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attained her status because she was more knowledgeable than most women, often acquiring her knowledge of Hebrew and the intricacies of
Judaism from her husband, father, or other learned relative. It was not unusual for this position to be held consecutively by several generations of women of a
256:
of whom it was written: "she prayed from the women in her lovely prayer." The phenomenon of women precentors continued to develop and spread geographically. Examples are found across Europe, the
Mediterranean and the Americas, as well as among Ashkenazim and Sephardim.
261:
and synonymous titles were unique to
Ashkenazi communities.) Female precentors appear to have flourished most in Eastern Europe, reaching their apex during the 18th and 19th centuries, just prior to the emergence of Judaism's liberal and egalitarian movements.
156:
translated more or less exactly; other times she translated freely and added her own interpretation. This parallel prayer system was probably welcome to women for whom the Hebrew liturgy, due to their lack of education, was largely incomprehensible. The
184:
The origin of women precentors in synagogues is directly related to the adoption of gender-segregated ritual space for rabbinic Jewish practice. Although the first historical evidence of gender-separation appears as early as the eighth century in
349:, and Rebecca Tiktiner (d. 1550, daughter of Rabbi Meir Tiktiner) of Prague. Though specific names have not yet been identified, instances of Jewish women precentors also occurred in 17th century Ottoman
189:
synagogues, the first direct discussion of gender segregation by rabbis appears in the tenth century. This evolved into a Jewish tradition under the rabbis of the
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170:) as well as poems. On rare occasions women precentors may have led a second prayer service apart from the one organized by men.
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341:, Leah Dreyzl (early 18th century, wife of R' Aryeh Leib Auerbach) of Stanislov, Toybe (17th century, wife of Yankev Pan) of
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Berger, Shulamith Z. (1992). "Tehines: A Brief Survey of Women's
Prayers". In Grossman, Susan; Haut, Rivka (eds.).
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Traditional
Yiddish literature: a source for the study of women's religious lives (Jacob Pat Memorial Lecture)
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between Jewish communities. By the mid-fifteenth century, gender-segregation was accepted as commonplace.
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Daughters of the King: Women and the
Synagogue (A Survey of History, Halakhah, and Contemporary Realities)
660:(1992). "Meḥitza: Halakhic Decisions and Political Consequences". In Grossman, Susan; Haut, Rivka (eds.).
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Daughters of the King: Women and the
Synagogue (A Survey of History, Halakhah, and Contemporary Realities)
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particular family. Besides reciting prayers for and mentoring other female members of the community,
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A History of Jewish
Literature: Old Yiddish literature from its origins to the Haskalah period
200:), spreading on migration and trade routes, as well as through the correspondence of rabbinic
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Identity and ethos: a festschrift for Sol
Liptzin on the occasion of his 85th birthday
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Voices of the
Matriarchs: Listening to the Prayers of Early Modern Jewish Women
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The first historically recognizable women precentors emerge soon after the
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The Jewish Woman in Rabbinic Literature: A Psychohistorical Perspective
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Gender-segregated seating within synagogues was common from the early
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include Rebbetsin Serril Rappaport of Oleksiniec (daughter of the
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Historical female religious role in Ashkenazi Jewish synagoogues
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252:. Marat Guta bat R. Nathan (d. 1308) was another of the early
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Silke Muter Goldberg (2005). Platzner, Robert Leonard (ed.).
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Jews and the Renaissance of Synagogue Architecture, 1450–1730
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was a separate structure. (A similar annex was built in the
3124:
1658:
346:
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for the other women who had come to pray. Sometimes the
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The Maiden of Ludmir: A Jewish Holy Woman and Her World
282:(1815–1888), the only child of a wealthy merchant from
597:
79:
661:
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302:(1819-1894), may have composed and collected the
3309:
166:would sometimes write their own prayers (called
634:Women and Judaism: New Insights and Scholarship
1643:
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124:, parallel to the main service led by a male
3132:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
345:, Deborah Ascarelli (sixteenth century) of
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490:Liptzin, Solomon; Gelber, Mark H. (1986).
451:
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391:
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1679:Index of Jewish history-related articles
702:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California:
514:
429:
337:), Rachel Mendes Meza (18th century) of
35:(from "Remembrance of the Destruction,"
18:
3178:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1815:
692:
455:
395:
314:of the synagogue of her husband, Rabbi
232:Synagogue.) Both Dulcie (wife of Rabbi
222:. This annex, unlike a veiled or gated
64:'fore-sayer' or 'front-sayer';
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826:
668:. Jewish Publication Society. p.
573:. Jewish Publication Society. p.
564:
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306:she later published in her bestelling
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1474:Jewish League for Woman Suffrage (UK)
727:
1657:
1602:
753:
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69:
54:
13:
3333:Orthodox rabbinic roles and titles
3125:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
3105:American Jewish Historical Society
240:served as precentors in the Worms
14:
3359:
1542:Orthodox Jewish schools for women
632:Greenspahn, Frederick E. (2009).
140:well into the modern period. The
116:leading women in prayer from the
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1611:
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1469:League of Jewish Women (Germany)
120:(women's gallery or annex) as a
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604:. Peter Lang. pp. 99–100.
244:. Richenza is mentioned in the
3197:Relations with other religions
1479:Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz
865:World Congress of Jewish Women
855:1907 New York City Rent Strike
845:1904 New York City Rent Strike
704:University of California Press
625:
591:
558:
533:
508:
483:
423:
1:
3184:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
601:Gender, Tradition and Renewal
434:. Harvard University Library.
377:
331:
310:(1855), while serving as the
216:
194:
108:, was a historic role in the
3328:Jewish religious occupations
3115:Leo Baeck Institute New York
3110:American Sephardi Federation
540:Brayer, Menachem M. (1986).
7:
1938:Constantinopolitan Karaites
360:
265:
80:
10:
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3166:National Library of Israel
1807:Zionism, race and genetics
636:. NYU Press. p. 119.
280:Hannah Rochel Verbermacher
177:
144:stood in the front of the
31:in the Women's Gallery on
3323:Yiddish words and phrases
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3120:Yeshiva University Museum
3100:Center for Jewish History
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816:Gender and Jewish studies
801:Matrilineality in Judaism
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173:
3348:Female religious workers
1712:Ancient Israel and Judah
1433:Women's Rabbinic Network
840:1902 Kosher Meat Boycott
515:Weissler, Chava (1999).
430:Weissler, Chava (1988).
402:. KTAV. pp. 23–24.
396:Zinberg, Israel (1975).
335: late 18th century
2088:North African Sephardim
2061:Jewish tribes of Arabia
1403:Women of Reform Judaism
1298:Haifa Women's Coalition
834:Jewish Women's Congress
494:. P. Lang. p. 46.
456:Stiefel, Barry (2015).
131:
3191:Holocaust Encyclopedia
3161:Jewish Virtual Library
1567:Tomb of the Matriarchs
1348:League of Jewish Women
1303:Israel Women's Network
1048:Practices and concepts
860:1909 Shirtwaist Strike
322:. Earlier examples of
290:where she had her own
40:
3138:Encyclopaedia Judaica
2920:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
2105:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
1855:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
1393:Union of Jewish Women
1318:Women Artists' Circle
871:Women's Torah Project
81:rabbanit ha-darshanit
22:
1717:Second Temple period
1459:Clara de Hirsch Home
877:Women's Siyum HaShas
658:Baumel Joseph, Norma
304:supplicatory prayers
3155:Jewish Encyclopedia
2900:Hekhalot literature
2711:Religious movements
2246:Judeo-Tripolitanian
1521:The American Jewess
779:Early modern period
308:Stunden der Andacht
150:vernacular language
37:Leopold Pilichowski
3296:Judaism portal
3232:Jews and Halloween
3227:Jews and Christmas
2617:Rabbinic authority
2369:Judaeo-Piedmontese
1802:Xueta Christianity
1707:Origins of Judaism
1674:Outline of Judaism
1587:Judaism portal
1452:Historic / defunct
1166:Court of the Women
796:Gender and Judaism
694:Deutsch, Nathaniel
238:Urania bat Abraham
41:
3343:Judaism and women
3305:
3304:
3271:extinct languages
3172:YIVO Encyclopedia
2947:Hebrew literature
2915:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
2755:Reconstructionist
2433:Judaeo-Portuguese
2122:
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2078:Eastern Sephardim
1722:Synagogal Judaism
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1507:Hadassah Magazine
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1338:Kohenet Institute
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1055:Gender separation
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994:Marriage contract
928:Life cycle events
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850:1906 Tonsil Riots
215:was established,
78:
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2411:Judeo-Golpaygani
2012:Palestinian Jews
1987:Alexandrian Jews
1943:Crimean Karaites
1860:Unterlander Jews
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769:Women in Judaism
755:Women in Judaism
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519:. Beacon Press.
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1179:Religious roles
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2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2090:
2085:
2083:Livornese Jews
2080:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1902:
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1896:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1830:Afrikaner-Jode
1821:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
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1751:
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1510:
1503:
1495:
1493:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1438:Women's Spirit
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1383:Philomath Club
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
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1300:
1295:
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1248:
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1216:
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1190:
1182:
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1172:
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1163:
1156:
1149:
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1147:
1134:
1127:
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1107:
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1080:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1051:
1049:
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1044:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
980:
978:
971:
970:
961:
960:
959:
943:
931:
929:
925:
924:
921:
920:
918:
917:
916:
915:
910:
905:
894:
892:
884:
883:
881:
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874:
868:
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857:
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842:
837:
830:
828:
821:
820:
819:
818:
813:
808:
803:
793:
792:
791:
786:
781:
776:
765:
763:
762:General topics
759:
758:
751:
750:
743:
736:
728:
720:
719:
712:
706:. p. 14.
685:
678:
649:
642:
624:
610:
590:
583:
557:
550:
532:
525:
507:
500:
482:
468:
437:
422:
408:
382:
381:
379:
376:
375:
374:
369:
362:
359:
351:Constantinople
276:Ḥassidic rebbe
267:
264:
175:
172:
133:
130:
112:for a learned
29:Megillat Eicha
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3360:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3318:Women hazzans
3316:
3315:
3313:
3298:
3297:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3222:Protestantism
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3195:
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3188:
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3164:
3162:
3159:
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3111:
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3103:
3102:
3101:
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3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3035:
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3031:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2976:
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2971:
2968:
2967:
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2960:
2958:
2954:
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2940:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:Sefer HaBahir
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2837:Sifrei Kodesh
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2693:Who is a Jew?
2691:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2622:Chosen people
2620:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2579:
2578:Scots-Yiddish
2576:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2551:Klezmer-loshn
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:Judeo-Shirazi
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2396:Judeo-Persian
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:Judeo-Marathi
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2364:Judeo-Italian
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:Judeo-Amazigh
2217:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2042:Hadhrami Jews
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2007:Mountain Jews
2005:
2003:
2002:Egyptian Jews
2000:
1998:
1997:Bukharan Jews
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
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1838:
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1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1785:Lists of Jews
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
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1660:
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1618:
1610:
1608:
1600:
1598:
1590:
1588:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1562:Rachel's Tomb
1560:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1515:
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1508:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1497:
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1477:
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1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1454:
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1444:
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1414:
1411:
1409:
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1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1363:N'shei Chabad
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:Organizations
1249:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1105:Homosexuality
1103:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1095:Birth control
1093:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:Ritual purity
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1004:Head covering
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
979:
975:
969:
967:
962:
958:
955:
954:
953:
952:
948:
944:
942:
941:
937:
933:
932:
930:
926:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
899:
896:
895:
893:
889:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
835:
832:
831:
829:
825:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
797:
794:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
771:
770:
767:
766:
764:
760:
756:
749:
744:
742:
737:
735:
730:
729:
726:
715:
713:0-520-23191-0
709:
705:
701:
700:
695:
689:
681:
679:9780827604414
675:
671:
666:
665:
659:
653:
645:
643:9780814732182
639:
635:
628:
613:
611:9783906769646
607:
603:
602:
594:
586:
584:9780827604414
580:
576:
571:
570:
561:
553:
551:9780881250718
547:
543:
536:
528:
526:9780807036174
522:
518:
511:
503:
501:9780820403281
497:
493:
486:
471:
469:9781848933637
465:
462:. Routledge.
461:
460:
452:
450:
448:
446:
444:
442:
433:
426:
411:
405:
401:
400:
392:
390:
388:
383:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
329:
328:Dubner Maggid
325:
321:
317:
316:Abraham Neuda
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
263:
260:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
226:
214:
211:annex of the
210:
205:
203:
192:
188:
181:
171:
169:
165:
160:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
106:
101:
100:
95:
94:
89:
88:
82:
76:
70:רבנית הדרשנית
67:
61:
52:
48:
47:
38:
34:
30:
26:
21:
3287:
3280:
3266:
3189:
3182:
3170:
3153:
3136:
2970:perspectives
2804:Samaritanism
2765:Neo-Hasidism
2745:Conservative
2659:Names of God
2568:
2549:
2359:Judaeo-Greek
2354:Judeo-Gascon
2293:Lishán Didán
2288:Lishana Deni
2256:Judeo-Yemeni
2224:Judeo-Arabic
2098:Meshuchrarim
2017:Persian Jews
1950:Kurdish Jews
1928:Kaifeng Jews
1877:Beta Abraham
1840:Galitzianers
1795:Antisemitism
1770:Israeli Jews
1755:Assimilation
1519:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1492:Publications
1388:Pi Alpha Tau
1236:
1235:
1211:
1204:
1185:
1158:
1151:
1138:
1137:Partnership
1129:
1122:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1030:
966:Chag habanot
965:
964:Girls' Day (
950:
946:
939:
935:
867:(1923, 1929)
774:In the Bible
698:
688:
663:
652:
633:
627:
615:. Retrieved
600:
593:
568:
560:
541:
535:
516:
510:
491:
485:
473:. Retrieved
458:
431:
425:
413:. Retrieved
398:
339:Jodensavanne
323:
311:
307:
295:
294:(called the
271:
269:
258:
253:
241:
223:
208:
206:
183:
163:
158:
153:
141:
135:
117:
114:Jewish woman
104:
103:
98:
97:
92:
91:
86:
85:
45:
44:
42:
24:
3212:Catholicism
2794:Hellenistic
2632:Eschatology
2570:Lachoudisch
2495:Lotegorisch
2473:Lachoudisch
2463:Koiné Greek
2376:Judeo-Latin
2313:Palestinian
2207:Palestinian
2056:Mustaʿravim
1982:Afghan Jews
1970:Berber Jews
1894:Bene Israel
1882:Falash Mura
1872:Beta Israel
1790:Persecution
1732:Middle Ages
1617:WikiProject
1131:Tseno Ureno
989:Matchmaking
951:bat mitzvah
940:Simchat bat
936:Zeved habat
873:(2003–2010)
300:Fanny Neuda
246:yizkor book
220: 1215
138:Middle Ages
122:precentress
87:vorsangerin
27:reads from
3312:Categories
3207:Anabaptism
3149:Jew (word)
3016:Leadership
2829:Literature
2814:Secularism
2760:Humanistic
2627:Conversion
2597:Philosophy
2438:Judeo-Urdu
2202:Babylonian
2047:Saada Jews
2032:Adeni Jews
1825:Ashkenazim
1780:Samaritans
1747:Population
1702:Israelites
1237:Firzogerin
957:For adults
409:0870684655
378:References
324:firzogerin
312:firzogerin
296:Gornshtibl
272:firzogerin
259:Firzogerin
254:firzogerin
242:weibershul
209:Weibershul
191:Geonic era
178:See also:
164:firzogerin
159:firzogerin
154:firzogerin
142:firzogerin
118:weibershul
93:foreleiner
55:פירזאָגערן
46:firzogerin
33:Tisha B'Av
25:firzogerin
3269:indicate
3217:Mormonism
3202:Christian
3082:Symbolism
3070:Synagogue
3050:Mythology
3011:Education
2982:Astronomy
2965:Astrology
2782:relations
2587:Zarphatic
2535:Galitzish
2337:Yeshivish
2214:Catalanic
2177:Samaritan
2152:Ashkenazi
2133:Diasporic
2128:Languages
2073:Sephardim
2068:Romaniote
1955:Krymchaks
1889:Desi Jews
1765:Buddhists
1378:Nivcharot
1268:B'not Esh
1187:Rebbetzin
1100:Sexuality
1088:In Israel
1009:Homemaker
806:Bat-Kohen
789:In Israel
250:Nuremberg
230:Frankfurt
110:synagogue
75:romanized
3282:Category
3252:Hinduism
3242:Buddhism
3144:Genetics
3060:Politics
3033:Marriage
2992:Holidays
2987:Calendar
2868:Rabbinic
2844:/Hebrew
2789:Haymanot
2716:Orthodox
2703:Branches
2676:Kabbalah
2671:Haskalah
2649:Holiness
2525:dialects
2505:Shassagh
2468:Krymchak
2448:Kayliñña
2342:Yinglish
2318:Galilean
2308:Talmudic
2303:Biblical
2278:Betanure
2197:Biblical
2192:Mishnaic
2187:Medieval
2172:Tiberian
2167:Yemenite
2157:Sephardi
2093:Paradesi
2037:Ḥabbanim
2027:Teimanim
1992:Baghdadi
1965:Maghrebi
1933:Karaites
1911:Gruzínim
1899:Kochinim
1817:Diaspora
1775:Karaites
1760:Atheists
1697:Timeline
1597:Category
1288:Hadassah
1258:Aminadav
1229:Timeline
1198:Timeline
1160:Mechitza
1153:Midrasha
1083:Abortion
984:Marriage
977:Marriage
903:Orthodox
891:Feminism
811:Bat Levi
696:(2003).
544:. KTAV.
367:Mechitza
361:See also
355:Salonika
292:shtiebel
288:Volhynia
274:was the
266:Examples
202:responsa
180:Mechitza
39:, 1925).
3267:Italics
3092:Studies
3038:Divorce
3004:Kashrut
2999:Cuisine
2957:Culture
2888:Midrash
2883:Tosefta
2873:Mishnah
2861:Ketuvim
2856:Nevi'im
2819:Schisms
2809:Science
2799:Karaite
2770:Renewal
2731:Litvaks
2726:Hasidic
2681:Sefirot
2666:Halakha
2637:Messiah
2610:Mitzvah
2605:Beliefs
2559:Western
2545:Poylish
2540:Litvish
2530:Eastern
2520:Yiddish
2515:Shuadit
2500:Qwareña
2488:Tetuani
2483:Haketia
2458:Knaanic
2453:Kivruli
2401:Bukhori
2347:Heblish
2283:Hulaulá
2273:Barzani
2229:Yahudic
2162:Mizrahi
2022:Urfalim
1977:Mizrahi
1921:Neofiti
1916:Italkim
1845:Lita'im
1737:Zionism
1689:History
1663:Judaism
1607:Commons
1535:Schools
1443:Vocolot
1368:Na'amat
1353:Maharat
1263:Bat Kol
1026:Divorce
913:Mizrahi
908:Israeli
827:History
617:23 July
475:23 July
415:23 July
372:Tkhines
320:Loštice
225:meḥitsa
187:Karaite
168:tkhines
126:chazzan
105:zugerke
99:zugerin
77::
62:
51:Yiddish
3075:Hazzan
3065:Prayer
2942:Siddur
2878:Talmud
2842:Tanakh
2777:Neolog
2750:Reform
2738:Modern
2721:Haredi
2644:Ethics
2510:Shassi
2478:Ladino
2443:Karaim
2426:Juhuri
2268:Targum
2182:Signed
2147:Modern
2142:Hebrew
2110:Xuetes
1906:Dönmeh
1865:Yekkes
1555:Places
1514:Lilith
1358:Ma'yan
1343:Kolech
1293:Hadran
1224:Cantor
1219:Scribe
1139:minyan
1124:Tkhine
1075:Yichud
1068:Negiah
1061:Tzniut
1032:Agunah
879:(2020)
836:(1893)
710:
676:
640:
608:
581:
548:
523:
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466:
406:
343:Prague
284:Ludmir
236:) and
174:Origin
66:Hebrew
3247:Islam
3055:Names
3045:Music
3026:Rebbe
3021:Rabbi
2975:Monen
2930:Zohar
2851:Torah
2846:Bible
1960:Lemba
1835:Chuts
1500:Binah
1328:JWCIF
1323:JWCEO
1283:Eshel
102:, or
1661:and
1659:Jews
1423:WLCJ
1418:WIZO
1373:NCJW
1308:JOFA
949:and
708:ISBN
674:ISBN
638:ISBN
619:2016
606:ISBN
579:ISBN
546:ISBN
521:ISBN
496:ISBN
477:2016
464:ISBN
417:2016
404:ISBN
353:and
347:Rome
132:Role
60:lit.
49:, (
2654:God
1428:WLI
1413:W4W
1408:WoW
1333:JWI
1313:JWA
1273:CWJ
947:Bar
670:132
318:in
298:).
248:of
128:.
3314::
938:/
672:.
577:.
575:77
440:^
386:^
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332:c.
330:,
286:,
278:,
217:c.
195:c.
96:,
90:,
72:,
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43:A
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621:.
587:.
554:.
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