586:
533:, also known as a "corporate warrior", the idolized ideal job for men during economic growth from the 1960s associated with Japan's rebuilding of its nation and economy after WWII. The dominant masculine hegemonic discourse of the 1960s and after of the ideal man being self-sacrificing for work and the bread winner of the family has created a stigma where male freeters are seen less masculine and have a harder time with relationships, marriage, and eventually finding full-time work. Many men have seen their fathers in salaryman positions and do not want to fulfill that role because they want to spend more time with family and focus on hobbies.
77:
201:
250:
139:
36:
390:
change their workforce policies to stay relevant in the global market. Companies halted hiring graduates for permanent employment, rolled back bonuses, incentivized senior employees to retire, and created a strong policy of hiring temporary staff for more flexibility and company savings with over a third of the workforce moving onto contractual work.
389:
The increase of
Freeters in the 1990s and 2000s is associated with the subsequent rapid changes that the nation has undergone since the bursting of the economic bubble at the beginning of the 1990s and the increasing neoliberalization of the economy. The almost two decade recession urged companies to
408:
Many
Japanese people worry about the future impact of freeters on society. If they work at all, freeters often work at convenience stores, supermarkets, fast food outlets, restaurants, and other low paying jobs. According to a survey by the Japan Institute of Labor in 2000, the average freeter works
525:
Women have fewer financial incentives to marry (such as salary increases) than men do, and women are traditionally seen as the caregivers of older family members, which is becoming increasingly difficult due to the growing number of senior citizens. If women marry, then the burden gets doubled with
404:
From 2000 to 2009, the number of freeters increased rapidly. In 1982 there were an estimated 0.5 million freeters in Japan, 0.8 million in 1987, 1.01 million in 1992 and 1.5 million in 1997. The number for 2001 is 4.17 million freeters according to one estimate, and 2 million in 2002 according to
541:
Starting a career becomes more difficult the longer somebody is a freeter, as
Japanese companies prefer to hire new workers fresh out of high school or university. While the employment situation is changing, large traditional companies still see a new employee as a lifetime investment. They much
365:
editor
Michishita Hiroshi in 1987 and was used to depict a "free" worker that worked less hours, earned pay hourly instead of a monthly paycheck like regular full time workers, and received none of the benefits of a regular full time worker (holiday pay, sick pay, bonus pay, paid leave).
564:
The biggest problem for freeters is that the
Japanese pension system is based on the number of years a person has paid into the system. The freeter usually has little or no pension insurance or savings, which may force him or her to work beyond the usual retirement age.
610:
Large numbers of workers trying to start careers in their thirties may have a significant impact on the current corporate culture of Japan. It may change hiring and employment practices, particularly since demographers predict a future labor shortage due to the
396:
The increase in private secondary schools is leading to a lower number of public school students getting enrolled into elite universities resulting in more demand for part-time work as full-time work is becoming less available to public school graduates.
400:
About 10% of high school and university graduates could not find steady employment in the spring of 2000, and a full 50% of those who could find a job left within three years after employment. The employment situation is worse for the youngest freeters.
516:. Parents in Japan usually do not force their offspring out of the house. Once the parents die, the children will have to pay for their housing themselves. Even if they inherit the house or apartment, they still have to bear the costs of ownership.
665:. Freeters in popular culture are mainly depicted as women and the jobs shown are of more prestigious freelance work like anime illustrating or software development, largely ignoring men, fast food workers, and other service-oriented jobs.
526:
them having to take care of their parents, spouse's parents, husband, and potential children. These issues, along with wanting to work for money and not marrying may lead to stigmas of being not only parasite singles but also "unfeminine".
576:
The advantage of being a freeter is that one has more freedom of choice, and more time for hobbies, volunteering, and community service. If they are living with their parents, they can spend their entire income on themselves.
626:. They may thus have children later in life, or not at all. This will further aggravate the low birth rate in Japan and compound social and economic problems related to the aging population, such as underfunding of the
668:
Mass media either portrays
Freeters as lazy and irresponsible youth or casualties of the economic problems of corporate restructuring and recession. These issues are still being disputed among various media platforms.
607:
By living in the same house as their parents and often not owning a car, freeters have a much lower impact on the natural environment than "high consumption" members of society owning cars.
393:
The relaxation of protective labor laws and the deregulation of recruitment practices in 1998 allowed companies to employ larger numbers of flexible workers for longer periods of time.
1068:
381:
was prosperous with many different job opportunities. In the 1990s and 2000s, the term switched to a negative connotation and
Freeters were seen as burdens on society.
545:
Often the only option left for freeters is to continue working at low income part-time jobs, making it difficult to establish their own household. Some join the many
377:
in the 1990s. In the 1980s, the term was seen in a positive light signifying the freedom to explore other alternative options for employment for fun when the
639:
1102:
1063:
568:
Japan faces the problem of an aging population. The pension system will be under increasing strain as the ratio of pensioners to workers increases.
529:
Work and marriage are seen as the two main identifiers for adulthood and are the normative ideals of masculinity. Men deal with comparisons to the
522:
is compact, and is too small for two families. If freeters want to marry, then they have to find their own housing, usually at their own expense.
1279:
2447:
1755:
734:
471:
2004:
1788:
1131:
1095:
1044:
1001:
908:
856:
679:
983:
416:
The rise of internet business has allowed some freeters to work from home and be self-employed. Some experts predict that
2517:
1272:
643:
to help young people find jobs. These offices offer basic training for job hunting: teaching young people how to write a
2497:
236:
182:
120:
98:
63:
164:
91:
2376:
1088:
1349:
1312:
2482:
1455:
1265:
557:
Part-time jobs usually do not include any health or retirement benefits. Freeters' low income makes payment of
149:
2507:
1782:
1321:
1303:
593:
Freeters lack the benefits of union membership, which would give them some legal protection against firing.
585:
2492:
2371:
1760:
498:
status from previous educational institutes. Those who dropped out of high school have the worst prospects.
293:
Freeters do not start a career after high school or university, but instead earn money from low-paid jobs.
2487:
2418:
2164:
760:
370:
880:
413:
139,000 per month (ca. $ 1,300 U.S.). Two thirds of freeters have never had a regular, full-time job.
2522:
2502:
2335:
1432:
848:
Super girls, gangstas, freeters, and xenomaniacs : gender and modernity in global youth cultures
542:
prefer to hire a young person who offers a longer period of service, and who will be easier to mold.
453:
2413:
1705:
2532:
2527:
2512:
2477:
851:. Brison, Karen J., Dewey, Susan. (1st ed.). Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. 2012.
627:
470:
type could not find a decent job before high school or university graduation in the system called "
85:
49:
17:
2159:
160:
936:
900:
Scripted affects, branded selves : television, subjectivity, and capitalism in 1990s Japan
102:
2408:
2343:
1976:
1575:
1472:
1074:
546:
512:
Many freeters live for free with their parents as what is described by some media outlets as
1860:
1169:
684:
659:
Starting in the 1980s, television shows romanticized the role of
Freeters in programs like
600:
that would otherwise go towards rent. Their spending helps the manufacturing sector of the
1920:
8:
2305:
1882:
1765:
1642:
1598:
1221:
634:
2110:
214:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2353:
1719:
1246:
1241:
1179:
1141:
1007:
964:
874:
694:
661:
287:
1257:
796:"Expectations of Failure: Maturity and Masculinity for Freeters in Contemporary Japan"
1381:
1372:
1344:
1184:
1040:
1011:
997:
968:
956:
914:
904:
862:
852:
817:
619:
597:
333:
1026:
985:
3. Students, Slackers, Singles, Seniors, and
Strangers: Transforming a Family-Nation
2348:
2130:
2091:
1615:
1231:
1146:
1032:
989:
948:
807:
729:
601:
558:
519:
513:
378:
309:
369:
The meaning of the term switched connotations from positive to negative after the
347:("work"). As German (along with English) was used in Japanese universities before
2260:
2096:
1801:
1739:
1584:
1326:
1289:
1226:
1209:
355:
became common among students to describe part-time work for university students.
321:
279:
156:
494:
are forced to take low paying irregular jobs. This usually has to do with their
2207:
1396:
1330:
770:
612:
417:
2068:
993:
952:
448:
type of freeter wants to enjoy life, and deliberately chooses not to join the
2471:
2150:
2036:
2022:
2009:
1985:
1793:
1669:
1414:
1215:
1174:
960:
918:
866:
821:
755:
699:
648:
589:
Japan's population from 1920 to 2010, with population projections out to 2060
420:
will create a labor shortage that will increase career options for freeters.
249:
2399:
2423:
1770:
689:
495:
374:
348:
55:
1624:
1080:
1036:
898:
846:
812:
795:
2428:
2314:
2224:
2125:
1660:
1126:
1111:
644:
596:
While they are young, freeters commonly live with their parents and have
428:
The Japan
Institute of Labor classifies freeters into three groups: the "
305:
1958:
1463:
1354:
630:. As of today, freeters pay little or no money into the pension system.
2212:
2027:
1810:
1530:
1194:
765:
704:
1949:
463:
type has specific dreams incompatible with a standard Japanese career.
2433:
2362:
2251:
2082:
1967:
1687:
1521:
1512:
1423:
744:
719:
709:
530:
283:
167:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2452:
2390:
2287:
2233:
2059:
1557:
1446:
1236:
1136:
750:
449:
336:
282:, or otherwise lacks full-time paid employment. The term excludes
1819:
2438:
2381:
2296:
2279:
2270:
2178:
2077:
1929:
1900:
1730:
1548:
1539:
1490:
1481:
1335:
1151:
937:"Same-Sex Partnerships in Japan: Bypasses and Other Alternatives"
739:
1606:
2187:
2101:
2050:
2041:
1909:
1891:
1830:
1744:
1678:
1651:
1633:
1437:
1405:
1363:
1199:
623:
2242:
2196:
2169:
1994:
1940:
1851:
1842:
1566:
714:
654:
490:, which is unique to Japanese society. Those left behind by
651:. The demand for their services has been fairly low so far.
507:
1696:
1501:
1204:
724:
410:
432:
type" that wants to wait before starting a career, the "
1287:
2453:
2439:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2363:
2354:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2280:
2271:
2262:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2225:
2214:
2197:
2188:
2179:
2170:
2151:
2131:
2117:
2111:
2102:
2083:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2028:
1995:
1986:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1941:
1930:
1921:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1852:
1843:
1831:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1772:
1745:
1731:
1706:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1503:
1491:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1447:
1438:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1336:
1313:
1304:
896:
982:Kelly, William W.; White, Merry I. (2019-12-31).
536:
2469:
552:
483:
358:This term was coined by part-time job magazine
278:is a person aged 18 to 34 who is unemployed,
271:
1075:ISSA report with significant Furita references
477:
265:
1273:
1096:
580:
1110:
637:has established a number of offices called
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1280:
1266:
1103:
1089:
981:
655:Freeters in popular culture and mass media
811:
508:Difficulties starting their own household
237:Learn how and when to remove this message
183:Learn how and when to remove this message
121:Learn how and when to remove this message
2448:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
1024:
735:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
584:
472:simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
248:
84:This article includes a list of general
647:, and how to conduct themselves during
351:, especially for science and medicine,
14:
2470:
1132:Emerging adulthood and early adulthood
1261:
1084:
934:
930:
928:
903:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
680:List of gairaigo and wasei-eigo terms
618:Many male freeters have difficulties
892:
890:
793:
789:
787:
571:
194:
132:
70:
29:
24:
925:
828:
90:it lacks sufficient corresponding
27:Underemployed young adult in Japan
25:
2544:
1057:
887:
784:
45:This article has multiple issues.
199:
137:
75:
34:
253:Service worker in Tokyo, Japan.
53:or discuss these issues on the
1456:Light skin in Japanese culture
1028:Marriage in Contemporary Japan
1018:
975:
537:Difficulties starting a career
13:
1:
1322:Blood type personality theory
1288:Japanese social concepts and
1025:Tokuhiro, Yoko (2009-09-25).
777:
2372:Japanese blue collar workers
988:. Cornell University Press.
800:Social Science Japan Journal
553:Health and pension insurance
409:4.9 days per week and earns
7:
2454:
2440:
2401:
2392:
2383:
2364:
2355:
2316:
2307:
2298:
2289:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2215:
2198:
2189:
2180:
2171:
2152:
2132:
2118:
2112:
2103:
2084:
2070:
2061:
2052:
2043:
2029:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1931:
1922:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1884:
1853:
1844:
1832:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1773:
1746:
1732:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1550:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1514:
1504:
1492:
1483:
1474:
1465:
1448:
1439:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1383:
1374:
1365:
1356:
1337:
1314:
1305:
935:Maree, Claire (June 2004).
897:Lukács, Gabriella. (2010).
761:Japanese asset price bubble
672:
484:
371:Japanese asset price bubble
272:
163:the claims made and adding
10:
2549:
2518:Japanese words and phrases
794:Cook, E. E. (2013-01-01).
581:Effect on Japanese society
502:
384:
2498:Japanese family structure
2334:
2143:
1878:
1871:
1718:
1597:
1433:Japanese political values
1296:
1160:
1119:
994:10.7591/9781501731112-004
953:10.1080/00497870490464396
478:
454:Japanese work environment
423:
266:
208:This article needs to be
613:Japan's aging population
418:Japan's aging population
2377:Japanese business terms
2349:Business card etiquette
2160:Japanese street fashion
628:Japanese pension system
492:Shinsotsu-Ikkatsu-Saiyō
485:Shinsotsu-Ikkatsu-Saiyō
105:more precise citations.
879:: CS1 maint: others (
590:
254:
2483:Demographics of Japan
2409:Labor unions in Japan
1120:Life stages or events
1069:Furita Future article
1064:Nation of Lost Youths
1037:10.4324/9780203871188
622:because of their low
588:
373:broke resulting in a
252:
2508:Japanese subcultures
1297:Sociocultural values
1170:Boomerang Generation
685:Boomerang Generation
304:is thought to be a
2493:Employment in Japan
2414:Lifetime employment
1766:Japanese honorifics
1222:Quarter-life crisis
813:10.1093/ssjj/jys022
640:Young Support Plaza
635:Japanese government
343:, and perhaps from
2488:Education in Japan
2419:Management culture
1839:Sitting positions
1247:Youth unemployment
1242:Youth homelessness
1180:Disconnected youth
1163:social dysfunction
1142:Identity formation
695:Education in Japan
591:
405:another estimate.
255:
148:possibly contains
2465:
2464:
2330:
2329:
1375:Hara hachi bun me
1345:Celibacy syndrome
1255:
1254:
1185:Economic mobility
1046:978-0-203-87118-8
1003:978-1-5017-3111-2
910:978-0-8223-9323-8
858:978-0-8156-5169-7
598:disposable income
572:Freedom of choice
247:
246:
239:
229:
228:
193:
192:
185:
150:original research
131:
130:
123:
68:
16:(Redirected from
2540:
2523:Poverty in Japan
2503:Society of Japan
2457:
2443:
2404:
2395:
2386:
2367:
2358:
2319:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2256:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2218:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2155:
2135:
2133:Yamato nadeshiko
2121:
2115:
2106:
2092:Net cafe refugee
2087:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2032:
2013:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1934:
1925:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1887:
1876:
1875:
1856:
1847:
1835:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1776:
1761:Honorific speech
1756:Dining etiquette
1749:
1735:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1589:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1507:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1451:
1442:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1386:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1340:
1317:
1308:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1232:Vulnerable adult
1161:Psychological or
1147:Self-sufficiency
1105:
1098:
1091:
1082:
1081:
1071:(Page Not Found)
1051:
1050:
1022:
1016:
1015:
979:
973:
972:
932:
923:
922:
894:
885:
884:
878:
870:
843:
826:
825:
815:
791:
730:Sampo generation
602:Japanese economy
559:medical expenses
520:Japanese housing
514:parasite singles
489:
487:
481:
480:
436:type", and the "
379:economy of Japan
277:
275:
269:
268:
242:
235:
224:
221:
215:
203:
202:
195:
188:
181:
177:
174:
168:
165:inline citations
141:
140:
133:
126:
119:
115:
112:
106:
101:this article by
92:inline citations
79:
78:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2533:Refusal of work
2528:Precarious work
2513:Japanese values
2478:1987 neologisms
2468:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2326:
2139:
2097:Parasite single
2007:
1872:Types of people
1867:
1861:Other positions
1791:
1740:Bowing in Japan
1723:
1714:
1593:
1587:Yamato-damashii
1327:Brother complex
1292:
1286:
1256:
1251:
1227:Social mobility
1210:Parasite single
1162:
1156:
1115:
1109:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1023:
1019:
1004:
980:
976:
941:Women's Studies
933:
926:
911:
895:
888:
872:
871:
859:
845:
844:
829:
792:
785:
780:
775:
675:
657:
583:
574:
555:
539:
510:
505:
475:
426:
387:
263:
243:
232:
231:
230:
225:
219:
216:
213:
204:
200:
189:
178:
172:
169:
154:
142:
138:
127:
116:
110:
107:
97:Please help to
96:
80:
76:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2546:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2450:
2445:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2397:
2388:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2360:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2277:
2268:
2258:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2194:
2185:
2167:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2128:
2123:
2108:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2080:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2034:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1849:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1817:
1799:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1768:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1658:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1622:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1460:Mental states
1458:
1453:
1444:
1435:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1399:Ichi-go ichi-e
1394:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1333:
1331:Sister complex
1324:
1319:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1059:
1058:External links
1056:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1017:
1002:
974:
947:(4): 541–549.
924:
909:
886:
857:
827:
782:
781:
779:
776:
774:
773:
771:Stigmatization
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
747:("lying flat")
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
676:
674:
671:
656:
653:
582:
579:
573:
570:
554:
551:
538:
535:
509:
506:
504:
501:
500:
499:
468:no alternative
464:
461:dream pursuing
457:
438:no alternative
434:dream pursuing
425:
422:
386:
383:
328:("labourer").
245:
244:
227:
226:
207:
205:
198:
191:
190:
145:
143:
136:
129:
128:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2545:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2458:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2344:Black company
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2321:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2023:Herbivore men
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:Shinoukoushou
1881:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1672:Mono no aware
1668:
1666:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1417:Ishin-denshin
1413:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1216:Puer aeternus
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1048:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:. Routledge.
1030:
1029:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1005:
999:
995:
991:
987:
986:
978:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
931:
929:
920:
916:
912:
906:
902:
901:
893:
891:
882:
876:
868:
864:
860:
854:
850:
849:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
823:
819:
814:
809:
805:
801:
797:
790:
788:
783:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
756:Work aversion
754:
752:
749:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
700:Herbivore men
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
677:
670:
666:
664:
663:
652:
650:
646:
642:
641:
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
608:
605:
603:
599:
594:
587:
578:
569:
566:
562:
560:
550:
548:
543:
534:
532:
527:
523:
521:
517:
515:
497:
493:
486:
473:
469:
465:
462:
458:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:
441:
439:
435:
431:
421:
419:
414:
412:
406:
402:
398:
394:
391:
382:
380:
376:
372:
367:
364:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
291:
289:
285:
281:
280:underemployed
274:
262:
261:
251:
241:
238:
223:
211:
206:
197:
196:
187:
184:
176:
166:
162:
158:
152:
151:
146:This article
144:
135:
134:
125:
122:
114:
104:
100:
94:
93:
87:
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2424:Nenko system
2336:Work culture
2126:Yakuza ranks
2017:
2003:
1787:
1724:social norms
1502:
1214:
1189:
1027:
1020:
984:
977:
944:
940:
899:
847:
806:(1): 29–43.
803:
799:
690:Dead-end job
667:
660:
658:
638:
632:
617:
609:
606:
595:
592:
575:
567:
563:
556:
544:
540:
528:
524:
518:
511:
491:
467:
460:
445:
437:
433:
429:
427:
415:
407:
403:
399:
395:
392:
388:
368:
362:
359:
357:
352:
349:World War II
344:
340:
329:
325:
317:
316:(or perhaps
313:
301:
297:
295:
292:
259:
258:
257:In Japan, a
256:
233:
217:
209:
179:
170:
147:
117:
108:
89:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
2429:Office lady
2227:Netto-uyoku
2144:Subcultures
2071:Kyōiku mama
2008: [
1792: [
1783:Gift-giving
1127:Adolescence
1114:development
1112:Young adult
306:portmanteau
220:August 2016
103:introducing
2472:Categories
2402:Kyariaūman
2165:Genderless
2030:Hikikomori
1813:Giri choco
1599:Aesthetics
1533:Omotenashi
1195:Hikikomori
778:References
766:Stereotype
705:Hikikomori
649:interviews
549:in Japan.
446:moratorium
430:moratorium
320:) and the
284:housewives
157:improve it
86:references
50:improve it
2434:Salaryman
2365:Ho-Ren-Sō
2254:Akiba-kei
2085:Otokonoko
1970:Burakumin
1720:Etiquette
1690:Wabi-sabi
1627:Jo-ha-kyū
1524:Nemawashi
1515:Mottainai
1426:Isagiyosa
1012:198879445
969:143877948
961:0049-7878
919:662616872
875:cite book
867:859674266
822:1369-1465
745:Tang ping
720:Precariat
710:Kodokushi
561:onerous.
531:salaryman
375:recession
318:freelance
296:The word
173:July 2008
161:verifying
111:June 2007
56:talk page
2455:Zaibatsu
2393:Keiretsu
2290:Shotacon
2264:moe zoku
2236:Omorashi
2153:Bōsōzoku
2062:Jouhatsu
1988:Chūnibyō
1961:Bishōnen
1560:Tsundoku
1466:Fudōshin
1449:Kotodama
1357:Gekokujō
1237:Waithood
1175:Chūnibyō
1137:Gap year
751:Waithood
673:See also
620:marrying
547:homeless
450:rat race
440:type".
353:arubaito
341:Arbeiter
337:loanword
334:Japanese
330:Arubaito
326:Arbeiter
288:students
18:Freeters
2441:Shinise
2384:Karoshi
2299:Reki-jo
2282:Lolicon
2273:Fujoshi
2261:Figure
2213:Visual
2181:Ganguro
2018:Freeter
1952:Bishōjo
1932:Sukeban
1903:Shizoku
1771:Manual
1733:Aizuchi
1551:Sontaku
1542:Shuhari
1493:Zanshin
1484:Shoshin
1390:tatemae
1338:Bushido
1190:Freeter
1152:Twixter
740:Twixter
662:Shomuni
503:Effects
496:dropout
452:of the
385:History
310:English
308:of the
298:freeter
260:freeter
210:updated
155:Please
99:improve
2320:fandom
2208:Lolita
2190:Gyaruo
2113:Senpai
2104:Sensei
2053:Ikemen
2044:Iemoto
1979:Chikan
1923:Banchō
1912:Heimin
1894:Kazoku
1833:Kamiza
1747:Dogeza
1681:Shibui
1654:Miyabi
1636:Kawaii
1475:Mushin
1440:Kaizen
1408:Ikigai
1366:Hansei
1290:values
1200:Kidult
1043:
1010:
1000:
967:
959:
917:
907:
865:
855:
820:
645:résumé
624:income
479:新卒一括採用
424:Causes
345:Arbeit
322:German
302:freeta
273:furītā
88:, but
2356:Haken
2245:Otaku
2199:Kogal
2172:Gyaru
2119:kōhai
2012:]
2005:Ebune
1997:Denpa
1943:Bijin
1854:Seiza
1845:Agura
1822:Ninjō
1796:]
1774:keigo
1708:Yūgen
1569:Ukiyo
1384:Honne
1077:(PDF)
1008:S2CID
965:S2CID
715:McJob
339:from
332:is a
324:word
312:word
267:フリーター
2317:Yaoi
2308:Wota
2116:and
2078:NEET
2037:Idol
1804:Giri
1789:Gimu
1699:Yabo
1609:Ensō
1505:Miai
1387:and
1350:Face
1315:Amae
1306:Aiki
1205:NEET
1041:ISBN
998:ISBN
957:ISSN
915:OCLC
905:ISBN
881:link
863:OCLC
853:ISBN
818:ISSN
725:NEET
633:The
466:The
459:The
444:The
360:From
314:free
286:and
2216:kei
1722:and
1663:Moe
1618:Iki
1033:doi
990:doi
949:doi
808:doi
300:or
159:by
2474::
2286:/
2010:ja
1794:ja
1645:Ma
1578:Wa
1329:/
1039:.
1006:.
996:.
963:.
955:.
945:33
943:.
939:.
927:^
913:.
889:^
877:}}
873:{{
861:.
830:^
816:.
804:16
802:.
798:.
786:^
615:.
604:.
482:,
290:.
270:,
59:.
1281:e
1274:t
1267:v
1104:e
1097:t
1090:v
1049:.
1035::
1014:.
992::
971:.
951::
921:.
883:)
869:.
824:.
810::
488:)
476:(
474:"
456:.
411:¥
363:A
276:)
264:(
240:)
234:(
222:)
218:(
212:.
186:)
180:(
175:)
171:(
153:.
124:)
118:(
113:)
109:(
95:.
66:)
62:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
