601:
147:
2453:
1105:
416:"In our time, political speech and writing are largely the defence of the indefensible. Things... can indeed be defended, but only by arguments which are too brutal for most people to face, and which do not square with the professed aims of political parties. Thus political language has to consist largely of euphemism, question-begging and sheer cloudy vagueness.... Millions of peasants are robbed of their farms and sent trudging along the roads with no more than they can carry: this is called
1334:
365:
6341:
2125:
50:
2503:
2026:
2067:
723:
4663:, quote: "...the focus by my critics on this quotation was, in any event, nothing more than (an essentially mendacious) red herring – as elsewhere, in unassailable statements, Ben-Gurion at this time repeatedly endorsed the idea of “transferring” (or expelling) Arabs, or the Arabs, out of the area of the Jewish state-to-be, either “voluntarily” or by compulsion."
1612:, where the Crown promised them land in an effort at compensation and resettlement. Most were given land on the frontier in what became Upper Canada and had to create new towns. The communities were largely settled by people of the same ethnic ancestry and religious faith. In some cases, towns were started by men of particular military units and their families.
1494:) are key to this history and have been seen by many scholars as evidence of the government's intent to "extinguish Aboriginal title through administrative and bureaucratic means". The efforts to displace Indigenous peoples from their traditional territories were also carried out by more brutal means. The
2293:
movement "shall try to spirit the penniless population across the border by procuring employment for it in the transit countries, while denying it any employment in our country." That interpretation of Herzl has been disputed. Forty years later, one of the recommendations in the Report of the
British
453:
There is now little debate about the general legal status of involuntary population transfers: "Where population transfers used to be accepted as a means to settle ethnic conflict, today, forced population transfers are considered violations of international law." No legal distinction is made between
2551:
moved the other way. A large number of people, more than a million by some estimates, died in the accompanying violence. Despite the movement of large number of
Muslims to Pakistan, an equal number of Muslims chose to stay in India. However, most of the Hindu and Sikh population in Pakistan moved to
2504:
1229:
on August 2, 1975. The
Government of the Republic of Cyprus would lift any restrictions in the voluntary movement of Turkish Cypriots to the Turkish-occupied areas of the island, and in exchange, the Turkish Cypriot side would allow all Greek Cypriots who remained in the occupied areas to stay there
505:
The final report of the Sub-Commission (1997) invoked numerous legal conventions and treaties to support the position that population transfers contravene international law unless they have the consent of both the moved population and the host population. Moreover, that consent must be given free of
492:
Historical cases reflect a now-foregone belief that population transfer may serve as an option for resolving various types of conflict, within a country or between countries. The agreement of recognized States may provide one criterion for the authorization of the final terms of conflict resolution.
318:
Population exchange is the transfer of two populations in opposite directions at about the same time. In theory at least, the exchange is non-forcible, but the reality of the effects of these exchanges has always been unequal, and at least one half of the so-called "exchange" has usually been forced
483:
Individual or mass forcible transfers, as well as deportations of protected persons from occupied territory to the territory of the
Occupying Power or to that of any other country, occupied or not, are prohibited, regardless of their motive.... The Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts
440:
from
Central and Eastern Europe after World War II was sanctioned by the Allies in Article 13 of the Potsdam communiqué, but research has shown that both the British and the American delegations at Potsdam strongly objected to the size of the population transfer that had already taken place and was
211:
to a distant region, perhaps not suited to their way of life, causing them substantial harm. In addition, the process implies the loss of immovable property and substantial amounts of movable property when rushed. This transfer may be motivated by the more powerful party's desire to make other uses
355:
Ethnic dilution is the practice of enacting immigration policies to relocate parts of an ethnically and/or culturally dominant population into a region populated by an ethnic minority or otherwise culturally different or non-mainstream group to dilute and eventually to transform the native ethnic
4611:
had already been a feature of
Palestinian propaganda for decades.... Any discussion of relocation was clearly limited to the specific lands assigned to the Jews, rather than the entire territory. Had Herzl envisaged the mass expulsion of population... there would have been no need to discuss its
2914:
thousands of people were resettled from northern to southern
Ethiopia. The official reason given by the government was that people would be moved from the drought-affected northern regions to the south and south-west, where arable land was plentiful. Others argued that resettlement was a ploy to
1930:
According to the deportation decree issued in newly conquered Cyprus on 24 September 1572, one family out of every ten in the provinces of
Anatolia, Rum (Sivas), Karaman and Zülkadriye were to be sent to Cyprus. These deportees were craftsmen or peasants. In exchange for relocating they would be
1685:
at Covelo in
Mendocino County. Any Indians remaining in the area were to be shot. Maidu were rounded up and marched under guard west out of the Sacramento Valley and through to the Coastal Range. 461 Native Americans started the trek, 277 finished. They reached Round Valley on 18 September 1863.
1578:
Until 1949, four years after World War II had ended, all persons of
Japanese heritage were systematically removed from their homes and businesses and sent to internment camps. The Canadian government shut down all Japanese-language newspapers, took possession of businesses and fishing boats, and
2505:
1120:
of 1919-1922, the League of Nations defined those to be mutually expelled as the "Muslim inhabitants of Greece" to Turkey and moving "the Christian Orthodox inhabitants of Turkey" to Greece. The plan met with fierce opposition in both countries and was condemned vigorously by a large number of
449:
of German Nazi leaders declared forced deportation of civilian populations to be both a war crime and a crime against humanity. That opinion was progressively adopted and extended through the remainder of the century. Underlying the change was the trend to assign rights to individuals, thereby
1790:
issued the order, which affected all rural residents regardless of their loyalty. Those who could prove their loyalty to the Union were permitted to stay in the region but had to leave their farms and move to communities near military outposts. Those who could not do so had to vacate the area
4566:
For many Zionists, beginning with Herzl, the only realistic solution lay in transfer. From 1880 to 1920, some entertained the prospect of Jews and Arabs coexisting in peace. But increasingly after 1920, and more emphatically after 1929, for the vast majority a denouement of conflict appeared
817:
occurred on a large scale. Jews who had signed over properties in Germany and Austria during Nazism, although coerced to do so, found it nearly impossible to be reimbursed after World War II, partly because of the ability of governments to make the "personal decision to leave" argument.
2507:
493:
However, the cardinal principle of "voluntariness" is seldom satisfied, regardless of the objective of the transfer. For the transfer to comply with human rights standards as developed, prospective transferees must have an option to remain in their homes if they prefer.
305:. Population transfers are considered incompatible with the values of post-Enlightenment European societies, but this was usually limited to the home territory of the colonial power itself and population transfers continued in European colonies during the 20th century.
1839:, where more than 150,000 Japanese Americans composed nearly a third of that territory's population, officials only interned 1,200 to 1,800 Japanese Americans. In the late 20th century, the US government paid some compensation to the survivors of the internment camps.
1562:
and the Canadian declaration of war on Japan during World War II. The forced relocation subjected Japanese Canadians to government-enforced curfews and interrogations and job and property losses. The internment of Japanese Canadians was ordered by Prime Minister
1382:
Russia's commissioner for children's rights. As of 21 November 2023 there was 6,338,100 Ukrainian refugees fleeing the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Most (5,946,000) have gone to European countries but a minority (392,100) went to countries outside of Europe
501:"some historical transfers did not call for forced or compulsory transfers, but included options for the affected populations. Nonetheless, the conditions attending the relevant treaties created strong moral, psychological and economic pressures to move."
4725:
4440:, pp. xii, 86–126: "this... blueprint spelled it out clearly and unambiguously: the Palestinians had to... each brigade commander received a list of the villages or neighborhoods that had to be occupied, destroyed, and their inhabitants expelled"
5831:
580:
from the Caribbean and Louisiana colonies, usually descendants of French colonial men and African women. Some fathers sent their mixed-race sons to France to be educated or gave them property to be settled there. Others entered the military, as did
531:
agitation can harden public support, one way or the other, for or against population transfer as a solution to current or possible future ethnic conflict, and attitudes can be cultivated by supporters of either plan of action with its supportive
4307:
Dizard, Jesse A. (2016). "Nome Cult Trail". ARC-GIS storymap. technical assistance from Dexter Nelson and Cathie Benjamin. Department of Anthropology, California State University, Chico – via Geography and Planning Department at CSU
2298:
in 1937 was for a transfer of Arabs from the area of the proposed Jewish state, and it even included a compulsory transfer from the plains of Palestine. That recommendation was not initially objected to by the British Government.
1482:, but underlying federal and provincial policies towards Indigenous peoples throughout the 1800s and 1900s, the Canadian Government pursued a deliberate policy of forced relocation against hundreds of Indigenous communities. The
4567:
inescapable. Following the outbreak of 1936, no mainstream leader was able to conceive of future coexistence and peace without a clear physical separation between the two peoples—achievable only by way of transfer and expulsion.
1038:, fixing the borders between the two warring parties roughly to those established by the autumn of 1995. One immediate result of the population transfer after the peace deal was a sharp decline in ethnic violence in the region.
4970:
From March to September 1991, about 200,000 Palestinians were expelled from the emirate in a systematic campaign of terror, violence, and economic pressure while another 200,000 who fled during the Iraqi occupation were denied
4706:
2619:
from the southern part of the country to the northern part. In addition, Abdur Rahman and his successors encouraged Pashtuns, with various incentives, to settle into northern Afghanistan in the late 19th and 20th centuries.
804:
initially tried to press Jews to emigrate and in Austria succeeded in driving out most of the Jewish population. However, increasing foreign resistance brought the plan to a virtual halt. Later on, Jews were transferred to
5000:"Applicability of the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, of 12 August 1949, to the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including Jerusalem, and the other occupied Arab territories"
2314:, Ben-Gurion "elsewhere, in unassailable statements... repeatedly endorsed the idea of “transferring” (or expelling) Arabs, or the Arabs, out of the area of the Jewish state-to-be, either "voluntarily" or by compulsion."
445:, explained that the article was intended not to approve the expulsions but to find a way to transfer the competence to the Control Council in Berlin to regulate the flow. The tide started to turn when the Charter of the
4843:
1125:
worked with both Greece and Turkey to gain their acceptance of the proposed population exchange. About 1.5 million Christians and half a million Muslims were moved from one side of the international border to the other.
643:, they had migrants come chiefly from Scotland and the northern border counties of England. In the late eighteenth century, the Scots-Irish constituted the largest group of immigrants from the British Isles to enter the
203:
often blurs the differences. If a state can preserve the fiction that migrations are the result of innumerable "personal" decisions, the state may be able to claim that it is not to blame for the displacement.
1498:, which controlled the supply of food and resources, movement in and out of reserve lands, and all other aspects of Indigenous peoples' lives, was implemented via the Indian Act in direct response to the 1885
926:, the final transfer of 300,000 Muslims out of Spain, after more than a century of Catholic trials, segregation, and religious restrictions. Most of the Spanish Muslims went to North Africa and to areas of
1889:
subjects were moved to the Balkans to secure areas along the border with Christian Europe. Conquered Christians were moved to Anatolia and Thrace. These population transfers continued into the reigns of
2321:
2460:
In the ancient world, population transfer was the more humane alternative to putting all the males of a conquered territory to death and enslaving the women and children. From the 13th century BCE,
1824:
along with Japanese nationals who were residing in the United States to newly constructed "War Relocation Camps," or internment camps, in 1942, where they were interned for the duration of the war.
1490:
system (which forced Indigenous peoples off traditional territories and into small parcels of crown land in order to establish agricultural and industrial developments, and to begin the process of
892:
from September 1944 to May 1946 (450,000 persons). Some Ukrainians (200,000 persons) left southeast Poland more or less voluntarily (between 1944 and 1945). The second event occurred in 1947 under
2931:, which were territories that the white National Party administration of South Africa set aside for black inhabitants of South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia), as part of its policy of
2506:
2814:
600:
1075:. Albanians became the majority in Kosovo at the wars end, around 200,000 Serbs and Roma fled Kosovo. When Kosovo proclaimed independence in 2008, the bulk of its population was Albanian.
4504:
3936:
2642:, its population of 2.5 million people including as many as 1.5 million wartime refugees living with relatives or in urban area, was soon nearly empty. Similar evacuations occurred at
829:, which had been proposed in 1919 by the Western Allies as Poland's eastern border, was implemented, members of all ethnic groups were transferred to their respective new territories (
4454:
3417:
online 2009, with reference to Articles 6b and 6c of the Nuremberg indictment and the relevant parts of the judgment concerning the forced transfer of Poles and Frenchmen by the Nazis
1529:. The relocation has been a source of controversy, and is an understudied aspect of forced migration instigated by the Canadian federal government to assert its sovereignty in the
4929:
United Nation Publication, 2003. Levels and Trends of International Migration to Selected Countries. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs p. 37. Available at:
2799:
1204:
5036:
5007:
565:
in 1685. Religious warfare over the Protestants led to many seeking refuge in the Low Countries, England and Switzerland. In the early 18th century, some Huguenots emigrated to
4821:
1467:
and then to France. Thousands died of drowning, starvation, or illness as a result of the deportation. Some of the Acadians who had been relocated to France then emigrated to
4847:
1977:
from the 17th through the 19th century is somewhat unreliable. It appears that the state did not use forced population transfers as much as during its expansionist period.
333:. It involved approximately 1.3 million Anatolian Christians (majority Greek) and 354,000 Balkan Muslims (majority Turkish), most of whom were forcibly made refugees and
3470:
1874:(to displace). This type of resettlement primarily aimed to support daily governance of the Empire, but sometimes population transfers had ethnic or political concerns.
3492:
3262:
1682:
1608:
and other Loyalists developed a well-founded fear. As a result, many chose or were forced to leave their former homes in what became the United States, often going to
2571:
led to a decline of usage of local languages such as Kashmiri and Dogri. The resultant violence led to the death of many Hindus and the exodus of nearly all Hindus.
1083:
518:
5065:
2279:
states that most of the Arabs who fled left of their own accord or were pressured to leave by their fellow Arabs despite Israeli attempts to convince them to stay.
1237:) were displaced from the northern part of the island, where Greek Cypriots had constituted 80% of the population. Over the course of the next year, roughly 60,000
6172:
3778:
1638:. Native Americans were removed from the Eastern to the Western States. The most well-known removals were those of the 1830s from the Southeast, starting with the
1365:
4178:
4652:
3343:
592:
Some Algerians were also forcefully removed from their native land by France in the late 19th century, and moved to the Pacific, most notably to New Caledonia.
4681:
4781:
191:
is a similar process, but is forcibly applied to individuals and groups. Population transfer differs more than simply technically from individually motivated
1129:
When the exchange was to take effect (1 May 1923), most of the prewar Orthodox Greek population of Aegean Turkey had already fled due to persecution and the
1164:
were not included in the Greco-Turkish population transfer of 1923 because they were under direct British and Italian control respectively. For the fate of
3312:
4229:
2207:
3667:
3642:
2465:
742:
reflect the power of state control that has been applied as a tool, in the form of expulsion edicts, laws, mandates etc., against them for centuries.
617:
3112:
1406:
dispersed conquered ethnic groups throughout the empire to break down traditional community ties and force the heterogeneous population to adopt the
2340:. Estimates range between 280,000-325,000 displaced, many of whom had been living in the West Bank after being expelled or fleeing there during the
955:
514:
1778:
on 25 August 1863, forcing the evacuation of rural areas in four counties in western Missouri. That decree was issued in response to an extensive
3287:
717:
527:
encompasses "deportation or forcible transfer of population" and the force involved may involve other crimes, including crimes against humanity.
240:
17:
4517:
3921:
3844:
3579:
Louis XV, in an effort to stop the mass influx of blacks into Paris, ordered all blacks deported from France. This did not, in fact, take place.
3211:
4723:
4579:
2447:
639:
In addition, the Crown supported a series of population transfers into Ireland to enlarge the loyal Protestant population of Ireland. Known as
224:
4374:"Forced Population Movements in the Ottoman Empire and the Early Turkish Republic: An Attempt at Reassessment through Demographic Engineering"
2004:
in 1919, proposed the idea of a forced population transfer. That was modelled on the earlier Greek-Bulgarian mandatory population transfer of
2275:, which some scholars interpret to have been primarily aimed at ensuring the expulsion of Palestinians, but that interpretation is disputed.
2001:
1526:
1374:. Because of Russia's deporting of thousands of Ukrainian children to Russia, the international criminal court issued an arrest warrant for
1099:
846:
330:
4484:
877:
or fled from Central and Eastern Europe. The Statistisches Bundesamt (federal statistics office) estimates the loss of life at 2.1 million
5749:
2769:
2603:
2406:.That was a means of cutting off contact with other members of the groups across the borders as well as limiting passage of peoples. Under
1817:
3853:
2772:
to Europe, the Americas and Israel. The number estimated is between 850,000 and 1,000,000 people. Those who arrived to Israel were put in
6009:
3374:
814:
612:. Note that all offshore islands were "cleared of Irish" and a belt one mile wide around the coastline was reserved for English settlers.
247:
4290:
1195:) or stay in Italy and accept to be assimilated. Because of the outbreak of World War II, the agreement was only partially consummated.
3515:
2905:
2523:, some pro-Muslim organisations (most notably the Muslim League) demanded a Muslim state consisting of two non-contiguous territories:
1287:. Many Tartari Muslims were transferred to Northern Crimea, now Ukraine, while Southern Crimea and Yalta were populated with Russians.
781:
tried to get Germans to resettle from the areas in which they were the minority (the Baltics, South-Eastern and Eastern Europe) to the
766:
3731:
3705:
628:
land holders had their lands confiscated and were banned from living in planted towns. An unknown number, possibly as high as 100,000
521:
has indicted and sometimes convicted a number of politicians and military commanders indicted for forced deportations in that region.
5359:
5028:
4999:
3442:
2847:
1853:
1483:
884:
conducted population exchanges. Poles residing east of the new Poland-Soviet border were deported to Poland (2,100,000 persons), and
179:
that is often imposed by a state policy or international authority. Such mass migrations are most frequently spurred on the basis of
4965:
2476:, the Assyrians regularly deported thousands of restless subjects to other lands. Assyria forcibly resettled the inhabitants of the
6388:
5061:
5058:"Conference of High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention: statement by the International Committee of the Red Cross"
4090:
3450:
3125:
Some 12 million people were displaced in the divided province of Punjab alone, and up to 20 million in the subcontinent as a whole.
2679:
1418:
policies had their greatest success when they were adopted, from the 16th century, to create a pan-Andean identity defined against
989:
903:
fled their homes or were expelled, transferred or exchanged during the process of sorting out ethnic groups between 1944 and 1951.
870:
114:
5274:
4817:
1572:
1533:
against the Soviet Union. Relocated Inuit peoples were not given sufficient support and were not given a say in their relocaion.
1250:
889:
488:
An interim report of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities (1993) says:
437:
392:
and even for a time afterward. Transfer was considered a drastic but "often necessary" means to end an ethnic conflict or ethnic
263:
5322:
4917:
569:. In both cases, the population was not forced out but rather their religion was declared illegal and so many left the country.
432:, many major population transfers were the result of bilateral treaties and had the support of international bodies such as the
212:
of the land in question or, less often, by security or disastrous environmental or economic conditions that require relocation.
86:
3020:
2780:
2683:
621:
609:
5283:
5186:
A. de Zayas, "The Right to the Homeland, Ethnic Cleansing and the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia,"
4403:
3462:
1510:, were likewise established as a direct response to Indigenous resistance against colonialism. Their purview was to carry out
5148:
5116:
4876:
4329:
4072:
4039:
3565:
3065:
2536:
2325:
2225:
1902:
1631:
838:
707:
457:
409:
5309:
5289:
3484:
5960:
2687:
2211:
2039:
1942:
movement in eastern Anatolia. The forced relocation of the Qizilbash continued until at least the end of the 16th century.
1714:
454:
one-way and two-way transfers since the rights of each individual are regarded as independent of the experience of others.
93:
67:
4931:
2594:, but there are signs that financial compensation and an official apology are being considered by the British government.
5940:
5583:
5057:
3758:
2894:
1794:
In the process, Union forces caused considerable property destruction and a large number of deaths because of conflicts.
1422:
rule. Much of the current knowledge of Inca population transfers comes from their description by the Spanish chroniclers
3775:
3440:
Commentary on Part III : Status and treatment of protected persons #Section III : Occupied territories Art. 49
428:
The view of international law on population transfer underwent considerable evolution during the 20th century. Prior to
5090:
4986:
4982:
4152:
4123:
3147:
2469:
1049:
919:. Some of the Jews went to North Africa; others east into Poland, France and Italy, and other Mediterranean countries.
821:
The Germans abducted about 12 million people from almost twenty European countries; about two thirds of whom came from
713:
157:
4230:
https://www.npr.org/2023/03/17/1164267436/international-criminal-court-arrest-warrant-putin-ukraine-alleged-war-crimes
4168:
3922:"Historical aspects regarding the Megleno-Romanian groups in Greece, the FY Republic of Macedonia, Turkey and Romania"
3332:
6044:
5239:
5224:
5209:
5179:
4649:
3964:
3885:
3106:
3025:
2832:
2357:
2185:
2167:
2106:
2053:
1233:
Around 150,000 people (amounting to more than one-quarter of the total population of Cyprus, and to one-third of its
1117:
405:
329:
The mass expulsion of Anatolian Greeks and Balkan Turks from Turkey and Greece, respectively, during their so-called
133:
100:
4673:
1866:) and resettlement, often to populate empty lands and establish settlements in logistically useful places. The term
1502:, in which Cree, Metis, and other Indigenous peoples resisted the seizure of land and rights by the government. The
6355:
5914:
5478:
5132:
4778:
2960:
2911:
1371:
1152:
The population transfer prevented further attacks on minorities in the respective states, and Nansen was awarded a
1042:
1015:
had no immediate refuge, they were arguably the hardest hit by the ethnic violence. United Nations tried to create
270:
184:
146:
4205:
2662:
into a classless society by depopulating cities and forcing the urban population ("New People") into agricultural
1156:. As a result of the transfers, the Muslim minority in Greece and the Greek minority in Turkey were much reduced.
6262:
5642:
4703:
3015:
2985:
2873:. Many were displaced by the fighting, with forced expulsions taking place against both Sunni Arabs and Alawites.
2134:
1832:
1307:
664:
232:
3177:
2629:
1579:
effectively sold them. To fund the internment itself, vehicles, houses, and personal belongings were also sold.
82:
5904:
5032:
3010:
2557:
1659:
1495:
388:, population transfer was considered as an acceptable solution to the problems of ethnic conflict until around
71:
5935:
5352:
1568:
1507:
38:
3748:, Wiesbaden 1958, see also Gerhard Reichling "Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen", vol. 1–2, Bonn 1986/89.
3637:
2084:
1279:
Germans were cited as the main official reasons for the deportations. After World War II, the population of
1214:
324:
285:
The earliest known examples of population transfers took place in the context of war and empire. As part of
4459:
2784:
1803:
1553:
1537:
1181:
912:
3086:
1345:
319:
by the stronger or richer participant. Such exchanges have taken place several times in the 20th century:
6210:
5652:
5525:
3333:"Population Transfers in Mediterranean History: Ottoman Empire in the Fourteenth - Seventeenth Centuries"
2944:
2477:
2219:
1769:
1525:
took place during the Cold War in the 1950s, when 87 Inuit were moved by the Government of Canada to the
746:
465:
290:
251:
4890:
2590:
base. Despite court judgments in their favour, they have not been allowed to return from their exile in
5689:
5667:
3050:
2587:
2088:
2077:
1593:
1210:
1165:
996:, people of minority ethnicities generally fled towards regions that their ethnicity was the majority.
648:
31:
4841:
4740:
Enemies and Neighbors: Arabs and Jews in Palestine and Israel, 1917-2017, Ian Black, Grove Press, 2017
4059:
Crossing the Aegean: an appraisal of the 1923 compulsory population exchange between Greece and Turkey
3529:
3438:
Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949.
3203:
2282:
The idea of the transfer of Arabs from Palestine had been considered about half a century beforehand.
1919:
resettled not only Muslims, but Christians and Jews as well, in his efforts to repopulate the city of
874:
793:. He expelled the Poles and Jews who formed there the majority of the population. Before the war, the
6378:
5783:
4641:
3841:
3508:"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Articles 1 to 33)- Prevent Genocide International"
2497:
1503:
1439:
923:
4800:
1820:
mounted, causing the US government to order the military to forcibly relocate approximately 110,000
1786:. The Army cleared the area in an attempt to deprive the guerrillas of local support. Union General
1263:
conducted a series of deportations on a huge scale, which profoundly affected the ethnic map of the
5620:
5345:
4097:
United Nations, Text of the Press Communique on the Cyprus Talks Issued in Vienna on 2 August 1975.
3957:
Ethnic Cleansing During the Cold War: The Forgotten 1989 Expulsion of Turks from Communist Bulgaria
2045:
461:
293:(701 BCE) "200,150 people great and small, male and female" were transferred to other lands in the
4088:
United Nations, Text of the Press Communique on the Cyprus Talks Issued in Vienna on 2 August 1975
3280:
1601:
576:
ordered all blacks to be deported from France but was unsuccessful. At the time, they were mostly
262:
in 1999. Moreover, some of the largest population transfers in Europe have been attributed to the
5826:
5793:
5573:
5261:
The Expulsion of the "German" Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War,
3614:
2950:
2215:
2203:
1690:
1654:
in the west. The process resulted in great social dislocation for all, numerous deaths, and the "
1079:
1071:
of 1999, with around 800,000 Albanians (out of a population of about 1.5 million) forced to flee
107:
60:
4752:
The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers
1370:
Hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians have reportedly been forcibly deported to Russia during the
1241:, amounting to half the Turkish Cypriot population, were displaced from the south to the north.
6270:
6153:
5899:
5868:
5684:
5588:
5566:
2307:
2138:
1924:
1813:
1597:
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1295:
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216:
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4512:
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4319:
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3799:
Schechtman, Joseph B. (28 October 2017). "Postwar Population Transfers in Europe: A Survey".
3662:
3045:
2655:
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1710:
1600:
were deprived of life, liberty or property or suffered lesser physical harm, sometimes under
1445:
1153:
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3507:
3137:
2535:(as opposed to racial or linguistic lines as people shared common histories and languages),
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5520:
5382:
3976:
3727:
3697:
3263:"More than 400,000 Ukrainians 'forcibly displaced to Russia', claims Ukraine's ombudswoman"
3035:
2883:
1916:
1499:
782:
577:
161:
3439:
2149:
1558:
Japanese Canadian Internment refers to the detainment of Japanese Canadians following the
8:
6383:
6309:
5992:
5679:
5593:
5535:
5468:
4957:
3786:
3030:
2990:
2916:
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From 1989 to 1992, the ethnic Hindu Kashmiri Pandit population was forcibly moved out of
2237:
1886:
1674:
1663:
1540:
have been forced to relocate their communities to different reserve lands, including the
1491:
1449:
1020:
683:
633:
476:
350:
294:
208:
5172:
5029:"Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory"
3681:
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moved within the country, and 4.3 million left for neighboring countries because of the
6276:
5600:
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5105:
4895:
4573:
4476:
4087:
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and throughout the country's other towns and cities. The Khmer Rouge attempted to turn
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2532:
2493:
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1946:(d. 1520) ordered merchants, artisans, and scholars transported to Constantinople from
1821:
1775:
1730:
1643:
1635:
1460:
1379:
1303:
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993:
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were compelled to move north of the border, while 62,278 Bulgarians living in Northern
687:
676:
573:
385:
228:
5300:
Forced Population Transfers in Early Ottoman Imperial Strategy, A Comparative Approach
4722:
A Just Zionism: On the Morality of the Jewish State, Gans C, Oxford University Press "
4265:
1452:
between Great Britain and France), the British forcibly relocated approximately 8,000
1321:, the codicil was kept secret from the American and British people for over 50 years.
992:
caused large population transfers, mostly involuntary. As it was a conflict fueled by
6345:
6069:
6054:
5674:
5540:
5490:
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5319:
5235:
5220:
5205:
5144:
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4148:
4119:
4068:
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4035:
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3828:
3561:
3143:
3102:
2721:
2609:
2415:
1997:
1985:
1783:
1774:
General Order No. 11 is the title of a Union Army decree which was issued during the
1647:
1511:
1471:, where their descendants became part of the French-American cultural group known as
1464:
963:
951:
893:
695:
644:
566:
550:
469:
442:
433:
373:
298:
254:, the last major population transfer in Europe was the deportation of 800,000 ethnic
3098:
6246:
6238:
6166:
5863:
5803:
5556:
5442:
5432:
5417:
5387:
5297:
4696:
4468:
4400:
4381:
4291:"Forced Population Transfers, Mass Expulsions, and Migration: The Law and its Claw"
3952:
3907:
Anuarul Institutului de Cercetări Socio-Umane "Gheorghe Șincai" al Academiei Române
3902:
3808:
3094:
3060:
2995:
2975:
2927:
African people from across southern Africa were forced to move into 'homelands' or
2870:
2746:
2705:
2452:
2435:
2303:
1988:
used forced population transfer as a mechanism for homogeneity in the post-Ottoman
1787:
1651:
1515:
1407:
1291:
1238:
1000:
939:
842:
691:
524:
446:
337:
302:
274:
4869:"Claims in Conflict: Reversing Ethnic Cleansing in Northern Iraq: III. Background"
4868:
2552:
India in the following years. The Muslim immigrants to Pakistan mostly settled in
6289:
6111:
6101:
6077:
6014:
5880:
5836:
5737:
5437:
5422:
5326:
5313:
5306:
4804:
4785:
4729:
4710:
4656:
4407:
4094:
3871:
3867:
3848:
3782:
3646:
3446:
3389:
3378:
3233:
2866:
2481:
2473:
2419:
2402:, were forcibly removed from the border regions and resettled in the interior of
2391:
2361:
2329:
2295:
1993:
1910:
1825:
1222:
1146:
1122:
1053:
978:
974:
916:
586:
396:. The feasibility of population transfer was hugely increased by the creation of
273:, for instance China relocated 1.3 million residents in order to construct the
220:
192:
2145:
1427:
1104:
6194:
5965:
5948:
5885:
5858:
5841:
5530:
5463:
5427:
5407:
5003:
4935:
4241:
4107:
3959:(Ser: Routledge Studies in Modern European History). London: Routledge, 328pp.
2817:
2791:
2761:
1963:
1920:
1809:
1757:
1722:
1662:. Resistance to Indian removal led to several violent conflicts, including the
1655:
1621:
1605:
1564:
1487:
1375:
1311:
1234:
1226:
1130:
1031:
927:
881:
858:
822:
625:
176:
3812:
3762:
3698:"Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers - DW - 27.10.2005"
3591:
2456:
The Jews were one of the many peoples forcibly mass deported by the Assyrians.
1078:
A number of commanders and politicians, notably Serbia and Yugoslav President
6372:
6284:
6251:
6049:
6029:
5980:
5657:
5637:
5578:
5495:
5392:
5286:, historical population transfers and exchanges (continues at bottom of page)
4450:
3055:
2840:
2787:, an estimated 1,000,000 of which were still internally displaced as of 2009.
2773:
2757:
2717:
2700:, ethnic population transfers have affected many thousands of individuals in
2638:'s first acts was to move most of the urban population into the countryside.
2547:
moved from present-day Pakistan to present-day India, and the same number of
2528:
2524:
2516:
2367:
2286:
1627:
1411:
1272:
1260:
1218:
1142:
1046:
985:
873:. From 1944 until 1948, between 13.5 and 16.5 million Germans were expelled,
830:
758:
739:
605:
450:
limiting the rights of states to make agreements that adversely affect them.
401:
5086:
4842:
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) – Norwegian Refugee Council.
4544:
A Historical Survey of Proposals to Transfer Arabs from Palestine, 1895–1947
4420:
2336:
in 1967. During that war, Arabs again faced mass displacement, known as the
1697:
people by the US government in a forced walk from their land in what is now
1275:
republics. Separatism, resistance to Soviet rule and collaboration with the
441:
accelerating in the summer of 1945. The principal drafter of the provision,
6256:
6232:
6199:
6180:
6161:
6116:
6089:
6082:
6064:
6002:
5778:
5732:
5727:
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5615:
5458:
4645:
4624:
4557:
2821:
2579:
2575:
2520:
2353:
2311:
2276:
2232:", was the ethnic cleansing of around 750,000 Palestinian Arabs during the
1749:
1738:
1415:
1318:
1299:
1280:
1264:
1256:
1185:
1180:
agreed to give the German-speaking population of South Tyrol a choice (the
1138:
850:
778:
770:
754:
629:
429:
389:
377:
196:
5169:
Making Minorities History: Population Transfer in Twentieth-Century Europe
4000:
3977:"Europe :: Kosovo — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"
698:
and abroad, including to the Thirteen Colonies, Canada and the Caribbean.
6224:
6024:
5909:
5798:
5773:
5761:
5742:
5625:
5605:
5515:
5412:
3005:
2955:
2795:
2635:
2583:
2431:
2333:
2317:
2240:
that became Israel. The bulk of the Palestinian refugees ended up in the
1862:
The Ottoman Empire colonized newly conquered territories by deportation (
1857:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1646:, the Five Civilized Tribes were relocated from their place, east of the
1403:
826:
727:
668:
558:
528:
497:
The same report warned of the difficulty of ensuring true voluntariness:
473:
286:
236:
3873:
Hitler's forgotten ally: Ion Antonescu and his regime, Romania 1940-1944
1567:, largely because of existing racism. However, evidence supplied by the
1333:
364:
6317:
6204:
5821:
5402:
4844:"Need for continued improvement in response to protracted displacement"
4480:
4209:
4141:
Cyprus Referendum: A Divided Island and the Challenge of the Annan Plan
3820:
2970:
2855:
2709:
2667:
2639:
2427:
2423:
2272:
2241:
2009:
1935:
1779:
1702:
1681:
were to be sent to the Bidwell Ranch in Chico and then be taken to the
1479:
1161:
1068:
959:
885:
834:
810:
536:
used as a typical political tool by which their goals can be achieved.
533:
259:
152:
4595:, vol. 1 (New York: Herzl Press and Thomas Yoseloff, 1960), pp. 88, 90
4386:
4373:
1733:
fought over lands and resources. Indian prisoners of war were held at
1302:
citizens who found themselves in the Allied zone to the Soviet Union (
608:
allocated to the native Irish after expulsion from their lands by the
6218:
6019:
5970:
5953:
5891:
5873:
5647:
5561:
3170:
2932:
2928:
2859:
2806:
to replace them with Sunni Arabs. Now, only eastern Mosul is Kurdish.
2591:
2407:
2387:
2371:
2249:
1939:
1895:
1468:
1189:
1177:
1087:
1064:
888:
that resided west of the New border were deported to Soviet Ukraine.
660:
632:
were removed to the colonies in the West Indies and North America as
393:
369:
255:
180:
5254:
Formalizing Displacement: International Law and Population Transfers
4562:
Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–1999
4472:
3130:
2582:
between 1967 and 1973, the British government forcibly removed 2000
1962:
after their conquests in 1522 and 1571, respectively, and resettled
1298:
made numerous promises, one of them was their promise to return all
786:
553:
are the banning of the religion of the Jews in 1308 and that of the
49:
6106:
6039:
5975:
5788:
5766:
5662:
5610:
5368:
5332:
3000:
2965:
2810:
2725:
2713:
2693:
2659:
2616:
2411:
2399:
2379:
2375:
1967:
1906:
1891:
1878:
1831:
Japanese nationals and Japanese Americans who were residing on the
1453:
1314:
1284:
1276:
1012:
947:
694:
in the 18th century. They led to mass emigration to the coast, the
672:
554:
397:
4023:
2410:
the Safavids deported a huge portion of the Kurdish population in
6059:
5853:
5846:
5711:
5507:
3842:
José Manuel Fajardo, Opinion: "Moriscos: el mayor exilio español"
3317:
3040:
2701:
2613:
2564:
2553:
2548:
2461:
2290:
2268:
2261:
1989:
1981:
1943:
1753:
1742:
1706:
1698:
1667:
1639:
1268:
1192:
1004:
967:
943:
866:
862:
794:
509:"Deportation or forcible transfer of population" is defined as a
5177:
A. de Zayas, "International Law and Mass Population Transfers,"
3084:
1205:
Civilian casualties and displacements during the Cyprus conflict
1133:, and so only the Orthodox Christians of central Anatolia (both
6034:
5986:
5755:
4112:
The EU and Conflict Resolution: Promoting Peace in the Backyard
3686:. The International labour Office – via Internet Archive.
3234:"Deportation of Ukrainian children to Russia is war crime - UN"
2828:
2729:
2403:
2395:
2253:
2005:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1836:
1694:
1609:
1472:
1457:
1157:
1145:
were involved, a total of roughly 189,916. The total number of
1109:
1072:
1060:
900:
854:
806:
200:
5087:"2015 UNHCR country operations profile – Syrian Arab Republic"
1870:
is known to us from Ottoman documents and comes from the verb
722:
484:
of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies.
27:
Movement of a large group of people from one region to another
6123:
5719:
4818:"Conflict Studies Journal at the University of New Brunswick"
2980:
2803:
2745:
in Turkey from 1920 and until 1937, hundreds of thousands of
2544:
2540:
2383:
2341:
2337:
2257:
2245:
2229:
2199:
1951:
1882:
1678:
1419:
1397:
1310:
who were liberated by the Allies, and it was extended to all
1023:
and elsewhere, the peacekeeping troops failed to protect the
801:
774:
188:
4431:
3857:, 2 Ene (January) 2009, in Spanish, accessed 8 December 2012
2835:
from Kuwait. That was partly a response to the alignment of
227:. The single largest population transfer in history was the
5337:
5159:
Introducing the Government-Sponsored Mass Expulsion Dataset
3363:
Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict, 2nd ed.
2765:
2568:
1225:
representative on the other side under the auspices of the
1168:, see below. The Dodecanese became part of Greece in 1947.
762:
735:
5291:
Freedom of Movement – Human rights and population transfer
4027:
Immigration and asylum: from 1900 to the present, Volume 3
3142:. Springer Science & Business Media. 2012. p. 6.
6096:
5303:, 2003, senior thesis for BA degree, Princeton University
4797:
4173:
3903:"Aplicarea tratatului româno-bulgar de la Craiova (1940)"
3313:"Thousands being moved from China's Three Gorges - again"
3281:"CASE INFORMATION SHEET: (IT-05-87/1) VLASTIMIR ĐORĐEVIĆ"
2836:
2511:
Video of refugees on train roof during partition of India
2366:
Removal of populations from along their borders with the
2306:'s views on transfer, particularly in the context of the
1084:
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
519:
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
246:
Before the forcible deportation of Ukrainians (including
6173:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
2666:. The entire population was forced to become farmers in
2519:
was going through an independence movement prior to the
1938:(d. 1512), the empire had difficulty with the heterodox
1366:
Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
1317:. Outlining the plan to force refugees to return to the
308:
4674:"Ethnic cleansing of Jews by Arabs in pre-state Israel"
4455:"Plan Dalet: master plan for the conquest of Palestine"
4206:"Repatriation -- the Dark Side of World War II, Part 3"
3139:
Population Redistribution and Development in South Asia
2567:
by a minority Urdu-speaking Muslims. The imposition of
2422:. Some Kurdish tribes were deported farther east, into
2332:; and many of the locations were repopulated after the
264:
ethnic policies of the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin
4629:
The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited
215:
The first known population transfers date back to the
5263:
Florence, Italy, European University Institute, 2004.
2358:
History_of_the_Kurds § Displacement_of_the_Kurds
2087:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
1027:, resulting in the massacre of thousands of Muslims.
845:, where German citizens were transferred to Germany.
225:
particularly prevalent during the Neo-Assyrian Empire
5307:"Medieval Jewish expulsions from French territories"
4627:(2003). "The Idea of Transfer in Zionist Thinking".
4321:
Sedona, Sacred Earth: A Guide to the Red Rock County
3522:
3415:
Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law,
3087:"India–Pakistan Partition 1947 and forced migration"
3085:
Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali Zamindar (4 February 2013).
1973:
Knowledge among Western historians about the use of
1019:
for Muslim populations of eastern Bosnia but in the
686:
were forced displacements of the populations of the
269:
Population transfers can also be imposed to further
5329:, population transfer statistics in the Middle East
5294:, UN report on legal status of population transfers
5279:
Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law
4798:
Jews Indigenous to the Middle East and North Africa
4704:
History of the War of Independence: The first month
2813:, a survey reported that 732,000 Yemeni immigrants
2434:, about 1500 miles away from their former homes in
2208:
Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5104:
2752:After the creation of the State of Israel and the
1630:government removed an estimated number of 100,000
1230:and to be given every help to live a normal life.
356:population into the mainstream culture over time.
297:. Similar population transfers occurred under the
241:flight and expulsion of Germans after World War II
4604:
3256:
3254:
231:in 1947 that involved up to 12 million people in
6370:
5141:Destroy Them Gradually: Displacement as Atrocity
4891:"Strife in Mosul as Sunni Arabs Drive Out Kurds"
3613:Douah, Chahrazade; Godin, Mélissa (2022-05-02).
3371:An Introduction to the Israel-Palestine Conflict
3204:"The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies"
3201:
2630:Democratic Kampuchea § Evacuation of cities
815:forced labor in Nazi Germany during World War II
515:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
4955:
4054:
3668:Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America
3195:
3176:. United Nations High Commission for Refugees.
2537:population exchanges between India and Pakistan
1797:
1717:, Arizona, on February 27, 1875, following the
1547:
359:
235:with a total of up to 20 million people across
3593:🇩🇿 Exile In New Caledonia | Al Jazeera World
3427:Denver Journal of International Law and Policy
3251:
2448:Resettlement policy of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
2252:(under Jordanian rule between 1949 and 1967),
1763:
1615:
1514:colonial and national policies, especially in
890:Population transfer to Soviet Ukraine occurred
243:, which involved more than 12 million people.
5353:
5247:Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe,
4347:
4345:
4343:
4341:
2820:to return to Yemen. Most of them had been in
1992:to decrease conflict. The Norwegian diplomat
1760:deportations out of 1,400 remaining Yavapai.
1255:Shortly before, during and immediately after
1100:Population exchange between Greece and Turkey
773:deported Poles from areas of Eastern Poland,
5102:
4201:Repatriation — The Dark Side of World War II
3396:, Routledge 1979, Appendix pp. 232–234, and
2604:Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan
2533:creation of new states along religious lines
1828:frequently bought their property at losses.
1518:, what would become the Prairie provinces.
911:In 1492 the Jewish population of Spain was
837:to Soviet Ukraine). The same applied to the
4861:
4846:. Internal-displacement.org. Archived from
4324:. Light Technology Publishing. p. 20.
4024:Matthew J. Gibney, Randall Hansen. (2005).
4001:"Serbia | History, Geography, & People"
3547:
3078:
2776:until the state had helped them to recover.
2054:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1954:. The state mandated Muslim immigration to
1410:and culture. Never fully successful in the
1267:. Over 1.5 million people were deported to
718:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)
5360:
5346:
4779:Jews (JIMENA)|JIMENA's Mission and History
4605:Alexander, Edward; Bogdanor, Paul (2006).
4578:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4338:
4203:. The Future of Freedom Foundation, 1995.
4138:
3919:
3798:
3612:
3091:The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration
2906:Resettlement and villagization in Ethiopia
2148:. Please do not remove this message until
1905:, Muslims were involuntarily relocated to
1283:was replaced by the Soviet one, mainly by
767:Polish territories annexed by Nazi Germany
5320:conceptwizard.com "History in a Nutshell"
4958:"Kuwait Expels Thousands of Palestinians"
4810:
4385:
3776:The Euromosaic study: Ukrainian in Poland
3679:
3226:
2328:. The population was absorbed by the new
2186:Learn how and when to remove this message
2168:Learn how and when to remove this message
2107:Learn how and when to remove this message
1854:Population transfer in the Ottoman Empire
1484:Canadian Indian residential school system
1056:for population ethnic distribution maps.
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
5062:International Committee of the Red Cross
3866:
3683:The Displacement Of Population In Europe
3680:Kulischer, Eugene M. (28 October 2017).
2680:Deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia
2501:
2451:
2144:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2083:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1575:show that the decision was unwarranted.
1306:). That policy immediately affected the
1103:
1059:A massive and systematic deportation of
847:Germans were expelled from areas annexed
797:were 16% of the population in the area.
721:
599:
549:Two famous transfers connected with the
363:
280:
183:or religion, but they also occur due to
145:
30:For resettlement of UNHCR refugees, see
5068:from the original on September 28, 2006
4449:
3553:
3325:
1251:Population transfer in the Soviet Union
1184:): they could emigrate to neighbouring
1090:, including deportations and genocide.
438:expulsion of Germans after World War II
14:
6371:
4623:
4556:
4541:
3900:
3759:"Forced migration in the 20th century"
3260:
3021:Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany
2779:Up to 3,000,000 people, mainly Kurds,
2684:Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush
2556:and became known as the Urdu speaking
2539:were implemented. More than 5 million
2487:
2480:in 720 BCE; these became known as the
2322:Jewish neighborhoods in East Jerusalem
938:In September 1940, with the return of
933:
777:to Siberia and Kazakhstan. From 1940,
663:that depopulated rural England in the
610:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652
506:direct or indirect negative pressure.
410:World War II evacuation and expulsions
313:
5341:
5333:Lausanne Treaty Emigrants Association
5138:
4684:from the original on January 15, 2018
4593:The Complete Diaries of Theodor Herzl
4437:
4419:
4371:
4367:
4365:
4352:Alam, Gajanafar (15 September 2021).
4288:
4242:"Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation"
4106:
3066:World War II evacuation and expulsion
2326:Jordanian annexation of the West Bank
2226:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
1693:refers to the 1864 relocation of the
1217:, there was an agreement between the
708:World War II evacuation and expulsion
384:According to the political scientist
309:Specific types of population transfer
5275:"Population, Expulsion and Transfer"
5204:Palgrave/Macmillan, New York, 1994.
5039:from the original on August 28, 2007
4443:
4351:
4317:
4181:from the original on 26 October 2019
3530:"The Huguenot Refuge in Switzerland"
3115:from the original on 22 January 2021
2833:expelled nearly 200,000 Palestinians
2688:Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians
2289:wrote in his diary in 1895 that the
2248:rule between 1949 and 1967) and the
2118:
2060:
2019:
1721:. The federal government restricted
1715:San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation
1328:
1093:
958:was carried out. 103,711 Romanians,
400:networks from the mid-19th century.
239:, with the second largest being the
199:, the act of fleeing from danger or
72:adding citations to reliable sources
43:
4949:
4378:European Journal of Turkish Studies
4289:Ahmad, Nafees (December 22, 2017).
3708:from the original on 13 August 2009
3651:A Short History of Northern Ireland
3505:
3310:
3214:from the original on 1 January 2021
3163:
2895:Expulsion of Moroccans from Algeria
2802:at least 70,000 Kurds from western
2378:was of strategic importance to the
1818:antagonisms towards ethnic Japanese
1634:to federally-owned and -designated
1448:(the North American theatre of the
1221:representative on one side and the
1045:for a summary of the conflict, and
970:were forced to move into Bulgaria.
24:
5126:
4362:
3746:Die Deutschen Vertreibungsverluste
3560:. Transaction Books. p. 199.
3183:from the original on 11 March 2016
2915:depopulate areas of unrest in the
2441:
2324:were depopulated by following the
1725:to reservations following several
1709:people were forcibly marched from
1386:
714:Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany
344:
291:against King Hezekiah of Jerusalem
25:
6400:
5267:
5180:Harvard International Law Journal
4968:from the original on 2013-05-11.
4788:". JIMENA. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
4505:"Were the Palestinians Expelled?"
4502:
4425:The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine
4270:indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca
4139:Pericleous, Chrysostomos (2009).
3202:Dr Crispin Bates (3 March 2011).
3026:Political cleansing of population
2035:This section has multiple issues.
1931:exempt from taxes for two years.
1847:
1047:FAS analysis of former Yugoslavia
701:
464:(adopted in 1949 and now part of
406:Politics and the English Language
331:Greek-Turkish population exchange
223:, with forced resettlement being
207:Often the affected population is
6340:
6339:
5256:, Oxford University Press, 2015.
5245:N. Naimark, " Fires of Hatred,"
5133:Bibliography of Genocide studies
5111:. Blackwell Publishing Limited.
5093:from the original on 2016-02-10.
5010:from the original on 3 June 2007
4879:from the original on 2015-11-18.
4755:, (Public Affairs: 2011), p. 42.
3942:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3734:from the original on 2008-10-07.
3615:"The Algerians of New Caledonia"
3557:African Presence in Early Europe
3554:Sertima, Ivan Van (1986-01-01).
3518:from the original on 2015-05-13.
3495:from the original on 2011-06-29.
3473:from the original on 2005-12-04.
3349:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3311:Wee, Sui-Lee (August 22, 2012).
3261:Murray, Shona (March 30, 2022).
2961:Development-induced displacement
2212:1949–1956 Palestinian expulsions
2123:
2065:
2024:
1984:, the Great Powers and then the
1582:
1372:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
1332:
1082:, were put on trial by the UN's
730:in the aftermath of World War II
726:Germans being deported from the
48:
6389:Crimes against humanity by type
5249:Harvard University Press, 2001.
5190:Vol. 6, 1995, pp. 257–314.
5079:
5050:
5021:
4992:
4976:
4923:
4911:
4883:
4835:
4824:from the original on 2011-10-13
4791:
4771:
4758:
4743:
4734:
4716:
4666:
4650:Quoting Ben Gurion: An Exchange
4635:
4617:
4609:. Transaction. pp. 251–2.
4598:
4586:
4550:
4535:
4496:
4413:
4394:
4311:
4301:
4282:
4258:
4234:
4223:
4193:
4161:
4132:
4100:
4081:
4048:
4017:
3993:
3969:
3946:
3913:
3894:
3860:
3835:
3792:
3769:
3751:
3738:
3720:
3690:
3673:
3656:
3631:
3606:
3584:
3499:
3477:
3455:
3432:
3420:
3403:
3383:
3353:
3293:from the original on 2013-12-04
3099:10.1002/9781444351071.wbeghm285
3016:Internment of Italian Americans
2986:Expulsions and exoduses of Jews
2922:
2043:or discuss these issues on the
1903:Murad II's conquest of Salonika
1833:West Coast of the United States
1587:
1244:
825:. After World War II, when the
665:British Agricultural Revolution
618:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
472:out of or into territory under
325:partition of India and Pakistan
59:needs additional citations for
18:Forcible transfer of population
5905:Right of way (property access)
5232:Heimatrecht ist Menschenrecht,
5033:International Court of Justice
4989:, Resolution 484, among others
4612:position in the Jewish entity.
3304:
3273:
3011:Internment of German Americans
2735:
2597:
2002:High Commissioner for Refugees
1816:, decades-long suspicions and
1573:Department of National Defence
1391:
158:Nazi German expulsion of Poles
13:
1:
5171:(Oxford UP, 2017). 464 pp.
4932:"United Nations Publications"
4607:The Jewish Divide Over Israel
4169:"1974: Turkey Invades Cyprus"
3071:
2386:, along with large groups of
2008:in Bulgaria to Greece and of
1604:and sometimes by main force.
1569:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
1508:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
1043:Washington Post Balkan Report
988:in the 1990s, the breakup of
468:) prohibits mass movement of
5367:
5143:. Rutgers University Press.
4460:Journal of Palestine Studies
3909:(in Romanian) (12): 267–275.
2912:1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia
2877:
2586:islanders to make way for a
2015:
1804:Japanese American internment
1798:Japanese American internment
1554:Japanese Canadian internment
1548:Japanese Canadian internment
1538:indigenous peoples of Canada
1378:the president of Russia and
1182:South Tyrol Option Agreement
899:Nearly 20 million people in
734:Historically, expulsions of
675:have lately been called the
539:
360:Changes in international law
7:
6211:Two Treatises of Government
5217:Die deutschen Vertriebenen,
2945:Outline of genocide studies
2938:
2899:
2848:Israel forcibly transferred
2798:northern Iraq. Sunni Arabs
2673:
2623:
2382:. Hundreds of thousands of
2220:2023 Gaza Strip evacuations
2150:conditions to do so are met
1980:After the exchanges in the
1909:, mostly from Anatolia and
1770:General Order No. 11 (1863)
1764:General Order No. 11 (1863)
1616:Native American relocations
839:formerly-German territories
654:
572:According to Ivan Sertima,
466:customary international law
252:Russian invasion of Ukraine
10:
6405:
5163:Journal of Peace Research.
5130:
4410:, University of New Mexico
4063:. Berghahn Books. p.
3411:Forced Population Transfer
3051:Third country resettlement
2942:
2903:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2827:After the First Gulf War,
2728:and adjacent areas within
2677:
2627:
2601:
2491:
2478:Northern Kingdom of Israel
2445:
2351:
2197:
1851:
1842:
1801:
1767:
1619:
1594:American Revolutionary War
1551:
1437:
1395:
1363:
1324:
1248:
1211:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
1202:
1097:
857:as well as territories of
711:
705:
671:. Similar developments in
649:American Revolutionary War
595:
422:rectification of frontiers
348:
36:
32:Third country resettlement
29:
6335:
6132:
5934:
5814:
5707:
5700:
5549:
5506:
5451:
5375:
5259:St. Prauser and A. Rees,
5157:Garrity, Meghan (2022). "
5139:Basso, Andrew R. (2024).
4918:The other Iraqi civil war
4564:. New York. p. 139.
3920:Țîrcomnicu, Emil (2014).
3813:10.1017/S0034670500008081
3744:Statistisches Bundesamt,
3534:Protestant Museum website
3400:Macmillan 2006, pp.86–87
2498:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
2347:
1626:In the 19th century, the
1504:North-West Mounted Police
1440:Expulsion of the Acadians
1433:
1290:At the conclusion of the
1198:
977:fled Bulgaria during the
924:Expulsion of the Moriscos
624:in 1652, most indigenous
544:
6263:The Great Transformation
5621:Labor theory of property
5107:A Brief History of Islam
4956:Steven J. Rosen (2012).
4907:– via Ekurd Daily.
4055:Renée Hirschon. (2003).
2785:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
2749:were forced to relocate.
1683:Round Valley Reservation
1235:Greek Cypriot population
1188:(including the recently-
1171:
906:
604:Map of land west of the
462:Fourth Geneva Convention
5832:Forest-dwelling (India)
5794:restraint on alienation
5574:Common good (economics)
4318:Mann, Nicholas (2005).
4143:. I.B. Tauris. p.
4093:2 November 2012 at the
4005:Encyclopedia Britannica
3512:www.preventgenocide.org
3171:"Rupture in South Asia"
2951:Demographic engineering
2754:Israel Independence War
2216:1967 Palestinian exodus
2204:1948 Palestinian flight
2012:in Greece to Bulgaria.
1691:Long Walk of the Navajo
1642:people. Under the 1830
1308:Soviet prisoners of war
1121:countries. Undeterred,
747:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
250:) to Russia during the
6271:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
6045:Primitive accumulation
5900:Right of way (transit)
5685:Tragedy of the commons
5567:fictitious commodities
4542:Simons, Chaim (2003).
4489:(published earlier in
4355:Population and Society
3901:Costea, Maria (2009).
3801:The Review of Politics
3365:(Verso, 2003) p.xiv –
3340:University of Michigan
2910:In the context of the
2512:
2457:
2418:, creating the modern
2344:between 1947 to 1949.
2308:1937 Ben-Gurion letter
2302:Scholars have debated
1835:were all interned. In
1814:attack on Pearl Harbor
1711:Camp Verde Reservation
1677:, in August 1863, all
1560:attack on Pearl Harbor
1523:High Arctic relocation
1215:division of the island
1149:involved was 354,647.
1113:
1067:took place during the
1036:Bosnia and Herzegovina
731:
613:
583:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
563:Edict of Fontainebleau
511:crime against humanity
503:
495:
486:
418:transfer of population
412:in Europe), observed:
408:" (written during the
381:
217:Middle Assyrian Empire
165:
6324:The Wealth of Nations
6304:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
6296:The Ethics of Liberty
5103:Sonn, Tamara (2004).
5006:. December 17, 2003.
4962:Middle East Quarterly
4768:London: Chelsea Green
4661:Commentary (magazine)
4372:Şeker, Nesim (2013).
4114:. Routledge. p.
3663:David Hackett Fischer
3639:The Curse of Cromwell
3429:, Spring 2001, p 116.
3046:Replacement migration
2858:and the north of the
2612:moved the rebellious
2602:Further information:
2510:
2455:
2228:, also known as "the
1852:Further information:
1729:in which Indians and
1592:During and after the
1446:French and Indian War
1154:Nobel Prize for Peace
1107:
725:
706:Further information:
603:
499:
490:
481:
404:, in his 1946 essay "
368:Forced removal under
367:
349:Further information:
340:from their homelands.
281:Historical background
248:thousands of children
149:
83:"Population transfer"
6187:Progress and Poverty
5521:Common-pool resource
5298:Paul Lovell Hooper,
5064:. December 5, 2001.
4523:on February 24, 2014
4030:. ABC-CLIO. p.
3036:Population cleansing
2884:Atlantic slave trade
2843:with Saddam Hussein.
2815:were forced to leave
2531:. To facilitate the
2468:as a punishment for
2267:During the war, the
2076:factual accuracy is
1917:Mehmed the Conqueror
1500:North-West Rebellion
1176:In 1939, Hitler and
1108:Greek refugees from
1003:" was first seen in
785:, the region around
578:free people of color
271:economic development
209:transferred by force
185:economic development
68:improve this article
37:For other uses, see
6310:The Social Contract
5998:population transfer
5915:prior-appropriation
5594:homestead principle
5202:A Terrible Revenge,
5188:Criminal Law Forum,
4766:Killing the Cranes,
4487:on August 19, 2017.
4427:. Oxford: Oneworld.
3929:Memoria Ethnologica
3787:European Commission
3596:, 17 September 2015
3398:A Terrible Revenge,
3360:Finkelstein, Norman
3031:Political migration
2991:Forced displacement
2917:Ethiopian Civil War
2781:have been displaced
2756:, a strong wave of
2698:former Soviet Union
2488:Indian subcontinent
2310:, but according to
2238:Mandatory Palestine
2137:of this section is
1996:, working with the
1675:California Genocide
1664:Second Seminole War
1636:Indian reservations
1512:John A. Macdonald's
1506:, precursor to the
1492:settler colonialism
1478:Beginning with the
1424:Pedro Cieza de León
1021:Srebrenica massacre
1007:but soon spread to
999:The phenomenon of "
956:population exchange
934:Southeastern Europe
757:, Germans deported
684:Highland Clearances
667:started during the
634:indentured servants
477:military occupation
351:Forced assimilation
314:Population exchange
295:Neo-Assyrian Empire
169:Population transfer
6290:Murray N. Rothbard
5601:Free-rider problem
5325:2012-11-03 at the
5312:2013-03-14 at the
5195:Nemesis at Potsdam
4896:The New York Times
4803:2013-03-07 at the
4784:2014-10-25 at the
4728:2018-01-15 at the
4709:2018-01-15 at the
4655:2014-10-20 at the
4406:2008-10-29 at the
4295:moderndiplomacy.eu
3880:. pp. 1–376.
3878:Palgrave Macmillan
3847:2012-07-18 at the
3781:2008-02-22 at the
3645:2012-03-02 at the
3619:New Lines Magazine
3445:2006-05-05 at the
3394:Nemesis at Potsdam
3377:2008-03-01 at the
2865:About 6.5 million
2743:Kurdish rebellions
2513:
2494:Partition of India
2458:
2234:1948 Palestine war
1822:Japanese Americans
1776:American Civil War
1731:European Americans
1644:Indian Removal Act
1461:Maritime Provinces
1380:Maria Lvova-Belova
1344:. You can help by
1304:Operation Keelhaul
1114:
1080:Slobodan Milošević
1052:2004-02-04 at the
994:ethnic nationalism
809:and eventually to
732:
688:Scottish Highlands
677:Lowland Clearances
614:
386:Norman Finkelstein
382:
229:Partition of India
195:, but at times of
166:
6366:
6365:
6277:What Is Property?
6070:human trafficking
6055:Regulatory taking
5930:
5929:
5675:Right to property
5167:Frank, Matthew.
5150:978-1-9788-3130-8
5118:978-1-4051-0900-0
4764:Edward Girardet,
4678:www.science.co.il
4491:Middle East Forum
4401:P. Hooper, Thesis
4387:10.4000/ejts.4396
4331:978-1-62233-652-4
4199:Jacob Hornberger
4074:978-1-57181-562-0
4041:978-1-57607-796-2
3567:978-0-88738-664-0
3409:Alfred de Zayas,
2610:Abdur Rahman Khan
2588:U.S. Armed Forces
2558:Muhajir community
2508:
2436:western Kurdistan
2236:from the part of
2196:
2195:
2188:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2058:
1998:League of Nations
1986:League of Nations
1784:guerrilla warfare
1648:Mississippi River
1602:acts of attainder
1465:Thirteen Colonies
1362:
1361:
1118:Greco-Turkish War
1094:Greece and Turkey
1086:for a variety of
1034:ended the war in
964:Megleno-Romanians
952:Treaty of Craiova
922:In 1609, was the
894:Operation Vistula
696:Scottish Lowlands
645:Thirteen Colonies
622:Act of Settlement
551:history of France
517:(Article 7). The
470:protected persons
443:Geoffrey Harrison
434:League of Nations
374:Western Transvaal
303:Byzantine Empires
144:
143:
136:
118:
16:(Redirected from
6396:
6379:Forced migration
6343:
6342:
6247:John Stuart Mill
6167:Friedrich Engels
6148:Frédéric Bastiat
6141:
5993:Forced migration
5961:Collectivization
5705:
5704:
5584:First possession
5557:Bundle of rights
5362:
5355:
5348:
5339:
5338:
5154:
5122:
5110:
5095:
5094:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5054:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5035:. July 9, 2004.
5025:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5015:
4996:
4990:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4953:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4934:. Archived from
4927:
4921:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4814:
4808:
4795:
4789:
4775:
4769:
4762:
4756:
4747:
4741:
4738:
4732:
4720:
4714:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4670:
4664:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4577:
4569:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4522:
4516:. Archived from
4509:
4500:
4494:
4493:, November 1961)
4488:
4483:. Archived from
4447:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4417:
4411:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4369:
4360:
4359:
4349:
4336:
4335:
4315:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4238:
4232:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4208:. Archived from
4197:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4104:
4098:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4062:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3973:
3967:
3953:Tomasz Kamusella
3950:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3935:(52–53): 12–29.
3926:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3868:Deletant, Dennis
3864:
3858:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3796:
3790:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3761:. Archived from
3755:
3749:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3677:
3671:
3660:
3654:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3574:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3459:
3453:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3407:
3401:
3387:
3381:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3337:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3292:
3285:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3182:
3175:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3120:
3082:
3061:Voluntary return
2996:Forced migration
2976:Ethnic cleansing
2871:Syrian Civil War
2852:Israeli settlers
2846:In August 2005,
2747:Kurdish refugees
2706:Nagorno-Karabakh
2521:Second World War
2509:
2466:mass deportation
2304:David Ben-Gurion
2191:
2184:
2173:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2127:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2092:
2089:reliably sourced
2069:
2068:
2061:
2050:
2028:
2027:
2020:
1925:conquest in 1453
1652:Indian Territory
1632:Native Americans
1450:Seven Years' War
1408:Quechua language
1357:
1354:
1336:
1329:
1312:Eastern European
1292:Yalta Conference
1239:Turkish Cypriots
1139:Turkish-speaking
1001:ethnic cleansing
940:Southern Dobruja
843:Oder-Neisse line
692:Scottish Islands
585:, the father of
567:colonial America
525:Ethnic cleansing
447:Nuremberg Trials
380:, February 1984.
275:Three Gorges Dam
221:13th century BCE
187:. Banishment or
139:
132:
128:
125:
119:
117:
76:
52:
44:
21:
6404:
6403:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6362:
6331:
6135:
6134:
6128:
6078:husband-selling
6015:Illegal logging
6010:Illegal fishing
5939:
5926:
5837:Freedom to roam
5810:
5723:(agrarian land)
5696:
5653:Property rights
5545:
5502:
5464:Estate (landed)
5447:
5371:
5366:
5327:Wayback Machine
5314:Wayback Machine
5273:Haslam, Emily.
5270:
5151:
5135:
5129:
5127:Further reading
5119:
5099:
5098:
5085:
5084:
5080:
5071:
5069:
5056:
5055:
5051:
5042:
5040:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5013:
5011:
4998:
4997:
4993:
4981:
4977:
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4902:
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4867:
4866:
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4853:
4851:
4840:
4836:
4827:
4825:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4805:Wayback Machine
4796:
4792:
4786:Wayback Machine
4776:
4772:
4763:
4759:
4748:
4744:
4739:
4735:
4730:Wayback Machine
4721:
4717:
4711:Wayback Machine
4701:
4697:
4687:
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4672:
4671:
4667:
4657:Wayback Machine
4640:
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4618:
4603:
4599:
4591:
4587:
4571:
4570:
4555:
4551:
4540:
4536:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4507:
4503:Karsh, Efraim.
4501:
4497:
4473:10.2307/2537591
4448:
4444:
4436:
4432:
4418:
4414:
4408:Wayback Machine
4399:
4395:
4370:
4363:
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4198:
4194:
4184:
4182:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4155:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4108:Tocci, Nathalie
4105:
4101:
4095:Wayback Machine
4086:
4082:
4075:
4053:
4049:
4042:
4022:
4018:
4009:
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3999:
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3985:
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3939:
3924:
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3914:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3865:
3861:
3849:Wayback Machine
3840:
3836:
3797:
3793:
3789:, October 2006.
3783:Wayback Machine
3774:
3770:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3743:
3739:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3711:
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3695:
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3647:Wayback Machine
3636:
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3504:
3500:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3447:Wayback Machine
3437:
3433:
3425:
3421:
3408:
3404:
3390:Alfred de Zayas
3388:
3384:
3379:Wayback Machine
3358:
3354:
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3083:
3079:
3074:
2947:
2941:
2925:
2908:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2867:Syrian refugees
2738:
2690:
2676:
2632:
2626:
2606:
2600:
2502:
2500:
2490:
2482:Ten Lost Tribes
2474:9th century BCE
2450:
2444:
2442:Ancient Assyria
2420:Khorasani Kurds
2364:
2362:Khorasani Kurds
2350:
2330:State of Israel
2296:Peel Commission
2222:
2192:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2143:
2128:
2124:
2113:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2082:
2074:This section's
2070:
2066:
2029:
2025:
2018:
1994:Fridtjof Nansen
1911:Yenice-i Vardar
1860:
1850:
1845:
1826:White Americans
1808:In the wake of
1806:
1800:
1782:and widespread
1772:
1766:
1673:As part of the
1660:Cherokee Nation
1624:
1618:
1590:
1585:
1556:
1550:
1536:Numerous other
1463:, first to the
1442:
1436:
1400:
1394:
1389:
1387:In the Americas
1368:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1342:needs expansion
1327:
1253:
1247:
1223:Turkish Cypriot
1213:and subsequent
1207:
1201:
1174:
1123:Fridtjof Nansen
1102:
1096:
1054:Wayback Machine
1013:Bosnian Muslims
979:Revival Process
975:Bulgarian Turks
973:Around 360,000
936:
917:Alhambra Decree
909:
720:
712:Main articles:
710:
704:
657:
641:the plantations
598:
587:Alexandre Dumas
547:
542:
362:
353:
347:
345:Ethnic dilution
316:
311:
283:
233:Punjab Province
140:
129:
123:
120:
77:
75:
65:
53:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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6287:
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6254:
6249:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6230:
6229:
6228:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6202:
6197:
6195:Garrett Hardin
6192:
6191:
6190:
6178:
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6142:
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6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6006:
6005:
6000:
5990:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5966:Eminent domain
5963:
5958:
5957:
5956:
5949:Bioprospecting
5945:
5943:
5941:redistribution
5932:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5922:
5917:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5896:
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5866:
5856:
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5812:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5806:
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5796:
5791:
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5776:
5771:
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5759:
5752:
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5708:
5702:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5671:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5650:
5645:
5643:Natural rights
5640:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5591:
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5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5372:
5365:
5364:
5357:
5350:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5317:
5316:, Jewish Gates
5304:
5295:
5287:
5281:
5269:
5268:External links
5266:
5265:
5264:
5257:
5250:
5243:
5234:München 2001.
5228:
5213:
5198:
5197:, London 1977.
5191:
5184:
5175:
5165:
5155:
5149:
5131:Main article:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5117:
5097:
5096:
5078:
5049:
5020:
5004:United Nations
4991:
4987:Resolution 465
4983:Resolution 446
4975:
4948:
4922:
4910:
4882:
4860:
4834:
4820:. Lib.unb.ca.
4809:
4790:
4770:
4757:
4749:Peter Tomsen,
4742:
4733:
4715:
4702:Milstein, U. "
4695:
4665:
4634:
4616:
4597:
4585:
4549:
4534:
4495:
4442:
4430:
4412:
4393:
4361:
4337:
4330:
4310:
4300:
4281:
4257:
4246:data.unhcr.org
4233:
4222:
4192:
4160:
4154:978-0857711939
4153:
4131:
4125:978-1134123384
4124:
4099:
4080:
4073:
4047:
4040:
4016:
3992:
3968:
3945:
3912:
3893:
3886:
3859:
3834:
3807:(2): 151–178.
3791:
3768:
3765:on 2015-10-21.
3750:
3737:
3719:
3702:Deutsche Welle
3689:
3672:
3655:
3630:
3605:
3583:
3566:
3546:
3521:
3506:Fussell, Jim.
3498:
3476:
3454:
3431:
3419:
3402:
3382:
3352:
3324:
3303:
3272:
3250:
3225:
3194:
3162:
3149:978-9400953093
3148:
3129:
3107:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3070:
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3053:
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3003:
2998:
2993:
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2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2943:Main article:
2940:
2937:
2924:
2921:
2901:
2898:
2893:Main article:
2890:
2887:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2863:
2844:
2825:
2818:Gulf Countries
2811:First Gulf War
2807:
2792:Saddam Hussein
2788:
2777:
2762:Arab countries
2750:
2737:
2734:
2724:proper and in
2696:region of the
2675:
2672:
2628:Main article:
2625:
2622:
2608:In the 1880s,
2599:
2596:
2489:
2486:
2446:Main article:
2443:
2440:
2349:
2346:
2194:
2193:
2176:
2175:
2131:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2114:
2073:
2071:
2064:
2059:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2023:
2017:
2014:
1964:Greek Cypriots
1921:Constantinople
1849:
1848:Ottoman Empire
1846:
1844:
1841:
1810:Imperial Japan
1802:Main article:
1799:
1796:
1768:Main article:
1765:
1762:
1758:Indian Removal
1723:Plains Indians
1656:Trail of Tears
1622:Indian removal
1620:Main article:
1617:
1614:
1606:Parker Wickham
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1565:Mackenzie King
1552:Main article:
1549:
1546:
1488:Indian reserve
1438:Main article:
1435:
1432:
1396:Main article:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1376:Vladimir Putin
1360:
1359:
1339:
1337:
1326:
1323:
1249:Main article:
1246:
1243:
1227:United Nations
1200:
1197:
1173:
1170:
1131:Greek Genocide
1116:Following the
1098:Main article:
1095:
1092:
1032:Dayton Accords
935:
932:
928:Ottoman Empire
908:
905:
882:Soviet Ukraine
859:Czechoslovakia
823:Eastern Europe
703:
702:Central Europe
700:
656:
653:
626:Irish Catholic
597:
594:
546:
543:
541:
538:
426:
425:
361:
358:
346:
343:
342:
341:
327:
315:
312:
310:
307:
282:
279:
177:mass migration
162:central Poland
142:
141:
56:
54:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6401:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6376:
6374:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:Categories:
6338:
6337:
6334:
6326:
6325:
6321:
6320:
6319:
6316:
6312:
6311:
6307:
6306:
6305:
6302:
6298:
6297:
6293:
6292:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6285:David Ricardo
6283:
6279:
6278:
6274:
6273:
6272:
6269:
6265:
6264:
6260:
6259:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6252:Elinor Ostrom
6250:
6248:
6245:
6241:
6240:
6236:
6235:
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6222:
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6146:
6145:
6143:
6139:
6131:
6125:
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6118:
6115:
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6110:
6108:
6105:
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6099:
6098:
6095:
6091:
6088:
6084:
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6076:
6075:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6050:Privatization
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6030:Legal plunder
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5984:
5982:
5981:Expropriation
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5947:
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5944:
5942:
5937:
5933:
5921:
5918:
5916:
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5911:
5908:
5906:
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5901:
5898:
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5879:
5875:
5872:
5870:
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5865:
5862:
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5852:
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5843:
5840:
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5828:
5825:
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5820:
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5817:
5813:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5768:
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5760:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5716:
5715:(watercourse)
5714:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5703:
5699:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5658:primogeniture
5656:
5655:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5638:Legal plunder
5636:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5589:appropriation
5587:
5586:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5579:Excludability
5577:
5575:
5572:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5548:
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5480:
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5380:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5363:
5358:
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5351:
5349:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5334:
5331:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5271:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5240:3-8004-1416-3
5237:
5233:
5230:A. de Zayas,
5229:
5226:
5225:3-902475-15-3
5222:
5218:
5215:A. de Zayas,
5214:
5211:
5210:1-4039-7308-3
5207:
5203:
5200:A. de Zayas,
5199:
5196:
5193:A. de Zayas,
5192:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5174:
5173:online review
5170:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5142:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5120:
5114:
5109:
5108:
5101:
5100:
5092:
5088:
5082:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5053:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5024:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4995:
4988:
4984:
4979:
4972:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4952:
4938:on 2015-04-02
4937:
4933:
4926:
4919:
4914:
4899:. 30 May 2007
4898:
4897:
4892:
4886:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4864:
4850:on 2011-01-31
4849:
4845:
4838:
4823:
4819:
4813:
4806:
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4794:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4774:
4767:
4761:
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4753:
4746:
4737:
4731:
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4683:
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4647:
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4642:Michael Rubin
4638:
4630:
4626:
4625:Morris, Benny
4620:
4613:
4608:
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4594:
4589:
4581:
4575:
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4563:
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4558:Morris, Benny
4553:
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4358:. p. 13.
4357:
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4314:
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4231:
4226:
4212:on 2012-01-17
4211:
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3513:
3509:
3502:
3494:
3490:
3489:www.unhchr.ch
3486:
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3467:www.unhchr.ch
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3141:
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3133:
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3114:
3110:
3108:9781444334890
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3056:Villagization
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
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2989:
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2979:
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2896:
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2872:
2868:
2864:
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2857:
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2849:
2845:
2842:
2841:Yasser Arafat
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2790:For decades,
2789:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2774:refugee camps
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2758:anti-Semitism
2755:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2718:South Ossetia
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2671:
2669:
2665:
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2570:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2529:West Pakistan
2526:
2525:East Pakistan
2522:
2518:
2517:British India
2499:
2495:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2454:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2430:mountains of
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
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2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2287:Theodor Herzl
2285:For example,
2283:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2190:
2187:
2172:
2169:
2161:
2158:February 2024
2151:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2121:
2120:
2111:
2108:
2100:
2097:February 2024
2090:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1855:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1628:United States
1623:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1583:United States
1580:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1542:'Nak'waxda'xw
1539:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1516:Rupert's Land
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:pre-Columbian
1409:
1405:
1399:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1356:
1347:
1343:
1340:This section
1338:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1273:Central Asian
1270:
1266:
1262:
1261:Joseph Stalin
1258:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1143:Pontic Greeks
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
995:
991:
987:
986:Yugoslav wars
982:
980:
976:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
931:
929:
925:
920:
918:
914:
904:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
816:
812:
808:
803:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
741:
740:Romani people
737:
729:
724:
719:
715:
709:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
652:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
611:
607:
606:River Shannon
602:
593:
590:
588:
584:
579:
575:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
537:
535:
530:
526:
522:
520:
516:
512:
507:
502:
498:
494:
489:
485:
480:
478:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
448:
444:
439:
435:
431:
423:
419:
415:
414:
413:
411:
407:
403:
402:George Orwell
399:
395:
391:
387:
379:
375:
371:
366:
357:
352:
339:
338:denaturalized
336:
332:
328:
326:
322:
321:
320:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
278:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
237:British India
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
210:
205:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
175:is a type of
174:
170:
163:
159:
155:
154:
150:Beginning of
148:
138:
135:
127:
116:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85: –
84:
80:
79:Find sources:
73:
69:
63:
62:
57:This article
55:
51:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
6351:Property law
6322:
6308:
6294:
6275:
6261:
6257:Karl Polanyi
6237:
6233:Marcel Mauss
6223:
6209:
6200:David Harvey
6185:
6181:Henry George
6171:
6162:Ronald Coase
6152:
6137:
6083:wife selling
6065:bride buying
6003:repatriation
5997:
5985:
5936:Disposession
5890:
5779:Property law
5754:
5750:Forest types
5720:
5712:
5701:Applications
5631:rent-seeking
5616:Gift economy
5474:Intellectual
5299:
5290:
5278:
5260:
5253:
5246:
5231:
5216:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5178:
5168:
5162:
5140:
5106:
5081:
5070:. Retrieved
5052:
5041:. Retrieved
5023:
5012:. Retrieved
4994:
4978:
4969:
4961:
4951:
4940:. Retrieved
4936:the original
4925:
4920:, Asia Times
4913:
4901:. Retrieved
4894:
4885:
4872:
4863:
4852:. Retrieved
4848:the original
4837:
4826:. Retrieved
4812:
4793:
4773:
4765:
4760:
4750:
4745:
4736:
4718:
4698:
4686:. Retrieved
4677:
4668:
4646:Benny Morris
4637:
4628:
4619:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4592:
4588:
4565:
4561:
4552:
4543:
4537:
4525:. Retrieved
4518:the original
4511:
4498:
4490:
4485:the original
4464:
4458:
4445:
4433:
4424:
4415:
4396:
4377:
4354:
4320:
4313:
4303:
4294:
4284:
4273:. Retrieved
4269:
4260:
4249:. Retrieved
4245:
4236:
4225:
4214:. Retrieved
4210:the original
4200:
4195:
4183:. Retrieved
4172:
4163:
4140:
4134:
4111:
4102:
4083:
4058:
4050:
4026:
4019:
4008:. Retrieved
4004:
3995:
3984:. Retrieved
3980:
3971:
3956:
3948:
3932:
3928:
3915:
3906:
3896:
3872:
3862:
3852:
3837:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3771:
3763:the original
3753:
3745:
3740:
3722:
3710:. Retrieved
3701:
3692:
3682:
3675:
3666:
3658:
3650:
3638:
3633:
3622:. Retrieved
3618:
3608:
3598:, retrieved
3592:
3586:
3578:
3571:. Retrieved
3556:
3549:
3537:. Retrieved
3533:
3524:
3511:
3501:
3488:
3479:
3466:
3457:
3434:
3426:
3422:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3385:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3339:
3327:
3316:
3306:
3295:. Retrieved
3275:
3266:
3242:. Retrieved
3240:. 2023-03-16
3237:
3228:
3216:. Retrieved
3207:
3197:
3185:. Retrieved
3165:
3153:. Retrieved
3138:
3132:
3124:
3117:. Retrieved
3090:
3080:
2926:
2923:South Africa
2909:
2831:authorities
2822:Saudi Arabia
2764:forced many
2691:
2656:Kampong Thom
2648:Kampong Cham
2633:
2607:
2580:Diego Garcia
2576:Indian Ocean
2573:
2562:
2514:
2459:
2365:
2354:Great Surgun
2316:
2312:Benny Morris
2301:
2284:
2281:
2277:Efraim Karsh
2266:
2223:
2182:
2164:
2155:
2133:
2103:
2094:
2075:
2051:
2044:
2038:
2037:Please help
2034:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1933:
1929:
1915:
1900:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1830:
1807:
1793:
1791:altogether.
1788:Thomas Ewing
1773:
1756:perished in
1750:Yavapai Wars
1747:
1739:Fort Pickens
1688:
1679:Konkow Maidu
1672:
1625:
1591:
1588:Independence
1577:
1557:
1535:
1520:
1477:
1443:
1428:Bernabé Cobo
1416:totalitarian
1401:
1369:
1350:
1346:adding to it
1341:
1319:Soviet Union
1289:
1281:East Prussia
1265:Soviet Union
1257:World War II
1254:
1245:Soviet Union
1232:
1208:
1175:
1151:
1128:
1115:
1077:
1058:
1040:
1029:
1024:
1016:
1011:. Since the
998:
983:
972:
937:
921:
915:through the
910:
898:
879:
851:Soviet Union
841:east of the
820:
799:
790:
779:Adolf Hitler
771:Soviet Union
755:World War II
744:
733:
681:
658:
638:
615:
591:
571:
548:
523:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
487:
482:
456:
452:
430:World War II
427:
421:
417:
390:World War II
383:
378:South Africa
354:
334:
317:
289:'s campaign
284:
268:
245:
214:
206:
173:resettlement
172:
168:
167:
151:
130:
121:
111:
104:
97:
90:
78:
66:Please help
61:verification
58:
39:Resettlement
6225:Das Kapital
6112:progressive
6102:inheritance
6025:Land reform
5799:real estate
5774:Land tenure
5762:Inheritance
5690:anticommons
5626:Law of rent
5606:Game theory
5536:Information
5516:Common land
5413:Cooperative
5219:Graz 2006.
5183:207 (1975).
4873:www.hrw.org
4467:(1): 4–33.
4451:Khalidi, W.
4421:Pappé, Ilan
3981:www.cia.gov
3539:13 December
3485:"unhchr.ch"
3463:"unhchr.ch"
3155:7 September
3006:Immigration
2956:Deportation
2850:all 10,000
2809:During the
2741:During the
2736:Middle East
2712:proper; in
2668:labor camps
2636:Khmer Rouge
2634:One of the
2598:Afghanistan
2432:Afghanistan
2334:Six-Day War
2318:Gush Etzion
1858:Balkan Wars
1735:Fort Marion
1727:Indian Wars
1719:Yavapai War
1701:to eastern
1527:High Arctic
1496:Pass system
1444:During the
1404:Inca Empire
1392:Inca Empire
1141:), and the
984:During the
880:Poland and
833:to Poland,
827:Curzon line
811:death camps
728:Sudetenland
669:Middle Ages
647:before the
559:Protestants
529:Nationalist
474:belligerent
287:Sennacherib
258:during the
6384:Population
6373:Categories
6356:by country
6318:Adam Smith
6205:John Locke
5869:indigenous
5864:aboriginal
5784:alienation
5479:indigenous
5469:Intangible
5383:Collective
5072:2006-09-27
5043:2006-09-27
5014:2006-09-27
4942:2015-03-13
4854:2011-04-15
4828:2010-08-29
4513:Commentary
4438:Pappé 2006
4275:2023-11-20
4266:"Reserves"
4251:2023-11-23
4216:2014-01-08
4010:2019-07-06
3986:2019-07-06
3624:2024-01-26
3600:2024-01-26
3297:2013-12-22
3244:2023-03-17
3218:16 January
3187:16 January
3119:16 January
3072:References
2971:Emigration
2904:See also:
2882:See also:
2856:Gaza Strip
2710:Azerbaijan
2678:See also:
2644:Battambang
2640:Phnom Penh
2584:Chagossian
2578:island of
2492:See also:
2470:rebellions
2428:Hindu Kush
2424:Gharjistan
2352:See also:
2273:Plan Dalet
2242:Gaza Strip
2198:See also:
2135:neutrality
2040:improve it
2010:Bulgarians
1970:'s coast.
1936:Bayezid II
1923:after its
1780:insurgency
1748:After the
1703:New Mexico
1658:" for the
1480:Indian Act
1364:See also:
1353:April 2022
1209:After the
1203:See also:
1162:Dodecanese
1088:war crimes
1069:Kosovo War
1025:safe areas
1017:safe areas
990:Yugoslavia
960:Aromanians
950:under the
886:Ukrainians
871:Yugoslavia
835:Ukrainians
769:, and the
745:After the
661:enclosures
616:After the
534:propaganda
458:Article 49
372:, Mogopa,
299:Achaemenid
260:Kosovo War
153:Lebensraum
94:newspapers
6219:Karl Marx
6020:Land Back
5971:Enclosure
5954:biopiracy
5892:Bergregal
5874:squatting
5648:Ownership
5562:Commodity
5541:Knowledge
5452:By nature
5408:Customary
5398:Community
5284:UN Report
5252:U. Özsu,
4574:cite book
4527:August 6,
4185:2 October
3829:144307581
3728:"refugee"
2933:apartheid
2929:Bantustan
2878:In Africa
2860:West Bank
2854:from the
2800:drove out
2794:forcibly
2694:Caucasian
2652:Siem Reap
2592:Mauritius
2472:. By the
2408:Tahmasp I
2392:Assyrians
2388:Armenians
2372:Kurdistan
2250:West Bank
2146:talk page
2085:talk page
2046:talk page
2016:Palestine
1940:Qizilbash
1896:Mehmet II
1881:'s reign
1650:, to the
1598:Loyalists
1544:in 1964.
1531:Far North
1469:Louisiana
1456:from the
1414:era, the
1178:Mussolini
1065:Albanians
930:control.
875:evacuated
813:. Use of
789:, German
783:Warthegau
557:, French
555:Huguenots
540:In Europe
394:civil war
370:apartheid
256:Albanians
193:migration
181:ethnicity
6346:Property
6239:The Gift
6138:key work
6133:Scholars
6117:property
6074:spousal
6040:Poaching
5976:Eviction
5920:riparian
5881:Littoral
5789:easement
5767:executor
5738:literary
5663:usufruct
5611:Georgism
5491:Tangible
5486:Personal
5393:Communal
5376:By owner
5369:Property
5323:Archived
5310:Archived
5091:Archived
5089:. 2015.
5066:Archived
5037:Archived
5008:Archived
4966:Archived
4877:Archived
4822:Archived
4807:(JIMENA)
4801:Archived
4782:Archived
4726:Archived
4707:Archived
4682:Archived
4653:Archived
4648:(2011),
4560:(1999).
4453:(1988).
4423:(2006).
4404:Archived
4179:Archived
4110:(2007).
4091:Archived
3955:. 2018.
3937:Archived
3870:(2006).
3845:Archived
3779:Archived
3732:Archived
3706:Archived
3643:Archived
3516:Archived
3493:Archived
3471:Archived
3443:Archived
3375:Archived
3344:Archived
3288:Archived
3267:Euronews
3238:BBC News
3212:Archived
3178:Archived
3113:Archived
3001:Genocide
2966:Diaspora
2939:See also
2900:Ethiopia
2796:Arabized
2726:Chechnya
2714:Abkhazia
2674:Caucasia
2664:communes
2660:Cambodia
2624:Cambodia
2617:Pashtuns
2416:Khorasan
2412:Anatolia
2400:Turkmens
2380:Safavids
2376:Caucasus
2374:and the
2368:Ottomans
2271:devised
2246:Egyptian
2139:disputed
2078:disputed
1968:Anatolia
1907:Salonika
1892:Murad II
1879:Mehmet I
1571:and the
1486:and the
1458:Canadian
1454:Acadians
1315:refugees
1285:Russians
1277:invading
1271:and the
1160:and the
1050:Archived
948:Bulgaria
913:expelled
807:ghettoes
749:divided
673:Scotland
655:Scotland
574:Louis XV
398:railroad
124:May 2022
6154:The Law
6060:Slavery
5886:Mineral
5854:Hunting
5847:pannage
5842:Grazing
5827:Fishing
5713:Acequia
5680:Rivalry
5668:women's
5526:Digital
5508:Commons
5443:Unowned
5418:Private
4971:return.
4903:12 June
4481:2537591
3854:El Païs
3821:1405220
3573:10 June
3449:by the
3318:Reuters
3041:Refugee
2889:Algeria
2839:leader
2829:Kuwaiti
2783:in the
2760:in the
2722:Georgia
2702:Armenia
2692:In the
2614:Ghilzai
2574:On the
2565:Kashmir
2554:Karachi
2549:Muslims
2462:Assyria
2426:in the
2291:Zionist
2269:Haganah
2262:Lebanon
2244:(under
1990:Balkans
1982:Balkans
1944:Selim I
1887:Turkmen
1877:During
1843:In Asia
1754:Yavapai
1743:Florida
1707:Yavapai
1699:Arizona
1668:Florida
1640:Choctaw
1596:, many
1420:Spanish
1325:Ukraine
1269:Siberia
1193:Austria
1190:annexed
1186:Germany
1147:Muslims
1005:Croatia
968:Dobruja
944:Romania
867:Romania
863:Hungary
849:by the
795:Germans
753:during
738:and of
596:Ireland
561:by the
513:by the
460:of the
335:de jure
219:in the
108:scholar
6035:Piracy
5987:Farhud
5815:Rights
5756:Huerta
5728:Estate
5550:Theory
5531:Global
5433:Social
5423:Public
5388:Common
5238:
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2398:, and
2396:Azeris
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2348:Persia
2254:Jordan
2218:, and
2006:Greeks
1975:sürgün
1960:Cyprus
1956:Rhodes
1948:Tabriz
1901:After
1872:sürmek
1868:sürgün
1864:sürgün
1837:Hawaii
1705:. The
1695:Navajo
1610:Canada
1473:Cajuns
1434:Canada
1300:Soviet
1296:Allies
1294:, the
1199:Cyprus
1166:Cyprus
1158:Cyprus
1112:, 1922
1110:Smyrna
1073:Kosovo
1061:Serbia
1009:Bosnia
901:Europe
855:Poland
787:Poznań
751:Poland
545:France
436:. The
201:famine
164:, 1939
156:, the
110:
103:
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6124:Theft
5910:Water
5804:title
5733:legal
5721:Ejido
5459:Croft
5438:State
5403:Crown
4521:(PDF)
4508:(PDF)
4477:JSTOR
3940:(PDF)
3925:(PDF)
3825:S2CID
3817:JSTOR
3712:4 May
3653:, BBC
3347:(PDF)
3336:(PDF)
3291:(PDF)
3284:(PDF)
3181:(PDF)
3174:(PDF)
2981:Exile
2804:Mosul
2545:Sikhs
2515:When
2464:used
2384:Kurds
2342:Nakba
2338:Naksa
2258:Syria
2230:Nakba
2200:Nakba
2000:as a
1966:onto
1952:Cairo
1934:From
1883:Tatar
1398:Mitma
1219:Greek
1172:Italy
1135:Greek
907:Spain
831:Poles
802:Nazis
791:Posen
775:Kresy
765:from
759:Poles
630:Irish
189:exile
160:from
115:JSTOR
101:books
6107:poll
6090:wage
5859:Land
5743:real
5496:real
5428:Self
5236:ISBN
5221:ISBN
5206:ISBN
5145:ISBN
5113:ISBN
4905:2022
4690:2018
4644:and
4580:link
4529:2014
4326:ISBN
4187:2010
4149:ISBN
4120:ISBN
4069:ISBN
4036:ISBN
3961:ISBN
3882:ISBN
3714:2018
3575:2011
3562:ISBN
3541:2022
3451:ICRC
3367:also
3220:2021
3189:2021
3157:2017
3144:ISBN
3121:2021
3103:ISBN
2770:flee
2766:Jews
2720:and
2708:and
2569:Urdu
2543:and
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2132:The
1958:and
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