937:
396:
539:
363:
726:
650:
262:
879:
1387:
1140:
1359:
457:
1428:
192:
106:, the medieval walls became partly redundant as military defenses against other armies; however they remained essentially unchanged in the following centuries and were not rebuilt or redesigned to protect against artillery. This is partly because Fes was a central inland city and rarely faced external threats from armies equipped with such weapons, unlike the Atlantic coastal cities of Morocco which were frequently threatened or occupied by Portuguese and Spanish forces. Only on one occasion was Fes taken by a foreign army: the
894:
417:
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garden created in 1287 to the north of Fes el-Jdid. The gardens were enclosed by their own walls and were supplied with water via a raised aqueduct that ran between Bab
Dekkakin and Bab Segma. The gardens fell into disuse and disappeared after the Marinid period, leaving only the towers of Bab Segma. The name later came from a pious woman called Amina Sagma who was buried here in 1737, and has remained as a toponym in the area sometimes applied to the newer Bab Khibbat es-Smen.
1416:
279:
1297:: A well-preserved Marinid-era gate, probably dating from 1276 (Fes el-Jdid's foundation), located at the northwestern corner of what is now the Lalla Mina Gardens inside the Royal Palace. This gate, which preserves the Marinid defensive features such as a bent entrance, was formerly the western entrance to Fes el-Jdid and to the Royal Palace, but it was made superfluous when the vast Agdal Gardens, with their own set of walls, were created on its western side.
1402:
1208:
675:
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city's defenses were as much about protecting the regime from the restive inhabitants of old Fes as they were aimed at warding off external invaders. Nonetheless, the
Marinids did also restore and repair the walls of Fes el-Bali, in addition to devoting their attention to the construction of prestigious madrasas and other embellishments in the old city. The heyday of the Marinids thus translated also into a golden age for Fes as well.
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1126:
1194:
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140:
1168:
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20:
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923:
303:
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The walls and gates also controlled the comings and goings of the city's own inhabitants, preventing anyone from leaving if the authorities desired. One of their most important functions in controlling access was to control the flow of goods and to ensure they were properly taxed. This ensured the efficient collection of revenues on behalf of the authorities (keeping in mind that all the important
909:
569:
936:
1265:), directly across from the northeastern entrance to the Dar al-Makhzen (royal palace). The name means "Gate of the Benches". It was originally known as Bab es-Sebaa or Bab es-Seba' ("Gate of the Lion"). It dates from 1276 and was originally the main northern entrance to Fes el-Jdid, before undergoing some modifications in the late 19th century and early 20th century.
1040:): Just a small gate today, this gate is located at the northeastern tip of the city (in an area where the city walls bulged outwards slightly) and served as the outer entrance to the Keddane (or Keddan) district. The earliest gate in this area was originally called Bab Abi Sofyan, while a later gate was also called Bab Beni Msafer.
1026:(the central river separating the Qarawiyyin and Andalous districts). Like Bab el-Hadid, it was not historically a major gate due to the sparsely inhabited land behind it. Today, the area of the former gate is crossed by one of the only major roads that cars and buses can take into the central medina, leading to
74:
openings in the walls today. The walls marked both the physical and symbolic limits of the city (and sometimes also of its subdivisions), and as such the gates themselves could acquire added social or political significance. The city's major cemeteries are also located just outside the main gates, in particular:
1055:: Meaning the "Red Gate" (or perhaps "Gate of the Red Lady"), this gate was located a short distance west of Bab Ftouh, but by the 16th century it seems to have had already disappeared. Its name was preserved through the name of the Bab al-Hamra Cemetery, located inside the city walls and west of Bab Ftouh.
118:
took it back. The Saadis later built the only fortresses in Fes designed to resist gunpowder technology, and even these seem to have been intended more to impose Saadi control on the often rebellious city. By contrast, local
Bedouin or other potential raiders from the countryside were rarely equipped
94:
As with other pre-modern city walls, the ramparts of Fes served both a defensive and a controlling function. They protected the city from attack and kept out strangers. City gates were typically closed and locked at night; travelers would not generally have been able to enter the city at a late hour.
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besieged and conquered Fes in 1549, after strong resistance. In 1554-55 a surviving member of the
Wattasid dynasty reestablished control over Fes and the Saadis were forced to once again besiege and reconquer Fes right away. Upon retaking the city, the Saadi authorities took revenge upon some of the
517:
Most of Fes el-Jdid's outer perimeter was protected by a set of double walls; a tall inner wall with heavy square towers at regular intervals and a smaller outer wall with minor towers. Today, an original section of these walls has been well-preserved between the Lalla Mina and Agdal
Gardens, inside
534:
Today, Fes el-Jdid's walls and gates still date to a large extent from the
Marinid period, generally from Abu Yusuf Ya'qub's initial construction. However, some sections have been expanded over the years, with those of the Dar al-Makhzen, in particular, being extended multiple times to accommodate
214:
This type of construction required consistent maintenance and upkeep, as the materials are relatively permeable and are more easily eroded by rain over time; in parts of
Morocco, (especially near the Sahara) kasbahs and other structures made with a less durable composition (typically lacking lime)
1274:
This gate is located in the area between Kasbah
Cherarda and the walls of the New Mechouar, marked by two massive octagonal towers dating from the Marinid period (with subsequent remodeling). These two octagonal towers were originally part of an entrance to the Mosara Garden, a vast Marinid royal
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in Spain.) Many of the main gates of the city were built around this time. Since the city had grown in the meantime, the new
Almohad perimeter of walls was larger than that of the former Almoravid ramparts. Like other Moroccan ramparts, it was built in rammed earth with stone foundations, and was
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The outline of Fes el-Jdid (and of the Royal Palace inside it) was also altered many times in this period. In the 19th century, the creation of the vast Agdal
Gardens to the west and the addition of the Bab Bou Jat Mechouar and the New Mechouar to the north all extended the perimeter of city and
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The eastern perimeter of Fes el-Jdid, facing Fes el-Bali, was more heavily fortified: both the inner and outer walls were equally massive, and between them ran a long military corridor for troop movements. The extra fortification on this side has been interpreted has an indication that the royal
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The walls were built from bottom to top one level at a time. Workers pressed and packed in the materials into sections ranging from 50 and 70 cm in length that were each held together temporarily by wooden boards. Once the material was settled, the wooden restraints could be removed and the
1321:): This gate could be said to belong to Fes el-Jdid but, more precisely, it is located in the southern wall of the walled corridor built by Moulay Hassan in the 19th century to link Fes el-Jdid with Fes el-Bali. It was formerly the site of a garrison post or small kasbah housing troops from the
73:
The city walls underwent a complex evolution over the centuries with multiple phases of expansion, destruction, and reconstruction affecting different parts of the city's outline. Likewise, the city gates vary greatly in design and date, ranging from heavily fortified defensive gates to simple
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the perimeter of the Dar al-Makhzen. On the city's north side, the smaller outer wall appears to have actually extended outwards from the city in order to enclose the vast Mosara Garden, a royal pleasure garden created by the Marinids in 1287, nearly as large as the city itself. The raised
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can begin to crumble apart in less than a couple of decades after they've been abandoned. As such, old structures of this type remain intact only insofar as they are continuously restored; some stretches of wall today appear brand new due to regular maintenance, while others are crumbling.
1016:: This gate is located in the southwestern part of the city walls. Before the 20th century, this area of the old city was not densely built up and was mainly occupied by gardens and mansions for the wealthier people of Fes. As a result, no major roads led to it for most of its history.
325:
besieged and conquered the city during the Almohad overthrow of the Almoravids. Due to the ferocious resistance they encountered from the local population, the Almohads demolished the city's fortifications. However, due to Fes's continuing economic and military importance, the Almohad
1006:: The main northeastern gate of Fes el-Bali, also dating in its current form from the Almohad period (12th-13th century). The original monumental gate, still standing, has a bent entrance, but a small side gate was later opened to provide easier direct access today. Next to it is the
1237:(main north–south street) of Fes el-Jdid. Dating from 1276, it was the main southern gate of the city in its main (or inner) fortified wall and the southern entrance to the original residential districts of Fes el-Jdid proper. It underwent modifications in the early 20th century.
1245:: This gate originally dates from 1276 and is the main western entrance to Fes el-Jdid, located near the western end of the Jewish Mellah. It was located along the outer southern wall of Fes el-Jdid (whereas Bab Semmarine was located along the more heavily fortified inner wall).
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ordered the walls of the two cities to be demolished and for a new wall to be built around both cities, thus unifying them for the first time. Although the Almoravids made their capital at Marrakesh, Fes was one of their most important cities. They constructed a fortified
698:(also known as the Kasbah al-Khemis) to the north of Fes el-Jdid and of the Royal Palace in order to house a large part of his tribal troops. He also restored or rebuilt what became known as the Kasbah an-Nouar, which became the living quarters of his followers from the
122:
The walls continued to play their more administrative functions. The city gates accordingly came to be seen as more formal and decorative in purpose, sometimes serving as monumental entries to the city; the 20th-century construction of the strictly ornamental gate of
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process was repeated on top of the previously completed level. This process of initial wooden scaffolding often leaves traces in the form of multiple rows of little holes visible across the face of the walls. In many cases walls were covered with a coating of lime,
709:
onward it regained its power and prestige. The 'Alawis continued to rebuild or restore various monuments, as well as to expand the grounds of the Royal Palace a number of times. The final and most significant change to Fes's topography was made during the reign of
978:: Historically the main western entrance in the city walls, built in the early 13th century during the rule of Muhammad al-Nasir, in Almohad architectural style. It exists alongside the Bab Mahrouk Cemetery and Kasbah an-Nouar. Its name means "Gate of the Burnt".
437:, expelling the Almohads. In 1250, however, while the sultan was out on campaign, the inhabitants of Fes rebelled and the city had to be reconquered after a 9-month siege. Perhaps due to this recurring streak of rebellion and resistance, the Marinid sultan
714:(1873-1894), who finally connected Fes el-Jdid and Fes el-Bali by building a walled corridor between them. Within this new corridor, between the two cities, lay new gardens and summer palaces used by the royals and the capital's high society, such as the
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was built next to Bab Ftouh (south-east). Three main bastions were added to the defenses of Fes el-Jdid on the east and south sides: Borj Sheikh Ahmed, Borj Twil, and Borj Sidi Bou Nafa'. Several other less notable bastions were also added on the west
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around the city which appear to be aimed at keeping control over the local population. They were mostly located on higher ground overlooking Fes el-Bali, from which they would have been easily able to bombard the city with canons. These include the
1030:. As of 2022, a major construction project to create additional parking for the medina was ongoing in the area. The project's completion was delayed for various reasons, including the discovery of an ancient cemetery on site during construction.
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in 1204, giving them their definitive shape and establishing the perimeter of Fes el-Bali to this day. (Although according to another author, the reconstruction of the walls was ordered by Muhammad al-Nasir in 1212, following his defeat at
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to aid adhesion. The addition of lime also made the walls harder and more resistant overall, although this varied locally as some areas had soil which hardened well on its own while others did not. (For example, the walls of Fes and nearby
522:
which provided water to this garden ran between Bab Dekkakin and the gate of Bab Segma to the north (composed of two massive octagonal towers still seen today), and was later incorporated into the much more recent walls of the
1061:: Also known as Bab Knisa ("Gate of the Church"), it lay at the eastern/southeastern end of the city, just northeast of Bab Ftouh. Like Bab al-Hamra, it had already disappeared by the 16th century, leaving only its name as a
956:
Map showing the names and locations of all the historic gates in Fes. (Note: some gates, such as Bab el-Hamra and Bab Khoukha, disappeared centuries ago, while other gates, such as Bab Chems and Bab Riafa, date from modern
794:), generally meaning "tower", was applied to a number of heavily fortified military structures and bastions, especially those of the Saadi era. The following includes a list of the most important structures of either kind:
1114:, after the Italian architect who designed it. French officials during the Protectorate period (20th century) later remodelled it to its current appearance in order to erase what they viewed as foreign influences in local
503:
and flanking towers. Inside, the city was further subdivided into different districts, some of which, including the Dar al-Makhzen, had walls and gates separating them from the others. Another district, initially known as
268:
the approximate outline of the dual cities of al-'Aliya and Madinat Fas, with their own walls (according to Lévi-Provençal). The river (not traced here) runs between them. The grey lines represent the outline of the walls
1343:: This gate is located inside the southernmost district of Fes el-Jdid, along its main street. It marked the boundary between the Sidi Bou Nafa neighbourhood to the east (located directly south of Bab Semmarine, near the
99:(markets) were within the city). Finally, a more subtle or symbolic function of the city walls was to formally define the borders of the urban space, within which certain rules, principles, or regulations might apply.
593:
local leaders and treated the general population poorly, further enshrining the inhabitants' hostility to the new dynasty. Presumably as a result of this persisting tension, the Saadis built a number of new forts and
354:
Today, the northern sections of Fes el-Bali's city walls are believed to be the oldest remaining parts of the walls of Fes and are thought to date all the way back to this Almohad period. The fortified city gates of
1307:): No longer standing today, this was a gate along the outer southern wall of Fes el-Jdid and was located just east of Bab Semmarine. The area of the former gate is now crossed by the main road for car traffic (
1085:
and at the eastern end of the walled corridor leading from the Old Mechouar and Fes el-Jdid. It was probably first opened in the late 19th century when Moulay Hasan I built the corridor. "Bab Chems" is a French
786:) was used to denote a large number of fortified enclosures ranging from small garrison forts to larger citadels, many of them named after the ethnic or geographic origin of the soldiers posted there. The term
254:, on the western shore. Historical sources agree that these two early cities had their own walls, their own separate mosques and institutions, and were often rivals. This urban center nonetheless served as the
184:.) The technique is still in use today, though the composition and ratio of these materials has continued to change over time as some materials (like clay) have become relatively more costly than others (like
857:: The northernmost and easternmost bastion, this one was built at the corner of the walls closest to Fes el-Bali. Today it can also be prominently seen overlooking the southern edge of the Jnan Sbil Gardens.
70:(citadels) and forts which were built both to protect and to control the city. These fortifications have been built up over many centuries and the extensive remnants today date from many different periods.
626:. Two other bastions, Borj Twil and Borj Sidi Bou Nafa', were also built along Fes el-Jdid's walls south of Borj Sheikh Ahmed. The Borj Nord, Borj Sud, and these bastions (sometimes referred to as the
1281:: This is the northern entrance gate to the New Mechouar (historically different from Bab Segma but sometimes going by the same name). The gate dates from 1886, when Moulay Hassan built the adjoining
163:). It generally made use of local materials and was widely used thanks to its low cost and relative efficiency. This material consisted of mud and soil of varying consistency (everything from smooth
622:) on the hills to the south, and the Borj Sheikh Ahmed to the west, at a point in Fes el-Jdid's walls that was closest to Fes el-Bali. These were built in the late 16th century, mostly by Sultan
395:
998:: The main southweastern gate of Fes el-Bali. It dates essentially from the Almohad period (12th-13th century) in its current form. Near it is the Bab Ftouh Cemetery and the Kasbah Tamdert.
463:, originally the main northern entrance to Fes el-Jdid. The main structure dates from the Marinid period but the gate was modified and redecorated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
961:
There are numerous gates in both Fes el-Bali and Fes el-Jdid, of varying significance, ranging from monumental military structures to simple openings in the wall. They are listed below.
986:: The main western entrance to Fes el-Bali today (located further east than Bab Mahrouk), and an iconic monument of the medina of Fez. It was built in 1913 at the beginning of French
228:
The exact details of the foundation of Fes are debated by modern scholars, based on sometimes conflicting historical sources. Though the dates vary slightly, all accounts agree that
837:: This Saadi fort bears the clearest signs of European influence in its structure, and stands on the hills north of the city, near the Marinid Tombs. Today it houses an Arms Museum.
377:(possible outline). The Almoravids established a kasbah on the west side of the city. The Almohads rebuilt the walls at the start of the 13th century and added a second kasbah, the
2763:
2768:
2160:
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reinforced with rectangular towers. The Almohads also built the Kasbah Bou Jeloud on the site of the former Almoravid kasbah in the western end of the city (just west of
2285:(Information plaque). Near Bab Khibbat as-Smen (the northern gate of New Mechouar), at the foot of the large octagonal tower: (official tourist signage). December 2014.
351:. Not all the land within the city walls was densely inhabited; much of it was still relatively open and was occupied by crops and gardens used by the inhabitants.
467:
Fes el-Jdid had its own set of fortified walls and gates. Its northern entrance, at the beginning of the road to Meknes, consisted of a fortified bridge (now the
1291:: The former western entrance to the Moulday Abdallah quarter of Fes el-Jdid, but closed off in modern times during the expansion of the Dar al-Makhzen grounds.
805:. It was once the citadel of the Almoravids and then the Almohad authorities, and continued to be used as the governor's residence even up to the 20th century.
2444:
1311:) that passes between the Mellah and Bab Semmarine. The name still survives as a toponym in the area, and one of the nearby Saadi bastions was named after it.
2922:
2503:
869:: The southernmost bastion, located on the south side of what used to be the gate of Bab Jiaf (also known as Bab Sidi Bou Nafa; now occupied by a main road).
1071:: The gate to the Kasbah An-Nouar, a citadel at the western end of Fes el-Bali. Its current form dates from the 'Alawi era. The name means the "Gate of the
553:), as well as the Marinid palaces. The original layout of these palaces is no longer known. To the north, the Marinids also created a vast garden known as
1848:
1351:
archer regiments of the Marinid sultan). The original gate has, like many older gates, a bent entrance and it was flanked by two large defensive towers.
878:
1940:
Marcos Cobaleda, Maria; Villalba Sola, Dolores (2018). "Transformations in medieval Fez: Almoravid hydraulic system and changes in the Almohad walls".
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region (the 'Alawi dynasty's ancestral home). For this reason, the kasbah was also known as the Kasbah Filala ("Kasbah of the people from Tafilalt").
3211:
2886:
2845:
1044:
159:, an ancient building technique found across the Near East, Africa, and beyond. It is also known as "pisé" (from French) or "tabia" (from
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decided, in 1276, to build an entirely new royal city to the west of the old city, on higher ground overlooking it. This became known as
642:. Some of them may have been built with the help of Christian European prisoners of war from the Saadis' victory over Portuguese at the
2185:
801:: This kasbah is no longer fortified today, but preserves its footprint in the layout of the area, which includes the Almohad-era
1049:
1102:). Although the gate today has a traditional pointed horseshoe-arch appearance, in the 19th century it was actually built in an
1386:
2439:
1094:, Arabic for "Gate of the Sun". The name probably came from a small garrison post or fort nearby, just to the west, called
1798:
Jaquin, P. (2012). "History of earth building techniques". In Hall, Matthew R.; Lindsay, Rick; Krayenhoff, Meror (eds.).
851:: These three massive towers were built by the Saadis along the eastern and southeastern corners of Fes el-Jdid's walls.
694:, took Fes in 1666 and made it his capital. He set about restoring the city after a long period of neglect. He built the
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and Borj Sud were built outside the walls of Fes el-Bali on the hills to the north and south, respectively. The
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finally linked Fes el-Jdid and Fes el-Bali with walls in the late 19th century. Moulay Hassan also created the
128:
1757:
1358:
725:
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656:(possible outline). The Saadis built multiple new fortresses in order to impose order and improve defenses.
649:
1139:
261:
2014:
Bressolette, Henri; Delaroziere, Jean (1983). "Fès-Jdid de sa fondation en 1276 au milieu du XXe siècle".
549:(possible outline). Fes el-Jdid included Muslim neighbourhoods and eventually a Jewish neighbourhood (the
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2555:
2523:
2482:
2434:
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The northernmost sections of the city walls, believed to be the oldest remaining parts of the walls today
514:, was also added to the south of Bab Semmarine, between the city's inner and outer walls on this side.
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2748:
2743:
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1107:
769:
A number of fortresses and fortified enclosures were built across the city over many eras. The term "
643:
434:
330:
2231:
Holden, Stacy E. (2008). "The Legacy of French Colonialism: Preservation in Morocco's Fez Medina".
1427:
1022:
Meaning the "New Gate", this gate was located at the southern end of the city near the exit of the
745:
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or bastion of the same name) and the Jewish Mellah proper to the west (the former barracks of the
2830:
1103:
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299:(citadel) in the eastern end of the city, likely on the same site as the later Kasbah Bou Jeloud.
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capital and remained one of the main cities of Morocco even after the decline of the Idrisids.
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211:, or other material to give them a smooth surface and to better protect the main structure.
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1849:"Matériaux de construction traditionnels : Un bilan des recherches et des expériences"
845:: The "sister" of Borj Nord, it stands on the hills overlooking Fes el-Bali from the south.
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Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman
1981:
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Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman
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2799:
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Bressolette, Henri; Delarozière, Jean (1978). "El Mosara, jardin royal des Mérinides".
1957:
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ordered the reconstruction of the ramparts. The walls were completed by his successor
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means "Gate of the Mountain", presumably another reference to the Rif). A main road (
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After Moulay Rashid's death Fes underwent another dark period, but from the reign of
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635:
544:
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401:
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2186:"Médina de Fès : l'aménagement des parkings sera-t-il achevé avant 2023 ?"
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in Arabic) of Fes el-Jdid are the only fortifications in Fes to demonstrate clear
487:; now replaced by the gate of the Dar al-Makhzen). The southern gate of the city,
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107:
55:
43:
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Modern Earth Buildings: Materials, Engineering, Constructions and Applications
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453:), the administrative quarters of the state, and the headquarters of the army.
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with artillery, so the existing walls were sufficient to defend against them.
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2084:. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition. pp. 109–110.
813:: Also known as Kasbah Filala, it dates from the Almohad and 'Alawi periods.
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today), and also built the initial kasbah occupying the site of the current
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732:, at the end of all the major 'Alawi-era additions. The final shape of the
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This gate is near the Jewish Quarter (Mellah), at the southern end of the
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mountain region in northern Morocco, hence the name meaning "Gate of the
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829:: Near Bab Ftouh gate in the southeast, it dates from the Saadi period.
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survivor, occupied it in 1554 for less than a year before the Moroccan
83:
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and Agdal gardens, as well as the New Mechouar, next to which was the
499:, all shared a similar defensive layout with Bab es-Sebaa by having a
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required the diversion of the Oued Fes river further north as well.
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615:
584:
successors, Fes in turn entered a period of relative darkness. The
442:
405:
368:
278:
238:
51:
821:: Also known as Kasbah al-Khemis, it dates from the 'Alawi period.
147:(pisé) wall being built (with metal instead of wooden scaffolding)
2472:
2249:
2142:
2126:
2110:
2094:
1786:
The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
638:) influence in their design, updated to serve as defenses in the
594:
180:
contain up to 47% lime versus around 17% in Marrakesh and 12% in
63:
359:
and Bab Guissa also retain their forms from the Almohad period.
139:
2316:
2265:
1072:
952:
770:
631:
296:
208:
185:
177:
160:
115:
67:
19:
1886:. Paris: Les Presses de l'Unesco: Nouvelles Éditions Latines.
302:
1348:
568:
181:
168:
155:
and most historic cities in Morocco, were generally built in
131:
can be seen as the logical outcome of this shift in purpose.
1939:
471:) over the Oued Fes. This bridge was set between two gates:
274:
Almoravid and Almohad era: the unification of the two cities
1285:. The gate is also named as Bab Moussiki in another source.
990:, replacing an older and more modest gate of the same name.
385:
164:
96:
1742:. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition.
863:: The southeastern bastion, located between the other two.
167:
to rocky soil) usually mixed with other materials such as
1322:
218:
1910:(11 ed.). London: Rough Guides. 2016. p. 390.
134:
1081:: This simple gateway is located at the western end of
2039:
2013:
1588:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 157.
195:
Restored (left) versus unrestored (right) section of
2233:
APT Bulletin: The Journal of Preservation Technology
781:
543:
The walls of Fes el-Bali and Fes el-Jdid during the
373:, after the unification of the two cities under the
223:
16:
Defensive structures of the old city of Fez, Morocco
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
736:is known by this point, following many expansions.
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1832:A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco
54:, two urban agglomerations that compose the old "
3203:
1223:The gates of Fes el-Jdid include the following:
969:The gates of Fes el-Bali include the following:
670:'Alawi era: linking Fes el-Jdid with Fes el-Bali
580:Following the decline of the Marinids and their
1602:
576:, on the northern hills overlooking Fes el-Bali
2445:École nationale des sciences appliquées de Fès
1586:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period
1337:) passes through a modern gateway there today.
3114:For the "Mechouars" of the Royal Palace, see
2332:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
563:
2800:Nejjarine Museum of Wooden Arts & Crafts
2079:
2057:Marrakech: Splendeurs saadiennes: 1550-1650
2048:
1737:
3094:Place Bou Jeloud (Place Pacha el-Baghdadi)
2339:
2325:
1866:
535:new gardens and extensions of the palace.
429:In 1248, Fes was in turn conquered by the
2301:"the gates, fortresses and towers of fez"
2212:"the gates, fortresses and towers of fez"
2183:
1583:
1257:): Situated between the Old Mechouar (or
89:
3212:Buildings and structures in Fez, Morocco
2566:Al-Anouar Mosque (Mosque of the Sheikhs)
1979:
1834:. Charlottesville, VA: The Baraka Press.
951:
724:
673:
648:
567:
537:
455:
386:Marinid era: the creation of Fes el-Jdid
361:
301:
277:
260:
190:
138:
18:
2882:Funduq al-Najjarin (Foundouk Nejjarine)
1884:Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique
1555:
1218:
964:
3204:
2294:
2292:
2230:
2054:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1881:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1797:
748:added the Bab Bou Jat Mechouar, while
219:Historical evolution of the city walls
3163:Mosara Garden (Marinid Royal Gardens)
2902:Funduq Shamma'in (Foundouk Chemmaïne)
2571:Ain al-Kheil Mosque (Al-Azhar Mosque)
2320:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1560:. Paris: ACR Édition Internationale.
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
135:Constructions methods and maintenance
2440:Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University
1942:The Journal of North African Studies
1843:
1841:
1780:
1778:
1751:
1749:
1579:
1577:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
764:
654:The walls of Fes in the Saadi period
508:and later converted into the Jewish
232:founded the first urban settlement,
2289:
2275:
2073:
2022:
1990:
1924:
1806:
1802:. Woodhead Publishing. p. 314.
791:
774:
13:
2754:Zawiya of Sidi Abdelkader al-Fassi
2158:
1968:
1755:
602:, just inside the city walls near
422:Northern walls of Fes Jdid in 2014
14:
3263:
3189:Category:People from Fez, Morocco
1838:
1775:
1746:
1574:
1474:
224:Early history of Fes: dual cities
2346:
2161:"Getting Around in Fez, Morocco"
1438:
1426:
1414:
1400:
1385:
1371:
1357:
1206:
1192:
1180:
1166:
1152:
1138:
1124:
935:
921:
907:
892:
877:
415:
394:
151:The walls of Fès, like those of
66:. They also include a number of
42:) comprise a complex circuit of
2814:Palaces & historic mansions
2774:Zawiya of Sidi Taoudi Ben Souda
2298:
2259:
2243:
2224:
2209:
2203:
2177:
2152:
2136:
2120:
2104:
2088:
1900:
2764:Zawiya of Sidi Ahmed esh-Shawi
2759:Zawiya of Sidi Ahmed al-Tijani
2059:. Paris: LienArt. p. 92.
1791:
887:(exterior view from the south)
559:, enclosed with its own walls.
445:("New Fes"), and included the
404:walls on the northern side of
236:, on the eastern shore of the
129:French colonial administration
1:
2272:. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
2149:. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
1954:10.1080/13629387.2017.1371596
1467:
947:
614:) on the hills to the north,
313:-era western gate of the city
250:founded a second settlement,
2769:Zawiya of Sidi Ali Boughaleb
707:Moulay Muhammad ibn Abdallah
242:(Fes River; now also called
7:
3082:Streets, souqs, and squares
3040:Bab Dekkakin (Bab es-Sebaa)
2969:Fortresses & city walls
2622:Great Mosque of Fes el-Jdid
2524:World Sacred Music Festival
2483:Maghreb de Fes (basketball)
2435:University of al-Qarawiyyin
2256:Retrieved January 22, 2018.
2133:Retrieved January 22, 2018.
2117:Retrieved January 22, 2018.
2101:Retrieved January 22, 2018.
2080:Le Tourneau, Roger (1949).
1788:, 5th edition (1998). p.439
1738:Le Tourneau, Roger (1949).
1450:
1261:) and the New Mechouar (or
782:
730:The walls of Fes circa 1913
367:The walls of Fes under the
10:
3268:
1908:The Rough Guide to Morocco
564:Saadi era: controlling Fes
3227:Fortifications in Morocco
3180:
3125:
3081:
3015:
2967:
2941:
2915:
2874:
2813:
2787:
2749:Zawiya of Moulay Idris II
2744:Mausoleum of Sidi Harazem
2736:
2680:
2659:
2614:
2561:Mosque of the Andalusians
2548:
2541:
2532:
2516:
2491:
2465:
2458:
2427:
2406:
2383:
2354:
1983:Une ville de l'Islam: Fès
1584:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987).
1558:Fès: La ville essentielle
1556:Métalsi, Mohamed (2003).
644:Battle of the Three Kings
495:), and the western gate,
199:wall near Bab Guissa, in
2737:Mausoleums & zawiyas
2184:LesEco.ma (2022-06-23).
1980:Gaillard, Henri (1905).
1882:Gaudio, Attilio (1982).
1830:Parker, Richard (1981).
2831:Dar Ba Mohammed Chergui
2375:Mellah (Jewish quarter)
2055:Salmon, Xavier (2016).
1855:(in French). 1992-06-25
1110:style and was known as
849:Bastions of Fes el-Jdid
2779:Tomb of Sidi Bel Kacem
2703:Madrasa of Fes el-Jdid
2672:Al Fassiyine Synagogue
2647:Moulay Abdallah Mosque
2266:فاس جديد تحتضن 17 بابا
958:
761:
744:north of Fes el-Jdid,
683:
666:
577:
560:
464:
408:(photographed in 1916)
382:
314:
283:
270:
203:
148:
90:Role of the city walls
46:and gates surrounding
31:
3242:Gates of Fez, Morocco
3232:City walls in Morocco
3158:Maristan of Sidi Frej
3072:Fortifications of Fez
3070:For other gates, see
2907:Funduq al-Tetwaniyyin
2450:Collège Moulay Idriss
1116:Moroccan architecture
955:
728:
677:
652:
571:
541:
459:
365:
305:
281:
264:
194:
142:
110:, with the help of a
36:Fortifications of Fez
22:
3247:Saadian architecture
3222:Marinid architecture
3217:Almohad architecture
3168:Oued Fes (Fez River)
2942:Hammams (bathhouses)
2637:Lalla ez-Zhar Mosque
2576:Abu al-Hassan Mosque
2556:Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque
1219:Gates of Fes el-Jdid
965:Gates of Fes el-Bali
678:The entrance of the
3252:'Alawi architecture
3116:Royal Palace of Fez
2933:Sidi Moussa Tannery
2923:Ain Azliten Tannery
2875:Funduqs (foundouks)
2821:Royal Palace of Fez
2688:Al-Attarine Madrasa
2667:Ibn Danan Synagogue
2642:Lalla Ghriba Mosque
2504:Salle 11th November
2419:Fes railway station
1462:Architecture of Fez
867:Borj Sidi Bou Nafa'
686:The founder of the
606:, and the forts of
590:Muhammad ash-Sheikh
340:Las Navas de Tolosa
143:General example of
102:With the advent of
3089:Kissariat al-Kifah
2949:Hammam al-Mokhfiya
2713:Mesbahiyya Madrasa
2698:Cherratine Madrasa
2693:Bou Inania Madrasa
2591:Chrabliyine Mosque
1986:. Paris: J. André.
1457:Walls of Marrakesh
1421:Bab Kbibat es-Smen
1335:Avenue de l'UNESCO
1305:Bab Sidi Bou Nafa'
1279:Bab Kbibat es-Smen
959:
762:
684:
667:
578:
561:
465:
383:
315:
284:
271:
204:
149:
32:
3197:
3196:
3176:
3175:
3148:Jnan Sbil Gardens
2728:Sba'iyyin Madrasa
2655:
2654:
2586:Bou Jeloud Mosque
2581:Bab Guissa Mosque
2512:
2511:
2299:Fes, Publié par.
2210:Fes, Publié par.
1034:Bab Sidi Bou Jida
1008:Bab Guissa Mosque
942:Borj Sheikh Ahmed
855:Borj Sheikh Ahmed
803:Bou Jeloud Mosque
799:Kasbah Bou Jeloud
780:
765:Kasbahs and forts
716:Jnan Sbil Gardens
489:Bab 'Oyun Sanhaja
335:Muhammad al-Nasir
292:Yusuf ibn Tashfin
3259:
3237:Gates in Morocco
2954:Hammam Ben Abbad
2723:Saffarin Madrasa
2546:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2463:
2462:
2414:Fès–Saïs Airport
2341:
2334:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2296:
2287:
2286:
2279:
2273:
2263:
2257:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2159:Planet, Lonely.
2156:
2150:
2140:
2134:
2124:
2118:
2108:
2102:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2020:
2019:
2011:
1988:
1987:
1977:
1966:
1965:
1937:
1922:
1921:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1879:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1827:
1804:
1803:
1795:
1789:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1753:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1600:
1599:
1581:
1572:
1571:
1553:
1445:Bab el-Mellah
1442:
1430:
1418:
1404:
1389:
1375:
1361:
1263:Nouveau Méchouar
1210:
1196:
1184:
1170:
1156:
1142:
1128:
1100:Kasbah ash-Shams
1096:Kasbah ech-Chems
1083:Place Bou Jeloud
1053:
1024:Oued Bou Khrareb
939:
925:
911:
896:
881:
793:
785:
779:romanized:
778:
776:
640:age of gunpowder
572:The fortress of
449:of the sultans (
439:Abu Yusuf Ya'qub
419:
398:
331:Ya'qub al-Mansur
266:Fes before 1069:
246:) while his son
244:Oued Bou Khrareb
112:Wattasid dynasty
3267:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3193:
3172:
3126:Other landmarks
3121:
3104:Place Seffarine
3099:Place Nejjarine
3077:
3011:
3002:Kasbah Cherarda
2997:Kasbah An-Nouar
2963:
2959:Hammam Saffarin
2937:
2928:Chouara Tannery
2911:
2892:Funduq Kettanin
2870:
2809:
2783:
2732:
2708:Madrasa el-Oued
2676:
2651:
2632:Al-Hamra Mosque
2627:Al-Beida Mosque
2610:
2528:
2508:
2487:
2454:
2423:
2402:
2379:
2350:
2345:
2315:
2314:
2305:
2303:
2297:
2290:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2264:
2260:
2248:
2244:
2229:
2225:
2216:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2195:
2193:
2182:
2178:
2169:
2167:
2157:
2153:
2141:
2137:
2125:
2121:
2109:
2105:
2093:
2089:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2053:
2049:
2042:Hespéris-Tamuda
2038:
2023:
2016:Hespéris-Tamuda
2012:
1991:
1978:
1969:
1938:
1925:
1918:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1880:
1867:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1828:
1807:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1776:
1767:
1765:
1754:
1747:
1736:
1603:
1596:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1554:
1475:
1470:
1453:
1446:
1443:
1434:
1431:
1422:
1419:
1410:
1405:
1396:
1390:
1381:
1376:
1367:
1362:
1309:Rue Bou Ksissat
1221:
1214:
1211:
1202:
1197:
1188:
1185:
1176:
1171:
1162:
1157:
1148:
1143:
1134:
1129:
1088:transliteration
1047:
1038:Bab Sidi Boujda
967:
950:
943:
940:
931:
926:
917:
912:
903:
902:(entrance gate)
900:Kasbah Cherarda
897:
888:
885:Kasbah an-Nouar
882:
818:Kasbah Cherarda
810:Kasbah an-Nouar
767:
742:Kasbah Cherarda
740:also added the
696:Kasbah Cherarda
680:Kasbah Cherarda
672:
624:Ahmad al-Mansur
612:Borj al-Shamali
566:
427:
426:
425:
424:
423:
420:
411:
410:
409:
399:
388:
379:Kasbah An-Nouar
349:Kasbah an-Nouar
276:
226:
221:
137:
92:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3265:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3030:Bab Bou Jeloud
3027:
3021:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3007:Kasbah Tamdert
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2805:Museum of Arms
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2718:Sahrij Madrasa
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2601:El-Oued Mosque
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2371:Ville Nouvelle
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2288:
2274:
2258:
2242:
2223:
2202:
2176:
2151:
2135:
2119:
2103:
2087:
2072:
2065:
2047:
2021:
1989:
1967:
1948:(4): 591–623.
1923:
1916:
1899:
1892:
1865:
1837:
1805:
1790:
1774:
1745:
1601:
1594:
1573:
1567:978-2867701528
1566:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1406:
1399:
1397:
1395:(Bab es-Sebaa)
1391:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1338:
1312:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1276:
1266:
1259:Vieux Méchouar
1246:
1238:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1151:
1149:
1146:Bab Bou Jeloud
1144:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1092:Bab (al-)Shams
1076:
1066:
1056:
1041:
1031:
1017:
1011:
999:
991:
983:Bab Bou Jeloud
979:
966:
963:
949:
946:
945:
944:
941:
934:
932:
927:
920:
918:
913:
906:
904:
898:
891:
889:
883:
876:
873:
872:
871:
870:
864:
858:
846:
838:
830:
826:Kasbah Tamdert
822:
814:
806:
766:
763:
734:Dar al-Makhzen
712:Moulay Hasan I
688:'Alawi dynasty
671:
668:
662:Kasbah Tamdert
620:Borj al-Janoub
600:Kasbah Tamdert
565:
562:
481:Bab el-Qantara
451:Dar al-Makhzen
421:
414:
413:
412:
400:
393:
392:
391:
390:
389:
387:
384:
371:(13th century)
345:Bab Bou Jeloud
275:
272:
225:
222:
220:
217:
136:
133:
125:Bab Bou Jeloud
91:
88:
38:(also spelled
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3264:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3200:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3153:Marinid Tombs
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3143:Dar al-Makina
3141:
3139:
3138:Dar al-Magana
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3110:
3109:Tala'a Kebira
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3060:Bab Semmarine
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
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3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:
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2998:
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2898:
2895:
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2890:
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2885:
2883:
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2879:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2866:Mnebhi Palace
2864:
2862:
2859:
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2842:
2839:
2837:
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2433:
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2399:
2398:Treaty of Fes
2396:
2394:
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2376:
2373:
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2368:
2365:
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2319:
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2271:
2267:
2262:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2213:
2206:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2166:
2165:Lonely Planet
2162:
2155:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2132:
2128:
2127:Bab al-Fetouh
2123:
2116:
2112:
2111:Bab Bu Jallud
2107:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2083:
2076:
2068:
2066:9782359061826
2062:
2058:
2051:
2043:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2017:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1919:
1917:9780241236680
1913:
1909:
1903:
1895:
1889:
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1878:
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1854:
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1502:
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1486:
1484:
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1478:
1473:
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1454:
1441:
1436:
1429:
1424:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1365:Bab Semmarine
1360:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1341:Bab el-Mellah
1339:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1283:Dar al-Makina
1280:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1229:Bab Semmarine
1226:
1225:
1224:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1190:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1164:
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1155:
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1136:
1133:
1127:
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1121:
1117:
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1109:
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1097:
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1089:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1000:
997:
996:
992:
989:
988:colonial rule
985:
984:
980:
977:
976:
972:
971:
970:
962:
954:
938:
933:
930:
924:
919:
916:
910:
905:
901:
895:
890:
886:
880:
875:
874:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
852:
850:
847:
844:
843:
839:
836:
835:
831:
828:
827:
823:
820:
819:
815:
812:
811:
807:
804:
800:
797:
796:
795:
789:
784:
772:
759:
758:Dar al-Makina
755:
751:
747:
746:Abd al-Rahman
743:
739:
738:Moulay Rashid
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
717:
713:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
692:Moulay Rashid
689:
681:
676:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
645:
641:
637:
634:(most likely
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
591:
587:
583:
575:
570:
558:
557:
552:
548:
546:
540:
536:
532:
528:
526:
521:
515:
513:
512:
507:
502:
501:bent entrance
498:
494:
493:Bab Semmarine
490:
486:
482:
478:
475:(the current
474:
470:
462:
458:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
418:
407:
403:
397:
380:
376:
372:
370:
364:
360:
358:
352:
350:
346:
341:
336:
332:
329:
324:
323:Abd al-Mu'min
320:
312:
308:
304:
300:
298:
293:
289:
286:In 1069, the
280:
267:
263:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:
235:
231:
216:
212:
210:
202:
198:
193:
189:
187:
183:
179:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
146:
141:
132:
130:
126:
120:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
98:
87:
85:
81:
77:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
26:
21:
3199:
3133:Borj Neffara
3113:
3071:
3069:
2976:
2968:
2897:Funduq Sagha
2887:Funduq Barka
2861:Jamai Palace
2846:Dar Belghazi
2841:Dar el-Beida
2795:Batha Museum
2606:R'cif Mosque
2596:Diwan Mosque
2492:Sport venues
2478:Wydad de Fès
2355:Subdivisions
2348:Fez, Morocco
2304:. Retrieved
2282:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2250:Bab Dekakene
2245:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2215:. Retrieved
2205:
2194:. Retrieved
2189:
2179:
2168:. Retrieved
2164:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2090:
2081:
2075:
2056:
2050:
2041:
2015:
1982:
1945:
1941:
1907:
1902:
1883:
1857:. Retrieved
1853:L'Economiste
1852:
1831:
1799:
1793:
1785:
1766:. Retrieved
1761:
1739:
1585:
1557:
1393:Bab Dekkakin
1344:
1340:
1334:
1330:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1278:
1268:
1262:
1258:
1255:Bab Dekakene
1254:
1250:Bab Dekkakin
1248:
1240:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1187:Bab el-Hadid
1111:
1108:neoclassical
1099:
1095:
1091:
1078:
1068:
1065:in the area.
1058:
1045:Bab el-Hamra
1043:
1037:
1033:
1019:
1014:Bab el-Hadid
1013:
1001:
993:
981:
973:
968:
960:
866:
860:
854:
848:
840:
832:
824:
816:
809:
798:
787:
768:
729:
720:
704:
685:
653:
627:
619:
611:
579:
555:
542:
533:
529:
525:New Mechouar
516:
509:
505:
496:
488:
484:
480:
477:Bab Dekkakin
473:Bab es-Sebaa
472:
469:Old Mechouar
466:
461:Bab Dekkakin
450:
447:royal palace
428:
381:in the west.
366:
353:
317:In 1145 the
316:
285:
265:
251:
243:
237:
233:
227:
213:
205:
157:rammed earth
150:
145:rammed earth
121:
101:
93:
72:
39:
35:
33:
3055:Bab Mahrouk
3025:Bab al-Amer
2992:Dar Dbibegh
2615:Fes el-Jdid
2549:Fes el-Bali
2499:Fez Stadium
2367:Fes el-Jdid
2362:Fes el-Bali
2192:(in French)
2095:Bab Mahrouk
1784:"Pisé", in
1764:(in French)
1379:Bab al-Amer
1289:Bab Bou Jat
1242:Bab al-Amer
1132:Bab Mahrouk
1112:Bab Campini
1059:Bab Khoukha
1048: [
1028:Place R'Cif
975:Bab Mahrouk
773:" (Arabic:
485:Bab el-Oued
443:Fes el-Jdid
357:Bab Mahrouk
307:Bab Mahrouk
234:Madinat Fas
201:Fes el-Bali
80:Bab Mahrouk
52:Fes el-Jdid
48:Fes el-Bali
29:Bab Mahrouk
25:Fes el-Bali
3206:Categories
3050:Bab Guissa
3035:Bab Chorfa
2977:City walls
2851:Dar Glaoui
2826:Dar Adiyel
2660:Synagogues
2306:2020-01-07
2239:(4): 5–11.
2217:2020-01-07
2196:2023-03-13
2170:2020-01-07
2143:Bab Guissa
2018:: 245–318.
1893:2723301591
1859:2018-02-10
1768:2020-01-08
1595:0521337674
1468:References
1235:Grande Rue
1200:Bab Chorfa
1174:Bab Guissa
1104:Italianate
1069:Bab Chorfa
1003:Bab Guissa
948:City gates
775:قَـصَـبَـة
636:Portuguese
375:Almoravids
84:Bab Guissa
3065:Bab Segma
3045:Bab Ftouh
2982:Borj Nord
2916:Tanneries
2856:Dar Moqri
2836:Dar Batha
2534:Landmarks
2428:Education
2407:Transport
2283:Bab Sagma
2190:LesÉco.ma
1962:219625871
1433:Bab Riafa
1408:Bab Segma
1331:Bab Jbala
1319:Bab Jbala
1315:Bab Riafa
1295:Bab Agdal
1270:Bab Segma
1213:Bab Chems
1160:Bab Ftouh
1079:Bab Chems
1020:Bab Jdid:
995:Bab Ftouh
915:Borj Nord
861:Borj Twil
834:Borj Nord
790:(Arabic:
754:Jnan Sbil
658:Borj Nord
646:in 1578.
608:Borj Nord
604:Bab Ftouh
574:Borj Nord
556:al-Mosara
497:Bab Agdal
435:Abu Yahya
288:Almoravid
252:al-'Aliya
153:Marrakesh
104:gunpowder
76:Bab Ftouh
23:Walls of
2987:Borj Sud
2681:Madrasas
2393:Timeline
2044:: 51–61.
1756:Futura.
1451:See also
1301:Bab Jiaf
929:Borj Sud
842:Borj Sud
750:Hassan I
700:Tafilalt
632:European
628:bastioun
616:Borj Sud
595:bastions
582:Wattasid
520:aqueduct
431:Marinids
406:Fes Jdid
369:Almohads
248:Idris II
239:Oued Fes
108:Ottomans
44:ramparts
2788:Museums
2542:Mosques
2517:Culture
2473:MAS Fez
2385:History
2270:Assabah
2254:Archnet
2147:Archnet
2131:Archnet
2115:Archnet
2099:Archnet
1327:Rifians
1073:Sharifs
1063:toponym
957:times.)
783:qaṣabah
588:sultan
545:Marinid
491:(later
402:Marinid
321:leader
319:Almohad
311:Almohad
256:Idrisid
230:Idris I
127:by the
68:kasbahs
64:Morocco
27:, near
3181:People
2459:Sports
2063:
1960:
1914:
1890:
1762:Futura
1758:"Pisé"
1592:
1564:
1349:Syrian
771:kasbah
551:Mellah
511:Mellah
479:) and
433:under
328:caliph
309:, the
297:kasbah
269:today.
209:stucco
186:gravel
178:Meknes
161:Arabic
116:Saadis
82:, and
56:medina
3017:Gates
2466:Clubs
1958:S2CID
1052:]
682:today
665:side.
586:Saadi
290:emir
182:Rabat
169:straw
97:souqs
58:" of
3187:See
2061:ISBN
1912:ISBN
1888:ISBN
1590:ISBN
1562:ISBN
1345:borj
1317:(or
1303:(or
1253:(or
1098:(or
1036:(or
788:borj
506:Hims
483:(or
197:pisé
173:lime
165:clay
50:and
34:The
1950:doi
1329:" (
1323:Rif
1106:or
1090:of
792:برج
547:era
171:or
60:Fes
40:Fes
3208::
2291:^
2268:.
2252:.
2237:39
2235:.
2188:.
2163:.
2145:.
2129:.
2113:.
2097:.
2024:^
1992:^
1970:^
1956:.
1946:23
1944:.
1926:^
1868:^
1851:.
1840:^
1808:^
1777:^
1760:.
1748:^
1604:^
1576:^
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