755:and that eligible adults with
753:Charter of Rights and Freedoms
1:
4081:Woo, Andrea (9 August 2023).
3136:"Medical Assistance in Dying"
2816:10.1136/medethics-2020-107133
2798:Bahji, A.; Delva, N. (2022).
2261:"Medical assistance in dying"
2074:"Medical assistance in dying"
1846:
1759:chemical sensitivity syndrome
1710:Ableism and equality concerns
1134:
732:
339:1994 Oregon Ballot Measure 16
3140:Canadian Medical Association
2313:U.S. News & World Report
1999:"CE PRODUIT EST INTROUVABLE"
1771:In October 2022, a man from
1641:
1624:Canadian Medical Association
1620:Quebec College of Physicians
1613:
917:
7:
1809:
1105:
703:Medical Assistance in Dying
10:
4200:
3326:10.1186/s12910-020-00486-2
2389:. SCC/CSC. 6 February 2015
1723:Handling of specific cases
1681:Impact on the impoverished
840:, and that the patient is
383:Principle of double effect
237:The Peaceful Pill Handbook
3545:10.1017/S1478951523001025
3160:Whiting, Raymond (2002),
2804:Journal of Medical Ethics
2720:10.1007/s10728-017-0344-8
2672:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.035162
2429:. University of Dalhousie
2383:"Supreme Court Judgments"
2333:Herremans, J (2008). "".
2003:www.editionsyvonblais.com
1944:Christian Science Monitor
1051:
1043:
1035:
1025:
1015:
1005:
995:
987:
982:
972:
962:
940:
933:
924:
834:grievous and irremediable
807:grievous and irremediable
790:grievous and irremediable
782:grievous and irremediable
778:grievous and irremediable
757:grievous and irremediable
2767:10.1177/0706743718766055
2050:, 2015 SCC 5 at para 128
1799:Vancouver Coastal Health
784:medical conditions. The
157:Compassion & Choices
3983:St. Catharines Standard
3804:spcommreports.ohchr.org
2387:Supreme Court of Canada
2362:Courthouse News Service
2259:Canada, Health (2022).
1087:Robert-Falcon Ouellette
895:Supreme Court of Canada
743:Supreme Court of Canada
579:Diagnostic Services Act
3286:10.3138/utlj-2020-0053
3189:Vogel, Lauren (2015).
1786:and suicidal thoughts.
1116:reasonably foreseeable
1112:reasonably foreseeable
1099:reasonably foreseeable
1068:reasonably foreseeable
869:reasonably foreseeable
846:reasonably foreseeable
800:reasonably foreseeable
774:reasonably foreseeable
577:Hospital Insurance and
566:Comparison with the US
3489:10.1089/jpm.2023.0210
3412:Leger (7 July 2022).
3207:10.1503/cmaj.109-5136
2184:Library of Parliament
2178:Tiedemann, Marlissa.
404:Consistent life ethic
4169:Euthanasia in Canada
3938:Parliament of Canada
3839:10.2139/ssrn.4544454
3721:decisions.scc-csc.ca
2928:Government of Canada
2902:Government of Canada
2708:Health Care Analysis
2472:. CBC. 14 April 2016
2226:. The Canadian Press
1063:Jody Wilson-Raybould
1000:Jody Wilson-Raybould
967:Parliament of Canada
935:Parliament of Canada
695:Euthanasia in Canada
528:Controlled Drugs and
522:Non-Insured Benefits
475:Healthcare in Canada
1821:Suicide legislation
1761:with the pseudonym
983:Legislative history
865:advanced directives
544:History of medicine
388:Palliative sedation
4147:Dying with Dignity
4087:The Globe and Mail
3614:The Globe and Mail
3426:on 5 November 2022
3393:. 13 February 2023
3313:BMC Medical Ethics
3114:The Globe and Mail
3085:. CBC/Radio Canada
2982:. 23 January 2023.
2207:. 2 February 2023.
2156:on 15 January 2017
2116:on 16 January 2017
1791:Christine Gauthier
1632:Catholic hospitals
561:Father of medicare
500:Minister of Health
419:Groningen Protocol
213:Barbara Coombs Lee
177:Final Exit Network
172:Exit International
4179:Suicide in Canada
3958:. 14 October 2022
3852:Bartlett, Geoff.
3806:. 3 February 2021
3776:City News Toronto
3751:. 20 October 2020
3201:(13): E409–E410.
3058:. 26 October 2023
2845:Lavery, Irelyne.
2632:Psychiatric Times
2582:www.justice.gc.ca
2524:. Toronto, Canada
2496:openparliament.ca
2447:. Toronto, Canada
2224:City News Calgary
2009:on 14 August 2019
1979:. 26 October 2023
1745:charter challenge
1740:cerebellar ataxia
1652:poverty threshold
1611:
1610:
1059:
1058:
692:
691:
658:Canada portal
506:Canada Health Act
460:
459:
414:Euthanasia device
109:Freedom of choice
4191:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3940:. February 2023.
3935:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3796:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3746:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3688:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3634:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3547:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3483:(9): 1175–1179.
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3425:
3419:. Archived from
3418:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3338:
3328:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3226:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3090:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3048:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3015:. 19 August 2024
3005:
2999:
2998:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2778:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2674:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2557:on 15 April 2016
2553:. Archived from
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2285:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2152:. Archived from
2146:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2115:
2109:. Archived from
2108:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2070:
2064:
2057:
2051:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2005:. Archived from
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1875:Associated Press
1865:
1826:Maurice Généreux
1797:In August 2022,
1752:suicide ideation
1143:
1142:
1121:suicide ideation
929:
922:
921:
857:terminal illness
815:informed consent
720:mental illnesses
715:assisted suicide
684:
677:
670:
656:
655:
654:
571:Indian hospitals
485:
462:
461:
452:
445:
438:
373:Assisted suicide
347:
152:Care Not Killing
89:Bodily integrity
21:
20:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4184:Death in Canada
4159:
4158:
4132:
4127:
4117:
4115:
4105:
4101:
4091:
4089:
4079:
4075:
4065:
4063:
4053:
4049:
4039:
4037:
4027:
4023:
4013:
4011:
4001:
3997:
3987:
3985:
3975:
3971:
3961:
3959:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3914:
3912:
3911:. 13 April 2022
3903:
3902:
3898:
3888:
3886:
3885:. 15 March 2018
3877:
3876:
3872:
3862:
3860:
3850:
3846:
3823:
3819:
3809:
3807:
3798:
3797:
3790:
3780:
3778:
3768:
3764:
3754:
3752:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3723:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3700:
3698:
3690:
3689:
3682:
3672:
3670:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3647:
3645:
3635:
3628:
3618:
3616:
3606:
3602:
3592:
3590:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3524:
3520:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3453:
3443:
3439:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3410:
3406:
3396:
3394:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3368:
3366:
3358:Fraser, Laura.
3356:
3352:
3305:
3301:
3270:
3266:
3256:
3254:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3187:
3183:
3167:
3166:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3142:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3119:
3117:
3105:
3101:
3088:
3086:
3075:
3071:
3061:
3059:
3050:
3049:
3028:
3018:
3016:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2991:
2987:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2907:
2905:
2904:. 17 March 2021
2896:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2879:
2871:Baxter, David.
2869:
2865:
2855:
2853:
2843:
2839:
2810:(11): 929–934.
2796:
2792:
2747:
2743:
2700:
2696:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2586:
2584:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2558:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2525:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2437:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2354:
2350:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2305:
2301:
2286:
2279:
2269:
2267:
2257:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2216:
2212:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2176:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2127:
2126:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2104:"Archived copy"
2102:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2037:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2010:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1911:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1866:
1853:
1849:
1812:
1725:
1712:
1683:
1675:medical privacy
1644:
1616:
1564:Total 2016–2022
1137:
1108:
1095:
963:Enacted by
958:
955:
950:
949:
920:
877:
850:palliative care
767:suicide tourism
735:
709:, also spelled
688:
652:
650:
645:
644:
593:
585:
584:
578:
546:
536:
535:
529:
517:Health Transfer
495:
456:
424:Suicide tourism
378:Palliative care
345:
208:Philip Nitschke
182:Hemlock Society
94:Culture of life
17:
12:
11:
5:
4197:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4157:
4156:
4150:
4144:
4138:
4131:
4130:External links
4128:
4126:
4125:
4107:Grant, Megan.
4099:
4073:
4047:
4021:
3995:
3969:
3943:
3922:
3896:
3870:
3844:
3817:
3788:
3762:
3733:
3708:
3680:
3655:
3626:
3600:
3575:
3538:(5): 871–878.
3518:
3463:
3437:
3404:
3376:
3350:
3299:
3264:
3238:
3181:
3152:
3127:
3099:
3069:
3026:
3000:
2985:
2967:
2955:Globe and Mail
2941:
2915:
2889:
2863:
2837:
2790:
2761:(7): 451–456.
2741:
2714:(4): 326–343.
2694:
2645:
2619:
2594:
2568:
2535:
2508:
2483:
2458:
2445:Glove and Mail
2431:
2419:
2400:
2374:
2348:
2337:(3): 305–310.
2325:
2299:
2277:
2251:
2248:. 13 May 2022.
2237:
2210:
2196:
2167:
2141:
2095:
2084:on 29 May 2023
2065:
2052:
2035:
2020:
1990:
1964:
1931:
1905:
1888:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1829:
1823:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1795:
1787:
1780:
1773:St. Catharines
1769:
1755:
1748:
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62:Mental illness
55:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4174:Law of Canada
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4153:Care not Kill
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2078:www.canada.ca
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2069:
2063:18 June 2016.
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2008:
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1977:www.canada.ca
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1919:The Spectator
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1876:
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1836:mercy killing
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1700:The Spectator
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1687:The Spectator
1678:
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1656:New Brunswick
1653:
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1646:In 2021, the
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1103:
1100:
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1079:
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1064:
1054:
1052:Third reading
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1036:First reading
1034:
1030:
1028:
1027:Third reading
1024:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1011:14 April 2016
1010:
1008:
1007:First reading
1004:
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996:Introduced by
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988:Bill citation
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882:
881:Gloria Taylor
872:
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697:in its legal
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493:Health Canada
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136:Right to life
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107:
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102:
100:
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69:
68:Non-voluntary
66:
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49:
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39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
4116:. Retrieved
4112:
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4090:. Retrieved
4086:
4076:
4064:. Retrieved
4060:
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4038:. Retrieved
4034:
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4008:
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3982:
3972:
3960:. Retrieved
3955:
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3913:. Retrieved
3908:
3899:
3887:. Retrieved
3882:
3873:
3861:. Retrieved
3857:
3847:
3830:
3820:
3808:. Retrieved
3803:
3779:. Retrieved
3775:
3765:
3753:. Retrieved
3748:
3736:
3724:. Retrieved
3720:
3711:
3699:. Retrieved
3695:
3671:. Retrieved
3667:
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3646:. Retrieved
3642:
3617:. Retrieved
3613:
3603:
3591:. Retrieved
3587:
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3476:
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3454:. Retrieved
3450:
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3428:. Retrieved
3421:the original
3407:
3395:. Retrieved
3388:
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3367:. Retrieved
3363:
3353:
3316:
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3255:. Retrieved
3250:
3241:
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3194:
3184:
3161:
3155:
3145:22 September
3143:. Retrieved
3139:
3130:
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3112:
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3094:
3087:. Retrieved
3082:
3072:
3060:. Retrieved
3055:
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2979:
2970:
2958:. Retrieved
2954:
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2927:
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2906:. Retrieved
2901:
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2880:. Retrieved
2876:
2866:
2854:. Retrieved
2850:
2840:
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2758:
2754:
2744:
2711:
2707:
2697:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2636:. Retrieved
2631:
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2606:
2597:
2585:. Retrieved
2581:
2571:
2561:28 September
2559:. Retrieved
2555:the original
2548:
2538:
2526:. Retrieved
2522:Toronto Star
2521:
2511:
2499:. Retrieved
2495:
2486:
2474:. Retrieved
2449:. Retrieved
2444:
2434:
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2403:
2391:. Retrieved
2386:
2377:
2365:. Retrieved
2361:
2351:
2334:
2328:
2316:. Retrieved
2312:
2302:
2293:
2268:. Retrieved
2264:
2254:
2240:
2228:. Retrieved
2223:
2213:
2199:
2187:. Retrieved
2183:
2158:. Retrieved
2154:the original
2144:
2118:. Retrieved
2111:the original
2098:
2086:. Retrieved
2082:the original
2077:
2068:
2055:
2045:
2029:
2023:
2011:. Retrieved
2007:the original
2002:
1993:
1981:. Retrieved
1976:
1967:
1955:. Retrieved
1943:
1934:
1922:. Retrieved
1918:
1908:
1879:. Retrieved
1873:
1762:
1726:
1716:
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1115:
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1096:
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1077:Toronto Star
1075:
1072:
1067:
1060:
1055:15 June 2016
978:17 June 2016
974:Royal assent
944:
911:
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694:
693:
607:
575:
526:
504:
396:Other issues
365:Alternatives
352:Baby Doe Law
272:
242:
235:
228:
131:Right to die
18:
4066:11 December
4040:11 December
4014:11 December
3696:Global News
3668:jacobin.com
3451:Global News
3390:Global News
3280:(1): 1–31.
3062:27 November
2877:Global News
2851:Global News
2665:: 291–297.
2634:. June 2021
1983:24 November
1841:Kenneth Law
1832:R v Latimer
1695:Global News
1047:3 June 2016
1039:31 May 2016
1031:31 May 2016
603:Drug policy
346:(Australia)
308:Switzerland
298:New Zealand
293:Netherlands
73:Involuntary
4163:Categories
3915:3 February
2230:1 February
2160:14 January
2120:14 January
2059:BBC News,
1847:References
1135:Statistics
1021:4 May 2016
946:Long title
733:Background
701:is called
608:Euthanasia
551:Physicians
283:Luxembourg
230:Final Exit
34:Euthanasia
4118:20 August
4092:10 August
3863:23 August
3588:CBC Radio
3570:259948084
3554:1478-9515
3513:259333477
3497:1096-6218
3319:(1): 46.
3294:225245227
3257:2 January
3215:0820-3946
3089:5 January
3019:20 August
2832:233233285
2451:2 January
2393:2 January
2013:14 August
1952:0882-7729
1881:14 August
1642:Criticism
1614:Reception
918:Bill C-14
831:incurable
819:expressed
263:Australia
114:Religious
104:Free will
58:Voluntary
4113:CBC News
4061:CBC News
4035:CBC News
3956:CityNews
3883:CTV News
3858:CBC News
3562:37462416
3505:37404196
3397:17 April
3364:CBC News
3345:32493374
3251:CTV News
3233:26323700
3170:citation
3083:CBC News
3013:CTV News
2980:CTV News
2934:29 April
2908:29 April
2824:33849958
2785:29635929
2728:28624976
2681:17906238
2550:CBC News
2501:28 April
2476:28 April
2343:19069729
2294:BBC News
2130:cite web
1810:See also
1777:GoFundMe
1106:Bill C-7
827:coercion
739:homicide
618:HIV/AIDS
613:Refugees
598:Abortion
512:Medicare
467:a series
465:Part of
409:Eugenics
167:Dignitas
124:Catholic
119:Buddhist
26:a series
24:Part of
3909:CTVNews
3810:26 July
3781:31 July
3755:26 July
3726:26 July
3701:26 July
3673:26 July
3648:26 July
3430:20 July
3336:7271423
3224:4577361
3120:27 July
2776:6099778
2736:4054272
2689:7819093
2638:15 July
2612:15 July
2607:parl.ca
2587:15 July
2528:18 July
2414:NPR.org
2270:14 July
1957:8 March
1924:8 March
1768:report.
1691:Jacobin
1660:Alberta
1607:44,958
1583:13,732
1580:14,578
1558:13,241
1509:10,064
842:capable
823:implied
795:Truchon
640:Obesity
635:Smoking
628:Suicide
556:Nursing
323:Uruguay
268:Belgium
3988:17 May
3962:17 May
3889:17 May
3619:17 May
3593:18 May
3568:
3560:
3552:
3511:
3503:
3495:
3369:18 May
3343:
3333:
3292:
3231:
3221:
3213:
2882:16 May
2830:
2822:
2783:
2773:
2734:
2726:
2687:
2679:
2367:6 July
2341:
2189:18 May
2088:31 May
1950:
1764:Sophia
1693:, and
1595:9,219
1592:2,937
1586:1,084
1574:1,068
1546:2,515
1534:3,934
1531:4,801
1497:2,030
1485:3,102
1482:3,281
1460:7,603
1448:1,572
1436:2,378
1433:2,275
1411:5,661
1399:1,280
1387:1,788
1384:1,602
1362:4,480
1338:1,500
1335:1,236
1313:2,838
1264:1,018
1214:Canada
883:, the
821:, not
762:Carter
727:Canada
623:Murder
592:Topics
288:Mexico
273:Canada
195:People
144:Groups
48:Animal
3934:(PDF)
3745:(PDF)
3566:S2CID
3509:S2CID
3456:7 May
3424:(PDF)
3417:(PDF)
3290:S2CID
2960:7 May
2856:4 May
2828:S2CID
2732:S2CID
2685:S2CID
2318:7 May
2114:(PDF)
2107:(PDF)
1802:risk.
303:Spain
278:India
221:Books
81:Views
53:Child
40:Types
4120:2024
4094:2023
4068:2022
4042:2022
4016:2022
3990:2024
3964:2024
3917:2023
3891:2024
3865:2024
3831:SSRN
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3757:2024
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3675:2024
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3595:2024
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3550:ISSN
3501:PMID
3493:ISSN
3458:2024
3432:2022
3399:2024
3371:2024
3341:PMID
3259:2016
3229:PMID
3211:ISSN
3176:link
3147:2021
3122:2016
3091:2016
3064:2023
3021:2024
2962:2024
2936:2023
2910:2023
2884:2024
2858:2023
2820:PMID
2781:PMID
2724:PMID
2677:PMID
2640:2022
2614:2022
2589:2022
2563:2018
2530:2016
2503:2016
2478:2016
2453:2016
2395:2016
2369:2012
2339:PMID
2320:2024
2272:2022
2232:2024
2191:2024
2162:2017
2136:link
2122:2017
2090:2023
2015:2019
1985:2023
1959:2023
1948:ISSN
1926:2023
1883:2022
1784:PTSD
1589:914
1577:903
1571:156
1568:267
1543:836
1540:257
1537:223
1528:247
1525:274
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1494:591
1491:243
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1479:204
1476:245
1466:2021
1445:555
1442:157
1439:214
1430:160
1427:188
1417:2020
1396:377
1390:177
1381:141
1378:147
1368:2019
1350:951
1347:307
1341:138
1329:126
1319:2018
1301:677
1298:205
1289:839
1286:853
1270:2017
1252:194
1240:191
1237:494
1221:2016
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711:MAID
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331:Laws
3835:doi
3540:doi
3485:doi
3331:PMC
3321:doi
3282:doi
3219:PMC
3203:doi
3199:187
2812:doi
2771:PMC
2763:doi
2716:doi
2667:doi
2663:191
1598:84
1549:16
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1519:90
1500:15
1473:40
1470:65
1451:13
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