35:
1842:
for /l/ vs. /r/, though application of handakuten for representing /l/ has been proposed as early as Meiji era. Therefore, words with /l/ or /r/ may be spelled identically if borrowed into
Japanese. One important exception, however, does occur due to the fact that Japanese typically borrows English
1869:
assist in
English-word aural recognition and pronunciation, spelling, listening comprehension, retention of spoken and written English, and recognition and recall at especially higher levels of vocabulary. Moreover, in their written production, students of Japanese prefer using English words that
296:
came from other languages besides
English. The first period of borrowing occurred during the late fourth century AD, when a massive number of Chinese characters were adopted. This period could be considered one of the most significant in the history of
1175:) is derived, has multiple meanings. Americans often use the word to mean a cooking appliance, and are thus surprised when Japanese take it to mean a space heater (such as a wood-burning stove). The Japanese term for a cooking stove is another
1810:
This change in
Japanese phonology following the introduction of foreign words (here primarily from English) can be compared to the earlier posited change in Japanese phonology following the introduction of Chinese loanwords, such as
1894:, which has the same meaning. Given the number of borrowings from Portuguese, it may seem reasonable to suppose that the Japanese imported that word—which is the explanation accepted and indeed published by many. However,
285:, particularly in the post-World War II era (after 1945). Words are taken from English for concepts that do not exist in Japanese, but also for other reasons, such as a preference for English terms or fashionability – many
1087:), is a clipped compound that has entered the English language. Japanese ordinarily takes the first part of a foreign word, but in some cases the second syllable is used instead; notable examples from English include
764:
In addition to borrowings, which adopted both meaning and pronunciation, Japanese also has an extensive set of new words that are crafted using existing
Chinese morphemes to express a foreign term. These are known as
1276:
presents more difficulties for
Japanese and learners of Japanese as such words, once entered the lexicon, combine to form any number of potentially confusing combinations. For example, the loanwords
965:
are often abbreviated, (2) their meaning may change (either in
Japanese or in the original language after the borrowing has occurred), (3) many words are not borrowed but rather coined in Japanese (
447:
In modern times, there are some borrowings from Modern
Chinese and Modern Korean, particularly for food names, and these continue as new foods become popular in Japan; standard examples include
324:, many of which are still used. The interaction between Japan and Portugal lasted from the Late Middle Ages until the early Edo era (1549–1638). An example of the loanwords from Portuguese is
2071:
There are also rare examples of borrowings from Indo-European languages, which have subsequently been borrowed by other Indo-European languages, thus yielding distant cognates. An example is
328:, meaning a thick wool cloth that was indispensable during the period, but not used often nowadays. In the Edo era (1603–1853), words from the Dutch language, such as
1855:
The
English words that are borrowed into Japanese include many of the most useful English words, including high-frequency vocabulary and academic vocabulary. Thus
1220:
term for a hit that goes over the left-fielder's head rather than uneaten food saved for a later meal. This is a term that appears to be a loan but is actually
1835:
3610:
241:
or vice versa); pronunciation of modern
Chinese loanwords generally differs from the corresponding usual pronunciation of the characters in Japanese.
3461:
1703:(fu-o) is used to represent the non-traditional sound combination /fo/. This leads to long words; e.g., the word for "fanfare" is spelled out as
257:
1803:
do not occur in traditional Japanese (with the exception of the coda ん/ン or /n/), and in which the sound ("see") of English is pronounced [
1348:, also regularly appears in advertisements for any number and genre of items. From "My Fanny" toilet paper to "My Hand" electric hand drills,
982:-based phonology, many words take a significant amount of time to pronounce. For example, a one-syllable word in a language such as English (
3657:
2404:
775:
in European languages. Many were coined in the Meiji period, and these are very common in medical terminology. These are not considered
3456:
1651:
was borrowed as /hōmu/, because */fo/ is not a sound combination that traditionally occurs in Japanese. However, in recent years, some
592:
or etymologically related words from different languages may be borrowed and sometimes used synonymously or sometimes used distinctly.
261:
1725:
Similarly, Japanese traditionally does not have any /v/ phoneme, instead approximating it with /b/, but today /v/ (normally realized
997:
266:
Japanese has a long history of borrowing from foreign languages. It has been doing so since the late fourth century AD. Some ancient
1316:
lexicon, combining with Japanese words and other English loanwords to produce any number of combination words and phrases. 'Up', or
580:
as well, most notably for religious terms. These words are generally transliterations which were unknowingly borrowed from Chinese.
99:
2148:
1722:, no shorter than the Roman alphabet original (it is possible that it was not loaned from English because the "e" is not silent).
712:
is not redundant but means a drinking vessel specifically made of glass (e.g. as opposed to plastic). A more technical example is
71:
3692:
3083:
52:
2118:
245:
78:
532:
1372:
terms referencing a person's characteristics, personality, and habits also commonly appear as Japanese street slang, from
927:
because the single characters are used for meaning rather than for sound and are often written as katakana. An example is
166:. In particular, the word usually refers to a Japanese word of foreign origin that was not borrowed in ancient times from
3078:
2131:
2044:", and has been adopted by English-speaking wrestling fans as a term for the style of pro wrestling performed in Japan.
217:, accounting for a sizeable fraction of the language. These words were borrowed during ancient times and are written in
1804:
1161:, while making Japanese easier to learn for foreign students in some cases, can also cause problems due to independent
85:
538:
Some Modern Chinese borrowings occurred during the 17th and 18th centuries, due both to trade and resident Chinese in
2562:
722:
118:
2963:
3669:
3388:
491:
gloss to indicate the unusual pronunciation, while Korean words, which no longer regularly use Chinese characters (
67:
3342:
3337:
2863:
2397:
2008:
into their original source languages, particularly in the jargon of fans of Japanese entertainment. For example,
1807:
i] (which to monoglot English speakers will sound like "she") because /si/ in Japanese is realized as such.
1368:
is often employed to disguise or advertise risque or sexual terms and innuendos, especially when used by women.
3511:
2136:
779:, as the foreign word itself has not been borrowed, and sometimes a translation and a borrowing are both used.
56:
2060:, was formed from the English words "costume play", referring to dressing in costumes such as those of anime,
1468:(ググる, "to google"), which conjugates as a normal Japanese verb, in which the final syllable is converted into
427:
389:
3352:
3068:
1655:
are pronounced more closely to their original sound, which is represented by non-traditional combinations of
3697:
3483:
3322:
2881:
2569:
1924:
1730:
379:, particularly for Western medicine, which the Japanese learned from the Germans. Notable examples include
2316:
English Loanwords in Japanese: Effects, Attitudes and Usage as a Means of Improving Spoken English Ability
1828:
1120:
Some Japanese people are not aware of the origins of the words in their language, and may assume that all
3216:
3196:
3000:
2953:
788:
163:
340:, started to have an impact in the Japanese language. Also, during the Edo era, many medical words like
3332:
2390:
550:. More recent Korean borrowings are influenced both by proximity, and to the substantial population of
3206:
2315:
3617:
3595:
3383:
1734:
3652:
3590:
3580:
3544:
3442:
3393:
3317:
3292:
2901:
501:. There is sometimes ambiguity in pronunciation of these borrowings, particularly voicing, such as
214:
92:
17:
2958:
3036:
2179:
2153:
794:
480:
45:
1883:
1356:
serves as a common advertising tool. Infamously, the beverage brand Calpis sold a product named
3053:
2064:, or videogame characters, and is now commonly used in English and other languages (also using
2041:
1697:, a variant of the latter word using traditional sounds, where the non-traditional combination
3237:
3534:
3423:
2896:
2442:
2432:
2358:
2351:日本国語大辞典, 世界大百科事典内言及,ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典, デジタル大辞泉, 百科事典マイペディア, 世界大百科事典 第２版, 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ), 精選版
589:
2302:
1944:. If the Portuguese word had been borrowed, it would most likely have taken the form オブリガド (
3585:
3408:
3312:
3186:
2988:
2923:
2437:
2028:", but has been reborrowed by English with the meaning of "Japanese animation". Similarly,
1737:]) is sometimes used in pronunciations: for example, "violin" can be pronounced either
1609:
monthly parking lot), but mixed phrases are common, and may be used interchangeably, as in
1212:
Additionally, Japanese combines words in ways that are uncommon in English. As an example,
1162:
2083:
1940:
was in use several centuries before contact with the Portuguese. This makes the two terms
1865:
have been observed to aid a Japanese child's learning of English vocabulary. With adults,
681:
655:
627:
605:
8:
3634:
3516:
3488:
3403:
2983:
1911:
943:
317:
183:
2928:
1643:
Borrowings traditionally have had pronunciations that conform to Japanese phonology and
3664:
3605:
3526:
3413:
3347:
3232:
2945:
2687:
2305:
1816:
979:
772:
468:
2933:
2769:
2718:
1399:
are generally nouns, which can be subsequently used as verbs by adding auxiliary verb
1324:, is famously combined with other words to convey an increase or improvement, such as
487:") from Korean. Chinese words are often represented with Chinese characters, but with
3493:
3428:
3398:
3201:
3020:
3005:
2978:
2973:
2911:
2849:
2824:
2759:
2633:
2471:
2461:
2452:
2413:
2363:
2199:
1932:
1800:
1492:
can combine with morphemes of Japanese or Chinese origin in words and phrases, as in
661:
472:
155:
148:
2677:
2476:
2249:
1124:
words are legitimate English words. For example, Japanese people may use words like
917:
character (chosen for meaning or newly created); consequently, these are considered
3622:
3600:
3378:
3174:
3015:
2817:
2807:
2802:
2790:
2643:
2579:
2535:
2191:
2065:
1254:
1045:
551:
282:
191:
179:
175:
3143:
2738:
2682:
2520:
3647:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3010:
2783:
2694:
2594:
2555:
2550:
2511:
2491:
2100:), and possibly distantly cognate (from the same Indo-European root) to English "
1812:
996:), which amounts to four moras). The Japanese language, therefore, contains many
441:
376:
2776:
1663:
or diacritics (voicing marks) to indicate these non-traditional sounds. Compare
3642:
2993:
2968:
2891:
2871:
2844:
2795:
2747:
2711:
2665:
2609:
2604:
2584:
751:
640:
413:
321:
301:, because it was the first moment when the written communication systems using
187:
171:
3686:
3433:
3179:
3158:
2876:
2728:
2672:
2540:
2530:
2506:
2496:
2486:
2203:
1941:
1581:
986:) often becomes several syllables when pronounced in Japanese (in this case,
565:
of English origin listed in a Japanese dictionary. From 1911 to 1924, 51% of
2275:
1838:, this expansion of Japanese phonology has not extended to use of different
1004:
words. For example, "remote control", when transcribed in Japanese, becomes
771:, "Japanese-made Chinese words". This process is similar to the creation of
3418:
3247:
2812:
2706:
2650:
2619:
2614:
2427:
1859:
may constitute a useful built-in lexicon for Japanese learners of English.
1820:
1776:
Another example of the Japanese transformation of English pronunciation is
1644:
1240:
2195:
692:
436:
233:(either with the more familiar word as a base text gloss and the intended
3473:
2701:
2005:
1995:
1000:, and there is a strong tendency to shorten words. This also occurs with
919:
767:
371:(late 19th to early 20th century), Japan also had extensive contact with
313:
167:
1229:
It is sometimes difficult for students of Japanese to distinguish among
634:
569:
listed in dictionaries were of English origin, and today, 80% to 90% of
316:
in the 16th and 17th centuries, and Japanese has several loanwords from
308:
The first non-Asian countries to have extensive contact with Japan were
3502:
3468:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3148:
2231:
Miller, Laura (1997). "Wasei-eigo: English loanwords coined in Japan".
1907:
1844:
1824:
1444:, which conjugates as a normal Japanese verb – note the unusual use of
1222:
1024:). For another example, the transcribed word for "department store" is
967:
202:
phonetic script, with a few older terms written in Chinese characters (
2234:
The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright
819:
chosen for their phonetic value, or sometimes for meaning instead) or
666:
270:
words are still being used nowadays, but there are also many kinds of
3282:
3211:
3191:
3133:
2254:
2025:
1470:
1250:
368:
195:
3153:
3138:
2382:
34:
3447:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3045:
2886:
2030:
1638:
1267:
1217:
881:
820:
803:
731:
577:
539:
484:
309:
238:
199:
159:
3562:
2371:
2232:
2216:
612:
543:
3539:
3478:
3095:
2143:
2113:
2046:
1888:(Japanese for "thank you") sounds similar to the Portuguese word
1480:
function as do morphemes from other sources, and, in addition to
1253:: words that represent the manner of an action, like "zigzag" in
1245:
1235:
1060:
867:
827:
from Portuguese, meaning "tobacco" or "cigarette" can be written
372:
3557:
3090:
3058:
2311:] http://www.tsu.ac.jp/bulletin/bulletin/pdf/15/087-101.pdf
1964:), and while it is even possible that it would be spelled with
547:
460:
452:
865:), with no change in meaning. Another common older example is
3552:
3100:
3063:
2104:" (fish eggs), though the only indication is the shared "r".
2074:
2061:
2010:
1682:(スマホ, "smart phone"), where traditional sounds are used, and
815:
809:
687:
493:
345:
207:
203:
2306:
1148:, not realizing that the contraction of "remote control" to
3110:
2372:"Wasei eigo: English "loanwords" coined in Japan"
1570:
In set phrases, there is sometimes a preference to use all
463:"), respectively, while more specialized examples include
2250:"Japanese Loanwords & English Vocabulary Acquisition"
2101:
1819:
becoming a phonetic feature with the development of both
906:
with the characters used for their phonetic values only.
546:
school, whose words are derived from languages spoken in
1795:
becomes three syllables (and four morae, thanks to long
1414:. For example, "play soccer" is translated as サッカーをする (
645:, where they are used distinctly. A similar example is
1416:
1382:
1374:
1357:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1149:
1142:
221:. Modern Chinese loanwords are generally considered
1850:
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
352:came from German, and many artistic words such as
3684:
2376:Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright
2217:"Sanskrit Names And Their Japanese Equivalents"
1889:
1829:Early Middle Japanese: Phonological developments
807:. Older loanwords are also often written using
542:, and a more recent wave of Buddhist monks, the
364:since the nineteenth century came from English.
2332:
2318:". Journal of Humanities, Bunkyo Gakuin Daigaku
2072:
1777:
1753:
1738:
1704:
1683:
1664:
1553:
1538:
1523:
1508:
1493:
1426:
1400:
1195:
1180:
1103:
1088:
949:
928:
736:
713:
698:
672:
646:
618:
596:
517:
502:
418:
397:
380:
258:Glossary of Japanese words of Portuguese origin
2349:
2339:
2321:
2276:"Is arigatō related to Portuguese "obrigado"?"
2081:
2051:
2035:
2015:
1965:
1918:
1834:Due to the difficulties that Japanese have in
1784:
1773:(literally "voiced u"+"a") representing /va/.
1768:
1760:
1745:
1711:
1698:
1690:
1671:
1620:
1610:
1600:
1590:
1560:
1545:
1530:
1515:
1500:
1459:
1449:
1433:
1407:
1261:
1202:
1187:
1170:
1129:
1110:
1095:
1082:
1065:
1053:
1039:
1029:
1019:
1009:
991:
935:
897:
891:
885:
848:
838:
828:
743:
720:
705:
679:
653:
632:, "cup (without handle), tumbler") from Dutch
625:
603:
524:
509:
425:
404:
387:
138:
2398:
2328:Vol.9, No.1, pp. 177–188, December 2007.
2091:
1989:
1194:, from the English "range"; a gas stove is a
1135:
978:Due to Japanese pronunciation rules and its
1165:. For example, English "stove", from which
957:There are numerous causes for confusion in
2405:
2391:
1078:, of the English loanword "orchestra" (J.
971:"English made in Japan"), and (4) not all
440:. They also gained several loanwords from
262:Glossary of Japanese words of Dutch origin
610:, "cup (with handle), mug") from English
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
2177:
2149:List of English words of Japanese origin
1986:would have been short rather than long.
1930:. There is evidence, for example in the
1629:), both meaning "looking for a tenant".
1266:in Japanese), which are also written in
1140:, meaning "topic/theme") in English, or
1014:), but this has then been simplified to
902:(common kanji) – here it is sound-based
857:for "smoke grass", but still pronounced
274:words that were borrowed more recently.
1391:
190:, and modern Chinese dialects, such as
178:), but in modern times, primarily from
14:
3685:
2237:. Mouton/De Gruyter. pp. 123–139.
2230:
1070:), a combination of the Japanese word
2412:
2386:
1340:(improved quality of life). 'My', or
576:There have been some borrowings from
246:List of gairaigo and wasei-eigo terms
198:. These are primarily written in the
147:
2226:
2224:
1058:) for "word processor", are common.
913:are sometimes written with a single
57:adding citations to reliable sources
28:
2247:
2132:Japanese words of Portuguese origin
2090:, originally borrowed from Russian
2024:derived from the English word for "
1902:; rather, it is an abbreviation of
1100:, from "(train station) plat-form")
251:
24:
2369:
1034:) but has since been shortened to
872:which is usually written in mixed
25:
3709:
2221:
1974:, it would regardless start with
1877:
1791:, in which the two-syllable word
1484:(words or phrases from combining
1380:or 'potato chips' for a hick and
595:The most common basic example is
375:, and gained many loanwords from
1851:As a built-in lexicon of English
998:abbreviated and contracted words
533:Daoism–Taoism romanization issue
33:
1425:Some exceptions exist, such as
1362:or 'my piss' for a short time.
44:needs additional citations for
2268:
2241:
2210:
2171:
2137:Japanese words of Dutch origin
1074:"empty" and the clipped form,
861:– an example of meaning-based
757:
554:since the early 20th century.
360:came from French. Most of the
13:
1:
3693:Japanese writing system terms
2180:"Chaos in the Japanese lexis"
2159:
289:have Japanese near-synonyms.
244:For a list of terms, see the
3549:Kanji pronunciation sources
3323:Katakana Phonetic Extensions
1632:
1599:, monthly apartment) versus
7:
3658:Speculative fiction writers
3217:Transcription into Japanese
2333:
2107:
2073:
1778:
1754:
1739:
1733:] but as bilabial [
1705:
1684:
1665:
1554:
1539:
1524:
1509:
1494:
1427:
1417:
1401:
1383:
1375:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1335:
1327:
1319:
1196:
1181:
1150:
1143:
1104:
1089:
944:single-character loan words
929:
789:Transcription into Japanese
737:
714:
699:
673:
647:
619:
597:
583:
518:
503:
419:
398:
381:
206:); the latter are known as
164:transcription into Japanese
10:
3714:
2576:Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka
2178:Akamatsu, Tsutomu (2020).
1993:
1990:Reborrowings from Japanese
1836:distinguishing "l" and "r"
1636:
786:
782:
277:Most, but not all, modern
255:
229:, or sometimes written in
3633:
3573:
3525:
3367:
3225:
3167:
3109:
3044:
3035:
2944:
2919:
2910:
2862:
2835:
2758:
2632:
2460:
2451:
2420:
2350:
2340:
2322:
2092:
2082:
2052:
2036:
2016:
1966:
1919:
1785:
1769:
1761:
1746:
1712:
1699:
1691:
1672:
1621:
1611:
1601:
1591:
1561:
1546:
1531:
1516:
1501:
1460:
1450:
1434:
1408:
1388:'SF' for a 'sex friend'.
1262:
1203:
1188:
1171:
1130:
1111:
1096:
1083:
1066:
1054:
1040:
1030:
1020:
1010:
992:
936:
898:
892:
890:, but is also written as
886:
849:
839:
829:
744:
721:
706:
680:
654:
626:
604:
525:
510:
426:
405:
388:
139:
3443:Sino-Japanese vocabulary
2902:Yokohama Pidgin Japanese
2378:. academia.edu: 123–139.
1874:to those that have not.
1659:, generally using small
1332:(increased results) and
3389:Godan and ichidan verbs
3207:Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai
2154:Japanese Pidgin English
1906:, which consists of an
1815:(CVC, not just CV) and
1565:, improve (your) grade)
1474:to enable conjugation.
801:are usually written in
573:are of English origin.
561:of Dutch origin and 72
557:In 1889, there were 85
215:loan words from Chinese
145:Japanese pronunciation:
68:"Loanwords in Japanese"
2042:professional wrestling
1890:
1464:). Another example is
1136:
754:), used synonymously.
691:
639:
633:
497:), are represented in
412:
396:(often abbreviated to
3494:Court lady language (
2964:Southern Amami Ōshima
2897:Yilan Creole Japanese
2196:10.3917/ling.562.0003
1994:Further information:
1637:Further information:
1154:took place in Japan.
475:") from Chinese, and
3313:Small Kana Extension
2924:Eastern Old Japanese
2563:Northern Izu Islands
1923:) combined with the
1438:, "cut class", from
1392:Grammatical function
1163:semantic progression
690:; pane") from Dutch
531:– compare English's
53:improve this article
3698:Japanese vocabulary
2864:Pidgins and creoles
2307:permanent dead link
1952:(due to historical
1607:tsukigime chūshajō,
1115:, "flan-nel shirt")
975:come from English.
773:classical compounds
162:", and indicates a
3665:Classical Japanese
3512:Gender differences
3348:Extended shinjitai
2248:Daulton, Frank E.
1912:Japanese adjective
1801:consonant clusters
950:False friends and
710:, "a glass glass")
292:In the past, more
213:Japanese has many
149:[ɡaiɾaiɡo]
3680:
3679:
3384:Verb conjugations
3363:
3362:
3031:
3030:
2912:Japonic languages
2858:
2857:
2850:Okinawan Japanese
2414:Japanese language
2364:the Asahi Shimbun
1904:arigatō gozaimasu
1312:have all entered
1046:Clipped compounds
1026:depātomento sutoa
662:glass (drinkware)
473:twice cooked pork
394:, part-time work)
281:are derived from
129:
128:
121:
103:
16:(Redirected from
3705:
3623:Polivanov system
3484:Honorific speech
3379:Japanese grammar
3042:
3041:
2917:
2916:
2458:
2457:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2336:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2308:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2228:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2175:
2165:Inline citations
2095:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2078:
2055:
2054:
2040:) derives from "
2039:
2038:
2019:
2018:
2004:words have been
1982:, and the final
1969:
1968:
1936:, that the word
1922:
1921:
1893:
1813:closed syllables
1790:
1788:
1787:
1781:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1695:, "smart-phone")
1694:
1693:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1624:
1623:
1614:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1597:mansurii manshon
1594:
1593:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1463:
1462:
1453:
1452:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1386:
1378:
1361:
1354:
1346:
1338:
1330:
1322:
1265:
1264:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1174:
1173:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1069:
1068:
1057:
1056:
1043:
1042:
1033:
1032:
1023:
1022:
1013:
1012:
1006:rimōto kontorōru
995:
994:
941:
939:
938:
932:
901:
900:
896:(rare kanji) or
895:
894:
889:
888:
852:
851:
842:
841:
832:
831:
795:written Japanese
749:
747:
746:
740:
728:
726:
725:
717:
711:
709:
708:
702:
700:garasu no gurasu
696:
688:glass (material)
685:
684:
676:
670:
664:") from English
659:
658:
650:
644:
631:
630:
622:
616:
609:
608:
600:
552:Koreans in Japan
530:
528:
527:
521:
515:
513:
512:
506:
433:
431:
430:
422:
410:
408:
407:
401:
395:
393:
392:
384:
252:Source languages
192:Standard Chinese
176:Literary Chinese
153:
151:
146:
142:
141:
124:
117:
113:
110:
104:
102:
61:
37:
29:
21:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3629:
3574:Transliteration
3569:
3545:Sound symbolism
3521:
3503:Role language (
3462:from Portuguese
3394:Irregular verbs
3372:
3370:
3359:
3308:Kana Supplement
3303:Kana Extended-B
3298:Kana Extended-A
3221:
3197:Historical kana
3163:
3105:
3084:by stroke count
3075:Kanji radicals
3069:by stroke count
3027:
2940:
2906:
2882:Hawaiian Creole
2854:
2831:
2754:
2628:
2447:
2416:
2411:
2370:Miller, Laura.
2347:
2337:
2319:
2294:
2293:
2284:
2282:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2260:
2258:
2246:
2242:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2211:
2184:La linguistique
2176:
2172:
2162:
2110:
2079:
2066:Western cartoon
1998:
1992:
1880:
1853:
1825:long consonants
1782:
1758:
1743:
1709:
1688:
1676:, "ear-phones")
1669:
1647:. For example,
1641:
1635:
1627:nyūkyosha boshū
1558:
1543:
1528:
1513:
1498:
1431:
1405:
1394:
1376:poteto chippusu
1200:
1185:
1108:
1093:
955:
933:
893:てんぷら, テンプラ, 天麩羅
791:
785:
762:
741:
718:
703:
677:
671:versus earlier
651:
623:
617:versus earlier
601:
588:In some cases,
586:
522:
507:
423:
402:
385:
264:
254:
225:and written in
144:
136:
125:
114:
108:
105:
62:
60:
50:
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3711:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3500:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3445:
3440:
3434:Native words (
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3375:
3373:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3061:
3056:
3050:
3048:
3039:
3037:Writing system
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2950:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2892:Pseudo-Chinese
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2872:Bamboo English
2868:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2845:Amami Japanese
2841:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2766:
2764:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2640:
2638:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2367:
2329:
2323:文京学院大学人間学部研究紀要
2312:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2280:www.sljfaq.org
2267:
2240:
2220:
2209:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2116:
2109:
2106:
2088:, salmon eggs)
1991:
1988:
1960:collapsing to
1942:false cognates
1910:of the native
1879:
1878:Misconceptions
1876:
1852:
1849:
1634:
1631:
1454:) followed by
1393:
1390:
1134:, from German
954:
948:
823:, for example
787:Main article:
784:
781:
761:
756:
638:or Portuguese
585:
582:
444:at this time.
417:("work"), and
411:) from German
253:
250:
172:Middle Chinese
127:
126:
41:
39:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3710:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3618:Cyrillization
3616:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3606:Wāpuro rōmaji
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3436:yamato kotoba
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3424:Counter words
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3366:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3159:Kana ligature
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3054:Script reform
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:Bonin English
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:Earlier forms
2419:
2415:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2335:
2334:Gairaigo towa
2330:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2244:
2236:
2235:
2227:
2225:
2218:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2186:(in French).
2185:
2181:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2085:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1875:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1780:
1774:
1756:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1718:, with seven
1707:
1686:
1681:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1618:
1617:tenanto boshū
1608:
1598:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1556:
1541:
1526:
1520:, local sake)
1511:
1505:, local beer)
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1457:
1447:
1441:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1403:
1398:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1339:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1198:
1183:
1178:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1138:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1106:
1091:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1063:
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1051:
1047:
1037:
1027:
1017:
1007:
1003:
999:
989:
985:
981:
976:
974:
970:
969:
964:
960:
953:
947:
946:for details.
945:
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907:
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879:
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871:
869:
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694:
689:
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675:
669:
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541:
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365:
363:
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347:
343:
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331:
327:
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319:
315:
311:
306:
305:were formed.
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123:
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112:
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91:
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84:
80:
77:
73:
70: –
69:
65:
64:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
3611:In Esperanto
3581:Romanization
3535:Pitch accent
3517:Dictionaries
3504:
3496:nyōbō kotoba
3495:
3449:
3448:Loan words (
3435:
3419:Topic marker
3333:ARIB STD B24
3079:by frequency
2959:Amami Ōshima
2836:
2825:
2784:
2770:
2760:
2748:
2735:East San'in
2719:
2695:
2666:
2644:
2634:
2570:
2521:
2477:
2462:
2443:Early Modern
2433:Early Middle
2375:
2357:
2314:Olah, Ben. "
2304:
2283:. Retrieved
2279:
2270:
2259:. Retrieved
2253:
2243:
2233:
2212:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2124:
2120:
2097:
2070:
2057:
2045:
2029:
2021:
2009:
2001:
1999:
1983:
1979:
1978:rather than
1975:
1971:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1948:), or maybe
1945:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1914:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1884:
1881:
1871:
1870:have become
1866:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1839:
1833:
1809:
1796:
1792:
1775:
1726:
1724:
1719:
1679:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1645:phonotactics
1642:
1626:
1616:
1606:
1596:
1586:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1555:seiseki-appu
1550:, full name)
1535:, user name)
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1445:
1439:
1424:
1418:sakkā o suru
1415:
1396:
1395:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1349:
1341:
1333:
1328:seiseki appu
1325:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1258:
1244:
1241:onomatopoeia
1234:
1230:
1228:
1221:
1213:
1211:
1176:
1166:
1158:
1156:
1141:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1059:
1049:
1035:
1025:
1015:
1005:
1001:
987:
983:
977:
972:
966:
962:
958:
956:
951:
924:
923:rather than
918:
914:
910:
908:
903:
877:
873:
866:
862:
858:
854:
844:
834:
824:
814:
808:
802:
798:
792:
776:
766:
763:
758:
730:
665:
611:
594:
587:
575:
570:
566:
562:
558:
556:
537:
498:
492:
488:
476:
464:
456:
448:
446:
435:
434:from German
366:
361:
357:
353:
349:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
307:
302:
298:
293:
291:
286:
278:
276:
271:
267:
265:
243:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
212:
174:(especially
132:
131:
130:
115:
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
3591:Nihon-shiki
3474:Wasei-kango
3409:Possessives
3369:Grammar and
3202:Modern kana
3187:Punctuation
3168:Orthography
2989:Tokunoshima
2601:Gifu-Aichi
2571:Tōkai–Tōsan
2438:Late Middle
2190:(2): 3–18.
1996:Reborrowing
1925:polite verb
1843:words in a
1821:long vowels
1157:Similarly,
768:wasei-kango
759:Wasei-kango
314:Netherlands
3687:Categories
3635:Literature
3505:yakuwarigo
3489:Honorifics
3469:Wasei-eigo
3457:from Dutch
3404:Adjectives
3371:vocabulary
3149:Hentaigana
3144:Man'yōgana
2984:Okinoerabu
2688:Okuyoshino
2285:2021-01-17
2261:2021-01-17
2160:References
2125:wasei-eigo
2006:reborrowed
1908:inflection
1845:non-rhotic
1799:) because
1592:マンスリーマンション
1482:wasei eigo
1412:, "to do")
1370:Wasei-eigo
1366:Wasei-eigo
1336:raifu appu
1314:wasei-eigo
1274:Wasei-eigo
1251:ideophones
1223:wasei-eigo
1105:nerushatsu
1048:, such as
1031:デパートメントストア
1011:リモートコントロール
968:wasei-eigo
952:wasei-eigo
715:sorubitōru
455:tea") and
451:(烏龍 ウーロン "
318:Portuguese
256:See also:
184:Portuguese
79:newspapers
3527:Phonology
3414:Particles
3353:Half/Full
3283:Shift JIS
3212:Yotsugana
3192:Kanazukai
3134:Okurigana
3046:Logograms
2658:Shiramine
2503:Southern
2483:Northern
2255:Angelfire
2204:0075-966X
2068:realms).
2026:animation
1946:oburigado
1933:Man'yōshū
1928:gozaimasu
1898:is not a
1882:The word
1847:fashion.
1685:sumātofon
1633:Phonology
1589:), as in
1578:) or all
1537:(compare
1507:(compare
1471:okurigana
1214:left over
1197:gasurenji
1080:ōkesutora
738:sorubitto
735:) versus
729:(English
432:, energy)
369:Meiji era
344:(meaning
196:Cantonese
160:loan word
3450:gairaigo
3429:Numerals
3399:Pronouns
3338:Enclosed
3318:Katakana
3293:Hiragana
3289:Unicode
3244:ISO/IEC
3226:Encoding
3129:Furigana
3124:Katakana
3119:Hiragana
3021:Yonaguni
3001:Southern
2979:Okinawan
2974:Kunigami
2954:Northern
2946:Ryukyuan
2887:Kyowa-go
2818:Tsushima
2808:Nagasaki
2803:Kumamoto
2791:Chikuzen
2655:Kanazawa
2645:Hokuriku
2580:Shizuoka
2547:Eastern
2536:Kanagawa
2527:Western
2472:Hokkaidō
2453:Dialects
2359:Kotobank
2121:gairaigo
2119:List of
2108:See also
2047:Kosupure
2031:puroresu
2022:gairaigo
2002:gairaigo
1938:arigatai
1915:arigatai
1900:gairaigo
1891:obrigado
1872:gairaigo
1867:gairaigo
1863:Gairaigo
1857:gairaigo
1729:as [
1661:katakana
1657:katakana
1653:gairaigo
1649:platform
1639:Katakana
1576:katakana
1572:gairaigo
1490:gairaigo
1486:gairaigo
1478:Gairaigo
1456:hiragana
1446:katakana
1440:sabotage
1397:Gairaigo
1359:mai pisu
1268:katakana
1259:jiguzagu
1231:gairaigo
1218:baseball
1177:gairaigo
1159:gairaigo
1122:gairaigo
1002:gairaigo
973:gairaigo
963:gairaigo
959:gairaigo
920:kun'yomi
911:gairaigo
882:mazegaki
845:hiragana
835:katakana
821:hiragana
804:katakana
799:gairaigo
777:gairaigo
750:(German
732:sorbitol
590:doublets
584:Doublets
578:Sanskrit
571:gairaigo
567:gairaigo
563:gairaigo
559:gairaigo
540:Nagasaki
499:katakana
489:katakana
485:bibimbap
471:ホイコーロー "
382:arubaito
362:gairaigo
350:neuroses
312:and the
310:Portugal
299:gairaigo
294:gairaigo
287:gairaigo
279:gairaigo
272:gairaigo
268:gairaigo
239:furigana
235:katakana
227:katakana
223:gairaigo
200:katakana
156:Japanese
133:Gairaigo
109:May 2011
18:Gairaigo
3653:Writers
3586:Hepburn
3540:Rendaku
3479:Engrish
3175:Braille
3096:Ryakuji
3016:Yaeyama
2934:grammar
2929:Hachijō
2826:Satsugū
2785:Hichiku
2771:Hōnichi
2725:San'yō
2720:Chūgoku
2696:Shikoku
2635:Western
2595:Nagaoka
2591:Echigo
2556:Tochigi
2551:Ibaraki
2512:Nairiku
2492:Tsugaru
2463:Eastern
2297:Sources
2144:Engrish
2114:Cognate
2058:cosplay
1950:ōrigado
1896:arigatō
1885:arigatō
1779:takushī
1767:, with
1755:vaiorin
1740:baiorin
1713:ファンファーレ
1706:fanfāre
1692:スマートフォン
1525:yūzāmei
1466:gugu-ru
1428:sabo-ru
1384:esu efu
1255:English
1246:gitaigo
1243:), and
1236:giseigo
1151:rimokon
1144:rimokon
1061:Karaoke
1016:rimokon
940:, page)
868:tempura
783:Writing
707:ガラスのグラス
697:; thus
477:bibinba
465:hoikōrō
457:kimuchi
437:Energie
420:enerugī
373:Germany
367:In the
338:alcohol
283:English
180:English
93:scholar
3648:Poetry
3596:Kunrei
3558:Kan-on
3329:Other
3238:EUC-JP
3154:Sōgana
3139:Gojūon
3091:Kokuji
3059:Kanbun
3011:Tarama
3006:Miyako
2796:Hakata
2761:Kyūshū
2749:Umpaku
2712:Sanuki
2678:Banshū
2667:Kansai
2610:Mikawa
2605:Nagoya
2585:Narada
2478:Tōhoku
2202:
2056:), or
1827:– see
1817:length
1762:ヴァイオリン
1680:sumaho
1666:iyahon
1619:) and
1612:テナント募集
1580:kango/
1540:shimei
1510:jizake
1495:jibīru
1308:, and
1286:erotic
1278:chance
1179:term,
1167:sutōbu
1084:オーケストラ
1050:wāpuro
1036:depāto
988:burēki
961:: (1)
942:; see
904:ateji,
859:tabako
847:), or
825:tabako
752:Sorbit
723:ソルビトール
674:garasu
648:gurasu
548:Fujian
461:kimchi
459:(キムチ "
453:oolong
442:French
414:Arbeit
377:German
358:dessin
348:) and
336:, and
95:
88:
81:
74:
66:
3670:texts
3643:Books
3563:Tō-on
3553:Go-on
3180:Kanji
3101:Ateji
3064:Kanji
2994:Yoron
2969:Kikai
2837:Other
2739:Inshū
2729:Bingo
2683:Kishū
2673:Awaji
2541:Tokyo
2531:Gunma
2522:Kantō
2507:Kesen
2497:Akita
2487:Nanbu
2341:外来語とは
2127:terms
2075:ikura
2062:manga
2020:) is
2011:anime
2000:Some
1972:ateji
1747:バイオリン
1622:入居者募集
1602:月極駐車場
1587:kanji
1562:成績アップ
1552:) or
1532:ユーザー名
1402:-suru
1216:is a
1204:ガスレンジ
1182:renji
1137:Thema
1112:ネルシャツ
984:brake
937:頁、ページ
925:ateji
915:kanji
884:) as
874:kanji
863:ateji
855:kanji
853:(the
816:kanji
810:ateji
745:ソルビット
667:glass
620:koppu
598:kappu
544:Ōbaku
494:hanja
428:エネルギー
399:baito
390:アルバイト
354:rouge
346:gauze
326:rasha
322:Dutch
303:kanji
231:kanji
219:kanji
208:ateji
204:kanji
188:Dutch
158:for "
100:JSTOR
86:books
3278:0213
3273:0212
3268:0211
3263:0208
3258:0201
3254:JIS
3248:2022
3111:Kana
2813:Saga
2777:Ōita
2707:Tosa
2651:Kaga
2620:Hida
2615:Mino
2200:ISSN
2123:and
2098:ikra
2093:икра
2053:コスプレ
2037:プロレス
1956:and
1840:kana
1823:and
1793:taxi
1786:タクシー
1720:kana
1678:and
1673:イヤホン
1585:(in
1582:wago
1574:(in
1502:地ビール
1320:appu
1310:boom
1294:down
1290:over
1282:pink
1263:ジグザグ
1172:ストーブ
1126:tēma
1102:and
1090:hōmu
1072:kara
1067:カラオケ
1055:ワープロ
1041:デパート
1021:リモコン
993:ブレーキ
980:mora
930:pēji
909:Few
878:kana
693:glas
641:copo
516:vs.
481:ビビンバ
449:ūron
356:and
342:Gaze
330:glas
320:and
260:and
194:and
72:news
3601:JSL
3343:EIS
3233:EUC
2702:Iyo
2428:Old
2346:",
2192:doi
2102:roe
2084:イクラ
2017:アニメ
1970:as
1958:ofu
1954:afu
1920:有難い
1752:or
1727:not
1522:),
1488:),
1435:サボる
1422:).
1409:〜する
1352:mai
1344:mai
1189:レンジ
1131:テーマ
1097:ホーム
1076:oke
1044:).
899:天婦羅
887:天ぷら
840:たばこ
837:),
830:タバコ
793:In
686:, "
682:ガラス
660:, "
656:グラス
635:kop
628:コップ
613:cup
606:カップ
469:回鍋肉
406:バイト
334:gas
237:as
170:or
168:Old
154:is
140:外来語
55:by
3689::
2374:.
2362:,
2356:.
2278:.
2252:.
2223:^
2198:.
2188:56
2182:.
1967:有難
1831:.
1770:ヴァ
1700:フォ
1567:.
1547:氏名
1517:地酒
1451:サボ
1306:my
1304:,
1302:in
1300:,
1298:up
1296:,
1292:,
1288:,
1284:,
1280:,
1270:.
1257:—
1233:,
1226:.
1209:.
1117:.
850:煙草
797:,
535:.
519:do
504:to
332:,
248:.
210:.
186:,
182:,
143:,
3507:)
3498:)
3452:)
3438:)
2406:e
2399:t
2392:v
2366:.
2354:)
2348:(
2344:)
2338:(
2331:"
2326:)
2320:(
2288:.
2264:.
2206:.
2194::
2096:(
2080:(
2050:(
2034:(
2014:(
1984:o
1980:a
1976:o
1962:ō
1917:(
1805:ɕ
1797:ī
1789:)
1783:(
1765:)
1759:(
1750:)
1744:(
1735:β
1731:v
1716:)
1710:(
1689:(
1670:(
1625:(
1615:(
1605:(
1595:(
1559:(
1544:(
1529:(
1514:(
1499:(
1461:る
1458:(
1448:(
1442:)
1432:(
1406:(
1249:(
1239:(
1207:)
1201:(
1192:)
1186:(
1169:(
1128:(
1109:(
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990:(
934:(
880:(
876:/
870:,
843:(
833:(
813:(
748:)
742:(
727:)
719:(
704:(
678:(
652:(
624:(
602:(
529:)
526:ド
523:(
514:)
511:ト
508:(
483:"
479:(
467:(
424:(
409:)
403:(
386:(
152:)
137:(
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116:(
111:)
107:(
97:·
90:·
83:·
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49:.
20:)
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