889:
989:. For a quarter of a century following the death of Henry V in 1125, the German monarchy was largely a nominal title with no real power behind it. The king, chosen by the prince-electors, was given no resources outside those of his own duchy and he was at the same time prevented from exercising any real authority or leadership. The royal title was furthermore passed from one family to another to preclude the development of any dynastic interest in the German crown. When Frederick was chosen as king in 1152, royal power had been in effective abeyance for over twenty-five years, and to a considerable degree for more than eighty years. The only real claim to wealth lay in the rich cities of northern Italy, which were still within the nominal control of the German king. The Salian line had died out with the death of Henry V in 1125 and the German princes refused to give the crown to his nephew, the duke of Swabia, for fear he would try to regain the imperial power held by Henry V. Instead, they chose
1834:
1146:
1018:
2309:
1467:
2029:(Justinian Body of Civil Law) as "the greatest legal code ever devised". It envisaged the law of the state as a reflection of natural moral law, the principle of rationality in the universe. By the time Frederick assumed the throne, this legal system was well established on both sides of the Alps. He was the first to use the availability of the new professional class of lawyers. The Civil Law allowed Frederick to use these lawyers to administer his kingdom in a logical and consistent manner. It also provided a framework to legitimize his claim to the right to rule both Germany and northern Italy. In the old days of Henry IV and Henry V, the claim of
1598:, when his two eldest sons were knighted, and thousands of knights were invited from all over Germany. While payments upon the knighting of a son were part of the expectations of an overlord in England and France, only a "gift" was given in Germany for such an occasion. Frederick's monetary gain from this celebration is said to have been modest. Later in 1184, Frederick again moved into Italy, this time joining forces with the local rural nobility to reduce the power of the Tuscan cities. In 1186, he engineered the marriage of his son Henry to
1846:
1636:
1741:, Frederick formally and symbolically accepted the staff and scrip of a pilgrim and set out. His crusade was "the most meticulously planned and organized" up to that time. According to one source written in the 1220s, Frederick organized a grand army of 100,000 men (including 20,000 knights) and set out on the overland route to the Holy Land; This number is believed to be inaccurate by modern scholars using incomplete contemporary sources that place the size of his army at 12,000–15,000 men, including 3,000–4,000 knights.
2145:
throne, the prospects for the revival of German imperial power were extremely thin. The great German princes had increased their power and land holdings. The king had been left with only the traditional family domains and a vestige of power over the bishops and abbeys. The backwash of the
Investiture controversy had left the German states in continuous turmoil. Rival states were in perpetual war. These conditions allowed Frederick to be both warrior and occasional peace-maker, both to his advantage.
1730:
967:
9214:
9226:
1817:
1561:
51:
1173:
1538:. Now it had recurred, in a slightly different form. Frederick had to humble himself before Alexander III at Venice. The emperor acknowledged the pope's sovereignty over the Papal States, and in return Alexander acknowledged the emperor's overlordship of the Imperial Church. Also in the Peace of Venice, a truce was made with the Lombard cities, which took effect in August 1178. The grounds for a permanent peace were not established until 1183, however, in the
6740:
1264:
1682:, preached a crusade sermon and Frederick asked the assembly whether he should take the cross. At the universal acclaim of the assembly, he took the crusader's vow. His second son, the duke of Swabia, followed suit. The eldest, Henry VI, was to remain behind in Germany as regent. At Mainz Frederick proclaimed a "general expedition against the pagans". He set the period of preparation as 17 April 1188 to 8 April 1189 and scheduled the army to assemble at
7387:
1394:
5714:
1343:, and many other northern Italian cities. In August 1162 he triumphantly entered Turin and was crowned with his consort in the cathedral on August 15. Returning to Germany towards the close of 1162, Frederick prevented the escalation of conflicts between Henry the Lion from Saxony and a number of neighbouring princes who were growing weary of Henry's power, influence, and territorial gains. He also severely punished the citizens of
1586:
much in the German feudalistic system as it would have in the
English feudalistic system. While in England the pledge of fealty went in a direct line from overlords to those under them, the Germans pledged oaths only to the direct overlord, so that in Henry's case, those below him in the feudal chain owed nothing to Frederick. Thus, despite the diminished stature of Henry the Lion, Frederick did not gain his allegiances.
1498:), which had previously formed to stand against him. The cities of northern Italy had become exceedingly wealthy through trade, representing a marked turning point in the transition from medieval feudalism. While continental feudalism had remained strong socially and economically, it was in deep political decline by the time of Frederick Barbarossa. When the northern Italian cities inflicted a defeat on Frederick at
2041:
that
Frederick came to view himself as a new Roman emperor. Roman law gave a rational purpose for the existence of Frederick and his imperial ambitions. It was a counterweight to the claims of the Church to have authority because of divine revelation. The Church was opposed to Frederick for ideological reasons, not the least of which was the humanist nature found in the revival of the old Roman legal system. When
9202:
2185:, and that when the ravens cease to fly around the mountain he will awake and restore Germany to its ancient greatness. According to the story, his red beard has grown through the table at which he sits. His eyes are half closed in sleep, but now and then he raises his hand and sends a boy out to see if the ravens have stopped flying. A similar story, set in Sicily, was earlier attested about his grandson,
1590:
the most powerful force in Italy. When
Frederick returned to Germany after his defeat in northern Italy, he was a bitter and exhausted man. The German princes, far from being subordinated to royal control, were intensifying their hold on wealth and power in Germany and entrenching their positions. There began to be a generalized social desire to "create greater Germany" by conquering the Slavs to the east.
2087:
1900:, a churchman who accompanied the crusader forces, reported that "after the many and terrible exertions that he had undergone in the previous month and more, he decided to bathe in that same river, for he wanted to cool down with a swim. But by the secret judgment of God there was an unexpected and lamentable death and he drowned." Frederick, who liked to swim, as he went to bathe with
1442:), which threatened to destroy the Imperial army and drove the emperor as a fugitive to Germany, where he remained for the ensuing six years. During this period, Frederick decided conflicting claims to various bishoprics, asserted imperial authority over Bohemia, Poland, and Hungary, initiated friendly relations with Manuel I, and tried to come to a better understanding with
2154:
1924:
with a mighty hand and a stretched-out arm. He took
Iconium, Philomena, and many other cities, and reached Armenia, where, during great heat, he went into the river, which the natives call the Iron River, to bathe, and therein for our sins was miserably drowned, and so died to the loss of all Christendom. Saladin so greatly feared his approach that he ordered the walls of
9190:
1573:
Frederick had Henry tried in absentia by a court of bishops and princes in 1180, declared that imperial law overruled traditional German law, and had Henry stripped of his lands and declared an outlaw. He then invaded Saxony with an imperial army to force his cousin to surrender. Henry's allies deserted him, and he finally had to submit to
Frederick at an
2289:(1990) presents the emperor as a pragmatic leader with a capacity of adaptation and recovery after defeat. Laudage investigates the important role of the concept of honour in Frederick's decisions while explaining the far-reaching visions of the emperor and his advisers, while Görich (who also emphasizes the honour, or
1450:. Many Swabian counts, including his cousin the young Duke of Swabia, Frederick IV, died in 1167, so he was able to organize a new mighty territory in the Duchy of Swabia under his reign in this time. Consequently, his younger son Frederick V became the new Duke of Swabia in 1167, while his eldest son
2040:
In
Germany, Frederick was a political realist, taking what he could and leaving the rest. In Italy, he tended to be a romantic reactionary, reveling in the antiquarian spirit of the age, exemplified by a revival of classical studies and Roman law. It was through the use of the restored Justinian code
1004:
The
Germany that Frederick tried to unite was a patchwork of more than 1,600 individual states, each with its own prince. A few of these, such as Bavaria and Saxony, were large. Many were too small to pinpoint on a map. The titles afforded to the German king were "Caesar", "Augustus", and "Emperor of
1744:
On 11 May 1189, after the majority of his army had already departed toward
Hungary on land, Frederick sailed from Regensburg down the River Danube. When he came to the village of Mauthausen, Frederick ordered the village to be burned for levying a toll on the crusader army. The Crusaders then passed
1572:
Frederick did not forgive Henry the Lion for refusing to come to his aid in 1176. By 1180, Henry had successfully established a powerful state comprising Saxony, Bavaria, and substantial territories in the north and east of
Germany. Taking advantage of the hostility of other German princes to Henry,
1160:
As Frederick approached the gates of Rome, the Pope advanced to meet him. At the royal tent the king received him, and after kissing the pope's feet, Frederick expected to receive the traditional kiss of peace. Frederick had declined to hold the Pope's stirrup while leading him to the tent, however,
2062:
Frederick did little to encourage economic development in Germany prior to the autumn of 1165. In that year he visited the lower Rhineland, the most economically advanced region in Germany. He had already travelled to northern Italy, the most economically advanced region in the Empire, three times.
1923:
While these were the varied fortunes of the first in the field, Frederick, the Roman emperor, set out on his journey by land with great power and a countless host of warriors. Passing over the borders of Germany, he crossed Hungary, Macedonia, and Greece and marched through the land of the Saracens
1589:
Frederick was faced with the reality of disorder among the German states, where continuous civil wars were waged between pretenders and the ambitious who wanted the crown for themselves. Italian unity under German rule was more myth than truth. Despite proclamations of German hegemony, the pope was
1585:
in Normandy before being allowed back into Germany. He finished his days in Germany, as the much-diminished Duke of Brunswick. Frederick's desire for revenge was sated. Henry the Lion lived a relatively quiet life, sponsoring arts and architecture. Frederick's victory over Henry did not gain him as
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in a humiliating manner. Some sources of this legend indicate that Barbarossa implemented his revenge for this insult by forcing the magistrates of the city to remove a fig from the anus of a donkey using only their teeth. Another source states that Barbarossa took his wrath upon every able-bodied
2144:
In the opinion of Norman Cantor, Frederick's charisma led to a fantastic juggling act that, over a quarter of a century, restored the imperial authority in the German states. His formidable enemies defeated him on almost every side, yet in the end he emerged triumphant. When Frederick came to the
2045:
sought to become king of the Franks in the 8th century, the church needed military protection, so Pepin found it convenient to make an ally of the pope. Frederick, however, desired to put the pope aside and claim the crown of old Rome simply because he was in the likeness of the great emperors of
2222:
accounts had been around for thousands of years, but entered the Christian tradition with the writings of the Apostle Peter. German propaganda played into the exaggerated fables believed by the common people by characterizing Frederick Barbarossa and Frederick II as personification of the "good
2139:
His character is such that not even those envious of his power can belittle its praise. His person is well-proportioned. He is shorter than very tall men, but taller and more noble than men of medium height. His hair is golden, curling a little above his forehead ... His eyes are sharp and
1506:
near Milan, on 29 May 1176, where he was wounded and for some time was believed to be dead. This battle marked the turning point in Frederick's claim to empire. He had no choice other than to begin negotiations for peace with Alexander III and the Lombard League. In the Peace of Anagni in 1176,
1334:
The political result of the struggle with Pope Alexander was an alliance formed between the Norman state of Sicily and Pope Alexander III against Frederick. In the meantime, Frederick had to deal with another rebellion at Milan, in which the city surrendered on 6 March 1162; much of it was
841:
to recuperate. There he was robbed and killed. Conrad ordered Frederick to avenge him. The duke of Swabia razed the monastery, captured and executed the robbers and demanded they return the stolen money. The intervention of the Byzantine general Prosuch prevented further escalation. A few weeks
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The number of mints in Germany increased ninefold in the reign of Frederick and his son Henry, from about two dozen mints at the start of his reign to 215 mints in 1197 and from a mere two royal mints to 28. Frederick himself established at least twelve royal mints, including those of Aachen,
2284:
In 1975, Frederick's charters were published. This and the postwar abandonment of the Kyffhäuser myth have led to the publications of several new biographies. The notable recent authorities among German-speaking historians include Ferdinand Opll, Johannes Laudage, and Knut Görich. Opll's
1992:
separately by sea, and ultimately led to its dissolution. Richard continued to the East where he fought Saladin, winning territories along the shores of Palestine, but ultimately failed to win the war by conquering Jerusalem itself before he was forced to return to his own territories in
1142:. As a sign of good faith, Frederick dismissed the ambassadors from the revived Roman Senate, and Imperial forces suppressed the republicans. Arnold was captured and hanged for treason and rebellion. Despite his unorthodox teaching concerning theology, Arnold was not charged with heresy.
1777:, in the meantime, he received imprisoned German emissaries who were held in Constantinople, and exchanged hostages with Isaac II, as a guarantee that the crusaders would not sack local settlements until they depart the Byzantine territory. In March 1190, Frederick left Adrianople for
1232:, granting him unprecedented entitlements as Duke of Austria. This was a large concession on the part of Frederick, who realized that Henry the Lion had to be accommodated, even to the point of sharing some power with him. Frederick could not afford to make an outright enemy of Henry.
1039:, the new king saw clearly that the restoration of order in Germany was a necessary preliminary to the enforcement of the imperial rights in Italy. Issuing a general order for peace, he made lavish concessions to the nobles. Abroad, Frederick intervened in the Danish civil war between
1322:, appeared unsupportive of Alexander III, and after the sacking of Crema demanded that Alexander appear before the emperor at Pavia and to accept the imperial decree. Alexander refused, and Frederick recognised Victor IV as the legitimate pope in 1160. In response, Alexander III
822:, the duke berated his brother for permitting his son to go. The elder Frederick, who was dying, expected his son to look after his widow and younger half-brother once he had passed on, not risk his life by going on a crusade. Perhaps in preparation for the crusade, Frederick married
2037:. The Church had won that argument in the common man's mind. There was no divine right for the German king to also control the church by naming both bishops and popes. The institution of the Justinian code was used, perhaps unscrupulously, by Frederick to lay claim to divine powers.
1698:
to disperse them. Rabbi Moses then met with the emperor, which resulted in an imperial edict threatening maiming or death for anyone who maimed or killed a Jew. On 29 March, Frederick and the rabbi rode through the streets together. Frederick successfully prevented a repeat of the
1188:, amidst the acclamations of the German army. The Romans began to riot, and Frederick spent his coronation day putting down the revolt, resulting in the deaths of over 1,000 Romans and many more thousands injured. The next day, Frederick, Adrian, and the German army travelled to
2127:, full of Augustinian negativity concerning the nature of the world and history. His work on Frederick is of opposite tone, being an optimistic portrayal of the glorious potentials of imperial authority. Otto died after finishing the first two books, leaving the last two to
2140:
piercing, his beard reddish , his lips delicate ... His whole face is bright and cheerful. His teeth are even and snow-white in color ... Modesty rather than anger causes him to blush frequently. His shoulders are rather broad, and he is strongly built ...
1009:, Frederick did not attempt to end medieval feudalism, but rather tried to restore it, though this was beyond his ability. The great players in the German civil war had been the Pope, Emperor, Ghibellines and the Guelfs, but none of these had emerged as the winner.
2063:
From 1165 on, Frederick pursued economic policies to encourage growth and trade. There is no question that his reign was a period of major economic growth in Germany, but it is impossible now to determine how much of that growth was owed to Frederick's policies.
1425:
as Holy Roman Empress. This time, Henry the Lion refused to join Frederick on his Italian trip, tending instead to his own disputes with neighbors and his continuing expansion into Slavic territories in northeastern Germany. In 1167 Frederick began besieging
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1275:
The retreat of Frederick in 1155 forced Pope Adrian IV to come to terms with King William I of Sicily, granting to William I territories that Frederick viewed as his dominion. This aggrieved Frederick, and he was further displeased when
1255:, written between 1152 and 1157, which enacted punishments for a variety of crimes, as well as systems for adjudicating many disputes. He also declared himself the sole Augustus of the Roman world, ceasing to recognise Manuel I at Constantinople.
1330:
in 1162 to decide the issue of who should be pope. Louis neared the meeting site, but when he became aware that Frederick had stacked the votes for Victor, Louis decided not to attend the council. As a result, the issue was not resolved at that time.
1434:. Heartened by this victory, Frederick lifted the siege of Ancona and hurried to Rome, where he had his wife crowned empress and also received a second coronation from Paschal III. His campaign was halted by the sudden outbreak of an epidemic (
648:
to his contemporaries: his longevity, his ambition, his extraordinary skills at organization, his battlefield acumen, and his political perspicacity. His contributions to Central European society and culture include the re-establishment of the
1593:
Although the Italian city states had achieved a measure of independence from Frederick as a result of his failed fifth expedition into Italy, the emperor had not given up on his Italian dominions. In 1184, he held a massive celebration, the
3078:
promised the armies of the Third Crusade, led by Frederick Barbarossa to freely pass through his territories; however, his sons who were local chieftains disagreed and fought against the Crusaders at the Battle of Philomelion and Battle of
2131:, his provost. Rahewin's text is in places heavily dependent on classical precedent. For example, Rahewin's physical description of Frederick reproduces word-for-word (except for details of hair and beard) a description of another monarch,
4700:
2239:(meaning "behold the fig"), with the feces still in their mouths. It used to be said that the insulting gesture (called fico), of holding one's fist with the thumb in between the middle and forefinger came by its origin from this event.
2067:
Donauwörth, Ulm, Haguenau, Duisburg, Kaiserswerth, Frankfurt, Gelnhausen and Dortmund. He also granted privileges exempting the merchants of Aachen, Gelnhausen, Haguenau, Monza, Rome, Pisa and Venice from all tolls within the Empire.
5469:
Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France, des pairs, grands officiers de la Couronne, de la Maison du Roy et des anciens barons du royaume.... Tome 8 / par le P. Anselme,... ; continuée par M. Du
1161:
so Adrian refused to give the kiss until this protocol had been complied with. Frederick hesitated, and Adrian IV withdrew; after a day's negotiation, Frederick agreed to perform the required ritual, reportedly muttering, "
1227:
in compensation for his loss of Bavaria. As part of his general policy of concessions of formal power to the German princes and ending the civil wars within the kingdom, Frederick further appeased Henry by issuing him with the
1001:, would not be appeased, however, remaining an implacable enemy of the Hohenstaufen monarchy. Barbarossa had the duchies of Swabia and Franconia, the force of his own personality, and very little else to construct an empire.
1005:
the Romans". By the time Frederick would assume these, they were little more than propaganda slogans with little other meaning. Frederick was a pragmatist who dealt with the princes by finding a mutual self-interest. Unlike
942:
were at his deathbed. Both asserted afterwards that Conrad had, in full possession of his mental faculties, handed the royal insignia to Frederick and indicated that he, rather than Conrad's own six-year-old son, the future
3207:
WeltkulturerbeN: Formen, Funktionen und Objekte kulturellen Erinnerns im und an das Mittelalter ; Vorträge der Ringvorlesung des Zentrums für Mittelalterstudien der Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg im Sommersemester
1693:
to fund the crusade. He also put the Jews under his protection and forbade anyone to preach against the Jews. When mobs threatened the Jews of Mainz on the eve of the assembly in March, Frederick sent the imperial marshal
904:, writing fifty years later, recorded that Frederick "prevailed in arms before all others in front of Damascus". On 8 September, the German army sailed out of Acre. On the route home, Conrad III and Frederick stopped in
2300:, edited by Manselli and Riedmann, considered by Schumann to be a definite synthesis of non-nationally oriented historiography approaches (combining German and Italian research results) of the last forty years.
1479:
Increasing anti-German sentiment swept through Lombardy, culminating in the restoration of Milan in 1169. In 1174 Frederick made his fifth expedition to Italy. (It was probably during this time that the famous
1542:, when Frederick conceded their right to freely elect town magistrates. By this move, Frederick recovered his nominal domination over Italy, which became his chief means of applying pressure on the papacy.
865:, he returned to Constantinople by ship with his personal retinue, which included Frederick. With Byzantine ships and money, the German army once again left Constantinople on 7 March 1148 and arrived in
2293:
factor) questions whether traditional researchers have overemphasized the intentional side of Frederick's politics and instead highlights his flexibility and consensus-building capability as a leader.
520:
1953:
Frederick's death caused several thousand German soldiers to leave the force and return home through the Cilician and Syrian ports. The German-Hungarian army was struck with an onset of disease near
683:, attempt to uncover the legends and reconstruct the true historical figure—these efforts result in new perspectives on both the emperor as a person and the social developments associated with him.
2269:
began in the nineteenth century, but have been hampered by the unfortunate deaths of key researchers who did not have the chance to complete their works (such as Henry Simonsfeld who died in 1913,
4693:
2296:
In Italy, the scholarly attention towards Frederick's person and his reign is also considerable, with notable contributions including Franco Cardini's sympathetic 1985 biography or the 1982 work
997:(1137–1152). When Frederick Barbarossa succeeded his uncle in 1152, there seemed to be excellent prospects for ending the feud, since he was a Welf on his mother's side. The Welf duke of Saxony,
846:
were among the few German crusaders who survived when a flash flood destroyed the main camp. They had decided to encamp on a hill a ways away from the main army. The remains of the army reached
1059:(his great-great-grandfather was a brother of Adela's great-great-great-grandmother, making them fourth cousins, once removed). He then made a vain attempt to obtain a bride from the court of
8151:
1192:. From there, a combination of the unhealthy Italian summer and the effects of his year-long absence from Germany meant he was forced to put off his planned campaign against the Normans of
1207:
Disorder was again rampant in Germany, especially in Bavaria, but general peace was restored by Frederick's vigorous, but conciliatory, measures. The duchy of Bavaria was transferred from
1706:
Because Frederick had signed a treaty of friendship with Saladin in 1175, he felt it necessary to give Saladin notice of the termination of their alliance. On 26 May 1188, he sent Count
1288:
of the Papacy. Disgusted with the pope, and still wishing to crush the Normans in the south of Italy, in June 1158, Frederick set out upon his second Italian expedition, accompanied by
2273:
who died in 1889 and Johannes Laudage who died in an accident in 2008). Nevertheless, the two volumes about Frederick (that focus on his relationship with the Welfs and the Papacy) in
1621:
had pursued a more conciliatory line with the Emperor than previous popes and was more concerned with troubling reports from the Holy Land than with a power struggle with Barbarossa.
1165:– For Peter, not for Adrian." Rome was still in an uproar over the fate of Arnold of Brescia, so rather than marching through the streets of Rome, Frederick and Adrian retired to the
5113:
5399:
1502:
in 1175, the European world was shocked. With the refusal of Henry the Lion to bring help to Italy, the campaign was a complete failure. Frederick suffered a heavy defeat at the
8124:
1912:, Bishop of Würzburg, who was a close confidant of Frederick, the report would be the most plausible account of what happened, since he might have witnessed the emperor's death.
888:
594:, which in English means "Emperor Redbeard." The prevalence of the Italian nickname, even in later German usage, reflects the centrality of the Italian campaigns to his career.
5729:
2266:
2957:
first asked for her hand, but the marriage negotiations never came through. She married Guillaume (II) count of Chalon in 1173 and was mother to Beatrix, countess of Chalon.
2365:(2000) is set partly at Frederick's court, and also deals with the mystery of Frederick's death. The imaginary hero, Baudolino, is the Emperor's adopted son and confidant.
1891:, "the king went down to the river to wash himself and was drowned at a place where the water was not even up to his waist. Thus God saved us from the evil of such a man".
2235:
man in the city, and that it was not a fig they were forced to hold in their mouth, but excrement from the donkey. To add to this debasement, they were made to announce,
1417:
at Aachen, under the authority of the antipope Paschal III. Concerned over rumours that Alexander III was about to enter into an alliance with the Byzantine Emperor
2054:
was naturally opposed to this view and undertook a vigorous propaganda campaign designed to diminish Frederick and his ambition. To a large extent, this was successful.
993:(1125–1137), who found himself embroiled in a long-running dispute with the Hohenstaufens, and who married into the Welfs. One of the Hohenstaufens gained the throne as
1965:
of Swabia, carried on with the remnants of the German army, along with the Hungarian army under the command of Prince Géza, with the aim of burying the emperor in
2218:; (3) the establishment of a good king to combat the anti-Christ. These millennial fables were common and freely traded by the populations on Continental Europe.
6256:
2214:. This was a popularized interpretation of the Biblical end of the world. It consisted of three things: (1) terrible natural disasters; (2) the arrival of the
2001:
agreeing that Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control while allowing unarmed Christian pilgrims and traders to visit the city. The treaty also reduced the
680:
9301:
1421:, in October 1166 Frederick embarked on his fourth Italian campaign, hoping as well to secure the claim of Paschal III and the coronation of his wife
1765:, to join the Crusade. The king agreed, and a Hungarian army of 2,000 men led by Géza escorted the German emperor's forces. Later on, Frederick camped in
1707:
5571:
1300:
that saw the establishment of imperial officers and ecclesiastical reforms in the cities of northern Italy, and the beginning of the long struggle with
1878:
826:
sometime before March 1147. His father died on 4 or 6 April and Frederick succeeded him as the Duke of Swabia. The German crusader army departed from
5565:
7349:
3965:
1511:
in 1177, Frederick and Alexander III were formally reconciled. With decisions of Paschal III nullfied, Beatrice ceased to be referred as empress.
663:. Due to his popularity and notoriety, in the 19th and early 20th centuries, he was used as a political symbol by many movements and regimes: the
2337:(1901) begins with a dedication to "the descendants of the great Germanic race who in Europe, in America, and in the Far East rule the world".
2327:(1843), Frederick (as character Frédéric de Hohenstaufen) returns many years after he was presumed dead, as expected by some medieval legends.
6776:
6485:
5102:
1896:
1710:
to present an ultimatum to Saladin. A few days after Christmas 1188, Frederick received Hungarian, Byzantine, Serbian and Seljuk envoys in
5344:"Here be monsters: AS Byatt is entertained yet baffled by Umberto Eco's latest novel, Baudolino, an uneasy mixture of history and fantasy"
2076:
5734:
1908:, might have been exhausted from weeks of marching, hence he was fatally affected by the very hot summer in Anatolia. If the writer was
1367:
1083:
Frederick undertook six expeditions into Italy. In the first, beginning in October 1154, his plan was to launch a campaign against the
1430:, which had acknowledged the authority of Manuel I; at the same time, his forces achieved a great victory over the Romans at the
861:
of the disaster and ask for help. The two armies, French and German, then advanced together. When Conrad fell ill around Christmas in
9271:
9266:
9261:
8131:
1884:
Another account recorded that Frederick was thrown from his horse while crossing the river, weighed down by his armour, and drowned.
1655:. Frederick expressed support for the crusade but declined to take the cross on the grounds of his ongoing conflict with Archbishop
782:, which were a form of informal and irregular assembly popular among the nobles of the Holy Roman Empire. One took place in 1141 in
644:
Historians consider him among the Holy Roman Empire's greatest medieval emperors. He combined qualities that made him appear almost
9276:
3065:
There is a published correspondence, almost certainly forged, between Frederick and Saladin concerning the end of their friendship.
1280:
chose to interpret a letter from Adrian to Frederick in a manner that seemed to imply that the imperial crown was a gift from the
2281:(1855–88), completed by his student Bernhard von Simson in 1895, later became the scholarly standard work on the emperor's life.
1850:
2017:, a Latin legal system that had become extinct centuries earlier. Legal scholars renewed its application. It is speculated that
1553:
on 30 June 1178. Although traditionally the German kings had automatically inherited the royal crown of Arles since the time of
1723:
1409:
In the meantime Frederick was focused on restoring peace in the Rhineland, where he organized a magnificent celebration of the
768:. He learned to ride, hunt and use weapons at an early age, but could neither read nor write, and was also unable to speak the
659:, or the Roman rule of law, which counterbalanced the papal power that dominated the German states since the conclusion of the
586:
by the northern Italian cities which he attempted to rule: Barbarossa means "red beard" in Italian; in German, he was known as
17:
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5941:
5913:
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near Dorylaeum, decided to turn back. The rearguard was subsequently annihilated. Conrad sent Frederick ahead to inform King
625:. Frederick, therefore, descended from the two leading families in Germany, making him an acceptable choice for the Empire's
1833:
7911:
7342:
5822:
2790:
2396:
Recently, to commemorate the emperor, the Supply Battalion 131 (called "Battalion Barbarossa") of the Kyffhäuser barracks (
1758:
1557:, Frederick felt the need to be crowned by the Archbishop of Arles, regardless of his laying claim to the title from 1152.
1470:
Frederick Barbarossa, middle, flanked by two of his children, King Henry VI (left) and Duke Frederick VI (right). From the
745:
705:
614:
503:
2105:(Deeds of the Emperor Frederick), which is considered to be an accurate history of the king. Otto's other major work, the
1347:
for their rebellion against Archbishop Arnold. In Frederick's third visit to Italy in 1163, his plans for the conquest of
1351:
were ruined by the formation of a powerful league against him, brought together mainly by opposition to imperial taxes.
916:
in cooperation with the Byzantines. After confirming the treaty, Frederick was sent ahead to Germany. He passed through
5451:
1315:
1051:. It was probably about this time that the king obtained papal assent for the annulment of his childless marriage with
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with Richard Emery. New York: Columbia University Press, 1953. Reprinted: Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994.
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or other enemies of the Church without the consent of Eugene, and to help Eugene regain control of the city of Rome.
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with the Pope, wherein he promised, in return for his coronation, to defend the papacy, to make no peace with king
1017:
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A golden bust of Frederick, given to his godfather Count Otto of Cappenberg in 1171. It was used as a reliquary in
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from previous centuries had been brought to a tendentious peace with the Concordat of Worms and affirmed in the
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after his uncle, King Conrad III, had taken the crusader vow in public on 28 December 1146. Frederick's father,
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In a move to consolidate his reign after the disastrous expedition into Italy, Frederick was formally crowned
1091:. He marched down and almost immediately encountered resistance to his authority. Obtaining the submission of
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The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: The History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick and Related Texts
5569:
1805:
1554:
1363:
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the reincarnation of Frederick; the 1896 dedication occurred on 18 June, the day of Frederick's coronation.
1466:
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6397:
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1962:
1919:, a historian of the Crusades, outlined Frederick's endeavors and Saladin's dilemma, in which he reported:
1881:", against everyone's advice, the emperor chose to swim across the river and was swept away by the current.
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to take the cross through messengers and then in a personal meeting on 25 December on the border between
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The unexpected demise of Frederick left the Crusader army under the command of the rivals Philip II and
1200:
and encountered the ambassadors of Manuel I Comnenus, who showered Frederick with costly gifts. At
9180:
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1374:. The relics had great religious significance and could be counted upon to draw pilgrims from all over
1311:
The death of Pope Adrian IV in 1159 led to the election of two rival popes, Alexander III and the
1068:
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Another legend states that when Barbarossa was in the process of seizing Milan in 1158, his wife, the
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2409:, which uses among other things 300 roles of fabric (each was 100 meters long). The mission is named
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Around 23 November 1187, Frederick received letters that had been sent to him from the rulers of the
1379:
1208:
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463:
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In: German Archives for Research into the Middle Ages, Vol. 33 (1977), pp. 435–472, footnote p. 459.
4574:
2013:
The increase in wealth of the trading cities of northern Italy led to a revival in the study of the
1788:
The armies coming from western Europe pushed on through Anatolia, where they were victorious at the
853:
Conrad III attempted to lead the army across Anatolia but finding this too difficult in the face of
9286:
9206:
8724:
8117:
7246:
7072:
6229:
6111:
Madden, Thomas F. (2016). "Alexander III and Venice". In Duggan, Anne J.; Clarke, Peter D. (eds.).
4045:
1869:
River. Meanwhile, the army started to traverse the mountain path. On 10 June 1190, he drowned near
1793:
1326:
both Frederick I and Victor IV. Frederick attempted to convoke a joint council with King
897:
572:("holy") first appeared in a document in connection with his empire. He was later formally crowned
8780:
5877:
Die Ehre Friedrich Barbarossas: Kommunikation, Konflikt und politisches Handeln im 12. Jahrhundert
1714:. The Hungarians and Seljuks promised provisions and safe-conduct to the crusaders. The envoys of
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before entering Byzantine territory. While in Hungary, Barbarossa personally asked the Hungarian
1754:
1531:
986:
660:
5749:
History of the Western Empire, from its Restoration by Charlemagne to the Accession of Charles V
5343:
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1335:
destroyed three weeks later on the emperor's orders. The fate of Milan led to the submission of
1204:, Frederick declared his fury with the rebellious Milanese before finally returning to Germany.
9078:
8738:
7846:
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Friedrich Barbarossa in den Nationalgeschichten Deutschlands und Ostmitteleuropas (19.–20. Jh.)
2826:
1909:
1766:
1679:
1431:
1185:
1107:
933:
602:
5931:
5903:
5855:
3274:
2194:
1762:
1390:, but he was soon driven from Rome, leading to the return of Pope Alexander III in 1165.
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8696:
8015:
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3240:
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Those of Goslar and Nuremberg were the only royal mints operating in the reign of Conrad III.
2420:
2030:
1826:
1398:
1044:
994:
779:
709:
142:
4786:
4761:"Deutsche Spuren im Libanon: Auf den Spuren Barbarossas – Deutsche Kaiser-Gebeine in Tyros?"
4760:
2467:
679:
movement resulting in both golden and dark legends. Modern researchers, while exploring the
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2026:
2002:
1985:
1969:, but efforts to preserve his body in vinegar failed. Hence, his flesh was interred in the
1040:
985:
left the status of the German empire in disarray, its power waning under the weight of the
971:
653:
8857:
1067:, but had neglected to ask for papal confirmation. In March 1153, Frederick concluded the
8:
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8657:
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7759:
7703:
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7018:
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6827:
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6555:
6545:
5155:
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3737:
2939:
2852:
2732:
2610:
1838:
1700:
1660:
1599:
1582:
1447:
1443:
1327:
1088:
1052:
1006:
874:
858:
823:
733:
374:
5747:
5627:
9230:
9032:
8948:
8864:
8850:
7991:
7824:
7055:
6946:
6883:
6847:
6535:
6494:
6385:
6286:
6093:
5975:
5793:
5254:
5208:
3959:
2346:
2231:
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1989:
1957:, weakening it further. Only 5,000 soldiers, a third of the original force, arrived in
1746:
1618:
1565:
1539:
1527:
1455:
1301:
1248:
1181:
1072:
956:
913:
724:
castle, the family seat in Swabia; the Welfs, in a similar Italianization, were called
716:
family, the two most powerful families in Germany. The Hohenstaufens were often called
533:
327:
277:
65:
59:
and is said in the deed of the gift to have been made "in the likeness of the emperor".
41:
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5881:
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4653:
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2884:
2406:
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1970:
1614:
1603:
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1581:
in November 1181. Henry spent three years in exile at the court of his father-in-law
1503:
1472:
1418:
1383:
1371:
1297:
1252:
1229:
1223:, whose father had previously held both duchies. Henry II Jasomirgott was named
1156:, the five stones above which the throne was placed during coronation of Frederick I.
1135:
1048:
939:
909:
765:
541:
427:
2021:
personally encouraged the Justinian rule of law and had a copy of it. The historian
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6540:
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5592:
5516:
4679:
3097:
3004:
2393:(DW) 2018 documentary (The Germans), featured Frederick I in its 3rd of 6 episodes.
2341:
2198:
2098:
2018:
1916:
1797:
1668:
1546:
1515:
1402:
1340:
1096:
1036:
834:
819:
573:
468:
199:
56:
8559:
3701:"Peace of the Land Established by Frederick Barbarossa Between 1152 and 1157 A.D."
1973:
in Antioch, his bones in the Cathedral of Tyre, and his heart and inner organs in
1944:, to be pulled down, sparing only the fortresses, that is the citadels and towers.
9218:
9159:
9141:
8829:
8496:
8454:
8140:
7951:
7860:
7783:
7767:
6940:
6832:
6822:
6550:
6530:
6510:
6336:
6274:
6194:
6166:
6144:
6089:
6057:
6030:
5997:
5970:
5875:
5685:
5596:
5575:
5205:"Review of Federico Barbarossa nel dibatti storiografico in Italia e in Germania"
3709:
3075:
3008:
2642:
2426:
2119:
2042:
1998:
1718:, grand prince of Serbia, announced that their prince would receive Frederick in
1695:
1644:
1508:
1224:
1220:
1064:
901:
878:
741:
537:
273:
157:
8962:
8636:
8629:
8328:
8265:
5467:
3700:
1635:
908:
where they swore oaths to uphold the treaty that Conrad had agreed with Emperor
641:
River, leading to most of his army abandoning the Crusade before reaching Acre.
9166:
9106:
9099:
9085:
8969:
8822:
8808:
8545:
8503:
8300:
8174:
7927:
7719:
6966:
6897:
6873:
6560:
6404:
6221:
6119:
5788:
5535:
5103:"Knut Görich, Friedrich Barbarossa. Eine Biographie, München (C. H. Beck) 2011"
3704:
2390:
2350:
2242:
Frederick's legend was further reinforced in the early twentieth century, when
2051:
2014:
1994:
1978:
1870:
1865:
Barbarossa opted on the local Armenians' advice to follow a shortcut along the
1715:
1648:
1607:
1495:
1487:
1439:
1386:. After the death of the antipope Victor IV, Frederick supported antipope
1319:
1289:
1216:
1212:
1131:
1060:
998:
952:
847:
811:
799:
757:
729:
626:
598:
557:
348:
225:
5385:
4555:
The medieval sources on Fredericks's death are discussed in: Manuel Kamenzin:
1729:
1647:
in the Near East urging him to come to their aid. Around 1 December, Cardinal
1530:: Did the Holy Roman Emperor have the power to name the pope and bishops? The
304:
9240:
8983:
8941:
8440:
8426:
7868:
7358:
7297:
6374:
6355:
5776:
5725:
5720:
5658:
5250:
4097:
3951:
2323:
2206:
2190:
2047:
2022:
1675:
1630:
1323:
1189:
1111:
1056:
966:
713:
668:
630:
622:
549:
113:
9113:
8990:
6282:
6281:
showing the Emperor's seal, 6 April 1157. Taken from the collections of the
2166:
1486:, a record of the royal estates, was made.) He was opposed by the pro-papal
1292:
and his Saxon troops. This expedition resulted in the revolt and capture of
9225:
9053:
9039:
8927:
8671:
8580:
8293:
6842:
6793:
6300:
5578:
5530:
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3427:
3045:
2998:
Renaud (October/November 1173 – before April 1174/soon after October 1178).
2383:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2165:. Legend says he is not dead, but asleep with his knights in a cave in the
2132:
1888:
1816:
1410:
1277:
1063:. On his accession, Frederick had communicated the news of his election to
905:
664:
610:
483:
9213:
8216:
2972:
Conrad (Modigliana, February 1167 – Acre, 20 January 1191), later renamed
1873:
in the Saleph River. There are several conflicting accounts of the event:
1726:. Frederick sent a large embassy ahead to make preparations in Byzantium.
1722:. Only with difficulty was an agreement reached with the Byzantine envoy,
1560:
50:
8920:
8664:
8594:
8566:
8510:
8447:
8356:
8307:
7805:
7711:
7007:
6505:
6081:
6069:
6017:
5367:
5099:
4647:
3142:
2356:
2318:
2219:
1782:
1499:
1414:
1405:
was donated by Frederick sometime after 1165 as a tribute to Charlemagne.
1387:
1375:
1359:
1102:
on 13 February 1155, razing it to the ground on 18 April. He moved on to
1032:
881:
on 24 June, where a decision was reached that the crusaders would attack
717:
8587:
5999:
The German Fairy Tale Landscape: The Storied World of the Brothers Grimm
5258:
5234:
4514:
1800:. The approach of Barbarossa's victorious German army greatly concerned
1678:, the archbishop of Cologne submitted to Frederick. Bishop of Würzburg,
1258:
1236:
1176:
Wax seal of Frederick I, used in the imperial residence of Pfalz Wimpfen
1172:
947:, succeed him as king. Frederick energetically pursued the crown and at
795:
8843:
8801:
8759:
8608:
8573:
8524:
8517:
8489:
8398:
8363:
8251:
8244:
8209:
7690:
7666:
7642:
7316:
6130:
6124:
Federico Barbarossa nel dibattito storiografico in Italia e in Germania
5400:"Mission "Rotbart" am Kyffhäuser: Bundeswehr baut Barbarossa-Bodenbild"
5212:
3477:
3179:"Federico I imperatore, detto il Barbarossa nell'Enciclopedia Treccani"
2995:
and Rothenburg (February/March 1172 – killed, Durlach, 15 August 1196).
2400:
2298:
Federico Barbarossa nel dibattito storiografico in Italia e in Germania
2215:
2174:
1861:. The text explains in Turkish and German how Frederick drowned nearby.
1770:
1683:
1652:
1263:
838:
827:
783:
721:
645:
80:
8405:
8335:
6754:
6463:
5204:
912:
the previous winter. This treaty obligated the Germans to attack King
8885:
8643:
8433:
8188:
7885:
7735:
7634:
7594:
7570:
7554:
7419:
7411:
7386:
6515:
5867:
Erbe und Erblast – Friedrich Barbarossa, ein deutscher Nationalmythos
4948:
3931:
3736:
2361:
2170:
1966:
1778:
1711:
1526:
a century earlier. The conflict was the same as that resolved in the
1393:
1134:
was struggling with the forces of the republican city commune led by
948:
870:
753:
634:
5181:
4725:
3242:
Geschichte des Risorgimento: Italiens Weg in die Moderne (1770–1870)
2135:
written nearly eight hundred years earlier by Sidonius Apollinaris:
1651:
preached a crusade sermon before Frederick and a public assembly in
8899:
8815:
8717:
8650:
8475:
8377:
8314:
8230:
8223:
8202:
8181:
8167:
7855:
7819:
7650:
7626:
7618:
7602:
7586:
7562:
7522:
7203:
6199:(in German). Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. pp. 299–308.
5595:; Arnaldi, Professor Emeritus of Medieval History Girolamo (2005).
5373:
3595:
2178:
1905:
1841:
to excavate the bones from the ruins of the Cathedral of Tyre, 1879
1774:
1738:
1312:
1267:
Frederick's so-called baptismal cup, silver, partly gilded, Aachen
1251:. In an attempt to create comity, Emperor Frederick proclaimed the
1166:
1025:
917:
882:
787:
697:
269:
8615:
8370:
8109:
5834:
Die ehemalige Benediktinerklosterkirche St. Peter and Paul, Erfurt
5719:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
5135:
1808:
and send troops to the north to block the arrival of the Germans.
1031:
Eager to restore the Empire to the position it had occupied under
8787:
8552:
8531:
8482:
8468:
8412:
8321:
8195:
7682:
7674:
7546:
7538:
7530:
7514:
7506:
7435:
7427:
7373:
6278:
5046:
2182:
2128:
2090:
Frederick Barbarossa as a crusader, miniature from a copy of the
1954:
1925:
1854:
1801:
1523:
1435:
1336:
1197:
1139:
1127:
1123:
1099:
1084:
862:
843:
761:
478:
331:
308:
5036:
5034:
5032:
3153:, Munich & Zurich: Artemis 1977–1999, vol. 4, pp. 2025–2028.
2979:
Gisela (October/November 1168 – end 1184). She was betrothed to
2953:
Beatrice (end 1162/early 1163 – at least early 1174/1179). King
2312:
Painting of Friedrich I. Barbarossa (Christian Siedentopf, 1847)
2157:
Frederick sends out the boy to see whether the ravens still fly.
1318:, and both sought Frederick's support. Frederick, busy with the
1211:, margrave of Austria, to Frederick's formidable younger cousin
1118:. Other historians instead suggest his coronation took place in
9134:
9046:
8976:
8906:
8794:
8703:
8601:
8461:
8391:
8342:
7610:
7480:
7451:
7443:
4104:. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 21 May 2009.
3596:"Representing Royal Authority at San Michele Maggiore in Pavia"
3432:
3430:
3093:
3014:
Agnes (early 1179 – 8 October 1184). She was betrothed to King
2153:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1866:
1858:
1821:
1578:
1491:
1427:
1355:
1348:
1281:
1201:
1193:
1180:
The next day, 18 June 1155, Adrian IV crowned Frederick I
960:
873:, where Frederick was impressed by the charitable works of the
774:
725:
638:
545:
352:
335:
312:
295:
176:
4187:
3279:(in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 186.
2983:(later King of England) but died before they could be married.
2161:
Frederick is the subject of many legends, including that of a
2005:
to a geopolitical coastal strip extending from Tyre to Jaffa.
1719:
1568:, Erfurt, where Henry the Lion submitted to Barbarossa in 1181
8745:
8622:
8279:
7488:
5029:
4557:
Die Tode der römisch-deutschen Könige und Kaiser (1150–1349).
2086:
1664:
1639:
Path of the Third Crusade, Frederick Barbarossa's path in red
1550:
1344:
1293:
1149:
1119:
1103:
1092:
1021:
769:
577:
553:
218:
132:
5738:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–46.
4884:
4882:
4694:"Letter on the Sacred Expedition of the Emperor Frederick I"
2101:, Frederick's uncle, wrote an account of his reign entitled
2046:
old, who tended to have a domineering role over the church,
7459:
5235:"Review of Friedrich I. Barbarossa, Kaiser des Abendlandes"
4420:
4418:
4357:
4355:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
1958:
1458:
in 1169, alongside his father who also retained the title.
1285:
1247:, thus adding to his possessions the sizeable realm of the
900:(24–28 July) lasted a mere five days and ended in failure.
866:
756:. Therefore, Frederick carried on the bloodline of Emperor
676:
561:
86:
5441:, transl. Laura Napran, (Boydell Press, 2005), 55 note245.
5110:
Francia-Recensio 2012/3 Mittelalter – Moyen Âge (500–1500)
3276:
Modernes Mittelalter: Mediävalismus im Werk Stefan Georges
2230:, was taken captive by the enraged Milanese and forced to
938:
When Conrad died in February 1152, only Frederick and the
5629:
Hohenzollern; a Story of the Time of Frederick Barbarossa
4879:
4604:
4575:"Biography of Frederick I Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor"
4403:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3341:
3339:
3211:(in German). University of Bamberg Press. pp. 9–14.
3118:
All of these were cities of the Empire except for Venice.
2424:, Barbarossa makes an appearance as a playable leader in
2335:
Hohenzollern; a Story of the Time of Frederick Barbarossa
1514:
The scene was similar to that which had occurred between
1024:
or denier with Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, struck in
791:
5123:
4715:
4713:
4495:
4415:
4379:
4352:
1993:
north-western Europe, known to modern historians as the
1689:
At Strasbourg, Frederick had imposed a small tax on the
1613:
Pope Urban III died shortly after, and was succeeded by
869:
on 11 April. After Easter, Conrad and Frederick visited
7357:
5465:
4742:
4740:
4435:
4433:
4342:
4340:
2969:(Nijmegen, November 1165 – Messina, 28 September 1197).
2382:), Barbarossa is one of the main characters, played by
1507:
Frederick recognized Alexander III as pope, and in the
1047:
and began negotiations with the Eastern Roman Emperor,
955:
designated him as the next German king. He was crowned
5489:
4648:
John Child; Martyn John Whittock; Nigel Kelly (1992).
4625:
The Knights Templar: The Priceless Treasure Discovered
3351:
3336:
3090:
The History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick
3007:(February/March 1177 – killed, Bamberg, 21 June 1208)
1733:
Frederick Barbarossa depicted during the Third Crusade
772:
language until later in life. He took part in several
9178:
6168:
Das Itinerar Kaiser Friedrich Barbarossas (1152–1190)
5936:(in German). Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. p. 192.
5552:
Carmen de gestis Frederici I imperatoris in Lombardia
5299:
4894:
4710:
4592:
4450:
4448:
3324:
3245:(in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 67.
2989:(June/July 1170 – killed, Besançon, 13 January 1200).
1773:
in the autumn of 1189 to avoid the winter climate in
1366:
in Milan and gave them as a gift (or as loot) to the
1259:
Second, Third and Fourth Italian Campaigns: 1158–1174
1106:, where he according to some historians received the
744:. He also had ties to the Salians through his mother
637:. In 1190, Frederick drowned attempting to cross the
6263:
Famous Men of the Middle Ages – Frederick Barbarossa
4737:
4430:
4391:
4367:
4337:
1354:
In 1164, Frederick took what are believed to be the
4525:
3001:
William (June/July 1175 – soon after October 1178).
2008:
1130:, he was soon approaching the city of Rome. There,
6220:
6143:
6135:Frederick Barbarossa: a Study in Medieval Politics
5974:
5792:
5662:
5012:
4537:
4445:
3300:
3203:
1078:
536:from 1155 until his death in 1190. He was elected
6113:Pope Alexander III (1159–81): The Art of Survival
5965:. Vol. 31. Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society.
5880:(in German). Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
4468:The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople
4028:
4026:
4013:
4011:
3853:
3851:
3647:
3645:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3021:Possibly Clemence, wife of Sancho VII of Navarre.
2942:, did not produce any children and was annulled.
970:13th-century stained glass image of Frederick I,
837:, an ill crusader stopped in a monastery outside
9238:
6074:Frederick Barbarossa and the Hohenstaufen Polity
6032:Friedrich Barbarossa (1152–1190): eine Biografie
5957:
5282:The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French
4731:
4622:
4092:
4090:
1701:massacres that had accompanied the First Crusade
5687:Friedrich I. Barbarossa: Kaiser des Abendlandes
6141:
6137:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
5591:
5024:
4951:(453–466). See Mierow and Emery (1953) p. 331.
4023:
4008:
3848:
3642:
3625:
3522:
3374:
720:, which derives from the Italianized name for
514:(December 1122 – 10 June 1190), also known as
8125:
7343:
6770:
6479:
6253:MSN Encarta – Frederick I (Holy Roman Empire)
5815:Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth
5321:. New York: Dell Publishing Co. p. 177.
4087:
3204:Schindler, Andrea; Stieldorf, Andrea (2016).
3044:, the codename of the German invasion of the
818:, strongly objected to this and according to
810:In early 1147, Frederick decided to join the
581:
9302:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
5996:Iba, Michael E.; Johnson, Thomas L. (2015).
5977:After Unity; Reconfiguring German Identities
5929:
5836:. Regensburg: Verlag Schnell & Steiner.
5433:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5316:
5198:
5196:
5052:
4044:See entry for the contemporary chroniclers,
3964:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2410:
2397:
2177:at the border between Bavaria, Germany, and
2107:Chronica sive Historia de duabus civitatibus
1897:Letter on the Death of the Emperor Frederick
1804:, who was forced to weaken his force at the
588:
5850:
3088:"Ansbert" is an Austrian cleric, who wrote
2077:Cultural depictions of Frederick Barbarossa
1304:. Milan soon rebelled again and humiliated
696:Frederick was born in mid-December 1122 in
651:
566:
8132:
8118:
7350:
7336:
6777:
6763:
6486:
6472:
5995:
5466:Anselme de Sainte-Marie, Augustin (1726).
5317:de Camp, Sprague; Pratt, Fletcher (1979).
4460:
3734:
3162:
3048:in 1941, named after the emperor by Hitler
49:
5831:
5418:
5193:
4235:
3600:Zeitschrift fur Kunstgeschichte 77 (2014)
2963:(Pavia, 16 July 1164 – 28 November 1170).
1564:The now secularised St Peter's Church at
1284:and that in fact the Empire itself was a
1196:. On their way northwards, they attacked
732:dynasty through his paternal grandmother
728:. Frederick was also a descendant of the
6283:Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden
5969:
5817:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
5724:
5202:
4988:
4810:. New York: HarperCollins. p. 309.
3492:
3018:, but died before they could be married.
2353:, mentions the castle of the Kyffhäuser.
2307:
2152:
2085:
1844:
1832:
1815:
1728:
1634:
1559:
1465:
1392:
1358:of the "Biblical Magi" (the Wise Men or
1262:
1171:
1144:
1016:
965:
887:
6784:
6493:
6142:Novobatzky, Peter; Shea, Ammon (2001).
6056:
6028:
6016:
5756:
5683:
5483:
5153:
5141:
5064:
5000:
4758:
4271:
4199:
4113:
3397:
3272:
3238:
1997:. He returned home after he signed the
418: 1156; died 1184)
14:
9239:
6110:
6068:
5901:
5873:
5864:
5775:
5657:
5558:Chronicon Vincentii Canonici Pragensis
5278:
5187:
4924:
4912:
4837:
4803:
4307:
4283:
4259:
4127:La civilization de l'Occident medieval
4081:
3869:
3619:
3448:
3436:
3421:
3330:
3318:
2806:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2564:
2457:
2453:
2303:
2111:Chronicle or History of the Two Cities
2070:
924:and arrived in Germany in April 1149.
8113:
7331:
6758:
6467:
5930:Görich, Knut; Wihoda, Martin (2017).
5908:(in German). C.H. Beck. p. 217.
5905:Friedrich Barbarossa: Eine Biographie
5812:
5803:
5787:
5742:
5645:
5636:
5622:
5495:
5341:
5305:
5232:
5092:
5040:
4960:
4900:
4888:
4873:
4861:
4849:
4719:
4610:
4598:
4501:
4439:
4424:
4409:
4397:
4385:
4373:
4361:
4346:
4331:
4319:
4295:
4247:
4223:
4211:
4174:
4162:
4150:
4138:
4069:
4057:
4032:
4017:
4002:
3990:
3978:
3917:
3905:
3893:
3857:
3842:
3830:
3793:
3781:
3769:
3757:
3722:
3687:
3675:
3663:
3651:
3636:
3581:
3569:
3557:
3545:
3533:
3516:
3504:
3471:
3460:
3409:
3385:
3368:
3345:
3306:
2976:after the death of his older brother.
2882:
2872:
2868:
2856:
2850:
2840:
2824:
2814:
2810:
2794:
2788:
2778:
2762:
2752:
2748:
2736:
2730:
2720:
2704:
2694:
2690:
2666:
2656:
2640:
2630:
2626:
2614:
2608:
2598:
2582:
2572:
2568:
2552:
2546:
2536:
2523:
2513:
2509:
2497:
2491:
2481:
2465:
2461:
2081:
963:several days later, on 9 March 1152.
842:later, on 8 September, Frederick and
671:in Germany (especially under Emperor
601:(1147–1152, as Frederick III) before
6192:
6164:
6129:
6080:
5129:
5119:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4746:
4706:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4543:
4531:
4473:
4454:
3881:
3747:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
3173:
3171:
2791:Judith of Bavaria, Duchess of Swabia
2033:had been severely undermined by the
1811:
892:Crusaders besieging Damascus in 1148
778:during the reign of his uncle, King
712:family, and his mother was from the
633:and opted to travel overland to the
27:Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 to 1190
8139:
6228:; Apperson, George Latimer (1885).
5963:The History of Jerusalem, A.D. 1180
5857:Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit
4807:The Civilization of the Middle Ages
4572:
3593:
2279:Geschichte der Deutschen Kaiserzeit
1824:, from the Gotha Manuscript of the
833:In August 1147, while crossing the
736:as she was the daughter of Emperor
24:
6268:Charter given by Emperor Frederick
5781:The Middle Ages, A Popular History
5013:Walford, Cox & Apperson (1885)
4515:"History of the Anatolian Seljuks"
3929:
3807:"Frederick I | Holy Roman emperor"
2405:) built a huge ground artwork in
2267:Scholarly evaluations of Frederick
2189:. To garner political support the
2057:
25:
9313:
6246:
6076:. University of California Press.
5521:The deeds of Frederick Barbarossa
3168:
2949:, he had the following children:
2524:9. Hildegard of Egisheim-Dagsburg
2443:Ancestors of Frederick Barbarossa
2261:
2232:ride through the city on a donkey
805:
9272:Christians of the Second Crusade
9267:12th-century Kings of the Romans
9262:12th-century Holy Roman Emperors
9224:
9212:
9200:
9188:
8851:Johann Peter Petri (Black Peter)
7385:
6739:
6738:
5712:
5477:
5459:
5444:
5392:
5378:
5361:
5335:
5310:
5272:
5226:
5157:J. Laudage: Friedrich Barbarossa
5147:
5098:
5068:J. Laudage: Friedrich Barbarossa
5058:
5018:
5006:
4994:
4982:
4966:
4954:
4930:
4918:
4906:
4867:
4855:
4843:
4831:
4797:
4779:
4752:
4686:
4666:
4641:
4616:
4566:
4481:Historical Atlas of the Crusades
3741:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
3112:
3103:
3082:
2113:) had been an exposition of the
2009:Frederick and the Justinian code
1796:, eventually reaching as far as
1624:
1154:Basilica of San Michele Maggiore
1116:Basilica of San Michele Maggiore
1012:
548:on 9 March 1152. He was crowned
404:Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy
390:
9277:Christians of the Third Crusade
6062:Medieval Civilization, 400–1500
5542:in Rerum Italicarum scriptores.
4549:
4507:
4486:
4325:
4313:
4301:
4289:
4277:
4265:
4253:
4241:
4229:
4217:
4205:
4193:
4180:
4168:
4156:
4144:
4132:
4119:
4107:
4075:
4063:
4051:
4038:
3996:
3984:
3972:
3923:
3911:
3899:
3887:
3875:
3863:
3836:
3824:
3799:
3787:
3775:
3763:
3751:
3728:
3716:
3693:
3681:
3669:
3657:
3613:
3587:
3575:
3563:
3551:
3539:
3510:
3498:
3465:
3454:
3442:
3415:
3403:
3391:
3068:
3059:
2938:Frederick's first marriage, to
1703:and Second Crusade in Germany.
1079:First Italian Campaign: 1154–55
544:on 4 March 1152 and crowned in
415:
386:
6146:Depraved and Insulting English
6115:. Routledge. pp. 315–340.
5961:(2013). Aubrey Stewart (ed.).
5757:Crowley, John William (2006).
3312:
3266:
3232:
3197:
3156:
3136:
3100:who accompanied the crusaders.
2193:built atop the Kyffhäuser the
1792:and defeated the Turks in the
1461:
951:on 4 March 1152 the kingdom's
619:Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria
580:on 30 June 1178. He was named
13:
1:
6064:. New York: Barnes and Noble.
6002:. Niemeyer C.W. Buchverlage.
5783:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
5519:and his continuator Rahewin,
5342:Byatt, AS (18 October 2002).
5190:, pp. 145–220, 349–362).
3930:L., Cardoza, Anthony (2006).
3273:Schloon, Jutta Saima (2019).
3239:Clemens, Gabriele B. (2021).
3125:
2103:Gesta Friderici I imperatoris
1857:in Mersin Province, southern
1851:Frederick Barbarossa Memorial
1659:. He did, however, urge King
1378:. Today they are kept in the
1268:
691:
603:his imperial election in 1152
597:Frederick was by inheritance
433:
8259:Companions of Saint Nicholas
5981:. New York: Berghahn Books.
5795:A History of Medieval Europe
5690:(in German). Verlag Styria.
5639:The Origins of Modern Europe
5601:. Harvard University Press.
5453:Friedrich Barbarossas Kinder
5025:Novobatzky & Shea (2001)
3130:
2974:Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia
2967:Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor
2945:From his second marriage to
2585:Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
2549:Frederick II, Duke of Swabia
1887:According to the chronicler
1536:First Council of the Lateran
1520:Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
1122:on 15 April. Moving through
945:Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia
702:Frederick II, Duke of Swabia
686:
564:. Two years later, the term
494:Frederick II, Duke of Swabia
454:Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia
449:Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor
7:
9121:Hirschsprung (Black Forest)
6126:. Bologna: Il Mulino, 1982.
6122:, and Josef Riedmann, eds.
5730:Frederick I., Roman Emperor
5632:. New York: The Century Co.
5562:Monumenta historica Boemiae
5285:. Oxford University Press.
5203:Schumann, Reinhold (1984).
4559:Ostfildern 2020, 355–380. (
3735:Ua Clerigh, Arthur (1913).
3037:Dukes of Swabia family tree
3032:German monarchs family tree
3025:
2961:Frederick V, Duke of Swabia
2933:
2494:Frederick I, Duke of Swabia
2434:
1837:A German expedition led by
1785:, to embark to Asia Minor.
927:
748:as she hailed from Emperor
444:Frederick V, Duke of Swabia
235:6 April 1147 – 4 March 1152
167:4 March 1152 – 10 June 1190
10:
9318:
9093:Volksmärchen der Deutschen
8928:Peter Nikoll (Black Peter)
7279:North German Confederation
7195:Confederation of the Rhine
6029:Laudage, Johannes (2009).
5832:Friedrich, Verena (2003).
5808:. New York: Barnes and Co.
5637:Brown, R. A. (1972).
5525:Charles Christopher Mierow
5504:
5144:, pp. 20–46, 214–242.
4804:Cantor, Norman F. (1993).
4098:"Frederick I (Barbarossa)"
3936:. Giulio Einaudi editore.
2800:
2684:
2558:
2455:
2418:In the video game series,
2074:
1628:
1364:Basilica di Sant'Eustorgio
1243:, daughter and heiress of
931:
708:. His father was from the
9151:
9070:
8681:
8159:
8152:German-speaking countries
8147:
7910:
7795:
7702:
7471:
7394:
7383:
7366:
7296:
7277:
7258:
7236:
7212:
7193:
6882:
6841:
6792:
6734:
6501:
6452:
6436:
6421:
6411:
6402:
6394:
6383:
6372:
6364:
6353:
6343:
6334:
6326:
6321:
6294:
6230:"Digit folklore, part II"
5860:(in German). Schwetschke.
5789:Davis, R. H. C.
5669:. Macmillan and Company.
4787:"Staufergräber – Anlagen"
4652:. Heinemann. p. 28.
4623:Kenneth Onapolis (2019).
4102:The Catholic Encyclopedia
2993:Conrad II, Duke of Swabia
2987:Otto I, Count of Burgundy
2955:William II of Sicily
2870:
2862:
2834:
2812:
2808:
2772:
2750:
2742:
2714:
2692:
2688:
2650:
2628:
2620:
2592:
2570:
2566:
2530:
2511:
2503:
2475:
2459:
2148:
1820:Barbarossa drowns in the
1674:On 27 March 1188, at the
1606:, over the objections of
1380:Shrine of the Three Kings
1209:Henry II Jasomirgott
499:
489:
477:
464:Conrad II, Duke of Swabia
459:Otto I, Count of Burgundy
426:
363:
341:Cathedral of Tyre (bones)
319:
285:
263:
259:
249:
239:
231:
224:
213:
205:
198:
190:
182:
171:
163:
156:
148:
138:
127:
119:
112:
102:
92:
79:
71:
64:
48:
39:
34:
8725:Christman Genipperteinga
7798:(title disputed 887–933)
7247:Archduke John of Austria
6193:Opll, Ferdinand (1990).
6165:Opll, Ferdinand (1978).
6035:(in German). F. Pustet.
6022:Hitler, 1936–45: Nemesis
5684:Cardini, Franco (1990).
5473:(in French). p. 62.
5233:Petke, Wolfgang (1994).
5053:Görich & Wihoda 2017
4627:. Lulu.com. p. 74.
4046:Ottone and Acerbo Morena
3163:Iba & Johnson (2015)
3151:Lexikon des Mittelalters
3052:
2981:Richard, Count of Poitou
2421:Sid Meier's Civilization
2204:In medieval Europe, the
2092:Historia Hierosolymitana
1971:Cathedral of Saint Peter
1448:Louis VII of France
1444:Henry II of England
1328:Louis VII of France
1089:William I of Sicily
940:prince-bishop of Bamberg
855:constant Turkish attacks
355:(heart and inner organs)
9071:Legends and fairy tales
8879:Kunigunde von Orlamünde
8837:Heinrich von Winkelried
5806:The Holy Roman Republic
5761:. New York: Perennial.
5735:Encyclopædia Britannica
5437:Gislebertus (of Mons),
5154:Schütte, Bernd (2009).
5065:Schütte, Bernd (2009).
5043:, pp. xxxi–xxxiii.
4765:Goethe-Institut Libanon
4125:Reprint of B. Arthaud.
3811:Encyclopædia Britannica
2707:Welf I, Duke of Bavaria
2389:The German broadcaster
2275:Wilhelm von Giesebrecht
2271:Wilhelm von Giesebrecht
2035:Investiture controversy
1532:Investiture controversy
987:investiture controversy
661:Investiture controversy
629:. Frederick joined the
469:Philip, King of Germany
8956:Rüdiger von Bechelaren
8739:Eppelein von Gailingen
5598:Italy and Its Invaders
5574:13 August 2014 at the
5550:The "Bergamo Master".
5279:France, Peter (1995).
4943:1.2, a description of
4153:, pp. 332 et seq.
3738:"Pope Adrian IV"
3548:, pp. 218 et seq.
3096:'s diary, the dean of
2827:Magnus, Duke of Saxony
2411:
2398:
2380:Barbarossa: Siege Lord
2313:
2158:
2142:
2095:
1988:, who had traveled to
1951:
1910:Godfrey of Spitzenberg
1862:
1842:
1830:
1734:
1680:Godfrey of Spitzenberg
1640:
1569:
1476:
1432:Battle of Monte Porzio
1406:
1272:
1177:
1163:Pro Petro, non Adriano
1157:
1028:
974:
934:1152 Imperial election
893:
877:. He took part in the
652:
589:
582:
567:
529:
525:
18:Frederick I Barbarossa
9128:Venusberg (mythology)
8935:Pied Piper of Hamelin
8781:Götz von Berlichingen
8697:Arnold von Winkelried
6301:House of Hohenstaufen
6296:Frederick Barbarossa
6277:for the bishopric of
6273:26 March 2023 at the
6171:(in German). Böhlau.
6150:. Orlando: Harcourt.
5902:Görich, Knut (2011).
5874:Görich, Knut (2001).
5865:Görich, Knut (2015).
5651:The Holy Roman Empire
5624:Brady, Cyrus Townsend
5546:Otto of Sankt Blasien
4759:Altaner, Jan (2019).
4732:Jacques de Vitry 2013
3744:Catholic Encyclopedia
2311:
2156:
2137:
2089:
2031:divine right of kings
1921:
1848:
1836:
1827:Saxon World Chronicle
1819:
1790:Battle of Philomelium
1732:
1638:
1563:
1483:Tafelgüterverzeichnis
1469:
1399:Barbarossa Chandelier
1396:
1368:Archbishop of Cologne
1266:
1175:
1148:
1097:successfully besieged
1045:Valdemar I of Denmark
1020:
995:Conrad III of Germany
969:
932:Further information:
891:
786:, another in 1142 in
669:Wilhelmine government
42:Emperor of the Romans
9297:People from Haguenau
9247:Frederick Barbarossa
9019:Walram of Thierstein
8893:Matthias Klostermayr
8774:Giselher of Burgundy
8767:Genevieve of Brabant
8753:Frederick Barbarossa
8008:Lothair III (or II)
7361:between 476 and 1556
7260:German Confederation
7214:German Confederation
6196:Friedrich Barbarossa
5971:Jarausch, K. H.
5813:Freed, John (2016).
5439:Chronicle of Hainaut
5207:. pp. 114–115.
5055:, pp. 191, 192.
4937:Sidonius Apollinaris
4675:The Complete History
3042:Operation Barbarossa
2947:Beatrice of Burgundy
2669:Frederick Barbarossa
2399:Kyffhäuser-Kaserne,
2331:Cyrus Townsend Brady
2287:Friedrich Barbarossa
2027:Corpus Juris Civilis
1961:. Barbarossa's son,
1737:On 15 April 1189 in
1308:(see Legend below).
1241:Beatrice of Burgundy
1239:, Frederick married
1055:, on the grounds of
972:Strasbourg Cathedral
654:Corpus Juris Civilis
605:. He was the son of
552:on 24 April 1155 in
512:Frederick Barbarossa
389: 1147;
35:Frederick Barbarossa
9079:Grimms' Fairy Tales
9026:Walter of Aquitaine
8998:The Smith of Kochel
6799:Carolingian dynasty
6786:Monarchs of Germany
6495:Holy Roman emperors
5132:, pp. 299–308.
4891:, pp. 370–374.
4734:, pp. 110–111.
4613:, pp. 511–512.
4504:, pp. 494–504.
4427:, pp. 480–481.
4412:, p. 626 n.44.
4388:, pp. 473–474.
4364:, pp. 472–473.
4188:Yale Avalon project
3712:. 29 December 1998.
2940:Adelheid of Vohburg
2853:Wulfhilde of Saxony
2733:Henry IX of Bavaria
2611:Agnes of Waiblingen
2304:Artistic depictions
2195:Kyffhäuser Monument
2071:Cultural depictions
1975:Saint Paul's Church
1902:Otto of Wittelsbach
1839:Johann Nepomuk Sepp
1763:Béla III of Hungary
1661:Philip II of France
1600:Constance of Sicily
1583:Henry II of England
1186:St Peter's Basilica
1132:Pope Adrian IV
1114:on 24 April in the
1069:Treaty of Constance
1053:Adelheid of Vohburg
1007:Henry II of England
875:Knights Hospitaller
859:Louis VII of France
850:the following day.
830:seven weeks later.
824:Adelaide of Vohburg
681:legacy of Frederick
560:on 18 June 1155 in
558:Pope Adrian IV
375:Adelheid of Vohburg
345:Saint Paul's Church
281:(modern-day France)
209:1152 – 10 June 1190
123:1155 – 10 June 1190
75:1155 – 10 June 1190
9282:Deaths by drowning
9033:Werner Stauffacher
8949:Punker of Rohrbach
8865:Knight of the Swan
6884:Kingdom of Germany
6848:Kingdom of Germany
6386:Holy Roman Emperor
6287:Marburg University
6094:Ashgate Publishing
5804:Falco, G. (1964).
5659:Cantor, N. F.
5536:Romuald of Salerno
4915:, pp. 359–360
4840:, pp. 340–342
4573:Hickman, Kennedy.
4274:, pp. 102–103
4262:, pp. 433–434
4165:, pp. 164–165
3896:, pp. 326–327
3705:The Avalon Project
3622:, pp. 368–369
3594:Elliott, Gillian.
3474:, pp. 318–319
3439:, pp. 428–429
3424:, pp. 302–303
3321:, pp. 300–302
2765:Judith of Flanders
2468:Frederick of Büren
2368:In the 2009 movie
2347:L. Sprague de Camp
2314:
2212:Jacopo da Voragine
2210:became refined by
2159:
2125:Augustine of Hippo
2096:
2082:Charismatic leader
1894:The writer of the
1863:
1843:
1831:
1761:, brother of King
1735:
1686:on 23 April 1189.
1641:
1570:
1566:Petersberg Citadel
1540:Peace of Constance
1528:Concordat of Worms
1477:
1456:King of the Romans
1407:
1302:Pope Alexander III
1273:
1249:County of Burgundy
1235:On 9 June 1156 at
1182:Holy Roman Emperor
1178:
1158:
1073:Roger II of Sicily
1029:
975:
957:King of the Romans
914:Roger II of Sicily
894:
534:Holy Roman Emperor
328:Church of St Peter
278:Kingdom of Germany
66:Holy Roman Emperor
9207:Holy Roman Empire
9176:
9175:
9061:Xaver Hohenleiter
9005:Till Eulenspiegel
8872:Konrad Baumgarten
8858:Klaus Störtebeker
8732:Dietrich von Bern
8350:Feuermann (ghost)
8107:
8106:
7918:Holy Roman Empire
7325:
7324:
7251:
7250:(Imperial Regent)
6889:Holy Roman Empire
6818:Louis the Younger
6752:
6751:
6462:
6461:
6453:Succeeded by
6439:Count of Burgundy
6434:
6412:Succeeded by
6344:Succeeded by
6226:Cox, John Charles
6206:978-3-534-04131-2
6178:978-3-205-08715-1
6042:978-3-7917-2167-5
5943:978-3-412-50454-0
5915:978-3-406-62149-9
5887:978-3-534-15168-4
5768:978-0-06-112005-3
5697:978-3-222-11971-2
5608:978-0-674-01870-9
5593:Arnaldi, Girolamo
5585:Secondary sources
5388:. Deutsche Wells.
4791:stauferstelen.net
3371:, pp. 51–53.
3348:, pp. 43–45.
3286:978-3-11-061913-3
3252:978-3-412-52094-6
3218:978-3-86309-385-3
3016:Emeric of Hungary
2930:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2885:Sophia of Hungary
2407:Bad Frankenhausen
2321:'s romantic play
2197:, which declared
2163:Kyffhäuser legend
1812:Death and burials
1794:Battle of Iconium
1708:Henry II of Dietz
1657:Philip of Cologne
1615:Pope Gregory VIII
1604:Kingdom of Sicily
1602:, heiress to the
1596:Diet of Pentecost
1504:Battle of Legnano
1473:Historia Welforum
1384:Cologne cathedral
1372:Rainald of Dassel
1298:Diet of Roncaglia
1253:Peace of the Land
1230:Privilegium Minus
1136:Arnold of Brescia
1110:and the title of
1049:Manuel I Comnenus
953:princely electors
910:Manuel I Komnenos
898:Siege of Damascus
816:Duke Frederick II
706:Judith of Bavaria
621:, from the rival
607:Duke Frederick II
509:
508:
504:Judith of Bavaria
267:Mid-December 1122
16:(Redirected from
9309:
9229:
9228:
9217:
9216:
9205:
9204:
9203:
9193:
9192:
9191:
9184:
9169:
9162:
9144:
9137:
9130:
9123:
9116:
9109:
9102:
9095:
9088:
9081:
9063:
9056:
9049:
9042:
9035:
9028:
9021:
9014:
9012:Volker von Alzey
9007:
9000:
8993:
8986:
8979:
8972:
8965:
8958:
8951:
8944:
8937:
8930:
8923:
8916:
8914:Otto the Younger
8909:
8902:
8895:
8888:
8881:
8874:
8867:
8860:
8853:
8846:
8839:
8832:
8825:
8818:
8811:
8804:
8797:
8790:
8783:
8776:
8769:
8762:
8755:
8748:
8741:
8734:
8727:
8720:
8713:
8711:Baron Munchausen
8706:
8699:
8692:
8690:Albrecht Gessler
8674:
8667:
8660:
8658:Will-o'-the-wisp
8653:
8646:
8639:
8632:
8625:
8618:
8611:
8604:
8597:
8590:
8583:
8576:
8569:
8562:
8555:
8548:
8541:
8539:Nixie (folklore)
8534:
8527:
8520:
8513:
8506:
8499:
8492:
8485:
8478:
8471:
8464:
8457:
8450:
8443:
8436:
8429:
8422:
8420:Jack o' the bowl
8415:
8408:
8401:
8394:
8387:
8380:
8373:
8366:
8359:
8352:
8345:
8338:
8331:
8324:
8317:
8310:
8303:
8296:
8289:
8287:Dwarf (folklore)
8282:
8275:
8273:Drak (mythology)
8268:
8261:
8254:
8247:
8240:
8233:
8226:
8219:
8212:
8205:
8198:
8191:
8184:
8177:
8170:
8134:
8127:
8120:
8111:
8110:
8099:
8091:
8083:
8075:
8067:
8059:
8051:
8043:
8035:
8027:
8019:
8011:
8003:
7995:
7987:
7979:
7971:
7963:
7955:
7947:
7939:
7931:
7912:Kingdom of Italy
7902:
7894:
7880:
7872:
7864:
7850:
7836:
7828:
7814:
7787:
7779:
7771:
7763:
7755:
7747:
7739:
7731:
7723:
7715:
7694:
7686:
7678:
7670:
7662:
7654:
7646:
7638:
7630:
7622:
7614:
7606:
7598:
7590:
7582:
7574:
7566:
7558:
7550:
7542:
7534:
7526:
7518:
7510:
7502:
7492:
7484:
7463:
7455:
7447:
7439:
7431:
7423:
7415:
7407:
7389:
7377:
7352:
7345:
7338:
7329:
7328:
7249:
6808:Louis the German
6779:
6772:
6765:
6756:
6755:
6742:
6741:
6488:
6481:
6474:
6465:
6464:
6428:
6422:Preceded by
6395:Preceded by
6365:Preceded by
6327:Preceded by
6317:
6310:
6292:
6291:
6241:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6189:
6187:
6185:
6161:
6149:
6138:
6116:
6107:
6077:
6065:
6053:
6051:
6049:
6025:
6013:
5992:
5980:
5966:
5959:Jacques de Vitry
5954:
5952:
5950:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5898:
5896:
5894:
5870:
5861:
5847:
5828:
5824:978-0-300-122763
5809:
5800:
5798:
5784:
5772:
5753:
5739:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5680:
5668:
5665:Medieval History
5654:
5642:
5641:. Boydell Press.
5633:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5517:Otto of Freising
5499:
5493:
5487:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5463:
5457:
5448:
5442:
5435:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5382:
5376:
5365:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5339:
5333:
5332:
5319:Land of Unreason
5314:
5308:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5200:
5191:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5151:
5145:
5139:
5133:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5107:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5062:
5056:
5050:
5044:
5038:
5027:
5022:
5016:
5010:
5004:
4998:
4992:
4986:
4980:
4970:
4964:
4958:
4952:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4916:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4886:
4877:
4871:
4865:
4859:
4853:
4847:
4841:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4756:
4750:
4744:
4735:
4729:
4723:
4717:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4698:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4680:Ali ibn al-Athir
4670:
4664:
4663:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4620:
4614:
4608:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4570:
4564:
4553:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4511:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4490:
4484:
4477:
4471:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4443:
4437:
4428:
4422:
4413:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4350:
4344:
4335:
4329:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4299:
4293:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4236:Friedrich (2003)
4233:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4202:, pp. 96–97
4197:
4191:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4148:
4142:
4136:
4130:
4123:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4096:Kampers, Franz.
4094:
4085:
4079:
4073:
4067:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4042:
4036:
4030:
4021:
4015:
4006:
4000:
3994:
3988:
3982:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3963:
3955:
3933:Storia di Torino
3927:
3921:
3915:
3909:
3903:
3897:
3891:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3846:
3840:
3834:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3740:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3640:
3634:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3591:
3585:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3372:
3366:
3349:
3343:
3334:
3333:, pp. 9–33.
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3175:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3140:
3119:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3101:
3098:Passau Cathedral
3086:
3080:
3072:
3066:
3063:
2449:
2448:
2440:
2439:
2414:
2404:
2342:Land of Unreason
2228:Empress Beatrice
2199:Kaiser Wilhelm I
2099:Otto of Freising
2019:Pope Gregory VII
1949:
1917:Jacques de Vitry
1798:Cilician Armenia
1619:Papal Chancellor
1547:King of Burgundy
1516:Pope Gregory VII
1403:Aachen Cathedral
1306:Empress Beatrice
1270:
1037:Otto I the Great
835:Byzantine Empire
820:Otto of Freising
657:
592:
585:
574:King of Burgundy
570:
523:
437:
419:
417:
394:
392:
388:
300:Cilician Armenia
292:
200:King of Burgundy
57:Cappenberg Abbey
53:
32:
31:
21:
9317:
9316:
9312:
9311:
9310:
9308:
9307:
9306:
9287:Dukes of Swabia
9237:
9236:
9235:
9223:
9211:
9201:
9199:
9189:
9187:
9179:
9177:
9172:
9165:
9160:German folklore
9158:
9147:
9142:Walpurgis Night
9140:
9133:
9126:
9119:
9112:
9105:
9098:
9091:
9084:
9077:
9066:
9059:
9052:
9045:
9038:
9031:
9024:
9017:
9010:
9003:
8996:
8989:
8982:
8975:
8968:
8961:
8954:
8947:
8940:
8933:
8926:
8919:
8912:
8905:
8898:
8891:
8884:
8877:
8870:
8863:
8856:
8849:
8842:
8835:
8830:Hans von Trotha
8828:
8821:
8814:
8807:
8800:
8793:
8786:
8779:
8772:
8765:
8758:
8751:
8744:
8737:
8730:
8723:
8716:
8709:
8702:
8695:
8688:
8677:
8670:
8663:
8656:
8649:
8642:
8635:
8628:
8621:
8614:
8607:
8600:
8593:
8586:
8579:
8572:
8565:
8558:
8551:
8544:
8537:
8530:
8523:
8516:
8509:
8502:
8497:Mare (folklore)
8495:
8488:
8481:
8474:
8467:
8460:
8455:Knecht Ruprecht
8453:
8446:
8439:
8432:
8425:
8418:
8411:
8404:
8397:
8390:
8385:Heinzelmännchen
8383:
8376:
8369:
8362:
8355:
8348:
8341:
8334:
8327:
8320:
8313:
8306:
8299:
8292:
8285:
8278:
8271:
8264:
8257:
8250:
8243:
8238:Buschgroßmutter
8236:
8229:
8222:
8215:
8208:
8201:
8194:
8187:
8180:
8173:
8166:
8155:
8143:
8141:German folklore
8138:
8108:
8103:
8097:
8089:
8081:
8073:
8065:
8057:
8049:
8041:
8033:
8025:
8017:
8009:
8001:
7993:
7985:
7977:
7969:
7961:
7953:
7945:
7937:
7929:
7920:
7915:
7906:
7900:
7892:
7878:
7870:
7862:
7848:
7834:
7826:
7812:
7797:
7791:
7785:
7777:
7769:
7761:
7753:
7745:
7737:
7729:
7721:
7713:
7698:
7692:
7684:
7676:
7668:
7660:
7652:
7644:
7636:
7628:
7620:
7612:
7604:
7596:
7588:
7580:
7572:
7564:
7556:
7548:
7540:
7532:
7524:
7516:
7508:
7500:
7490:
7482:
7467:
7461:
7453:
7445:
7437:
7429:
7421:
7413:
7405:
7390:
7381:
7375:
7362:
7356:
7326:
7321:
7292:
7273:
7254:
7232:
7208:
7189:
7056:Frederick (III)
6887:
6878:
6846:
6837:
6833:Louis the Child
6823:Charles the Fat
6797:
6788:
6783:
6753:
6748:
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6497:
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6444:
6442:
6427:
6417:
6408:
6400:
6389:
6378:
6370:
6359:
6349:
6340:
6337:King of Germany
6332:
6311:
6305:
6304:
6297:
6275:Wayback Machine
6249:
6244:
6222:Walford, Edward
6211:
6209:
6207:
6183:
6181:
6179:
6158:
6120:Manselli, Raoul
6104:
6090:Farnham, Surrey
6070:Leyser, Karl J.
6047:
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6043:
6010:
5989:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5920:
5918:
5916:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5844:
5825:
5769:
5728:, ed. (1911). "
5713:
5711:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5677:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5582:
5576:Wayback Machine
5566:Gelasius Dobner
5510:Primary sources
5507:
5502:
5498:, p. xvii.
5494:
5490:
5482:
5478:
5464:
5460:
5450:Erwin Assmann:
5449:
5445:
5436:
5419:
5409:
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5398:
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5124:
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5105:
5100:Loud, Graham A.
5097:
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5079:
5063:
5059:
5051:
5047:
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5030:
5023:
5019:
5011:
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4999:
4995:
4989:Jarausch (1997)
4987:
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3710:Yale Law School
3699:
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3493:Chisholm (1911)
3491:
3478:
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3183:www.treccani.it
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3076:Kilij Arslan II
3073:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3028:
3009:King of Germany
2936:
2931:
2643:Bertha of Savoy
2437:
2427:Civilization VI
2306:
2264:
2151:
2120:The City of God
2084:
2079:
2073:
2060:
2058:Economic policy
2043:Pepin the Short
2011:
1999:Treaty of Ramla
1950:
1948:
1814:
1696:Henry of Kalden
1691:Jews of Germany
1645:Crusader states
1633:
1627:
1509:Peace of Venice
1490:(now joined by
1464:
1261:
1245:Renaud III
1225:Duke of Austria
1221:House of Guelph
1138:, a student of
1081:
1065:Pope Eugene III
1015:
936:
930:
902:Gilbert of Mons
879:council of Acre
808:
760:and his wives,
742:Bertha of Savoy
694:
689:
627:prince-electors
556:and emperor by
538:King of Germany
519:
473:
431:
430:
422:
421:
413:
409:
406:
396:
393: 1153)
384:
380:
377:
359:
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302:
294:
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280:
274:Duchy of Swabia
268:
158:King of Germany
131:24 April 1155,
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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9167:Swiss folklore
9163:
9155:
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9149:
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9145:
9138:
9131:
9124:
9117:
9110:
9107:Nibelungenlied
9103:
9100:Gespensterbuch
9096:
9089:
9086:Deutsche Sagen
9082:
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8903:
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8823:Hans von Sagan
8819:
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8809:Hagen (legend)
8805:
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8546:Ork (folklore)
8542:
8535:
8528:
8521:
8514:
8507:
8504:Mephistopheles
8500:
8493:
8486:
8479:
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8301:Ekke Nekkepenn
8297:
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8175:Alp (folklore)
8171:
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8129:
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8114:
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8093:
8088:Frederick III
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7398:
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7384:
7382:
7380:
7379:
7370:
7368:
7364:
7363:
7359:Kings of Italy
7355:
7354:
7347:
7340:
7332:
7323:
7322:
7320:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7303:
7301:
7294:
7293:
7291:
7290:
7284:
7282:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7271:
7269:Franz Joseph I
7265:
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7053:
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7016:
7011:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6957:Lothair II/III
6954:
6949:
6944:
6937:
6930:
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6435:
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6419:
6418:
6413:
6410:
6405:Duke of Swabia
6401:
6396:
6392:
6391:
6381:
6380:
6371:
6366:
6362:
6361:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6342:
6333:
6328:
6324:
6323:
6322:Regnal titles
6319:
6318:
6298:
6295:
6290:
6289:
6265:
6260:
6248:
6247:External links
6245:
6243:
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5871:
5862:
5848:
5842:
5829:
5823:
5810:
5801:
5785:
5773:
5767:
5754:
5752:. Vol. I.
5740:
5726:Chisholm, Hugh
5709:
5696:
5681:
5675:
5655:
5643:
5634:
5620:
5607:
5588:
5587:
5586:
5581:
5580:
5555:
5548:
5543:
5533:
5528:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5488:
5484:Kershaw (2001)
5476:
5458:
5443:
5417:
5391:
5377:
5360:
5334:
5327:
5309:
5298:
5291:
5271:
5225:
5192:
5180:
5166:
5146:
5134:
5122:
5091:
5077:
5057:
5045:
5028:
5017:
5005:
5001:Le Goff (2000)
4993:
4981:
4979:; last chapter
4965:
4953:
4929:
4917:
4905:
4903:, p. 369.
4893:
4878:
4866:
4854:
4842:
4830:
4816:
4796:
4778:
4751:
4749:, p. 181.
4736:
4724:
4722:, p. 512.
4709:
4685:
4682:. p. 194.
4665:
4658:
4640:
4633:
4615:
4603:
4601:, p. 626.
4591:
4565:
4548:
4536:
4534:, p. 111.
4524:
4519:turkishhan.org
4506:
4494:
4485:
4472:
4459:
4444:
4442:, p. 482.
4429:
4414:
4402:
4400:, p. 355.
4390:
4378:
4376:, p. 479.
4366:
4351:
4349:, p. 471.
4336:
4324:
4312:
4300:
4288:
4276:
4272:Le Goff (2000)
4264:
4252:
4240:
4228:
4216:
4204:
4200:Le Goff (2000)
4192:
4179:
4167:
4155:
4143:
4131:
4129:, Paris, 1964.
4118:
4114:Le Goff (2000)
4106:
4086:
4074:
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4050:
4037:
4022:
4007:
3995:
3983:
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3426:
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3402:
3398:Le Goff (2000)
3390:
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3323:
3311:
3299:
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3265:
3251:
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3217:
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3167:
3155:
3147:Heiliges Reich
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3111:
3102:
3081:
3074:Seljuk Sultan
3067:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3049:
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2471:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2445:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2416:
2394:
2391:Deutsche Welle
2387:
2366:
2354:
2351:Fletcher Pratt
2338:
2328:
2305:
2302:
2263:
2262:Historiography
2260:
2237:"Ecco la fica"
2150:
2147:
2083:
2080:
2075:Main article:
2072:
2069:
2059:
2056:
2052:Pope Adrian IV
2015:Justinian Code
2010:
2007:
1995:Angevin Empire
1946:
1914:
1913:
1892:
1885:
1882:
1877:According to "
1871:Silifke Castle
1813:
1810:
1724:John Kamateros
1716:Stefan Nemanja
1649:Henry of Marcy
1629:Main article:
1626:
1623:
1617:, who even as
1608:Pope Urban III
1496:Constantinople
1488:Lombard League
1463:
1460:
1324:excommunicated
1320:siege of Crema
1316:Victor IV
1290:Henry the Lion
1260:
1257:
1217:Duke of Saxony
1213:Henry the Lion
1080:
1077:
1061:Constantinople
1014:
1011:
999:Henry the Lion
977:The reigns of
929:
926:
848:Constantinople
812:Second Crusade
807:
806:Second Crusade
804:
758:Otto the Great
693:
690:
688:
685:
617:, daughter of
599:Duke of Swabia
590:Kaiser Rotbart
507:
506:
501:
497:
496:
491:
487:
486:
481:
475:
474:
472:
471:
466:
461:
456:
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438:
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411:
407:
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382:
378:
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371:
370:
367:
365:
361:
360:
357:
356:
342:
339:
324:
323:
321:
317:
316:
293:(aged 67)
287:
283:
282:
265:
261:
260:
257:
256:
251:
247:
246:
241:
237:
236:
233:
229:
228:
226:Duke of Swabia
222:
221:
217:30 June 1178,
215:
211:
210:
207:
203:
202:
196:
195:
192:
188:
187:
184:
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175:9 March 1152,
173:
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129:
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100:
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89:
85:18 June 1155,
83:
77:
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73:
69:
68:
62:
61:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9314:
9303:
9300:
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9280:
9278:
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9044:
9041:
9037:
9034:
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9027:
9023:
9020:
9016:
9013:
9009:
9006:
9002:
8999:
8995:
8992:
8988:
8985:
8984:Stauffacherin
8981:
8978:
8974:
8971:
8967:
8964:
8960:
8957:
8953:
8950:
8946:
8943:
8942:Princess Ilse
8939:
8936:
8932:
8929:
8925:
8922:
8918:
8915:
8911:
8908:
8904:
8901:
8897:
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8771:
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8708:
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8680:
8673:
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8655:
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8645:
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8638:
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8631:
8627:
8624:
8620:
8617:
8613:
8610:
8606:
8603:
8599:
8596:
8592:
8589:
8585:
8582:
8578:
8575:
8571:
8568:
8564:
8561:
8560:Petermännchen
8557:
8554:
8550:
8547:
8543:
8540:
8536:
8533:
8529:
8526:
8522:
8519:
8515:
8512:
8508:
8505:
8501:
8498:
8494:
8491:
8487:
8484:
8480:
8477:
8473:
8470:
8466:
8463:
8459:
8456:
8452:
8449:
8445:
8442:
8441:King Goldemar
8438:
8435:
8431:
8428:
8427:Klabautermann
8424:
8421:
8417:
8414:
8410:
8407:
8403:
8400:
8396:
8393:
8389:
8386:
8382:
8379:
8375:
8372:
8368:
8365:
8361:
8358:
8354:
8351:
8347:
8344:
8340:
8337:
8333:
8330:
8326:
8323:
8319:
8316:
8312:
8309:
8305:
8302:
8298:
8295:
8291:
8288:
8284:
8281:
8277:
8274:
8270:
8267:
8263:
8260:
8256:
8253:
8249:
8246:
8242:
8239:
8235:
8232:
8228:
8225:
8221:
8218:
8214:
8211:
8207:
8204:
8200:
8197:
8193:
8190:
8186:
8183:
8179:
8176:
8172:
8169:
8165:
8164:
8162:
8158:
8154:
8153:
8146:
8142:
8135:
8130:
8128:
8123:
8121:
8116:
8115:
8112:
8100:
8094:
8092:
8086:
8084:
8078:
8076:
8070:
8068:
8062:
8060:
8054:
8052:
8048:Frederick II
8046:
8044:
8038:
8036:
8030:
8028:
8022:
8020:
8014:
8012:
8006:
8004:
7998:
7996:
7990:
7988:
7982:
7980:
7974:
7972:
7966:
7964:
7958:
7956:
7950:
7948:
7942:
7940:
7934:
7932:
7926:
7925:
7923:
7919:
7913:
7909:
7903:
7897:
7895:
7888:
7887:
7883:
7881:
7875:
7873:
7867:
7865:
7858:
7857:
7853:
7851:
7844:
7843:
7839:
7837:
7831:
7829:
7822:
7821:
7817:
7815:
7808:
7807:
7803:
7802:
7800:
7794:
7788:
7782:
7780:
7774:
7772:
7766:
7764:
7758:
7756:
7750:
7748:
7742:
7740:
7734:
7732:
7726:
7724:
7718:
7716:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7705:
7701:
7695:
7689:
7687:
7681:
7679:
7673:
7671:
7665:
7663:
7657:
7655:
7649:
7647:
7641:
7639:
7633:
7631:
7625:
7623:
7617:
7615:
7609:
7607:
7601:
7599:
7593:
7591:
7585:
7583:
7577:
7575:
7569:
7567:
7561:
7559:
7553:
7551:
7545:
7543:
7537:
7535:
7529:
7527:
7521:
7519:
7513:
7511:
7505:
7503:
7499:
7495:
7493:
7487:
7485:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7474:
7470:
7464:
7458:
7456:
7450:
7448:
7442:
7440:
7434:
7432:
7426:
7424:
7418:
7416:
7410:
7408:
7402:
7401:
7399:
7397:
7393:
7388:
7378:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7365:
7360:
7353:
7348:
7346:
7341:
7339:
7334:
7333:
7330:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7312:Frederick III
7310:
7308:
7305:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7298:German Empire
7295:
7289:
7286:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7276:
7270:
7267:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7257:
7248:
7245:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7238:German Empire
7235:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7211:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7192:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7140:Ferdinand III
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7120:Maximilian II
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7100:Frederick III
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7085:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7068:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7026:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7009:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6942:
6938:
6936:
6935:
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6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6885:
6881:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6869:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6844:
6840:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6780:
6775:
6773:
6768:
6766:
6761:
6760:
6757:
6745:
6737:
6736:
6733:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6686:Ferdinand III
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6666:Maximilian II
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6646:Frederick III
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6500:
6496:
6489:
6484:
6482:
6477:
6475:
6470:
6469:
6466:
6457:
6450:
6449:
6441:
6440:
6433:
6432:
6431:as sole ruler
6426:
6420:
6416:
6407:
6406:
6399:
6393:
6388:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6376:
6375:King of Arles
6369:
6363:
6358:
6357:
6356:King of Italy
6352:
6348:
6339:
6338:
6331:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6308:
6303:
6302:
6293:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6258:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6239:
6235:
6234:The Antiquary
6231:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6208:
6202:
6198:
6197:
6191:
6180:
6174:
6170:
6169:
6163:
6159:
6157:9780156011495
6153:
6148:
6147:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6125:
6121:
6118:
6114:
6109:
6105:
6103:9780754665755
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6044:
6038:
6034:
6033:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6009:9783980871488
6005:
6001:
6000:
5994:
5990:
5988:1-57181-041-2
5984:
5979:
5978:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5945:
5939:
5935:
5934:
5928:
5917:
5911:
5907:
5906:
5900:
5889:
5883:
5879:
5878:
5872:
5868:
5863:
5859:
5858:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5839:
5835:
5830:
5826:
5820:
5816:
5811:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5796:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5764:
5760:
5755:
5751:
5750:
5745:
5744:Comyn, Robert
5741:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5727:
5722:
5721:public domain
5710:
5699:
5693:
5689:
5688:
5682:
5678:
5676:9780023190704
5672:
5667:
5666:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5635:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5621:
5610:
5604:
5600:
5599:
5594:
5590:
5589:
5584:
5583:
5579:
5577:
5573:
5570:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5553:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5541:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5508:
5497:
5492:
5486:, p. 335
5485:
5480:
5472:
5471:
5462:
5455:
5454:
5447:
5440:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5405:
5401:
5395:
5387:
5386:"The Germans"
5381:
5375:
5371:
5370:
5364:
5349:
5345:
5338:
5330:
5328:0-440-14736-0
5324:
5320:
5313:
5307:
5302:
5294:
5292:9780198661252
5288:
5284:
5283:
5275:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5229:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5199:
5197:
5189:
5184:
5169:
5167:9783791721675
5163:
5159:
5158:
5150:
5143:
5138:
5131:
5126:
5115:
5111:
5104:
5101:
5095:
5080:
5078:9783791721675
5074:
5071:. F. Pustet.
5070:
5069:
5061:
5054:
5049:
5042:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5026:
5021:
5015:, p. 119
5014:
5009:
5003:, p. 190
5002:
4997:
4990:
4985:
4978:
4974:
4969:
4963:, p. 172
4962:
4957:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4933:
4927:, p. 360
4926:
4925:Cantor (1969)
4921:
4914:
4913:Cantor (1969)
4909:
4902:
4897:
4890:
4885:
4883:
4876:, p. 325
4875:
4870:
4864:, p. 324
4863:
4858:
4852:, p. 332
4851:
4846:
4839:
4838:Cantor (1969)
4834:
4819:
4813:
4809:
4808:
4800:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4766:
4762:
4755:
4748:
4743:
4741:
4733:
4728:
4721:
4716:
4714:
4702:
4695:
4689:
4681:
4678:(in Arabic).
4677:
4676:
4669:
4661:
4659:9780435312831
4655:
4651:
4644:
4636:
4634:9780359508723
4630:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4607:
4600:
4595:
4580:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4558:
4552:
4546:, p. 64.
4545:
4540:
4533:
4528:
4520:
4516:
4510:
4503:
4498:
4489:
4482:
4476:
4469:
4466:J. Phillips,
4463:
4457:, p. 19.
4456:
4451:
4449:
4441:
4436:
4434:
4426:
4421:
4419:
4411:
4406:
4399:
4394:
4387:
4382:
4375:
4370:
4363:
4358:
4356:
4348:
4343:
4341:
4334:, p. 266
4333:
4328:
4322:, p. 265
4321:
4316:
4310:, p. 240
4309:
4308:Dahmus (1969)
4304:
4298:, p. 262
4297:
4292:
4286:, p. 429
4285:
4284:Cantor (1969)
4280:
4273:
4268:
4261:
4260:Cantor (1969)
4256:
4250:, p. 264
4249:
4244:
4237:
4232:
4226:, p. 333
4225:
4220:
4214:, p. 263
4213:
4208:
4201:
4196:
4189:
4183:
4177:, p. 260
4176:
4171:
4164:
4159:
4152:
4147:
4141:, p. 257
4140:
4135:
4128:
4122:
4116:, p. 104
4115:
4110:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4084:, p. 157
4083:
4082:Leyser (1988)
4078:
4072:, p. 253
4071:
4066:
4060:, p. 252
4059:
4054:
4047:
4041:
4035:, p. 251
4034:
4029:
4027:
4020:, p. 250
4019:
4014:
4012:
4005:, p. 249
4004:
3999:
3993:, p. 248
3992:
3987:
3981:, p. 247
3980:
3975:
3967:
3961:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3943:88-06-18123-8
3939:
3935:
3934:
3926:
3920:, p. 246
3919:
3914:
3908:, p. 245
3907:
3902:
3895:
3890:
3884:, p. 228
3883:
3878:
3872:, p. 328
3871:
3870:Madden (2016)
3866:
3860:, p. 243
3859:
3854:
3852:
3845:, p. 242
3844:
3839:
3833:, p. 241
3832:
3827:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3796:, p. 240
3795:
3790:
3784:, p. 238
3783:
3778:
3772:, p. 236
3771:
3766:
3760:, p. 235
3759:
3754:
3746:
3745:
3739:
3731:
3725:, p. 234
3724:
3719:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3690:, p. 319
3689:
3684:
3678:, p. 203
3677:
3672:
3666:, p. 233
3665:
3660:
3654:, p. 232
3653:
3648:
3646:
3639:, p. 231
3638:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3621:
3620:Cantor (1969)
3616:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3584:, p. 229
3583:
3578:
3572:, p. 228
3571:
3566:
3560:, p. 227
3559:
3554:
3547:
3542:
3536:, p. 230
3535:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3519:, p. 201
3518:
3513:
3507:, p. 202
3506:
3501:
3494:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3457:
3451:, p. 359
3450:
3449:Dahmus (1969)
3445:
3438:
3437:Cantor (1969)
3433:
3431:
3423:
3422:Cantor (1969)
3418:
3412:, p. 166
3411:
3406:
3400:, p. 266
3399:
3394:
3388:, p. 200
3387:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3347:
3342:
3340:
3332:
3327:
3320:
3319:Dahmus (1969)
3315:
3309:, p. 15.
3308:
3303:
3288:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3269:
3254:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3235:
3220:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3200:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3164:
3159:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3115:
3106:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3077:
3071:
3062:
3058:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
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2975:
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2968:
2965:
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2952:
2951:
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2900:
2898:
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2798:
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2792:
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2740:
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2734:
2728:
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2708:
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2698:
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2680:
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2648:
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2638:
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2596:
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2576:
2575:
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2561:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2463:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2415:("Redbeard").
2413:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2374:(also titled
2373:
2372:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:Les Burgraves
2320:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2301:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2291:honor imperii
2288:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2207:Golden Legend
2202:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2191:German Empire
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2169:mountains in
2168:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2088:
2078:
2068:
2064:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2048:Caesaropapism
2044:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2023:Norman Cantor
2020:
2016:
2006:
2004:
2003:Latin Kingdom
2000:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1918:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1809:
1807:
1806:Siege of Acre
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1767:Philippopolis
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1676:Diet of Mainz
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1637:
1632:
1631:Third Crusade
1625:Third Crusade
1622:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1575:Imperial Diet
1567:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1494:, Sicily and
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1419:Manuel I
1416:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1278:Papal legates
1265:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:King of Italy
1109:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1057:consanguinity
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1013:Rise to power
1010:
1008:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
973:
968:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
941:
935:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
890:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
840:
836:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
776:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
752:and his wife
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
656:
655:
647:
642:
640:
636:
632:
631:Third Crusade
628:
624:
623:House of Welf
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
591:
584:
579:
575:
571:
569:
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:King of Italy
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
517:
513:
505:
502:
498:
495:
492:
488:
485:
482:
480:
476:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
439:
436:
435:
429:
425:
405:
398:
397:
376:
369:
368:
366:
362:
354:
350:
346:
343:
340:
337:
333:
329:
326:
325:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
297:
288:
284:
279:
275:
271:
266:
262:
258:
255:
252:
248:
245:
242:
238:
234:
230:
227:
223:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
159:
155:
151:
147:
144:
141:
137:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
115:
114:King of Italy
111:
108:
105:
101:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:
63:
58:
52:
47:
44:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
9292:Hohenstaufen
9054:Wolfdietrich
9040:William Tell
8963:Schildbürger
8752:
8672:Wolpertinger
8637:Wiedergänger
8630:Weiße Frauen
8581:Rhinemaidens
8329:Ewiger Jäger
8294:Easter Bunny
8266:Doppelgänger
8150:Folklore of
8149:
8024:Frederick I
8023:
7891:Berengar II
7884:
7854:
7840:
7818:
7804:
7796:Non-dynastic
7768:Charles III
7712:Charlemagne
7704:Carolingians
7497:
7367:Non-dynastic
7145:Ferdinand IV
7135:Ferdinand II
7105:Maximilian I
7082:
7065:
7023:
7008:Henry (VIII)
7006:
6992:Frederick II
6971:
6947:Conrad (III)
6939:
6932:
6866:
6843:East Francia
6794:East Francia
6681:Ferdinand II
6651:Maximilian I
6621:Frederick II
6605:
6445:
6437:
6430:
6429:
6415:Frederick IV
6403:
6398:Frederick II
6384:
6373:
6354:
6335:
6313:
6306:
6299:
6237:
6233:
6210:. Retrieved
6195:
6182:. Retrieved
6167:
6145:
6134:
6123:
6112:
6085:
6073:
6061:
6046:. Retrieved
6031:
6021:
6018:Kershaw, Ian
5998:
5976:
5962:
5947:. Retrieved
5932:
5919:. Retrieved
5904:
5891:. Retrieved
5876:
5866:
5856:
5843:37954-6473-0
5833:
5814:
5805:
5794:
5780:
5758:
5748:
5733:
5701:. Retrieved
5686:
5664:
5653:. MacMillan.
5650:
5647:Bryce, James
5638:
5628:
5612:. Retrieved
5597:
5561:
5557:
5551:
5539:
5531:Ibn al-Athir
5520:
5491:
5479:
5468:
5461:
5452:
5446:
5438:
5408:. Retrieved
5403:
5394:
5380:
5368:
5363:
5351:. Retrieved
5348:The Guardian
5347:
5337:
5318:
5312:
5306:Brady (1901)
5301:
5281:
5274:
5262:. Retrieved
5242:
5239:Mediaevistik
5238:
5228:
5216:. Retrieved
5183:
5171:. Retrieved
5156:
5149:
5142:Laudage 2009
5137:
5125:
5109:
5094:
5082:. Retrieved
5067:
5060:
5048:
5020:
5008:
4996:
4991:, p. 35
4984:
4977:Frederick II
4976:
4968:
4961:Brown (1972)
4956:
4945:Theodoric II
4940:
4932:
4920:
4908:
4896:
4874:Davis (1957)
4869:
4862:Davis (1957)
4857:
4850:Davis (1957)
4845:
4833:
4823:24 September
4821:. Retrieved
4806:
4799:
4793:(in German).
4790:
4781:
4771:24 September
4769:. Retrieved
4764:
4754:
4727:
4688:
4674:
4668:
4650:The Crusades
4649:
4643:
4624:
4618:
4606:
4594:
4582:. Retrieved
4578:
4568:
4556:
4551:
4539:
4527:
4518:
4509:
4497:
4488:
4480:
4475:
4467:
4462:
4405:
4393:
4381:
4369:
4332:Comyn (1851)
4327:
4320:Comyn (1851)
4315:
4303:
4296:Comyn (1851)
4291:
4279:
4267:
4255:
4248:Comyn (1851)
4243:
4231:
4224:Davis (1957)
4219:
4212:Comyn (1851)
4207:
4195:
4182:
4175:Comyn (1851)
4170:
4163:Brown (1972)
4158:
4151:Davis (1957)
4146:
4139:Comyn (1851)
4134:
4126:
4121:
4109:
4101:
4077:
4070:Comyn (1851)
4065:
4058:Comyn (1851)
4053:
4040:
4033:Comyn (1851)
4018:Comyn (1851)
4003:Comyn (1851)
3998:
3991:Comyn (1851)
3986:
3979:Comyn (1851)
3974:
3932:
3925:
3918:Comyn (1851)
3913:
3906:Comyn (1851)
3901:
3894:Davis (1957)
3889:
3877:
3865:
3858:Comyn (1851)
3843:Comyn (1851)
3838:
3831:Comyn (1851)
3826:
3814:. Retrieved
3810:
3801:
3794:Comyn (1851)
3789:
3782:Comyn (1851)
3777:
3770:Comyn (1851)
3765:
3758:Comyn (1851)
3753:
3742:
3730:
3723:Comyn (1851)
3718:
3703:
3695:
3688:Davis (1957)
3683:
3676:Comyn (1851)
3671:
3664:Comyn (1851)
3659:
3652:Comyn (1851)
3637:Comyn (1851)
3615:
3603:. Retrieved
3599:
3589:
3582:Comyn (1851)
3577:
3570:Comyn (1851)
3565:
3558:Comyn (1851)
3553:
3546:Falco (1964)
3541:
3534:Comyn (1851)
3517:Comyn (1851)
3512:
3505:Comyn (1851)
3500:
3495:, p. 45
3472:Davis (1957)
3467:
3461:Brown (1972)
3456:
3444:
3417:
3410:Bryce (1913)
3405:
3393:
3386:Comyn (1851)
3326:
3314:
3302:
3290:. Retrieved
3275:
3268:
3256:. Retrieved
3241:
3234:
3222:. Retrieved
3206:
3199:
3187:. Retrieved
3185:(in Italian)
3182:
3165:, p. 29
3158:
3150:
3146:
3138:
3114:
3105:
3089:
3084:
3070:
3061:
3046:Soviet Union
2944:
2937:
2668:
2425:
2419:
2384:Rutger Hauer
2379:
2376:Sword of War
2375:
2369:
2360:
2340:
2334:
2322:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2265:
2256:Soviet Union
2248:Nazi Germany
2244:Adolf Hitler
2241:
2236:
2225:
2205:
2203:
2187:Frederick II
2160:
2143:
2138:
2133:Theodoric II
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2065:
2061:
2039:
2012:
1983:
1963:Frederick VI
1952:
1922:
1915:
1895:
1889:Ibn al-Athir
1864:
1825:
1787:
1743:
1736:
1705:
1688:
1673:
1642:
1612:
1592:
1588:
1571:
1544:
1513:
1481:
1478:
1471:
1454:was crowned
1411:canonization
1408:
1353:
1333:
1310:
1274:
1234:
1206:
1179:
1162:
1159:
1082:
1030:
1003:
976:
937:
906:Thessaloniki
895:
852:
832:
809:
798:and 1145 in
773:
710:Hohenstaufen
695:
665:Risorgimento
650:
643:
613:dynasty and
611:Hohenstaufen
596:
587:
565:
515:
511:
510:
484:Hohenstaufen
432:
303:(modern-day
291:(1190-06-10)
289:10 June 1190
254:Frederick IV
244:Frederick II
40:
29:
9257:1190 deaths
9252:1122 births
9231:Middle Ages
8921:Peter Klaus
8665:Witte Wiwer
8595:Santa Claus
8567:Poltergeist
8511:Moss people
8448:King Laurin
8357:Feldgeister
8308:Elwetritsch
8098:(1530–1556)
8090:(1452–1493)
8082:(1431–1437)
8074:(1355–1378)
8072:Charles IV
8066:(1327–1347)
8058:(1311–1313)
8050:(1212–1250)
8042:(1209–1212)
8034:(1186–1197)
8026:(1154–1186)
8018:(1138–1152)
8016:Conrad III
8010:(1125–1137)
8002:(1106–1125)
7994:(1093–1101)
7986:(1056–1105)
7978:(1039–1056)
7970:(1026–1039)
7962:(1004–1024)
7954:(1002–1014)
7877:Lothair II
7811:Berengar I
7806:Unruochings
7752:Charles II
7691:Desiderius
7667:Hildeprand
7643:Aripert II
7498:Interregnum
7300:(1871–1918)
7281:(1867–1871)
7262:(1850–1866)
7240:(1848/1849)
7228:Ferdinand I
7216:(1815–1848)
7197:(1806–1813)
7165:Charles VII
7115:Ferdinand I
6997:Henry (VII)
6972:Frederick I
6706:Charles VII
6661:Ferdinand I
6606:Frederick I
6601:Lothair III
6531:Charles III
6506:Charlemagne
6368:Lothair III
6259:2009-10-31)
6212:22 February
6184:14 February
6131:Munz, Peter
6082:Loud, G. A.
6058:Le Goff, J.
6048:22 February
5949:23 February
5921:19 February
5893:19 February
5852:Giesebrecht
5799:. Longmans.
5759:Little, Big
5703:11 February
5614:22 February
5406:(in German)
5264:20 February
5245:: 351–354.
5218:20 February
5188:Görich 2001
5173:22 February
5084:19 February
4973:Kantorowicz
4767:(in German)
4492:Loud, p. 47
4238:, p. 5
3882:Munz (1969)
3331:Görich 2015
3292:22 February
3258:22 February
3224:22 February
3143:Peter Moraw
3092:, based on
2357:Umberto Eco
2345:(1941), by
2319:Victor Hugo
2258:after him.
2115:Civitas Dei
1783:Dardanelles
1759:Prince Géza
1500:Alessandria
1462:Later years
1415:Charlemagne
1388:Paschal III
1376:Christendom
1362:) from the
1360:Three Kings
1087:under King
1033:Charlemagne
991:Lothair III
718:Ghibellines
675:), and the
532:), was the
528:; Italian:
526:Friedrich I
516:Frederick I
305:Göksu River
240:Predecessor
183:Predecessor
139:Predecessor
97:Lothair III
93:Predecessor
9241:Categories
9114:Freischütz
8991:Tannhäuser
8844:Hildebrand
8802:Gundomar I
8760:Friar Rush
8609:Tatzelwurm
8574:Rasselbock
8525:Nachzehrer
8518:Nachtkrapp
8490:Lutzelfrau
8399:Hinzelmann
8364:Frau Holle
8252:Christkind
8245:Changeling
8210:Belsnickel
8096:Charles V
8080:Sigismund
8056:Henry VII
7992:Conrad II
7976:Henry III
7968:Conrad II
7946:(996–1002)
7921:(962–1556)
7736:Lothair I
7659:Liutprand
7635:Raginpert
7595:Perctarit
7571:Perctarit
7555:Aripert I
7420:Theodahad
7412:Athalaric
7404:Theodoric
7396:Ostrogoths
7317:William II
7204:Napoleon I
7185:Francis II
7180:Leopold II
7160:Charles VI
7073:Wenceslaus
7061:Charles IV
6967:Henry (VI)
6962:Conrad III
6891:(962–1806)
6886:within the
6796:during the
6726:Francis II
6721:Leopold II
6701:Charles VI
6671:Rudolph II
6636:Charles IV
6526:Charles II
6448:Beatrice I
6425:Beatrice I
6409:1147–1152
6390:1155–1190
6379:1152–1190
6360:1155–1190
6341:1152–1190
6330:Conrad III
6240:: 119–123.
6024:. Penguin.
5869:. Bamberg.
5777:Dahmus, J.
5496:Freed 2016
5369:Barbarossa
5353:18 January
5160:. Pustet.
5041:Freed 2016
4901:Freed 2016
4889:Freed 2016
4817:0060170336
4720:Freed 2016
4611:Freed 2016
4599:Freed 2016
4584:3 December
4502:Freed 2016
4440:Freed 2016
4425:Freed 2016
4410:Freed 2016
4398:Freed 2016
4386:Freed 2016
4374:Freed 2016
4362:Freed 2016
4347:Freed 2016
3369:Freed 2016
3346:Freed 2016
3307:Freed 2016
3189:28 October
3126:References
2401:Bundeswehr
2371:Barbarossa
2216:Antichrist
2175:Untersberg
2167:Kyffhäuser
2025:described
1771:Adrianople
1769:, then in
1684:Regensburg
1653:Strasbourg
1108:Iron Crown
839:Adrianople
828:Regensburg
794:, 1144 in
790:, 1143 in
784:Strasbourg
780:Conrad III
722:Waiblingen
692:Early life
646:superhuman
583:Barbarossa
530:Federico I
214:Coronation
186:Conrad III
172:Coronation
143:Conrad III
128:Coronation
81:Coronation
9195:Biography
8886:Lohengrin
8644:Wild Hunt
8434:Klagmuhme
8217:Bergmönch
8189:Aufhocker
8064:Louis IV
8032:Henry VI
7984:Henry IV
7960:Henry II
7952:Arduin I
7944:Otto III
7938:(980–983)
7930:(962–973)
7901:(950–963)
7899:Adalbert
7893:(950–963)
7886:Anscarids
7879:(945–950)
7871:(926–947)
7863:(900–905)
7861:Louis II
7849:(922–933)
7835:(891–897)
7827:(889–894)
7820:Guideschi
7813:(887–924)
7778:(896–899)
7770:(879–887)
7762:(877–879)
7760:Carloman
7754:(875–877)
7746:(855–875)
7738:(818–855)
7730:(810–818)
7722:(781–810)
7714:(774–814)
7693:(756–774)
7685:(749–756)
7677:(744–749)
7661:(712–744)
7651:Ansprand
7645:(702–712)
7629:(700–702)
7627:Liutpert
7621:(689–700)
7619:Cunipert
7605:(688–689)
7603:Cunipert
7597:(671–688)
7587:Garibald
7581:(662–671)
7579:Grimoald
7573:(661–662)
7565:(661–662)
7563:Godepert
7557:(653–661)
7549:(652–653)
7541:(636-652)
7533:(626–636)
7525:(616–626)
7523:Adaloald
7517:(590–616)
7509:(584–590)
7501:(574–584)
7491:(572–574)
7483:(568–572)
7462:(552–553)
7454:(541–552)
7438:(540–541)
7430:(536–540)
7422:(534–536)
7414:(526–534)
7406:(493–526)
7376:(476–493)
7307:William I
7288:William I
7223:Francis I
7175:Joseph II
7170:Francis I
7150:Leopold I
7125:Rudolf II
7110:Charles V
7095:Albert II
7090:Sigismund
7046:Henry VII
7002:Conrad IV
6923:Henry III
6918:Conrad II
6850:(919–962)
6845:(911–919)
6801:(843–911)
6716:Joseph II
6711:Francis I
6691:Leopold I
6656:Charles V
6641:Sigismund
6626:Henry VII
6586:Henry III
6581:Conrad II
6551:Louis III
6516:Lothair I
6443:1156–1190
5540:Chronicon
5410:15 August
5251:0934-7453
5130:Opll 1990
4949:Visigoths
4747:Loud 2010
4579:ThoughtCo
4544:Loud 2010
4532:Loud 2010
4479:Konstam,
4455:Loud 2010
3960:cite book
3952:635625239
3816:22 August
3131:Citations
2362:Baudolino
2359:'s novel
2173:or Mount
2171:Thuringia
1990:Palestine
1967:Jerusalem
1779:Gallipoli
1712:Nuremberg
1555:Conrad II
1341:Placentia
1219:, of the
1041:Svend III
949:Frankfurt
871:Jerusalem
754:Theophanu
687:Biography
673:Wilhelm I
635:Holy Land
542:Frankfurt
521:‹See Tfd›
250:Successor
191:Successor
149:Successor
103:Successor
9219:Monarchy
9152:See also
8900:Nibelung
8816:Hannikel
8718:Brunhild
8651:Wild man
8588:Rübezahl
8476:Lindworm
8378:Heimchen
8315:Erdhenne
8231:Bogeyman
8224:Bieresel
8203:Beerwolf
8182:Askafroa
8168:Alberich
8040:Otto IV
8000:Henry V
7936:Otto II
7856:Bosonids
7847:Rudolph
7833:Lambert
7744:Louis I
7728:Bernard
7683:Aistulf
7675:Ratchis
7547:Rodoald
7539:Rothari
7531:Arioald
7515:Agilulf
7507:Authari
7473:Lombards
7436:Ildibad
7428:Vitiges
7374:Odoacer
7155:Joseph I
7130:Matthias
7051:Louis IV
7041:Albert I
7031:Rudolf I
6977:Henry VI
6928:Henry IV
6913:Henry II
6908:Otto III
6857:Conrad I
6813:Carloman
6744:Category
6696:Joseph I
6676:Matthias
6631:Louis IV
6611:Henry VI
6591:Henry IV
6576:Henry II
6571:Otto III
6556:Berengar
6521:Louis II
6347:Henry VI
6271:Archived
6257:Archived
6133:(1969).
6084:(2010).
6072:(1988).
6060:(2000).
6020:(2001).
5973:(1997).
5854:(1895).
5791:(1957).
5779:(1969).
5746:(1851).
5661:(1969).
5649:(1913).
5626:(1901).
5572:Archived
5374:AllMovie
5259:42584249
5114:Archived
4941:Epistles
4701:Archived
3079:Iconium.
3026:See also
3011:in 1198.
2934:Children
2435:Ancestry
2252:invasion
2220:End-time
2179:Salzburg
1947:—
1926:Laodicia
1906:Adriatic
1775:Anatolia
1755:Bulgaria
1745:through
1739:Haguenau
1423:Beatrice
1313:antipope
1237:Würzburg
1026:Nijmegen
979:Henry IV
928:Election
918:Bulgaria
883:Damascus
796:Würzburg
788:Konstanz
766:Adelaide
738:Henry IV
698:Haguenau
524:German:
270:Haguenau
194:Henry VI
152:Henry VI
107:Henry VI
9181:Portals
8788:Gunther
8553:Perchta
8532:Nis Puk
8483:Lorelei
8469:Krampus
8413:Irrwurz
8406:Hödekin
8336:Fänggen
8322:Erlking
8196:Bahkauv
7928:Otto I
7914:within
7784:Ratold
7776:Arnulf
7611:Alahis
7481:Alboin
7452:Totila
7444:Eraric
7067:Günther
7025:Alfonso
7019:Richard
7014:William
6987:Otto IV
6952:Henry V
6941:Hermann
6903:Otto II
6862:Henry I
6616:Otto IV
6596:Henry V
6566:Otto II
6541:Lambert
6511:Louis I
6279:Bamberg
5723::
5564:by Fr.
5505:Sources
5404:bild.de
5213:1855953
4947:of the
3605:30 July
2412:Rotbart
2254:of the
2223:king".
2183:Austria
2129:Rahewin
1986:Richard
1955:Antioch
1942:Beyrout
1938:Biblium
1934:Tortosa
1930:Gibelet
1904:in the
1879:Ansbert
1855:Silifke
1853:, near
1802:Saladin
1781:at the
1747:Hungary
1524:Canossa
1438:or the
1436:malaria
1382:in the
1337:Brescia
1198:Spoleto
1167:Vatican
1140:Abelard
1128:Tuscany
1124:Bologna
1100:Tortona
1085:Normans
983:Henry V
922:Hungary
863:Ephesus
844:Welf VI
775:Hoftage
762:Eadgyth
750:Otto II
609:of the
434:more...
420:
412:
408:
395:
383:
379:
364:Spouses
338:(flesh)
332:Antioch
309:Silifke
298:River,
9135:Vineta
9047:Witege
8977:Sigurd
8907:Ortnit
8795:Gudrun
8704:Attila
8682:People
8602:Schrat
8462:Kobold
8392:Hemann
8343:Fasolt
8160:Beings
7720:Pepin
7489:Cleph
7078:Rupert
6982:Philip
6934:Rudolf
6898:Otto I
6874:Otto I
6868:Arnulf
6828:Arnulf
6561:Otto I
6546:Arnulf
6456:Otto I
6312:
6203:
6175:
6154:
6100:
6039:
6006:
5985:
5940:
5912:
5884:
5840:
5821:
5765:
5717:
5694:
5673:
5605:
5568:(1764)
5470:Fourny
5325:
5289:
5257:
5249:
5211:
5164:
5075:
4814:
4656:
4631:
4561:online
3950:
3940:
3283:
3249:
3215:
3149:, in:
3094:Tageno
3005:Philip
2246:named
2149:Legend
2094:, 1188
1979:Tarsus
1867:Saleph
1859:Turkey
1822:Saleph
1753:, and
1751:Serbia
1669:Mouzon
1579:Erfurt
1492:Venice
1440:plague
1428:Ancona
1356:relics
1349:Sicily
1296:, the
1282:Papacy
1202:Verona
1194:Sicily
1190:Tivoli
961:Aachen
746:Judith
730:Salian
726:Guelfs
667:, the
639:Saleph
615:Judith
568:sacrum
546:Aachen
500:Mother
490:Father
353:Turkey
349:Tarsus
336:Turkey
320:Burial
313:Turkey
296:Saleph
177:Aachen
8746:Faust
8623:Uhaml
8616:Türst
8371:Gütel
8280:Drude
7869:Hugh
7842:Welfs
7786:(896)
7669:(744)
7653:(712)
7637:(701)
7613:(689)
7589:(671)
7460:Teia
7446:(541)
7084:Jobst
7036:Adolf
6446:with
6314:Died:
6307:Born:
5255:JSTOR
5209:JSTOR
5117:(PDF)
5106:(PDF)
4704:(PDF)
4697:(PDF)
4483:, 162
3053:Notes
2123:) of
1665:Ivois
1551:Arles
1452:Henry
1345:Mainz
1294:Milan
1150:Pavia
1120:Monza
1104:Pavia
1095:, he
1093:Milan
1022:Penny
800:Worms
770:Latin
734:Agnes
700:, to
578:Arles
576:, at
554:Pavia
479:House
428:Issue
414:(
410:
385:(
381:
232:Reign
219:Arles
206:Reign
164:Reign
133:Pavia
120:Reign
72:Reign
7916:the
7825:Guy
6316:1190
6309:1122
6214:2022
6201:ISBN
6186:2022
6173:ISBN
6152:ISBN
6098:ISBN
6050:2022
6037:ISBN
6004:ISBN
5983:ISBN
5951:2022
5938:ISBN
5923:2022
5910:ISBN
5895:2022
5882:ISBN
5838:ISBN
5819:ISBN
5763:ISBN
5705:2022
5692:ISBN
5671:ISBN
5616:2022
5603:ISBN
5523:tr.
5412:2022
5355:2019
5323:ISBN
5287:ISBN
5266:2022
5247:ISSN
5220:2022
5175:2022
5162:ISBN
5086:2022
5073:ISBN
4825:2016
4812:ISBN
4773:2019
4654:ISBN
4629:ISBN
4586:2019
4470:, 66
4186:See
3966:link
3948:OCLC
3938:ISBN
3818:2017
3607:2022
3294:2022
3281:ISBN
3260:2022
3247:ISBN
3226:2022
3213:ISBN
3208:2013
3191:2022
2883:15.
2825:14.
2763:13.
2705:12.
2641:11.
2583:10.
2378:and
2349:and
1959:Acre
1940:and
1849:The
1667:and
1518:and
1446:and
1397:The
1286:fief
1271:1160
1126:and
1043:and
1035:and
981:and
920:and
896:The
867:Acre
764:and
740:and
714:Welf
704:and
677:Nazi
562:Rome
391:ann.
286:Died
264:Born
87:Rome
6536:Guy
6285:at
5732:".
5560:in
5372:at
2851:7.
2789:3.
2731:6.
2667:1.
2609:5.
2547:2.
2492:4.
2466:8.
2333:'s
2317:In
2277:'s
2250:'s
1720:Niš
1577:in
1549:at
1522:at
1413:of
1401:in
1184:at
959:at
792:Ulm
540:in
9243::
7889::
7859::
7845::
7823::
7809::
6238:XI
6236:.
6232:.
6224:;
6096:.
6092::
6088:.
5538:.
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3958:{{
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3809:.
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3376:^
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3338:^
3181:.
3170:^
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2181:,
2050:.
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1977:,
1936:,
1932:,
1928:,
1749:,
1671:.
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1339:,
1269:c.
1215:,
1169:.
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885:.
802:.
416:m.
387:m.
351:,
347:,
334:,
330:,
311:,
307:,
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8126:t
8119:v
7351:e
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