Sino-Japanese vocabulary

20240:, the same character sometimes has multiple readings, e.g. "kyō" (Go-on) vs. "kei" (Kan-on) vs. "kin" (Tō-on). These stem from multiple phases of borrowing, which occurred at different times and from different source dialects and were carried out by different groups of people possibly speaking different dialects of Japanese. This means that the same word may have had different Chinese pronunciations, and even if not, the borrowers may have chosen different strategies to handle unfamiliar sounds. For example, the character 2057:, and are based on the central Chang'an pronunciation of Middle Chinese. While there was a large-scale effort to replace Go-on readings with Kan-on readings when pronouncing Chinese texts in Japan, this effort did not extend to changing the pronunciation of borrowed words that were already used in Japanese. Massive borrowing of Chinese loanwords continued during this period, and these new borrowings reflected the new Kan-on readings. Today, Kan-on readings are the most commonly encountered type of 2121:. "Tang" was in this context used to mean "Chinese" (i.e. "real Chinese pronunciation"), with no intended connection to the earlier Tang Dynasty. Due to their more recent borrowing, Tō-on readings are sometimes more recognizably similar to Modern Chinese pronunciations. There are far fewer Sino-Japanese loanwords with Tō-on readings compared to Go-on and Kan-on readings. Dictionaries do not attempt to provide a Tō-on reading for each kanji as many do for Go-on and Kan-on readings. 2039:. It is not agreed whether Go-on pronunciations are clearly derived from a particular dialect of Middle Chinese. Buddhist teachings along with the Chinese language were largely imported through the Korean peninsula, and it is unclear to what extent this fact influenced the Go-on pronunciations. Certain genres of modern vocabulary largely use Go-on readings, especially words related to Buddhism and law. 2756:

correspondences, but appear in established Sino-Japanese words. The illusion of regularity is bolstered by the fact that lexicographers generally provide Go and Kan readings for characters based on their expected outcome, even when these readings are not actually employed in any Japanese word. Out of necessity, many of the examples shown below are of this type. Readings in the

15569:) are possible for borrowed Sino-Japanese roots. Furthermore, due in large part to the many distinct MC sounds which were merged when borrowed into Japanese, some readings are extremely common across different kanji, while others are very rare. The below table gives the number of kanji with each possible 13678:

MC coda /k/ was borrowed as Japanese /k/ with a following epenthetic /i/ (after /e/) or /u/ (after /a, o, u/). After /i/, the epenthetic vowel (/iki/ vs. /iku/) depends on the original Middle Chinese vowel. The readings for MC /k/-final rimes are very similar to the original readings for MC /ŋ/-final

11472:

Originally, borrowed coda /p/ functioned just like coda /t, k/ (see below) in that the "epenthetic" vowel /u/ did not appear before a voiceless obstruent /h~p, t, s, k/ in the same word, resulting in readings with the obstruent special mora /Q/ in place of /pu/. This phenomenon can still be seen in a

2163:

for kanji attempted to closely match the Middle Chinese pronunciation for each character, while guided by the possible sounds and structures of Japanese as spoken at the time. In fact a number of new word shapes entered the language to accommodate the large influx of Chinese borrowings. Subsequently,

681:

By the same token, that a word is the kun'yomi of a kanji is not a guarantee that the word is native to Japanese. There are a few Japanese words that, although they appear to have originated in borrowings from Chinese, have such a long history in the Japanese language that they are regarded as native

12178:

The MC coda /t/ was borrowed as Japanese /t/. Characters ending in this consonant were at first consistently pronounced with no epenthetic vowel, with the kana つ serving double duty to represent /t/ and /tu/. Note that these readings are identical to the readings for MC /n/-final rimes, but with つ/ち

2731:

with MC /ʔ/ before the same rimes, but sometimes there is a distinction, where /y/ patterns with S. Where one of these five categories (P, T, S, K, Ø) appears in parentheses in the tables below, it refers to the adaptation of the MC rime after these different sets of consonants. Five columns in each

2448:

is the only reading actually used in Japanese. There are multiple reasons for the changes from the earlier Go to the later Kan pronunciations. These borrowings were drawn both from different times and different regions of China, and furthermore the Go pronunciations were likely intermediated through

305:

writing system essentially required every literate Japanese to be competent in written Chinese, although it is unlikely that many Japanese people were then fluent in spoken Chinese. Chinese pronunciation was approximated in words borrowed from Chinese into Japanese; this Sino-Japanese vocabulary is

11444:

MC coda /p/ was borrowed as Japanese /pu/ (likely pronounced as after a vowel at the time of borrowing). Note that these original readings are identical to the readings for MC /m/-final rimes, but with ふ in place of ん. The phoneme /p/ eventually lenited to /h/ word-initially, but was lost between

1716:

were "back-borrowed" into Chinese around the turn of the 20th century. Such words from that time are thoroughly assimilated into the Chinese lexicon, but translations of foreign concepts between the two languages now occur independently of each other. These "back-borrowings" gave rise to Mandarin

2569:

All of the /Cy/ and /Cw(y)/ sequences were newly introduced by borrowing from Chinese, though some would later arise in native vocabulary. By the advent of the "historical kana" spellings (13th century, lasting until 1946), the "ancient" kana sequences with /CwyV/ had long before lost their /w/,

290:

in Japanese. At the time of their first contact, the existing Japanese language had no writing system, while the Chinese had a written language and a great deal of academic and scientific information, providing new concepts along with Chinese words to express them. Chinese became the language of

20005:

Nonetheless, the correspondences between the two are fairly regular. As a result, Sino-Japanese can be viewed as a (transformed) "snapshot" of an archaic period of the Chinese language, and as a result is very important for comparative linguists as it provides a large amount of evidence for the

20706:*/p/; however, this lack of velar fricatives in Old Japanese helps preserve the voiced-voiceless contrast between Middle Chinese and that Mandarin, Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese has lost. Mandarin "z" will often correspond to Japanese "j"; these are also changes in Chinese. Thus, Mandarin 19899:

are bimoraic, containing either two syllables, a long vowel, or the moraic nasal /N/. These last two structures are extremely common in Sino-Japanese roots, but somewhat rare in native Japanese vocabulary. For these and other reasons, the phonological patterns of Sino-Japanese words and native

2755:

are rather consistent, there exists considerably more irregularity than is represented in these tables. Exceptional pronunciations are often found even for officially recognized Go and Kan readings. Furthermore, many kanji have Kan'yō-on readings, which by definition do not follow the regular

20246:

seems to have had an approximate pronunciation of /kjæŋ/ at the time of both the Go-on (5th–6th century AD) and Kan-on (7th–9th century AD) borrowings; however, the unfamiliar vowel /æ/ was represented by /a/ in the former case and /e/ in the latter. (This may also indicate different source

2488:

or "finals" contained a vowel, optional glides before the vowel (sometimes called "medials"), and an optional coda consonant /j, w, m, n, ŋ, p, t, k/— schematically (j)(w)V(C). The precise phonetic realization of the MC vowels is debated, and the set of vowels possible before different coda

9314:

MC coda /ŋ/ was borrowed as a single Japanese phoneme which was realized as two nasalized offglides: after /e/, and after /u, o, a/. The nasality of these glides was generally not represented in writing, but in some cases was indicated with the same diacritic mark that would become the

136:

linguistic and phonetic elements also found in Korean and Vietnamese: that is, they are "Sino-foreign", meaning that they are not pure Chinese but have been mixed with the native languages of their respective nations. Such words invented in Japanese, often with novel meanings, are called

20251:

was represented by /u/ in the former case but /i/ in the latter, agreeing in frontness vs. backness with the main vowel. By the time of the Tō-on borrowing (post-10th century), the pronunciation in Chinese had changed to /kiŋ/, thus the pronunciation "kin" was decided as the closest

2073:"customary sound") readings are not considered to follow the regular patterns for adapting either Go-on or Kan-on readings, but are commonly encountered in existing Sino-Japanese words. In some cases, the Kan'yō-on reading is in fact a regular development of the original Go or Kan 2132:, there is a long-standing practice of providing a Go and Kan reading for every kanji, even those which have never actually been used in borrowed Sino-Japanese vocabulary. The readings which are not actually encountered in Sino-Japanese loanwords were largely codified in the 13679:

rimes with く/き in place of nasalized う/い, but in this case there are some differences. Just like with coda /t/, the epenthetic vowel is absent before a voiceless obstruent /h~p, t, s, k/ in the same word, and the /k/ functions as the obstruent special mora /Q/. For example,

20302:(grape) is pronounced "budo" in Shanghainese and "budō" (< "budau") in Japanese (preserving the voiced consonants and ), but "pútáo" in Mandarin. Incidentally, the rising tone of the Mandarin syllables may reflect the earlier voiced quality of the initial consonants. 19988:

Middle Chinese had a much more complex syllable structure than Old Japanese, as well as many more vowel and consonant differences. Many sounds and sound combinations had to be approximated in the borrowing process, sometimes with significant differences (e.g. final

2017:"sound reading"), the Japanese system for reading aloud texts in the Middle Chinese (MC) language. A huge number of loanwords entered the Japanese language from Middle Chinese, intermediated by these conventionalized pronunciations. There are different types of 2087:) has the Kan'yō-on reading /raQ/ (or /ra/) in all Sino-Japanese words, which is the regular development of earlier /rap(u)/ before a voiceless obstruent. A common irregularity for Kan'yō-on is an unexpected voicing value for an initial obstruent. For example, 20158:

Old Japanese did not have an "-ng" or syllable ending, which is very common in Chinese. This sound was borrowed as either /i/ or /u/. The combinations /au/ and /eu/ later became "ō" and "yō", respectively, in Japanese. Thus, the Mandarin reading of "Tokyo"

11501:/raQ.ti/ 'abduction' (shortened in most words to /ra/). However, for many characters, the vowel-final readings have been extended to all environments. In some cases, the reading with /Q/ led to the analogical creation of a /tu/-final reading. Notably, for 20483:('strife, martial arts') was pronounced "mvu" in Late Middle Chinese. The sound is approximated in the Japanese pronunciations "bu" and "mu". However, that sound no longer exists in most modern Chinese dialects, except Southern Min "bú", and the character 20044:

since the time of modern contact with the West. Namely, the sounds written in Pinyin as "g" or "k" , when immediately preceding an "i", "y" or "ü" sound, became "j" (, similar to English "j") or "q" (, similar to English "ch"). This change is called

2489:

consonants varies considerably. When borrowed into Japanese, the more complicated MC vowel system was adapted to fit the Japanese five vowel system with /i, e, a, o, u/. MC rimes could begin with a glide /w/, /j/, or both /jw/. The earliest Japanese

12197:

is listed in dictionaries as Go /bati/ (though it is not actually used in existing Japanese words). Often Go readings with /ti/ and /tu/ are listed for the same character, though in practice those with /tu/ are much more common. For example,

2168:

now often bear little resemblance to their original Middle Chinese source, and are even less similar to the pronunciation of the same characters in modern Chinese languages, which have undergone many changes from Middle Chinese. For example,

19973:, and thus source pronunciations differ substantially depending on time and place. Beyond this, there are two main reasons for the divergence between Modern Standard Chinese and Modern Standard Japanese pronunciations of cognate terms: 20328:, "three"). However, because Japanese phonology does not allow these consonants to appear at the end of a syllable either, they are usually followed in Sino-Japanese by an additional "i" or "u" vowel, resulting in a second syllable (- 12236:/niti/ 'day'. Before a voiceless obstruent /h~p, t, s, k/ in the same word, the epenthetic vowel does not appear, and the /t/ functions as the obstruent special mora /Q/, forming a geminate with the following obstruent. For example, 12179:

in place of ん. Later, an epenthetic vowel /u/ or /i/ was inserted after the consonant in most environments. Kan-on readings use /tu/ exclusively, while the earlier Go'on readings use both /ti/ and /tu/ unpredictably. For example, MC

2726:

Developments after the Japanese consonants /r/ (from MC /l/) and /n/ (from MC /n, ɳ, ɲ/) are noted where relevant. The MC onset /y/ (like all palatal onsets) appears only with MC rimes beginning in /j/, and generally patterns in

2457:, e.g. . EMC became , later becoming in Northern Chinese dialects. In the Japanese of both time periods, the voiced obstruents were prenasalized as , helping to explain why they correspond to Middle Chinese nasals in Kan 20701:

Mandarin "h", usually from Middle Chinese or will often correspond to "k" or "g" in Japanese, as Old Japanese lacked velar fricatives: Modern Japanese is derived from Old Japanese , which descended in most cases from a

2449:

Korean Buddhist monks. However, there is little to support the claim that Go-on pronunciations were at the time of their introduction "less accurate" than their later Kan-on counterparts. The discrepancies between the two

20255:

The vowels of Chinese sometimes correspond to Sino-Japanese in an apparently haphazard fashion. However, Mandarin "ao" often corresponds to Japanese "ō" (usually derived from earlier Sino-Japanese ), and Chinese empty

20778:

MC voiced stops/affricates become Mandarin aspirated stops/affricates (p,t,k,etc.) when the syllable had the MC first tone (Mandarin first/second tones), unaspirated stops/affricates (b,d,g,etc.) otherwise.

20305:

In modern Mandarin, all syllables end either in a vowel or in one of a small number of consonant sounds: "n", "ng", or occasionally "r". However, Middle Chinese, like several modern Chinese dialects (e.g.

6696:

originally represented two distinct sounds, moraic /m/ and moraic /n/ (from MC coda /n/, see below), but they may have been pronounced identically in Sino-Japanese vocabulary from the start. Regardless,

5870:

The MC rimes ending in a labial glide were for the most part borrowed as diphthongs in Japanese. These later monophthongized as long vowels, such that these MC rimes mostly correspond to modern Japanese

22616:

Baxter represents this MC initial with <y> to distinguish it from the palatal glide <j> which appears at the beginning of many rimes. Karlgren distinguishes them as <j> and <i̯>.

15576:(not distinguishing between Go, Kan, Tō, and Kan'yō, and not including readings considered restricted or rare). A zero represents a reading which is attested in Sino-Japanese vocabulary, but uses a non- 6703:

would not have stood for /mu/ in these words (the Go-on reading), just as the precursors of hiragana つ represented /t/ and not /tu/ when adapting the MC coda /t/ (see below). Native /mu/ from this time

2646:

Different MC rimes were restricted to following only certain MC initial consonants. Furthermore, the identity of the initial consonant sometimes results in a different regular outcome for the Japanese

347:

Sino-Japanese words are almost exclusively nouns, of which many are verbal nouns or adjectival nouns, meaning that they can act as verbs or adjectives. Verbal nouns can be used as verbs by appending

2461:. The Japanese consonant developed first to or , and more recently to /h/ (with allophones ). Older remains modern Japanese /p/ after the special moras /N/ and /Q/, and as such all /h/-initial 20462:

In addition, as in the previous example, Old Japanese /p/ became modern "h". When a Middle Chinese word ended in /p/, this produced further complications in Japanese. For example, Middle Chinese

9321:

used to mark prenasalized obstruents. These glides then denasalized, and the resulting diphthongs later monophthongized as long vowels. As such, almost all characters with the MC coda /ŋ/ end in

720:

While much Sino-Japanese vocabulary was borrowed from Chinese, a considerable amount was created by the Japanese themselves as they coined new words using Sino-Japanese forms. These are known as

1814:

Alongside these translated terms, the foreign word may be directly borrowed as gairaigo. The resulting synonyms have varying use, usually with one or the other being more common. For example,

1149:

era on the model of Classical Chinese to translate modern concepts imported from the West; when coined to translate a foreign term (rather than simply a new Japanese term), they are known as

2570:

those with /Cwi/ had become /Cui, ki, gi/, and /ye/ merged with /e/. Later, /w/ was lost everywhere except in the sequence /wa/ with no preceding consonant. The presence of these glides in

11445:

vowels (except Vpa > Vwa). The result was that all /pu/-final readings developed /Vu/ sequences, which later monophthongized. This same change is seen in native vocabulary, as in OJ

3698:

These MC rimes are analyzed as having a palatal glide after the vowel, though not all of the rimes end in a phonetic in all MC transcription systems. These mostly end up as Japanese

20474:> "jū". Note that in some compounds, the word was directly borrowed as /zip-/ > "jip-"; hence "jippun" 'ten minutes' (or "juppun", influenced by "jū"), rather than "*jūfun". 553:, a system of pronouncing Chinese characters in a way that at one point approximated the original Chinese. On'yomi is also known as the 'Sino-Japanese reading', and is opposed to 1594:

Notably, the names of the military ranks used throughout the Sinosphere were neither coined anew nor repurposed from Classical Chinese, but were based on the ranks under the

22654:

Ancient spellings with /ye/ are not given in most dictionaries, and the tables below will not attempt to distinguish between on'yomi originally pronounced with /ye/ vs. /e/.

19985:. Both languages have changed significantly since then, and in different ways. This has resulted in the respective pronunciations becoming more and more divergent over time. 2736:

exist corresponding to the given MC rime after the given onsets. When (~) appears, it indicates that an MC character exists which is expected to provide a relevant Japanese

20648:

The Mandarin "hu" sound (as in "huá" or "huī") does not exist in Japanese and is usually omitted, whereas the Mandarin "l" sound becomes "r" in Japanese. Thus, Mandarin

2453:

categories are largely due to changes that took place between Early and Late Middle Chinese. The Early Middle Chinese (EMC) voiced obstruents became breathy voiced in

2426:

was contrastive in Middle Chinese, but voiceless obstruents were adapted to Go and Kan pronunciations in the same way regardless of aspiration. However, many Kan'yō

20422:

The consonant "f" in Mandarin corresponds to both "h" and "b" in Japanese. Early Middle Chinese had no /f/, but instead had /pj/ or /bj/ (in other reconstructions,

575:

However, there are cases where the distinction between on'yomi and kun'yomi does not correspond to etymological origin. Chinese characters created in Japan, called

20456: 1993:('fields' + 'livelihood' = 'uncouth'). (The first gloss after each character roughly translates the kanji; the second is the meaning of the word in Japanese.) 1094:

meaning 'person of stealth'). In Chinese, the same combinations of characters are often meaningless or have a different meaning. Even a humble expression like

22752: 1690: 24313: 23026: 20455:; both reflect Early Middle Chinese /bjut/ from a still older form /but/. In modern Southern Min Chinese, this character may be pronounced either or ( 20318:), allowed several other final consonants including , , , and , and these are preserved in Sino-Japanese (except for -m, which is replaced by -n, as in 22568: 1698: 15580:

reading. Readings which are listed in dictionaries but which are merely hypothesized and do not appear in attested Japanese words are not considered.

21885: 19900:

Japanese words are markedly different, and it is very often possible to correctly guess the etymological origin of a word based solely on its shape.

20627:

consonant, "ng" (), as its initial. This is no longer true in modern Mandarin, but it remains the case in other Chinese dialects such as Cantonese (

1232:), many were repurposed classical Chinese compounds, whose meanings were tenuously similar to their western counterparts. Here are a few examples: 414:, and despite the large number of borrowings from Chinese, virtually none of these became inflecting verbs or adjectives, instead being conjugated 22563: 24164: 2179:) had the Go-on pronunciation when it was first borrowed, which subsequently developed to , then , then , and finally modern Japanese /kyō/ . 60:

or was created from elements borrowed from Chinese. Some grammatical structures and sentence patterns can also be identified as Sino-Japanese.

6719:, among others) remains /mu/, developing to /N/ only under very specific circumstances, while the borrowed moraic /m/ always develops to /N/. 2744:

which are not clearly distinguished as Go vs. Kan, or has multiple MC pronunciations which make it impossible to determine which MC rime the

1694: 24360: 22756: 20775:(Mandarin) in its official spelling. Multiple outcomes for MC initials (e.g. MC /ɡ/ > Pinyin g,j,k,q) are primarily due to two reasons: 2626: 2035:"Wu sound") readings represent the first major wave of Chinese borrowing in the 5th and 6th centuries, coinciding with the introduction of 1702: 23107: 22699: 2631: 24159: 22532: 1951:"se" + "wa" ('household/society' + 'talk'); although this word is not Sino-Japanese but a native Japanese word believed to derive from 2430:

exist with voiced obstruents corresponding to Middle Chinese unaspirated (and sometimes aspirated) voiceless obstruents. For example,

1933:— kanji assigned without regard for etymology. In many cases, the characters were chosen only to indicate pronunciation. For example, 1179:('telephone'), and words for Western cultural categories which the Sinosphere had no exact analogue of on account of partitioning the 2151:

All characters used to write Middle Chinese represented a single syllable in the spoken language, made up of an "initial" (a single

22588: 2140:. These readings are given in many dictionaries, though for the less common kanji there is sometimes disagreement between sources. 23074: 23069: 23019: 20260:(represented in pinyin with a "i") often corresponds to (a different sound, also represented with a "i" in Hepburn) in Japanese. 1878:

is more common. Note that neither of these is a calque – they translate literally as 'field ball' and 'garden ball'. ('Base' is

1783:)—might have been independently coined by Chinese translators, had Japanese writers not coined them first. A similar process of 23786: 1706: 22642: 20496:

The modern Mandarin initial "r" usually corresponds to "ny" or "ni" in Japanese. At the time of borrowing, characters such as

22952: 22921: 22829: 22678:

treats the kana for /twi, dwi, swi, zwi, rwi, ywi/ as historical spellings, but all other sources treat them only as ancient.

15565:

All MC roots were a single syllable, and due to the restrictions on possible MC syllable shapes, a limited set of readings (

22996: 2732:

table mark whether the given MC rime is found after each of these onset categories. A bullet (•) indicates that Go and Kan

68:

is one of three broad categories into which the Japanese vocabulary is divided. The others are native Japanese vocabulary (

23781: 22768:

Chung, Karen S. (2001). "Chapter 7: Some Returned Loans: Japanese Loanwords in Taiwan Mandarin". In McAuley, T. E (ed.).

20470:) was borrowed as Old Japanese /zipu/. In time this went through a series of changes: /zipu/ > /zihu/ > /ziu/ > 1686: 1682: 678:

and does not have a kun'yomi at all. Although not originating in Chinese, both of these are regarded as 'Sino-Japanese'.

306:

still an important component of the Japanese language, and may be compared to words of Latin or Greek origin in English.

22744: 20263:

The distinction between voiced and unvoiced consonants ( vs. or vs. ) has been lost in modern Mandarin and many other

24405: 23012: 161:

of Chinese origin, namely words borrowed from modern Chinese dialects, some of which may be occasionally spelled with

23265: 22710: 21884:. His phonetic notation is used, along with IPA when different. Syllables are tone 1 unless otherwise indicated. See 19924:

pronunciations at all. Firstly, the borrowings occurred in three main waves, with the resulting sounds identified as

1753:

included ancient Chinese texts as well as contemporary English-Chinese dictionaries, some of the compounds—including

23666: 24372: 24091: 24045: 24040: 23566: 23100: 20806: 20017: 11457:'today'. As a result of this development, all characters with the MC coda /p/ have Go and Kan readings ending in 20781:

Early Mandarin velar obstruents (g,k,h) and alveolar sibilants (z,c,s) become palatal obstruents (j,q,x) when a

20372:). As a result, a one-syllable word in Chinese can become two syllables in Sino-Japanese. For example, Mandarin 20016:

Unless otherwise noted, in the list below, sounds shown in quotation marks or italics indicate the usage of non-

24214: 22973: 22777: 1678: 266: 22997:

Analysis of regularity in Japanese phonetic series, with lists of most useful Kanji components for predicting

614: 24055: 23771: 20046: 12208:

reading, and this is the only Go reading found in existing Japanese words. In fact only nine characters have

1795:('telegram') that were coined in English from Greek roots. Many of these words have also been borrowed into 24400: 24186: 24025: 23584: 23272: 22645:

were originally indicated in the historical spelling, but are not used in the version that became standard.

19970: 21853: 21845: 21841: 21832: 21825: 21808: 21801: 21796: 21792: 21788: 21777: 21767: 21753: 21743: 21736: 21725: 20628: 20559: 20490: 20471: 20467: 20463: 20427: 20423: 20398: 20248: 20152: 20145: 20029: 19998: 19994: 19990: 11511:) the Kan'yō-on reading /ritu/ (from regular /riQ/) is overwhelmingly common in Sino-Japanese vocabulary. 11495:), the expected Kan reading /rapu > rō/ is not found in Sino-Japanese vocabulary, but only /raQ/ as in 330: 24395: 23919: 23899: 23703: 23656: 2499: 1681:

and adopted by other militaries in China, Korea and Vietnam. See the articles for these ranks for more (

24035: 23093: 23062: 23047: 1808: 233:

Ancient China's enormous political and economic influence in the region had a deep effect on Japanese,

228: 23909: 20009:

The following is a rough guide to equivalencies between modern Chinese words and modern Sino-Japanese

102:

words also increases in formal or literary contexts, and in expressions of abstract or complex ideas.

24410: 24320: 24298: 24086: 22527: 342: 24355: 24293: 24283: 24247: 24096: 24020: 23995: 23604: 2454: 2164:

many sound changes took place in Japanese, affecting both borrowed and native vocabulary. As such,

80:). It has been estimated that about 60% of the words contained in modern Japanese dictionaries are 23661: 20637:

becomes "go". In Southern Min, it is pronounced /gɔ/ (colloquial) or /ŋɔ/ (literary) while in the

1122:

and not found in Chinese. One interesting example that gives itself away as a Japanese coinage is

291:

science, learning, religion and government. The earliest written language to be used in Japan was

23739: 19921: 2621:

for more transcription systems). Examples are given using the MC reconstructions from Karlgren's

2117:"Song sound") readings were introduced mostly from the 12th century onward, during and after the 133: 22905: 23756: 23057: 22965:

Translingual Practice: Literature, National Culture, and Translated Modernity--China, 1900-1937

22547: 20905: 9317: 1804: 1677:), which later corresponded to "general officer", "senior officer" and "junior officer" in the 23940: 22911: 24237: 24126: 23599: 23145: 23135: 20931: 20876: 2618: 2485: 2097:) is read in all Sino-Japanese words as /zaN/ rather than the expected Kan-on reading /saN/. 1916:

Finally, quite a few words appear to be Sino-Japanese but are varied in origin, written with

1963:

is simply an attempt to assign plausible-looking characters pronounced "se" and "wa". Other

992:

Another miscellaneous group of words were coined from Japanese phrases or crossed over from

24288: 24111: 24015: 23889: 23691: 23626: 23140: 20264: 20100: 20025: 19978: 20631:) and Shanghainese. Japanese approximates the Middle Chinese */ng/ with "g" or "go"; thus 8: 24337: 24219: 24191: 24106: 23686: 21247: 21243: 21237: 21058: 20888: 2423: 2152: 2128:

types. Arising initially out of the need to be able to read any Chinese text aloud using

1800: 572:

under which Chinese characters are assigned to, and read as, native Japanese vocabulary.

425:

form, verbal nouns with a single-character root often experienced sound changes, such as

238: 23631: 2188: 24367: 24308: 24229: 24116: 24050: 23935: 23648: 23390: 22907: 22557: 21229: 21224: 21054: 20927: 20604:('two') are still pronounced "nin" and "ni", respectively. In Southern Min (especially 20592:— approximating its more modern pronunciation. In Wu dialects, including Shanghainese, 2640: 2610: 1674: 318: 310: 23636: 23472: 23421: 20193:

being supposed approximately *kiæŋ -> kyau -> kyō (for comparison: Southern Min

20114: 590:, normally only have kun'yomi, but some kokuji do have on'yomi. One such character is 24196: 24131: 24101: 23904: 23723: 23708: 23681: 23676: 23614: 23552: 23527: 23462: 23336: 23174: 23164: 23155: 23116: 23004: 22969: 22948: 22917: 22825: 22773: 22732:

Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyuujo, "Terebi Hoosoo no Goi Choosa 1" (1995, Shuuei Publishing)

22706: 21881: 21540: 21233: 21221: 21169: 21046: 20614:

is "jîn" (literary pronunciation) which is practically identical to Japanese On'yomi.

20605: 20430:). Japanese still reflects this ("h" was /p/ in Old Japanese). For example, Mandarin 2614: 2606: 2036: 292: 162: 142: 119: 46: 32: 23380: 23179: 24325: 24303: 24081: 23877: 23718: 23520: 23510: 23505: 23493: 23346: 23282: 23238: 23035: 22674: 21874: 20922: 20893: 20772: 20524: 20517: 20041: 19969:; these were at different periods over several centuries, from different stages in 1164:. Often they use corresponding morphemes to the original term, and thus qualify as 57: 23846: 23441: 23385: 23223: 22630: 6666: 2053:"Han sound") readings were introduced in the 7th through 9th centuries during the 24350: 24010: 24005: 24000: 23713: 23486: 23397: 23297: 23258: 23253: 23214: 23194: 22963: 22942: 22748: 21617: 21435: 20513: 20222: 2757: 1796: 1134:

literally 'check ticket gate'), meaning the ticket barrier at a railway station.

314: 253:

throughout history, in a manner somewhat similar to the preeminent position that

242: 234: 23479: 22564:

Scientific terminology § Classical and non-vernacular terms and expressions

2601:

The tables below show the regular correspondences between MC rimes and Japanese

2021:

for Sino-Japanese vocabulary, depending mainly on the time period of borrowing.

200: 180: 37: 24345: 23696: 23671: 23594: 23574: 23547: 23498: 23450: 23414: 23368: 23312: 23307: 23287: 21901: 21870: 21438: 21049: 20638: 1788: 1487: 1180: 262: 254: 250: 19903: 24389: 24136: 23882: 23861: 23579: 23431: 23375: 23243: 23233: 23209: 23199: 23189: 22741: 21383: 20703: 20650: 20641:

it is pronounced "ngu". In addition, some Japanese dialects have for medial

20531: 20509: 20311: 20257: 1366: 784: 706:. These words are not regarded as belonging to the Sino-Japanese vocabulary. 70: 12204:

has the Go readings /meti/ and /metu/, but only /metu/ is recognized as the

112:, the use of Chinese-derived words in Japanese, is to be distinguished from 24121: 23950: 23515: 23409: 23353: 23322: 23317: 23130: 20863: 20836: 20535: 20278: 20110: 20021: 19982: 2605:(Go and Kan readings). The rimes are given in the transcription systems of 2118: 2054: 1146: 411: 322: 20530:. (This distinction is still preserved in some Chinese varieties, such as 20508:('day'), which have an initial "r" sound in modern Mandarin, began with a 10673: 24176: 23404: 22537: 21912: 20900: 20814: 20782: 20624: 20315: 20307: 19977:

Most Sino-Japanese words were borrowed in the 5th–9th centuries AD, from

2124:

Go-on and Kan-on readings have a special status when compared with other

1784: 715: 557: 415: 146: 138: 51: 22569:

International scientific vocabulary § Words with different meanings

2156: 1595: 24205: 24171: 23980: 23975: 23970: 23965: 23960: 23851: 22542: 21003: 20666: 20415:, 'land'), from Early Middle Chinese /kwək/, corresponding to Japanese 20268: 2465:

have regular variants with /p/ in this environment, for example Kan-on

2137: 2133: 742: 538: 410:

In Japanese, verbs and adjectives (that is, inflecting adjectives) are

326: 20090: 15544: 15540: 15536: 15524: 15520: 15516: 15512: 15500: 15496: 15452: 15448: 15444: 15432: 15427: 15419: 15415: 15411: 15407: 15399: 15395: 15383: 15379: 15371: 15367: 15355: 15347: 15335: 15323: 15319: 15268: 15256: 15248: 15240: 15201: 15189: 15177: 15173: 15169: 15157: 15153: 15149: 15145: 15141: 15129: 15125: 15084: 15079: 15042: 15038: 15034: 14975: 14917: 14913: 14905: 14901: 14863: 14855: 14819: 14815: 14811: 14807: 14795: 14783: 14775: 14771: 14741: 14733: 14729: 14725: 14686: 14682: 14678: 14666: 14661: 14653: 14645: 14633: 14621: 14613: 14609: 14597: 14585: 14581: 14539: 14535: 14491: 14487: 14475: 14467: 14463: 14459: 14447: 14443: 14434: 14389: 14385: 14381: 14376: 14372: 14333: 14329: 14297: 14289: 14277: 14239: 14235: 14223: 14219: 14178: 14166: 14154: 14142: 14134: 14122: 14081: 14073: 14069: 14057: 14053: 14041: 14037: 14033: 13998: 13994: 13982: 13978: 13970: 13938: 13934: 13922: 13918: 13914: 13910: 13906: 13894: 13886: 13841: 13837: 13825: 13813: 13801: 13797: 13785: 13773: 13661: 13653: 13641: 13637: 13633: 13629: 13591: 13587: 13553: 13549: 13545: 13536: 13528: 13484: 13480: 13468: 13464: 13417: 13405: 13393: 13381: 13369: 13361: 13353: 13345: 13290: 13286: 13281: 13273: 13265: 13257: 13253: 13213: 13201: 13161: 13153: 13149: 13141: 13133: 13102: 13065: 13057: 13025: 13021: 13017: 12986: 12982: 12978: 12974: 12970: 12961: 12957: 12953: 12910: 12906: 12901: 12893: 12881: 12877: 12839: 12835: 12827: 12797: 12789: 12785: 12777: 12773: 12730: 12725: 12717: 12713: 12705: 12697: 12652: 12648: 12640: 12636: 12632: 12624: 12592: 12584: 12556: 12552: 12548: 12540: 12532: 12524: 12487: 12483: 12475: 12467: 12459: 12425: 12413: 12409: 12405: 12369: 12361: 12357: 12353: 12349: 12345: 12333: 12164: 12156: 12140: 12124: 12120: 12088: 12080: 12063: 12055: 12051: 12009: 11997: 11963: 11959: 11955: 11925: 11890: 11886: 11882: 11878: 11874: 11837: 11825: 11821: 11791: 11783: 11779: 11731: 11723: 11683: 11667: 11663: 11659: 11651: 11639: 11602: 11598: 11594: 11590: 11430: 11422: 11410: 11406: 11402: 11398: 11390: 11382: 11378: 11369: 11365: 11353: 11348: 11336: 11289: 11281: 11277: 11265: 11257: 11253: 11245: 11233: 11228: 11216: 11172: 11164: 11155: 11143: 11131: 11093: 11085: 11077: 11072: 11068: 11060: 11048: 11044: 11040: 11032: 11024: 11020: 10954: 10950: 10921: 10917: 10909: 10905: 10873: 10869: 10838: 10826: 10784: 10772: 10768: 10760: 10748: 10744: 10732: 10720: 10708: 10677: 10669: 10657: 10653: 10623: 10611: 10599: 10595: 10583: 10575: 10567: 10534: 10530: 10522: 10510: 10498: 10486: 10474: 10466: 10454: 10442: 10430: 10393: 10389: 10377: 10372: 10368: 10356: 10344: 10336: 10324: 10320: 10280: 10268: 10260: 10252: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10184: 10172: 10160: 10148: 10136: 10128: 10120: 10108: 10104: 10092: 10084: 10072: 10060: 10052: 10040: 10028: 10024: 10012: 9970: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9898: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9866: 9834: 9830: 9795: 9783: 9775: 9763: 9751: 9747: 9706: 9694: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9662: 9628: 9624: 9620: 9612: 9608: 9600: 9596: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9541: 9533: 9529: 9525: 9513: 9508: 9504: 9500: 9492: 9455: 9451: 9439: 9431: 9427: 9300: 9288: 9280: 9268: 9264: 9256: 9252: 9240: 9201: 9197: 9189: 9181: 9146: 9134: 9126: 9118: 9110: 9061: 9057: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9039: 9027: 9023: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8941: 8929: 8917: 8905: 8893: 8881: 8869: 8821: 8813: 8801: 8797: 8785: 8773: 8733: 8721: 8717: 8709: 8701: 8657: 8653: 8641: 8629: 8617: 8605: 8597: 8589: 8577: 8533: 8525: 8513: 8481: 8473: 8461: 8432: 8420: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8368: 8360: 8348: 8344: 8335: 8327: 8315: 8303: 8299: 8263: 8251: 8243: 8231: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8168: 8164: 8133: 8129: 8124: 8120: 8080: 8071: 8059: 8047: 8035: 8031: 8019: 7981: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7949: 7937: 7898: 7890: 7886: 7878: 7842: 7838: 7826: 7814: 7802: 7790: 7786: 7751: 7747: 7735: 7727: 7719: 7715: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7667: 7659: 7655: 7611: 7599: 7587: 7571: 7559: 7555: 7543: 7531: 7435: 7423: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7398: 7359: 7355: 7343: 7339: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7279: 7271: 7267: 7255: 7251: 7208: 7196: 7192: 7162: 7158: 7130: 7126: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7047: 7039: 7035: 7006: 6998: 6994: 6960: 6948: 6916: 6908: 6904: 6896: 6892: 6880: 6876: 6868: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6804: 6800: 6646: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6586: 6578: 6574: 6558: 6550: 6546: 6534: 6530: 6518: 6514: 6502: 6494: 6486: 6474: 6462: 6458: 6450: 6446: 6434: 6426: 6418: 6374: 6370: 6362: 6358: 6346: 6338: 6326: 6314: 6306: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6252: 6214: 6210: 6202: 6165: 6153: 6149: 6137: 6125: 6113: 6078: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6050: 6046: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5977: 5969: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5833: 5829: 5821: 5784: 5772: 5760: 5748: 5744: 5714: 5710: 5705: 5693: 5662: 5650: 5646: 5610: 5606: 5598: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5534: 5530: 5518: 5514: 5506: 5497: 5485: 5440: 5436: 5424: 5420: 5408: 5396: 5384: 5372: 5360: 5329: 5325: 5313: 5301: 5289: 5281: 5277: 5269: 5238: 5226: 5222: 5210: 5198: 5186: 5174: 5142: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5092: 5080: 5068: 5056: 5048: 5044: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4951: 4946: 4880: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4782: 4778: 4770: 4766: 4758: 4754: 4717: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4688: 4684: 4672: 4668: 4656: 4652: 4640: 4636: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4579: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4519: 4507: 4503: 4495: 4491: 4449: 4445: 4437: 4407: 4402: 4398: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4336: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4280: 4268: 4264: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4213: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4160: 4156: 4109: 4105: 4074: 4062: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4015: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3942: 3938: 3926: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3867: 3855: 3843: 3831: 3819: 3815: 3803: 3799: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3635: 3623: 3583: 3575: 3567: 3555: 3543: 3531: 3523: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3491: 3452: 3448: 3440: 3432: 3420: 3408: 3404: 3392: 3384: 3372: 3360: 3356: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3243: 3214: 3183: 3175: 3163: 3158: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3074: 3033: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2989: 2985: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2957: 2949: 2909: 2901: 2889: 2877: 2865: 2853: 1712:

Despite resistance from some contemporary Chinese intellectuals, many

23985: 23914: 23894: 23836: 22552: 21620: 20910: 20881: 20067: 2143: 246: 23856: 23841: 23085: 20477:

More complex is the archaic dento-labial nasal sound: The character

20028:

for Japanese. Symbols shown within slashes or square brackets, like

829: 769: 576: 24150: 23831: 23826: 23821: 23748: 23589: 22626: 20915: 20033: 12212:

readings with /(C)Vti/, though these include the common characters

7449:

MC coda /n/ was adapted in Japanese as the nasal special mora /N/.

6686: 278: 76: 24265: 20844: 2100: 24242: 24181: 23798: 22663:

There is at least one example of ancient /kwyo/: 洫くゐよく /kwyoku/.

19895:

Due to the fact that most MC syllables had a coda, most Japanese

1137:

More recently, the best-known example is the prolific numbers of

979: 964: 188: 20247:

pronunciations of the vowel.) In addition, the unfamiliar final

485:, and some cases where the stem underwent a sound change, as in 24260: 23793: 23761: 21920: 20810: 20768: 20678: 20562:

in Middle Chinese, is pronounced "nin" in some contexts, as in

20051: 2043: 1347: 1165: 919: 859: 844: 814: 297: 114: 22968:(illustrated, annotated ed.). Stanford University Press. 24255: 23803: 23766: 20720: 20708: 20694: 20210: 20183: 2025: 1919: 1900:

is an uncommon term for 'softball', which itself is normally

1216:('philosophy'). While many terms were coined afresh (such as 1071: 934: 904: 874: 799: 258: 208: 167: 22857: 22855: 22853: 20296:

readings nearly perfectly in terms of voicing. For example,

20081:. This shift did not occur in Sino-Japanese. Thus, Mandarin 191:") which was borrowed from a modern Chinese dialect, is not 23813: 21698: 20872: 2574:

is in some cases not easily predictable, for example 約 (MC

949: 889: 88:, and that about 18–20% of words used in common speech are 20493:

in Cantonese, "vu" in Hakka, Shanghainese, and Vietnamese.

11485:/ziQ.sai/ 'ten years old' (now usually /zyuQ.sai/ ). For 6675:, which came to stand for the nasal special mora /N/. The 1598:

government. Certain military agencies, such as the Konoefu

22867: 22850: 22592: 20859: 20281:). The Shanghainese voiced consonants match the Japanese 15560: 2654:, the following sets of consonants can be distinguished: 2191:

have the following regular correspondences in Go and Kan

702: 321:

becoming a phonetic feature with the development of both

22879: 22838: 22701:

The Languages of Japan (Section 7.2 "Loan words", p.142)

20231:

is read "kei" (*kiæŋ -> kyei -> kei) in this case.

6664:

MC coda /m/ was originally written in Japanese with the

2751:

While the correspondences between MC rimes and Japanese

625:) when used in compounds with other characters, e.g. in 56:, is a subset of Japanese vocabulary that originated in 21886:

An Etymological Dictionary of Common Chinese Characters

20623:('five') and similar characters were pronounced with a 20397:. This is still pronounced with a final in Cantonese: 20083: 74:) and borrowings from other, mainly Western languages ( 23034: 1988: 1975: 1934: 1908: 1865: 1852: 1139: 1116: 767:

refer to uniquely Japanese concepts. Examples include

761: 672: 528: 213: 193: 173: 152: 123: 106: 97: 90: 82: 63: 22742:

Baxter-Sagart Old Chinese reconstruction, version 1.0

1168:. These terms include words for new technology, like 20117:

romanization). This is similar to the way the Latin

19904:

Phonetic correspondences between Modern Chinese and

1955:, meaning 'busy' or 'troublesome'; the written form 22897: 22798: 22786: 12188:is adapted as Go /batu/, while the homophonous MC 3693: 2771:These MC rimes have no consonant after the vowel. 1691:Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force 22940: 20813:Korea during the 5th and 6th centuries. Go means 20095:, 'breath, air, spirit') corresponds to Japanese 5865: 2493:allow the following sequences containing glides: 2159:(the remainder of the syllable). Originally, the 309:Chinese borrowings also significantly influenced 24387: 20225:(which did and does have syllables ending in ). 19920:of many Sino-Japanese words do not resemble the 2598:listed as an alternate (but unused) Go reading. 331:Early Middle Japanese: Phonological developments 22581: 20842: 20821: 20791: 20578: 20563: 20441: 20383: 20282: 20103:, it is still pronounced as 'ki'. For example, 19955: 19940: 19925: 2740:, but it either has no identified reading, has 2650:. For the purposes of determining the Japanese 1980:('face' + 'fall down' = 'bother, trouble') and 1917: 1870:both translate as 'tennis', where the gairaigo 1836:both translate as 'baseball', where the yakugo 1699:Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Air Force 1659: 1644: 1629: 1569: 1545: 1537:(all-breaking) spear and (never-broken) shield 1521: 1516:republican president; republicanism; democracy 1497: 1470: 1446: 1422: 1398: 1374: 1345: 1321: 1297: 1273: 1249: 1150: 740: 721: 554: 535: 501: 486: 471: 456: 441: 426: 393: 378: 363: 348: 211:), which was created with Chinese elements, is 23: 22772:. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. pp. 161–163. 22726: 22489: 22457: 22428: 22396: 22364: 22332: 22300: 22268: 22239: 22207: 22175: 22143: 22111: 22079: 22050: 22021: 21992: 21960: 21928: 21880:Middle Chinese reconstruction is according to 21641: 21629: 21561: 21549: 21477: 21467: 21457: 21447: 21394: 21307: 21294: 21279: 21268: 21257: 21180: 21101: 21090: 21079: 21068: 20974: 20963: 20952: 20941: 20851: 20828: 20798: 20743: 20683: 20585: 20570: 20448: 20390: 20319: 20289: 20241: 20188: 19962: 19947: 19932: 13686: 13680: 12243: 12237: 12231: 12225: 12219: 12213: 12199: 12189: 12180: 11502: 11496: 11486: 11480: 11474: 6714: 6708: 6698: 6691: 6679: 6670: 2539:Additional "ancient" kana (used even earlier) 2502:(codified c. 13th century) with glides /y, w/ 2472: 2466: 2431: 2170: 2112: 2106: 2088: 2078: 2068: 2048: 2030: 2012: 1982: 1969: 1957: 1941: 1926: 1902: 1891: 1880: 1872: 1859: 1846: 1838: 1827: 1816: 1770: 1755: 1666: 1651: 1636: 1621: 1611: 1601: 1576: 1552: 1528: 1504: 1477: 1453: 1429: 1405: 1381: 1354: 1328: 1304: 1280: 1256: 1226: 1218: 1207: 1196: 1185: 1170: 1157: 1128: 1108: 1100: 1085: 1077: 1060: 1052: 1037: 1029: 1014: 1006: 984: 970: 955: 940: 925: 910: 895: 880: 865: 850: 835: 820: 805: 790: 775: 749: 728: 695: 684: 661: 650: 638: 627: 619: 600: 592: 583: 565: 546: 508: 493: 478: 463: 448: 433: 400: 385: 370: 355: 145:to translate non-Asian concepts and have been 23101: 23020: 20729: 20713: 20671: 20655: 20632: 20618: 20609: 20599: 20593: 20553: 20543: 20503: 20497: 20484: 20478: 20435: 20410: 20377: 20297: 20272: 20235: 20226: 20204: 20194: 20172: 20166: 20160: 20104: 20088: 20072: 20056: 6690:ん used to represent /N/. It is possible that 2480: 670:"tonsils"; it was intentionally created as a 648:(from the on'yomi of its phonetic component, 407:(usual for nouns) when acting attributively. 20203:with a nasal diphthong). Another example is 13685:/gaku/ 'study' appears as /gaQ/ in the word 1803:, forming (a modern Japanese) part of their 1703:Republic of China Armed Forces rank insignia 518: 22824:. Cambridge University Press. p. 276. 22721: 22719: 22629:seen here did not develop until later from 20756: 19911: 2698:ts, dz, tʂ, dʐ, tɕ, dʑ, s, z, ɕ, ʑ, ʂ, (y) 2639:are given in a phonemic transcription (see 2440:) 'army' has the prescribed Go/Kan reading 2144:Correspondences between Middle Chinese and 313:, leading to many new developments such as 23108: 23094: 23027: 23013: 22891: 22885: 22873: 22861: 22844: 22819: 20466:'ten' (Standard Mandarin "shí", Cantonese 13501:(same as above in Baxter's transcription) 13311:(same as above in Baxter's transcription) 12242:/niti/ 'day' appears as /niQ/ in the word 9078:(same as above in Baxter's transcription) 8838:(same as above in Baxter's transcription) 7438:ʔjim, in/an/on (unclassified On readings) 2077:in a particular environment. For example, 1695:Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Navy 1492:non-monarchical government; republicanism 609:, "to work"), which was given the on'yomi 261:had in European history. For example, the 22757:Baxter's transcription for Middle Chinese 20121:, once always pronounced like an English 1791:, which took back words like τηλεγράφημα 343:Japanese grammar § Word class system 22716: 22603: 22601: 22589:National Institute for Japanese Language 20538:, as well as Vietnamese.) Thus Mandarin 13741:Middle Chinese, Go-on, Kan-on, (Kan'yō) 12298:Middle Chinese, Go-on, Kan-on, (Kan'yō) 11561:Middle Chinese, Go-on, Kan-on, (Kan'yō) 9395:Middle Chinese, Go-on, Kan-on, (Kan'yō) 7499:Middle Chinese, Go-on, Kan-on, (Kan'yō) 6769:Middle Chinese, Go-on, Kan-on, (Kan'yō) 5937:Middle Chinese, Go-on, Kan-on, (Kan'yō) 3768:Middle Chinese, Go-on, Kan-on, (Kan'yō) 2625:(GSR), with the rimes transcribed using 1046:, literally 'belly/abdomen stands up'), 682:and are thus treated as kun'yomi, e.g., 14538:kjwak, kwaku>kaku, kwyaku>kyaku; 13028:khwet/khjwiet, kweti>keti, kwetu> 12973:ʔjwot/ʔjwet, woti>oti, wetu>etu; 10841:ɣjwæŋ, wyaũ>yaũ>yō, weĩ>eĩ> 2563:twi, dwi, swi, zwi, rwi, kwi, gwi, ywi 1628:, were headed by officials titled with 421:In addition to the basic verbal noun + 141:. Many of them were created during the 24388: 22533:List of Chinese–Japanese false friends 15561:Shapes of borrowed Sino-Japanese roots 13105:ɣot, goti, kotu (only example in GSR) 11473:number of Japanese words, for example 1707:Vietnamese military ranks and insignia 1058:'fire starts or breaks out', based on 709: 277: 23115: 23089: 23008: 22804: 22792: 22767: 22598: 21735: 21557: 21390: 21176: 20875: 15119: 11870: 9862: 9743: 8987: 8764: 8293: 8109: 7782: 7648: 7078: 6109: 5567: 5040: 3795: 3210: 45: 22910:; Nathalie Vallee (31 August 2010). 22815: 22813: 22705:, Cambridge University Press, 1990. 20457:colloquial and literary respectively 20040:A major sound-shift has occurred in 14542:ʔjwak/ʔjwæk, waku (unclassified On) 14379:kwɛk, kwaku>kaku, kwyaku>kyaku 13673: 12838:ɣwɛt, gweti>geti, kwatu>katu; 12173: 12091:ʔip, opu>ō, ipu>yū / apu>ō 11439: 9309: 7444: 6659: 2766: 2182: 636:("labor"). Similarly, the character 22961: 22906:Cécile Fougeron; Barbara Kuehnert; 22595:broadcasts from April to June 1989. 21772:?? same as not in compound ?? 14336:kwæk, kyaku/kaku (unclassified On) 13060:kwet/xwet, kweti>keti, kwetu> 12842:tʂwɛt, seti/satu (unclassified On) 11096:duwŋ, duũ>zū, toũ>tō (dou> 9149:yjwin, win>in (unclassified On) 1996: 1687:Comparative military ranks of Korea 1683:Ranks of the Imperial Japanese Army 122:written by Japanese in Japan. Both 13: 22944:A History of the Japanese Language 22941:Bjarke Frellesvig (29 July 2010). 22934: 22916:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 207. 22900:The Japanese language through time 22822:A History of the Japanese Language 21164:( when the Tang source had coda ) 21041:( when the Tang source had coda ) 20440:'Buddha') corresponds to Japanese 20382:, 'iron') corresponds to Japanese 20006:reconstruction of Middle Chinese. 14300:ʔwak, waku, waku, (kwaku>kaku) 12728:ɣwat, gwati>gati, kwatu>katu 11889:tshjep, sepu>syō, sepu>syō; 4372:ɣwɛj, we>e, kwai>kai, (wai) 2518:Cya, Cyo, Cyu (C = any consonant) 2136:through the philological study of 1561:earth-deity-worshipping community 14: 24422: 22990: 22810: 22468:dzyangX /dʑaŋ²/, dzyangH /dʑaŋ³/ 21877:Pinyin, Go-on, Kan-on: See above. 20866:(10th to 13th century) and after. 20552:. This is also why the character 20548:, Japan) corresponds to Japanese 20512:consonant closely approximating 15451:ʔjuwk, wiku>iku, wiku>iku; 15447:ɣjuwk, wiku>iku, wiku>iku; 6649:ʔjiw, iu>yū, iu>yū, (eu> 2632:Character List for Karlgren's GSR 1183:in question differently, such as 377:), while an adjectival noun uses 207:, "Northern Capital", a name for 157:is also to be distinguished from 128:in modern Japanese and classical 22591:in its study of language use in 20489:is pronounced "wǔ" in Mandarin, 14732:ʈhjæk, tyaku (unclassified On); 13216:ɣjwot, woti>oti, wetu>etu 11962:tsep, sepu>syō, sepu>syō; 11958:thep, tepu>tyō, tepu>tyō; 11885:ɳjep, nepu>nyō, depu>zyō; 11881:ljep, repu>ryō, repu>ryō; 11824:ʂæp, syō, sō (unclassified On); 8167:kwɛn, kwen>ken, kwan>kan; 8132:kwæn, kwen>ken, kwan>kan; 16:Japanese words of Chinese origin 22728:国立国語研究所『テレビ放送の語彙調査Ｉ』（平成7年，秀英出版） 22666: 22657: 22648: 22636: 22619: 22610: 20807:Northern and Southern dynasties 20734:, Chinese written language) to 20577:, and "jin" in others, such as 20405:). Another example is Mandarin 20181:; this corresponds to Japanese 12054:ɖip, dipu>zyū, tipu>tyū; 10656:pjieŋ, pyaũ>hyō, pei>hē; 6213:gjiew, geu>gyō, keu>kyō; 4204:khwoj, kwe>ke, kwai>kai; 3694:Rimes ending in a palatal glide 2560:つゐ, づゐ, すゐ, ずゐ, るゐ, くゐ, ぐゐ, ゆゐ 2187:The Early Middle Chinese (EMC) 22947:. Cambridge University Press. 22761: 22735: 22692: 20839:during the 7th to 9th century. 20125:, became closer to an English 13068:ɣwet, gweti>getu, kwetu> 12720:kwat, kwati>kati, kwatu> 11966:kep, kepu>kyō, kepu>kyō 11231:bjuwŋ, bu/bū/byō, hō/hyō, (hū) 9503:phæŋ, pyaũ>hyō, paũ>hō; 6633:pjiw, piu>hyū, piu>hyū; 6629:mjiw, miu>myū, biu>byū; 6152:gjew, geu>gyō, keu>kyō; 5866:Rimes ending in a labial glide 5576:ɖjwe, dwi>zui, twi>tui; 4863:kjwej, kwe>ke, kwei>kē; 4200:kwoj, kwe>ke, kwai>kai; 2821:Middle Chinese, Go-on, Kan-on 2763:list are highlighted in blue. 1679:Imperial Japanese Armed Forces 1162:, translated word, equivalent) 295:, which has come to be called 270: 1: 22685: 22500:hæX /ɦæ²,ɣæ²/, hæH /ɦæ³,ɣæ³/ 20862:Buddhist borrowings from the 14446:ɖjak, dyaku>zyaku, tyaku; 12800:ʔwæt, watu (unclassified On) 11794:kɛp, kepu>kyō, kapu>kō 11662:nop, nopu>nō, dapu>dō; 11601:ɣap, gapu>gō, kapu>kō; 11593:lap, rapu>rō, rapu>rō; 9778:tsoŋ, soũ>sō, soũ>sō, ( 9587:pɛŋ, pyaũ>hyō, paũ>hō; 9583:mɛŋ, myaũ>myō, maũ>mō; 8720:ɣjwon, won>on, wen>en; 6267:kew, keu>kyō, keu>kyō; 6263:sew, seu>syō, seu>syō; 6065:tʂæw, seu>syō, sau>sō; 5832:ŋjwɨj, gwe>ge, gwi>gi; 5601:ŋjwe, gwi>gi, gwi>gi, ( 4989:kwej, kwe>ke, kwei>kē; 4949:xjwoj, kwe>ke, kwai>kai 1939:('care, concern') is written 1844:is more common. By contrast, 1749:). Since the sources for the 1012:meaning 'reply', from native 659:"spring, fountain"), e.g. in 222: 24252:Kanji pronunciation sources 24026:Katakana Phonetic Extensions 22898:Martin, Samuel Elmo (1987), 22770:Language change in East Asia 19971:Historical Chinese phonology 15041:kwek, kyaku, kweki>keki; 11928:ʔjiep, epu>yō, epu>yō 11786:tʂhɛp, sepu>syō, sapu> 11479:/zipu/ > /zyū/ 'ten' vs. 11248:ɖjuwŋ, dyuũ>zyū, tyuũ> 10255:xjwaŋ, kwaũ>kō, kwyaũ> 10195:ʔjaŋ, yō (unclassified On); 10087:dʑjaŋ, zyaũ>zyō, syaũ> 9060:ɣwin, win>in, win>in; 8736:ʔjwon, won>on, wen>en 8363:gjwen, gwen>gen, kwen> 6061:ɖæw, deu>zyō, tau>tō; 6049:mæw, meu>myō, bau>bō; 5996:khaw, kau>kō, kau>kō; 5992:tsaw, sau>sō, sau>sō; 5713:kwij, kwi>ki, kwi>ki; 5609:kjwe, kwi>ki, kwi>ki; 7: 24361:Speculative fiction writers 23920:Transcription into Japanese 22820:Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010). 22521: 21861: 20843: 20822: 20792: 20579: 20564: 20442: 20384: 20283: 20129:in Italian words where the 19956: 19941: 19926: 15370:ɳjuwk, niku, diku>ziku; 15082:xwik, koku, kwyoku>kyoku 14375:kwɛk, koku, kwaku>kaku; 13590:khjɨt, koti, kitu, (kotu); 12167:ʔjip, ipu>yū, ipu>yū 9973:ɣwɛŋ, waũ>ō, kwaũ>kō 9750:boŋ, boũ>bō, poũ>hō; 9454:kaŋ, kaũ>kō, kaũ>kō; 9064:ʔwin/khwin, in/gin, in/kin 8484:ʔwen, wen>en, wen>en 4993:ɣwej, we>e, kwei>kē; 4405:kwɛ, kwe>ke, kwai>kai 3106:kwa, kwa>ka, kwa>ka; 1989: 1976: 1935: 1918: 1909: 1866: 1853: 1673:(see the Japanese article, 1660: 1645: 1630: 1570: 1546: 1522: 1498: 1471: 1447: 1423: 1399: 1375: 1346: 1322: 1298: 1274: 1265:teaching of the humanities 1250: 1151: 1140: 1117: 1114:'cooked rice') is a pseudo- 762: 754:, Japanese-created English) 741: 722: 673: 555: 536: 534:is usually identified with 529: 502: 487: 472: 457: 442: 427: 394: 379: 364: 349: 214: 194: 174: 153: 124: 107: 98: 91: 83: 64: 24: 10: 24427: 23279:Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka 20718:) corresponds to Japanese 20660:) corresponds to Japanese 20267:. The key exception is in 15585: 14664:ɳik, nyoku, dyoku>zyoku 14040:ɖæwk, daku, taku, (teki); 12058:zip, zipu>zyū, sipu> 11828:kæp, kepu>kyō, kapu> 10578:ljeŋ, ryaũ>ryō, reĩ> 10513:gjæŋ, gyaũ>gyō, keĩ> 10469:pjæŋ, pyaũ>hyō, peĩ> 10339:ɖiŋ, dyoũ>zyō, tyoũ> 10123:ʂjaŋ, syaũ>syō, saũ> 9603:tʂɛŋ, syaũ>syō, saũ> 9536:khæŋ, kyaũ>kyō, kaũ> 8371:kjwen, ken, ken, (kwan> 4838:tshjwej/tʂhjwej, sai, sē; 4542:yjej, yei>ē, yei>ē; 4452:khwæj, kwe>ke, kwai> 2665:Middle Chinese consonants 2481:Rimes (medials and finals) 1241:Classical Chinese meaning 713: 644:("gland") has the on'yomi 340: 336: 229:East Asian cultural sphere 226: 24406:Archaic Japanese language 24336: 24276: 24228: 24070: 23928: 23870: 23812: 23747: 23738: 23647: 23622: 23613: 23565: 23538: 23461: 23335: 23163: 23154: 23123: 23043: 22727: 22528:Sino-Xenic pronunciations 22490: 22458: 22450: 22429: 22397: 22365: 22333: 22301: 22269: 22261: 22240: 22208: 22176: 22144: 22112: 22080: 22072: 22051: 22043: 22022: 22014: 21993: 21977:èr < */ʐr/ < */ʐi/ 21961: 21929: 21839: 21787: 21784: 21763: 21732: 21649: 21642: 21637: 21630: 21616: 21562: 21550: 21539: 21533: 21526: 21524: 21478: 21468: 21458: 21448: 21434: 21395: 21382: 21378: 21369: 21342: 21318: 21308: 21295: 21288: 21280: 21269: 21258: 21252: 21220: 21181: 21168: 21160: 21149: 21102: 21091: 21080: 21069: 21045: 21036: 21024: 20975: 20964: 20953: 20942: 20921: 20892: 20887: 20880: 20852: 20829: 20799: 20744: 20730: 20714: 20684: 20672: 20656: 20633: 20619: 20610: 20600: 20594: 20586: 20571: 20554: 20544: 20504: 20498: 20485: 20479: 20449: 20436: 20411: 20391: 20378: 20320: 20298: 20290: 20273: 20242: 20236: 20227: 20205: 20195: 20189: 20187:, with sound history for 20173: 20167: 20161: 20105: 20089: 20073: 20057: 20024:for Mandarin Chinese and 19963: 19948: 19933: 15590:kanji with each possible 14946: 14943: 14721: 14718: 14325: 14271: 14213: 14118: 14029: 13882: 13879: 13769: 13702: 13699: 13696: 13687: 13681: 13456: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13249: 13244: 13241: 13238: 13235: 13232: 13229: 13098: 13095: 12947: 12942: 12765: 12760: 12520: 12517: 12401: 12398: 12259: 12256: 12253: 12244: 12238: 12232: 12226: 12220: 12214: 12200: 12190: 12181: 12083:kip, kopu>kō, kipu> 12047: 11775: 11635: 11632: 11586: 11522: 11519: 11516: 11503: 11497: 11487: 11481: 11475: 11016: 10980: 10822: 10819: 10763:neŋ, nyaũ>nyō, neĩ> 10426: 10423: 10163:ŋjaŋ, gaũ>gō, gyaũ> 10131:ljaŋ, raũ>rō, ryaũ> 9495:mæŋ, myaũ>myō, maũ> 9488: 9485: 9423: 9356: 9353: 9350: 9303:ʔjun, un, un (won>on) 9233: 9174: 9104: 8978: 8975: 8972: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8865: 8769: 8761: 8758: 8755: 8752: 8749: 8692: 8571: 8509: 8201: 8114: 8011: 7651: 7527: 7492: 7460: 7457: 7454: 7315: 6990: 6864: 6861: 6796: 6730: 6727: 6724: 6715: 6709: 6699: 6692: 6680: 6671: 6622: 6453:ɖjuw, diu>zyū, tiu> 5965: 5898: 5895: 5892: 5848:ɣjwɨj, wi>i, wi>i; 5844:ɣjwɨj, wi>i, wi>i; 4937: 4909: 4487: 4339:kwɛj, kwe>ke, kwai> 4148: 4143: 3979: 3976: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3316: 3110:ŋwa, gwa>ga, gwa>ga 3066: 2849: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2538: 2498: 2473: 2467: 2432: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2358: 2352: 2332: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2171: 2113: 2107: 2089: 2079: 2069: 2049: 2031: 2013: 1983: 1970: 1958: 1942: 1927: 1903: 1892: 1881: 1873: 1860: 1847: 1839: 1828: 1817: 1771: 1756: 1667: 1652: 1637: 1622: 1612: 1602: 1577: 1553: 1529: 1505: 1478: 1454: 1430: 1406: 1382: 1355: 1329: 1305: 1281: 1257: 1227: 1219: 1208: 1197: 1186: 1171: 1158: 1129: 1109: 1101: 1086: 1078: 1061: 1053: 1038: 1035:'become angry', based on 1030: 1015: 1007: 985: 971: 956: 941: 926: 911: 896: 881: 866: 851: 836: 821: 806: 791: 776: 750: 729: 696: 685: 662: 651: 639: 628: 620: 613:(from the on'yomi of its 601: 593: 584: 566: 547: 509: 494: 479: 464: 449: 434: 401: 386: 371: 356: 317:(CV(N), not just CV) and 36: 24146:Sino-Japanese vocabulary 23605:Yokohama Pidgin Japanese 22574: 20757:Chart of correspondences 19912:Comparison with Mandarin 14332:xwæk/xwek, kaku, kyaku; 12904:mjot, moti, batu, (betu) 11381:zjowŋ, zu, syoũ>syō; 10829:xjwæŋ, kwyaũ>kyaũ> 9631:ʔɛŋ, yaũ>yō, aũ>ō 9544:xæŋ, kaũ>kō, kyaũ> 9047:gwin, gon, kwin>kin; 6271:ʔew, eu>yō, eu>yō 6053:pæw, peu>hyō, pau> 4834:tshjwej, sai, sē, (zē); 2007:were originally used in 1779:('revolution', Mandarin 1369:; abnormality; lewdness 20:Sino-Japanese vocabulary 24092:Godan and ichidan verbs 23910:Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai 22913:Laboratory Phonology 10 22902:, Yale University Press 19922:Modern Standard Chinese 11840:ʔæp, epu>yō, apu> 11674:, sapu>sō, (zapu> 9434:daŋ, daũ>dō, taũ> 6081:ʔæw, eu>yō, au>ō 5717:ɣwij, wi>i, wi>i 4883:ɣjwej, we>e, wei> 4364:ɣwɛj, we>e, kwai> 4295:ʔwai, kai, kai, (wai); 4191:twoj, tai, tai, (tui); 3178:ŋwæ, gwe>ge, gwa> 2623:Grammata Serica Recensa 1787:occurred in the modern 570:, "reading by meaning") 22962:Liu, Lydia He (1995). 22698:Shibatani, Masayoshi. 22548:Sino-Korean vocabulary 15594:(Go, Kan, Tō, Kan'yō) 15515:tshjowk, soku, syoku; 13697:MC rime transcription 12348:mat, mati/matu, batu; 12254:MC rime transcription 12163:, zipu>zyū, (ni'); 11517:MC rime transcription 11260:kjuwŋ, ku/kū, kyuũ> 10002:aũ>ō (P, K, some S) 9351:MC rime transcription 9055:kwin, kon, kwin>kin 7455:MC rime transcription 6725:MC rime transcription 5893:MC rime transcription 5836:ʔjwɨj, we>e, wi> 3724:MC rime transcription 2777:MC rime transcription 1337:compassionate outlook 759:Many Japanese-created 118:, which is historical 24197:Court lady language ( 23667:Southern Amami Ōshima 23600:Yilan Creole Japanese 22607:before an MC coda /ŋ/ 22560:in European languages 22419:nichi < *niti; ni 20020:romanization such as 19916:At first glance, the 14466:tshjak, saku, syaku; 14392:ɣwɛk, waku, kwaku> 13703:Japanese On readings 13204:ŋjwot, goti/gwatu> 12260:Japanese On readings 11523:Japanese On readings 9677:ɖæwŋ, dō, taũ>tō; 9357:Japanese On readings 8704:khjwon, kon, kwen> 7461:Japanese On readings 7161:ʔjiem, en, en, (on); 6731:Japanese On readings 5899:Japanese On readings 5815:wi>i (after MC ɣ) 4351:kwɛj, ke, kwai>kai 3730:Japanese On readings 2783:Japanese On readings 2619:Middle Chinese finals 2578:) has the Go reading 1967:of this type include 1764:('culture', Mandarin 1486:cooperative harmony; 1313:imperial academician 375:, do studying; study) 341:Further information: 301:in this context. The 24016:Small Kana Extension 23627:Eastern Old Japanese 23266:Northern Izu Islands 22751:, also available at 22422:?? jitsu < *zitu 21844:; after back vowel, 20265:varieties of Chinese 20101:varieties of Chinese 20026:Hepburn romanization 19979:Early Middle Chinese 15519:xjowk, koku, kyoku; 15430:tshjuwk, suku, syuku 15009:(no example in GSR) 14950:(no example in GSR) 13691:/gaQ.kō/ 'school'. 13487:ʈhwit, tyuti, tyutu 13483:swit, syuti, syutu; 13020:xjwiet, keti, ketu; 12248:/niQ.ki/ 'diary'. 12230:/hati/ 'eight', and 11469:in modern Japanese. 11385:khjowŋ, ku, kyoũ> 11023:muwŋ, mu, bō, (mō); 10983:(no example in GSR) 10314:oũ>ō (Ø, some K) 10004:yaũ>yō (T, S, Ø) 8712:ŋjwon, gon, gwen> 7165:ʔjiem, en, en, (on) 6217:ʔjiew, yeu>eu> 6168:yjewH, yeu>eu> 4912:(no example in GSR) 4858:tɕjwej, se, sē, (zē) 4356:ʔwɛj, we>e, wai; 4275:/kwe>ke, kwai> 3319:(no example in GSR) 2720:ʔ, (y), sometimes ɣ 2662:Japanese consonants 2486:Middle Chinese rimes 2477:/eN.pitu/ 'pencil'. 265:word for gunpowder, 96:. The usage of such 24401:Japanese vocabulary 23567:Pidgins and creoles 22587:As measured by the 22558:Classical compounds 21840:after front vowel, 20617:In Middle Chinese, 19993:was represented as 15316:wiku>iku (K, Ø) 15307:wiku>iku (K, Ø) 15172:thuwk, toku, toku; 15045:khwek, kyaku, keki 14774:ɖjek, zyaku, teki; 14744:khjæk, kyaku, keki 14728:pjæk, hyaku, heki; 14681:khik, koku, kyoku; 14575:oku (K, Ø, some S) 14462:ljak, raku, ryaku; 14362:waku>aku, (oku?) 13921:tʂæk, syaku, saku; 13913:phæk, hyaku, haku; 13548:kjwit, kiti, kitu; 13461:witu>itu (K, Ø) 13454:witi>iti (K, Ø) 13260:ɖit, diti>ziti, 12960:ljwet, reti, retu; 12956:ʈjwet, teti, tetu; 12950:wetu>etu (K, Ø) 12763:weti>eti (K, Ø) 12527:bjet, beti, hetu, ( 11654:lop, rō, rō, (ratu/ 11401:xjowŋ, ku/kū, kyō; 11393:kjowŋ, ku, kyoũ> 10007:aũ>ō (P, some S) 9341:in modern Japanese 9121:ɕjwin, syun, syun ( 9026:ʈhwin, tyun, tyun; 8136:ɣwæn, gen, kwan> 6684:developed into the 6549:ɣjuw, u, iu>yū; 4494:ljej, rai, rai/rē; 4216:ʔwoj, we>e, wai 2534:kwa, gwa, kwe, gwe 2471:/hitu/ 'brush' vs. 2455:Late Middle Chinese 2138:Chinese rime tables 1585:weaving; formation 1390:self-determination 1289:workings of things 1000:. Examples include 733:, Japanese-created 710:Words made in Japan 24396:Japanese phonology 24368:Classical Japanese 24215:Gender differences 24051:Extended shinjitai 22908:Mariapaola Imperio 22747:2011-08-14 at the 22137:shitsu < *situ 22134:shichi < *siti 21720:in some compounds 20785:or glide followed. 20765:MC: Middle Chinese 20234:As in the case of 20209:, former name for 20133:is followed by an 20127:⟨CH⟩ 20034:IPA transcriptions 18604:(possibly native) 18430:(possibly native) 15176:luwk, roku, roku; 15144:puwk, hoku, hoku; 14916:sek, syaku, seki; 14904:mek, myaku, beki; 14685:kik, koku, kyoku; 14584:pik, hiki, hyoku; 14056:ʂæwk, saku, saku; 14036:mæwk, maku, baku; 13997:kɛk, kyaku, kaku; 13917:ʈæk, tyaku, taku; 13640:pjut, hoti, hutu; 13193:oti, (watu>atu) 13152:nwot, noti, dotu; 12909:xjot, koti, ketu; 12896:bjot, boti, hatu ( 12788:kwæt, keti, katu; 12776:ʈwæt, teti, tatu; 12595:pjiet, heti, hetu 12555:ŋjet, geti, getu; 12551:sjet, seti, setu; 12486:khɛt, keti, katu; 11167:tsowŋ, so, soũ> 10489:ʂjæŋ/ʂæŋ, syaũ> 8338:ɲjwen, nen, zen, ( 8123:tʂhwæn, sen, san; 7109:tshjem, sen, sen; 6497:zjuw, zyu, siu> 6073:khæw, kyō, kau> 4830:ɲjwej, ne/nē, zē; 4769:bjoj, bai/o, hai; 4410:ʔwɛ, we>e, wai 2641:Japanese phonology 2515:きや, きよ, きゆ (etc.) 2155:consonant), and a 1588:biological tissue 1145:coined during the 615:phonetic component 551:, "sound reading") 519:Sino-Japanese and 311:Japanese phonology 286:in Korean, and as 282:), is rendered as 279:[xwa˧˥jak] 163:Chinese characters 24383: 24382: 24087:Verb conjugations 24066: 24065: 23734: 23733: 23615:Japonic languages 23561: 23560: 23553:Okinawan Japanese 23117:Japanese language 23083: 23082: 23038:loan vocabularies 22954:978-1-139-48880-8 22923:978-3-11-022491-7 22886:Frellesvig (2010) 22874:Frellesvig (2010) 22862:Frellesvig (2010) 22845:Frellesvig (2010) 22831:978-0-521-65320-6 22519: 22518: 22451:?? hon < *pon 22169:hatsu < *patu 22166:hachi < *pati 21882:William H. Baxter 21859: 21858: 21694: 21693: 20139:⟨I⟩ 20135:⟨E⟩ 20131:⟨C⟩ 20123:⟨K⟩ 20119:⟨C⟩ 19893: 19892: 15558: 15557: 14920:ŋek, gyaku, geki 14573:yoku (after /n/)? 14369:(wyaku>yaku?) 13800:lak, raku, raku; 13674:Rimes with coda k 13671: 13670: 13594:xjɨt, koti, kitu 13289:git, goti, kitu; 13256:bit, biti, hitu; 12733:ʔwat, wati, watu 12651:ŋet, geti, getu; 12639:set, seti, setu; 12635:det, deti, tetu; 12559:kjet, keti, ketu 12408:ʈæt, teti, tatu; 12360:tat, tati, tatu; 12356:bat, bati, hatu; 12352:bat, batu, hatu; 12174:Rimes with coda t 12171: 12170: 11440:Rimes with coda p 11437: 11436: 11413:yjowŋ, yu/yuũ> 11351:phjowŋ, hu/hū, hō 11211:(y)oũ>(y)ō (P) 10920:gjwieŋ, gyō, kē; 10833:, kweĩ>keĩ> 9310:Rimes with coda ŋ 9307: 9306: 9283:kjun, kun, kun, ( 9107:win>in (K, Ø) 9051:khwin, kon, kin; 8992:win>in (K, Ø) 8296:wen>en (K, Ø) 7889:pjien, hen, hen; 7445:Rimes with coda n 7442: 7441: 7001:tʂɛm, sen, san, ( 6871:thom, ton, tan, ( 6660:Rimes with coda m 6657: 6656: 5863: 5862: 4485:ei>ē, (e) (Ø) 4271:ɣwaj/kwaj, we> 4251:thwaj, tai, tai; 4208:khwoj/khwɛj, ke, 3941:tshaj, sai, sai; 3691: 3690: 3254:tshjæ, sya, sya; 2767:Vowel-final rimes 2724: 2723: 2717:Ø (no consonant) 2607:Bernhard Karlgren 2567: 2566: 2421: 2420: 2183:Onsets (initials) 2037:Buddhism in Japan 1592: 1591: 1438:crossing a river 1393:freedom; liberty 1205:('society'), and 143:Meiji Restoration 24418: 24411:Chinese language 24326:Polivanov system 24187:Honorific speech 24082:Japanese grammar 23745: 23744: 23620: 23619: 23161: 23160: 23110: 23103: 23096: 23087: 23086: 23036:Chinese language 23029: 23022: 23015: 23006: 23005: 22986: 22984: 22982: 22958: 22928: 22927: 22903: 22895: 22889: 22883: 22877: 22871: 22865: 22859: 22848: 22842: 22836: 22835: 22817: 22808: 22802: 22796: 22790: 22784: 22783: 22765: 22759: 22739: 22733: 22731: 22730: 22729: 22723: 22714: 22696: 22679: 22675:Dai Kan-Wa Jiten 22670: 22664: 22661: 22655: 22652: 22646: 22640: 22634: 22623: 22617: 22614: 22608: 22605: 22596: 22585: 22494: 22493: 22492: 22462: 22461: 22460: 22433: 22432: 22431: 22401: 22400: 22399: 22369: 22368: 22367: 22337: 22336: 22335: 22305: 22304: 22303: 22273: 22272: 22271: 22262:hoku < *poku 22244: 22243: 22242: 22212: 22211: 22210: 22180: 22179: 22178: 22148: 22147: 22146: 22116: 22115: 22114: 22084: 22083: 22082: 22055: 22054: 22053: 22026: 22025: 22024: 21997: 21996: 21995: 21965: 21964: 21963: 21933: 21932: 21931: 21909:Mandarin Pinyin 21892: 21891: 21855: 21847: 21843: 21834: 21827: 21810: 21803: 21798: 21794: 21790: 21779: 21769: 21755: 21745: 21738: 21727: 21699: 21646: 21645: 21644: 21634: 21633: 21632: 21566: 21565: 21564: 21554: 21553: 21552: 21482: 21481: 21480: 21472: 21471: 21470: 21462: 21461: 21460: 21452: 21451: 21450: 21399: 21398: 21397: 21328:z,j,c,q · zh,ch 21312: 21311: 21310: 21299: 21298: 21297: 21284: 21283: 21282: 21273: 21272: 21271: 21262: 21261: 21260: 21185: 21184: 21183: 21106: 21105: 21104: 21095: 21094: 21093: 21084: 21083: 21082: 21073: 21072: 21071: 20979: 20978: 20977: 20968: 20967: 20966: 20957: 20956: 20955: 20946: 20945: 20944: 20873: 20857: 20855: 20854: 20848: 20834: 20832: 20831: 20825: 20804: 20802: 20801: 20795: 20773:Standard Chinese 20747: 20746: 20733: 20732: 20717: 20716: 20687: 20686: 20675: 20674: 20659: 20658: 20636: 20635: 20630: 20622: 20621: 20613: 20612: 20606:Zhangzhou accent 20603: 20602: 20597: 20596: 20591: 20589: 20588: 20582: 20576: 20574: 20573: 20567: 20561: 20557: 20556: 20547: 20546: 20507: 20506: 20501: 20500: 20492: 20488: 20487: 20482: 20481: 20473: 20469: 20465: 20454: 20452: 20451: 20445: 20439: 20438: 20429: 20425: 20414: 20413: 20400: 20396: 20394: 20393: 20387: 20381: 20380: 20368:and then simply 20323: 20322: 20301: 20300: 20295: 20293: 20292: 20286: 20276: 20275: 20250: 20245: 20244: 20239: 20238: 20230: 20229: 20217:in Japanese and 20208: 20207: 20199:(colloquial) is 20198: 20197: 20192: 20191: 20176: 20175: 20170: 20169: 20164: 20163: 20154: 20147: 20140: 20136: 20132: 20128: 20124: 20120: 20108: 20107: 20099:. In some other 20094: 20093: 20076: 20075: 20060: 20059: 20031: 20000: 19996: 19992: 19968: 19966: 19965: 19959: 19953: 19951: 19950: 19944: 19938: 19936: 19935: 19929: 15583: 15582: 15554: 15550: 15534: 15530: 15510: 15506: 15462: 15458: 15442: 15438: 15425: 15405: 15393: 15389: 15377: 15365: 15361: 15353: 15345: 15341: 15333: 15329: 15274: 15266: 15262: 15254: 15246: 15211: 15207: 15199: 15195: 15187: 15183: 15167: 15163: 15139: 15135: 15122:woku>oku (Ø) 15090: 15076:(wyoku)>yoku 15073:wiki>iki (Ø) 14985: 14981: 14911: 14873: 14869: 14861: 14829: 14825: 14805: 14801: 14793: 14789: 14781: 14739: 14692: 14676: 14672: 14659: 14651: 14643: 14639: 14631: 14627: 14619: 14607: 14603: 14595: 14591: 14501: 14497: 14485: 14481: 14473: 14457: 14453: 14440: 14395: 14295: 14287: 14283: 14245: 14233: 14229: 14188: 14184: 14176: 14172: 14164: 14160: 14152: 14148: 14140: 14132: 14128: 14091: 14087: 14079: 14067: 14063: 14051: 14047: 13992: 13988: 13976: 13932: 13928: 13904: 13900: 13892: 13851: 13847: 13835: 13831: 13823: 13819: 13811: 13807: 13795: 13791: 13783: 13779: 13694: 13693: 13690: 13689: 13684: 13683: 13667: 13659: 13651: 13647: 13556:yjwit, iti, itu 13542: 13534: 13531:tɕhjwit, syuti, 13478: 13474: 13452:yuti/yutu (T, S) 13423: 13415: 13411: 13403: 13399: 13391: 13387: 13379: 13375: 13367: 13359: 13351: 13296: 13279: 13271: 13263: 13211: 13207: 13195:woti>oti (Ø) 13167: 13159: 13147: 13139: 13071: 13063: 13031: 12992: 12967: 12945:weti>eti (K) 12916: 12899: 12891: 12887: 12833: 12795: 12783: 12723: 12711: 12703: 12646: 12630: 12590: 12546: 12538: 12530: 12481: 12473: 12465: 12431: 12423: 12419: 12367: 12343: 12339: 12251: 12250: 12247: 12246: 12241: 12240: 12235: 12234: 12229: 12228: 12224:/siti/ 'seven', 12223: 12222: 12217: 12216: 12203: 12202: 12193: 12192: 12184: 12183: 12162: 12154: 12150: 12146: 12138: 12134: 12130: 12086: 12077: 12073: 12069: 12061: 12045:opu>ō (K, Ø) 12015: 12007: 12003: 11900: 11896: 11843: 11835: 11831: 11789: 11749: 11745: 11741: 11737: 11729: 11697: 11693: 11689: 11681: 11677: 11673: 11657: 11649: 11645: 11514: 11513: 11506: 11505: 11500: 11499: 11490: 11489: 11484: 11483: 11478: 11477: 11428: 11420: 11416: 11396: 11388: 11375: 11363: 11359: 11346: 11342: 11295: 11287: 11275: 11271: 11263: 11256:sjuwŋ, sū, syū; 11251: 11243: 11239: 11226: 11222: 11170: 11161: 11153: 11149: 11141: 11137: 11099: 11091: 11083: 11066: 11058: 11054: 11038: 11030: 10915: 10879: 10844: 10836: 10832: 10794: 10790: 10782: 10778: 10766: 10758: 10754: 10742: 10738: 10730: 10726: 10718: 10714: 10676:kjieŋ, kyō, kē; 10667: 10663: 10621: 10617: 10609: 10605: 10593: 10589: 10581: 10573: 10540: 10533:khjæŋ, kyō, kē; 10528: 10520: 10516: 10508: 10504: 10496: 10492: 10484: 10480: 10472: 10464: 10460: 10452: 10448: 10440: 10436: 10387: 10383: 10366: 10362: 10354: 10350: 10342: 10334: 10330: 10278: 10274: 10266: 10258: 10218: 10214: 10190: 10182: 10178: 10170: 10166: 10158: 10154: 10146: 10142: 10134: 10126: 10118: 10114: 10102: 10098: 10090: 10082: 10078: 10070: 10066: 10058: 10050: 10046: 10038: 10034: 10022: 10018: 9944: 9896: 9892: 9876: 9872: 9805: 9801: 9793: 9789: 9781: 9773: 9769: 9761: 9757: 9716: 9712: 9704: 9700: 9692: 9688: 9672: 9668: 9618: 9606: 9594: 9547: 9539: 9523: 9519: 9498: 9449: 9445: 9437: 9348: 9347: 9298: 9294: 9286: 9278: 9274: 9262: 9250: 9246: 9207: 9195: 9187: 9144: 9140: 9132: 9124: 9116: 9042:swin, syun, syun 9037: 9033: 9021: 9017: 8951: 8947: 8939: 8935: 8927: 8923: 8915: 8911: 8903: 8899: 8891: 8887: 8879: 8875: 8819: 8811: 8807: 8795: 8791: 8783: 8779: 8731: 8727: 8715: 8707: 8667: 8663: 8651: 8647: 8639: 8635: 8627: 8623: 8615: 8611: 8603: 8595: 8587: 8583: 8543: 8539: 8531: 8523: 8519: 8479: 8471: 8467: 8430: 8426: 8394: 8390: 8374: 8366: 8358: 8354: 8341: 8333: 8325: 8321: 8313: 8309: 8261: 8257: 8249: 8241: 8237: 8228: 8224: 8213:bjon, bon, han; 8174: 8139: 8077: 8069: 8065: 8057: 8053: 8045: 8041: 8029: 8025: 7979: 7975: 7959: 7955: 7947: 7943: 7908: 7904: 7896: 7884: 7852: 7848: 7841:gjen, gen, ken; 7836: 7832: 7824: 7820: 7812: 7808: 7800: 7796: 7745: 7741: 7733: 7725: 7673: 7665: 7621: 7617: 7609: 7605: 7597: 7593: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7569: 7565: 7553: 7549: 7541: 7537: 7452: 7451: 7433: 7429: 7408: 7404: 7369: 7365: 7353: 7349: 7337: 7333: 7282:khjæm, kon, ken 7277: 7265: 7261: 7218: 7214: 7206: 7202: 7129:gjem, gen, ken; 7124: 7120: 7100: 7096: 7089:ʈjem, ten, ten; 7085:pjem, hen, hen; 7045: 7004: 6963:phjom, hon, han 6958: 6954: 6922: 6914: 6911:ɣom, gon, kan, ( 6907:khom, kon, kan; 6902: 6890: 6886: 6874: 6834: 6830: 6823:dzam, zan, san; 6814: 6810: 6722: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6712: 6711: 6702: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6683: 6682: 6674: 6673: 6652: 6644: 6640: 6596: 6592: 6584: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6556: 6544: 6540: 6528: 6524: 6512: 6508: 6500: 6492: 6484: 6480: 6472: 6468: 6456: 6449:ʈjuw, tyū, tyū; 6444: 6440: 6432: 6424: 6368: 6356: 6352: 6344: 6336: 6332: 6324: 6320: 6312: 6258: 6224: 6220: 6208: 6175: 6171: 6163: 6159: 6147: 6143: 6135: 6131: 6123: 6119: 6076: 6056: 6011: 6007: 5987: 5983: 5975: 5890: 5889: 5859: 5855: 5839: 5827: 5782: 5778: 5770: 5766: 5758: 5754: 5747:ɲjwij, ni, zui; 5703: 5699: 5660: 5656: 5649:khjwie, ki, ki; 5620: 5616: 5604: 5595: 5584:ljwe, rui, rui; 5580:ʈjwe, tui, tui; 5540: 5528: 5524: 5512: 5503: 5495: 5491: 5450: 5446: 5434: 5430: 5418: 5414: 5406: 5402: 5394: 5390: 5382: 5378: 5370: 5366: 5323: 5319: 5311: 5307: 5299: 5295: 5287: 5275: 5236: 5232: 5220: 5216: 5208: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5140: 5136: 5090: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5066: 5062: 5054: 5012: 5008: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4853: 4850:ɕjwej, se, sē, ( 4826:ʈjwej, tai, tē; 4820:wei>ē (K, Ø) 4776: 4764: 4715: 4698: 4694: 4682: 4678: 4666: 4662: 4650: 4646: 4597: 4585: 4537: 4530:tɕjej, sai, sē; 4525: 4517: 4513: 4506:ʈhjej, tai, tē; 4501: 4455: 4443: 4367: 4347:khwɛj, ke, kai; 4342: 4310: 4306: 4290: 4286: 4278: 4274: 4262: 4258: 4211: 4195:tshwoj, sai, sai 4186: 4182: 4171:nwoj, nai, dai; 4166: 4159:bwoj, bai, hai; 4115: 4112:pæj/bæj, he/be, 4072: 4068: 4056: 4009: 3993: 3948: 3936: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3877: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3813: 3809: 3721: 3720: 3674: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3581: 3573: 3565: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3501: 3497: 3446: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3402: 3398: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3293: 3289: 3261: 3249: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3118: 3101: 3097: 3080: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3011: 2999: 2995: 2983: 2979: 2963: 2955: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2774: 2773: 2657: 2656: 2555:wya, kwya, gwya 2496: 2495: 2476: 2475: 2470: 2469: 2435: 2434: 2198: 2197: 2174: 2173: 2116: 2115: 2111:"Tang sound" or 2110: 2109: 2092: 2091: 2082: 2081: 2072: 2071: 2052: 2051: 2034: 2033: 2016: 2015: 1992: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1979: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1962: 1961: 1960: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1930: 1929: 1923: 1912: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1877: 1876: 1875: 1869: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1856: 1851: 1850: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1841: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1672: 1670: 1669: 1663: 1657: 1655: 1654: 1648: 1642: 1640: 1639: 1633: 1627: 1625: 1624: 1617: 1615: 1614: 1607: 1605: 1604: 1582: 1580: 1579: 1573: 1558: 1556: 1555: 1549: 1534: 1532: 1531: 1525: 1510: 1508: 1507: 1501: 1483: 1481: 1480: 1474: 1459: 1457: 1456: 1450: 1435: 1433: 1432: 1426: 1414:dynastic change 1411: 1409: 1408: 1402: 1387: 1385: 1384: 1378: 1360: 1358: 1357: 1351: 1334: 1332: 1331: 1325: 1310: 1308: 1307: 1301: 1286: 1284: 1283: 1277: 1262: 1260: 1259: 1253: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1163: 1161: 1160: 1154: 1143: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1120: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1011: 1010: 1009: 988: 987: 976: 974: 973: 961: 959: 958: 946: 944: 943: 931: 929: 928: 916: 914: 913: 901: 899: 898: 886: 884: 883: 871: 869: 868: 856: 854: 853: 841: 839: 838: 826: 824: 823: 811: 809: 808: 796: 794: 793: 781: 779: 778: 765: 755: 753: 752: 746: 738: 732: 731: 725: 700: 699: 698: 689: 688: 687: 676: 666: 665: 664: 655: 654: 653: 643: 642: 641: 632: 631: 630: 624: 623: 622: 605: 604: 603: 597: 596: 595: 589: 587: 586: 571: 569: 568: 562: 552: 550: 549: 543: 532: 514: 512: 511: 505: 499: 497: 496: 490: 484: 482: 481: 475: 469: 467: 466: 460: 454: 452: 451: 445: 439: 437: 436: 430: 416:periphrastically 406: 404: 403: 397: 391: 389: 388: 382: 376: 374: 373: 367: 361: 359: 358: 352: 315:closed syllables 293:literary Chinese 281: 276: 272: 217: 197: 177: 156: 127: 120:Literary Chinese 110: 101: 94: 86: 67: 55: 49: 44: 40: 29: 22:, also known as 24426: 24425: 24421: 24420: 24419: 24417: 24416: 24415: 24386: 24385: 24384: 24379: 24332: 24277:Transliteration 24272: 24248:Sound symbolism 24224: 24206:Role language ( 24165:from Portuguese 24097:Irregular verbs 24075: 24073: 24062: 24011:Kana Supplement 24006:Kana Extended-B 24001:Kana Extended-A 23924: 23900:Historical kana 23866: 23808: 23787:by stroke count 23778:Kanji radicals 23772:by stroke count 23730: 23643: 23609: 23585:Hawaiian Creole 23557: 23534: 23457: 23331: 23150: 23119: 23114: 23084: 23079: 23039: 23033: 22993: 22980: 22978: 22976: 22955: 22937: 22935:Further reading 22932: 22931: 22924: 22896: 22892: 22884: 22880: 22872: 22868: 22860: 22851: 22843: 22839: 22832: 22818: 22811: 22803: 22799: 22791: 22787: 22780: 22766: 22762: 22749:Wayback Machine 22740: 22736: 22725: 22724: 22717: 22697: 22693: 22688: 22683: 22682: 22671: 22667: 22662: 22658: 22653: 22649: 22641: 22637: 22624: 22620: 22615: 22611: 22606: 22599: 22586: 22582: 22577: 22524: 22488: 22483:shō < *syau 22456: 22427: 22395: 22363: 22355:kyō < *kyau 22331: 22299: 22267: 22238: 22233:shū < *sipu 22206: 22174: 22142: 22110: 22078: 22049: 22020: 21991: 21959: 21954:itsu < *itu 21951:ichi < *iti 21927: 21913:Cantonese (Yue) 21864: 21647: 21640: 21635: 21628: 21609:(null) or or 21598:(null) or or 21567: 21560: 21555: 21548: 21483: 21476: 21473: 21466: 21463: 21456: 21453: 21446: 21400: 21393: 21313: 21306: 21300: 21293: 21285: 21278: 21274: 21267: 21263: 21256: 21241: 21227: 21186: 21179: 21163: 21107: 21100: 21096: 21089: 21085: 21078: 21074: 21067: 21052: 21040: 20980: 20973: 20969: 20962: 20958: 20951: 20947: 20940: 20925: 20849: 20826: 20796: 20759: 20598:('person') and 20583: 20568: 20502:('person') and 20446: 20388: 20287: 20138: 20134: 20130: 20126: 20122: 20118: 20049:. As a result, 19960: 19945: 19930: 19914: 19909: 19861: 19853: 19819: 19777: 19743: 19705: 19667: 19629: 19621: 19587: 19549: 19541: 19507: 19499: 19469: 19447: 19439: 19427: 19419: 19407: 19389: 19365: 19347: 19335: 19327: 19305: 19297: 19285: 19277: 19259: 19251: 19243: 19231: 19223: 19211: 19185: 19177: 19151: 19143: 19141: 19133: 19125: 19103: 19095: 19083: 19075: 19063: 19053: 19045: 19037: 19025: 19017: 19009: 18991: 18983: 18971: 18963: 18951: 18933: 18925: 18917: 18909: 18887: 18879: 18867: 18859: 18847: 18817: 18805: 18772:(rare reading) 18771: 18769: 18761: 18735: 18720:(rare reading) 18719: 18717: 18687: 18658:(rare reading) 18657: 18655: 18636:(rare reading) 18635: 18633: 18603: 18601: 18563: 18555: 18521: 18513: 18505: 18479: 18467: 18459: 18429: 18427: 18389: 18347: 18339: 18309: 18301: 18293: 18263: 18255: 18225: 18217: 18209: 18201: 18175: 18173: 18165: 18157: 18143: 18128:(rare reading) 18127: 18125: 18113: 18105: 18097: 18067: 18060:(rare reading) 18059: 18057: 18031: 18023: 18015: 18007: 17981: 17973: 17965: 17957: 17949: 17939: 17919: 17911: 17903: 17895: 17869: 17861: 17853: 17845: 17823: 17815: 17807: 17799: 17791: 17769: 17764: 17756: 17748: 17740: 17710: 17676: 17668: 17660: 17652: 17622: 17614: 17606: 17580: 17572: 17564: 17556: 17534: 17526: 17518: 17510: 17502: 17492: 17476: 17468: 17460: 17452: 17444: 17418: 17410: 17402: 17376: 17368: 17360: 17352: 17344: 17322: 17314: 17306: 17298: 17290: 17280: 17264: 17256: 17248: 17240: 17232: 17206: 17198: 17190: 17182: 17160: 17152: 17144: 17136: 17128: 17106: 17098: 17090: 17082: 17074: 17048: 17022: 17014: 17006: 16998: 16986: 16978: 16964: 16956: 16944: 16932: 16924: 16906: 16894: 16882: 16874: 16860: 16852: 16840: 16832: 16824: 16816: 16802: 16794: 16786: 16778: 16766: 16758: 16732: 16720: 16712: 16698: 16690: 16678: 16666: 16658: 16644: 16636: 16624: 16616: 16608: 16600: 16586: 16578: 16570: 16562: 16554: 16546: 16538: 16524: 16516: 16508: 16500: 16492: 16484: 16476: 16458: 16446: 16438: 16430: 16422: 16412: 16404: 16396: 16384: 16372: 16364: 16334: 16312: 16300: 16292: 16284: 16272: 16258: 16238: 16226: 16204: 16196: 16188: 16176: 16162: 16150: 16142: 16134: 16126: 16118: 16108: 16100: 16092: 16084: 16072: 16064: 16056: 16030: 16022: 15992: 15984: 15976: 15964: 15950: 15938: 15930: 15922: 15914: 15906: 15896: 15888: 15880: 15872: 15864: 15856: 15848: 15840: 15826: 15818: 15810: 15802: 15794: 15782: 15760: 15752: 15744: 15732: 15722: 15714: 15706: 15698: 15690: 15682: 15674: 15666: 15656: 15648: 15640: 15632: 15624: 15616: 15608: 15600: 15563: 15552: 15548: 15532: 15528: 15508: 15504: 15460: 15456: 15440: 15436: 15431: 15423: 15403: 15394: 15391: 15387: 15375: 15363: 15359: 15354: 15351: 15343: 15339: 15331: 15327: 15315: 15313: 15311: 15306: 15304: 15272: 15264: 15260: 15252: 15244: 15209: 15205: 15200: 15197: 15193: 15185: 15181: 15165: 15161: 15137: 15133: 15121: 15088: 15083: 15072: 14983: 14979: 14909: 14871: 14867: 14859: 14827: 14823: 14803: 14799: 14798:tshjek/tɕhjek, 14791: 14787: 14779: 14737: 14690: 14674: 14670: 14665: 14660: 14657: 14649: 14641: 14637: 14629: 14625: 14617: 14605: 14601: 14593: 14589: 14574: 14572: 14531: 14499: 14495: 14483: 14479: 14474: 14471: 14458: 14455: 14451: 14442: 14438: 14430: 14425: 14393: 14380: 14368: 14363: 14296: 14293: 14285: 14281: 14280:kwak, kwaku> 14273: 14272:waku>aku (K) 14243: 14234: 14231: 14227: 14215: 14186: 14182: 14174: 14170: 14162: 14158: 14150: 14146: 14138: 14130: 14126: 14089: 14085: 14077: 14065: 14061: 14049: 14045: 14001:ʔɛk, yaku, aku 13990: 13986: 13974: 13941:ʔæk, yaku, aku 13930: 13926: 13902: 13898: 13890: 13849: 13845: 13833: 13829: 13821: 13817: 13809: 13805: 13793: 13789: 13781: 13777: 13676: 13665: 13657: 13652: 13649: 13645: 13622: 13544: 13540: 13532: 13479: 13476: 13472: 13460: 13458: 13457:itu (after /r/) 13453: 13451: 13450:iti (after /r/) 13421: 13413: 13409: 13401: 13397: 13389: 13385: 13377: 13373: 13365: 13357: 13349: 13294: 13285: 13277: 13269: 13261: 13247:oti/otu (K, Ø) 13246: 13209: 13205: 13194: 13165: 13157: 13145: 13137: 13069: 13061: 13029: 12990: 12969: 12965: 12949: 12944: 12914: 12905: 12897: 12889: 12885: 12873: 12831: 12796: 12793: 12784: 12781: 12769: 12768:watu>atu (K) 12767: 12762: 12729: 12721: 12712: 12709: 12701: 12693: 12692:watu>atu (K) 12691: 12686: 12685:wati>ati (K) 12684: 12644: 12628: 12588: 12544: 12536: 12528: 12479: 12471: 12463: 12429: 12421: 12417: 12399:eti/etu, (ati) 12365: 12341: 12337: 12176: 12160: 12152: 12148: 12144: 12143:tɕjip, sipu> 12136: 12132: 12128: 12127:dʑjip, zipu> 12084: 12079: 12075: 12071: 12067: 12059: 12044: 12013: 12005: 12001: 11898: 11894: 11841: 11833: 11829: 11787: 11747: 11743: 11739: 11735: 11727: 11695: 11691: 11690:, kapu>kō, ( 11687: 11679: 11675: 11671: 11655: 11647: 11643: 11450: 11442: 11429: 11426: 11418: 11414: 11394: 11386: 11377: 11373: 11372:ljowŋ, ryuũ> 11361: 11357: 11356:ɖjowŋ, dyuũ> 11352: 11344: 11340: 11332: 11327: 11325: 11293: 11285: 11273: 11269: 11261: 11252: 11249: 11241: 11237: 11236:ʈjuwŋ, tyuũ> 11232: 11224: 11220: 11212: 11207: 11205: 11168: 11163: 11159: 11151: 11147: 11139: 11135: 11127: 11097: 11089: 11081: 11076: 11064: 11056: 11052: 11036: 11028: 11013: 10953:kweŋ, kyō, kē; 10913: 10877: 10842: 10834: 10830: 10792: 10788: 10780: 10776: 10767: 10764: 10756: 10752: 10740: 10736: 10728: 10724: 10716: 10712: 10665: 10661: 10660:mjieŋ, myaũ> 10619: 10615: 10607: 10603: 10591: 10587: 10586:tɕjeŋ, syaũ> 10579: 10571: 10538: 10526: 10518: 10514: 10506: 10502: 10494: 10490: 10485: 10482: 10478: 10470: 10462: 10458: 10450: 10446: 10438: 10434: 10392:kiŋ, kyō, kyō; 10385: 10381: 10376: 10364: 10360: 10352: 10348: 10340: 10332: 10328: 10313: 10276: 10272: 10267: 10264: 10256: 10248: 10216: 10212: 10188: 10183: 10180: 10176: 10168: 10164: 10156: 10152: 10144: 10140: 10132: 10127: 10124: 10116: 10112: 10111:tʂjaŋ, syaũ> 10103: 10100: 10096: 10088: 10080: 10076: 10075:dʑjaŋ, zyaũ> 10068: 10064: 10059:, tyaũ>tyō; 10056: 10051: 10048: 10044: 10036: 10032: 10020: 10016: 10008: 10003: 9942: 9894: 9890: 9874: 9870: 9803: 9799: 9791: 9787: 9779: 9771: 9767: 9759: 9755: 9714: 9710: 9702: 9698: 9690: 9686: 9670: 9666: 9616: 9615:ɣɛŋ, gyō, kō, ( 9607: 9604: 9592: 9545: 9537: 9521: 9517: 9512: 9507:ʈhæŋ, tyō, tō; 9496: 9447: 9443: 9435: 9312: 9296: 9292: 9284: 9276: 9272: 9260: 9248: 9244: 9205: 9193: 9185: 9142: 9138: 9133: 9130: 9122: 9114: 9106: 9056: 9043: 9035: 9031: 9022: 9019: 9015: 8991: 8989: 8984: 8982: 8980: 8949: 8945: 8937: 8933: 8925: 8921: 8913: 8909: 8901: 8897: 8889: 8885: 8877: 8873: 8817: 8812: 8809: 8805: 8800:lin, rin, rin; 8793: 8789: 8781: 8777: 8766: 8729: 8725: 8716: 8713: 8705: 8694: 8665: 8661: 8652: 8649: 8645: 8637: 8633: 8625: 8621: 8613: 8609: 8601: 8593: 8585: 8581: 8573: 8541: 8537: 8529: 8521: 8517: 8477: 8469: 8465: 8464:khwen, kwen> 8435:ʔjwien, en, en 8428: 8424: 8392: 8388: 8372: 8364: 8356: 8352: 8343: 8339: 8331: 8323: 8319: 8311: 8307: 8295: 8259: 8255: 8247: 8239: 8235: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8206: 8172: 8137: 8128: 8116: 8111: 8083:ʔwan, wan, wan 8079: 8075: 8067: 8063: 8058: 8055: 8051: 8043: 8039: 8027: 8023: 8015: 8013: 7977: 7973: 7968:sen, sen, sen; 7964:len, ren, ren; 7957: 7953: 7945: 7941: 7906: 7902: 7894: 7882: 7850: 7846: 7834: 7830: 7822: 7818: 7810: 7806: 7798: 7794: 7750:kɛn, ken, kan; 7743: 7739: 7731: 7723: 7718:bɛn, ben, han; 7682:kæn, ken, kan; 7678:ʂæn, sen, san; 7671: 7663: 7619: 7615: 7607: 7603: 7595: 7591: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7567: 7563: 7551: 7547: 7539: 7535: 7447: 7431: 7427: 7422: 7406: 7402: 7367: 7363: 7358:gim, gon, kin; 7351: 7347: 7338: 7335: 7331: 7326:zim, zin, sin; 7322:pim, hin, hin; 7312: 7275: 7263: 7259: 7216: 7212: 7204: 7200: 7122: 7118: 7098: 7094: 7043: 7038:ʂæm, sen, san; 7002: 6997:ɖɛm, den, tan; 6956: 6952: 6920: 6912: 6900: 6888: 6884: 6872: 6832: 6828: 6812: 6808: 6803:lam, ran, ran; 6662: 6650: 6642: 6638: 6594: 6590: 6582: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6557: 6554: 6553:ʔjuw, u, iu> 6542: 6538: 6526: 6522: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6498: 6490: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6470: 6466: 6454: 6445: 6442: 6438: 6430: 6422: 6421:bjuw, bu, hū, ( 6414: 6409: 6407: 6366: 6354: 6350: 6342: 6334: 6330: 6322: 6318: 6310: 6309:phuw, hu, hō, ( 6256: 6222: 6221:, yeu>eu> 6218: 6206: 6173: 6172:, yeu>eu> 6169: 6161: 6157: 6145: 6141: 6133: 6129: 6121: 6117: 6074: 6054: 6009: 6005: 5985: 5981: 5973: 5868: 5857: 5853: 5840: 5837: 5825: 5814: 5780: 5776: 5771: 5768: 5764: 5756: 5752: 5709: 5701: 5697: 5658: 5654: 5618: 5614: 5602: 5597: 5593: 5569: 5568:wi>ui (T, S) 5538: 5526: 5522: 5510: 5505: 5501: 5493: 5489: 5478: 5448: 5444: 5432: 5428: 5416: 5412: 5404: 5400: 5392: 5388: 5380: 5376: 5368: 5364: 5321: 5317: 5309: 5305: 5297: 5293: 5285: 5273: 5234: 5230: 5218: 5214: 5206: 5202: 5194: 5190: 5182: 5178: 5138: 5134: 5129:phjie, bi, hi; 5088: 5084: 5076: 5072: 5064: 5060: 5052: 5051:ɖje, di>zi, 5010: 5006: 4985:khwej, ke, kē; 4950: 4942: 4884: 4876: 4872: 4859: 4851: 4842:zjwej, zē, sē; 4819: 4815:we>e (K, Ø) 4814: 4777: 4774: 4762: 4747: 4716: 4713: 4704: 4696: 4692: 4680: 4676: 4664: 4660: 4648: 4644: 4632: 4602:mjiej, mai, bē 4595: 4583: 4538: 4535: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4499: 4484: 4453: 4448:kwæj, ke, kai; 4441: 4440:ɣwæj, e, kai, ( 4406: 4365: 4352: 4340: 4308: 4304: 4291: 4288: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4263: 4260: 4256: 4212: 4209: 4196: 4184: 4180: 4164: 4152: 4150: 4146:we>e (K, Ø) 4145: 4113: 4070: 4066: 4054: 4007: 3998:dʐɛj, ze, sai; 3991: 3946: 3934: 3930: 3922: 3918: 3913:lai, rai, rai; 3909:pai, hai, hai; 3875: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3811: 3807: 3696: 3683:dzju, zu, syu; 3679:tsju, su, syu; 3672: 3667: 3643: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3579: 3571: 3563: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3510:ʈjo, tyo, tyo; 3499: 3495: 3484: 3455:ʔu, u, wo>o 3447: 3444: 3436: 3428: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3352: 3291: 3287: 3274:yjæ, ya/e, ya; 3270:tsjæ, sa, sya; 3266:sjæ, sya, sya; 3259: 3247: 3182: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3154: 3152: 3148:we>e (K, Ø) 3147: 3116: 3111: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3078: 3070: 3068: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3012: 3009: 2997: 2993: 2981: 2977: 2961: 2953: 2942: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2873: 2869: 2861: 2857: 2769: 2748:correspond to. 2627:Baxter's system 2531:くわ, ぐわ, くゑ, ぐゑ 2526:wa, we, wi, wo 2500:Historical kana 2483: 2185: 2149: 2002: 1981: 1968: 1956: 1940: 1924: 1901: 1890: 1879: 1871: 1858: 1845: 1837: 1826: 1815: 1809:Sino-Vietnamese 1769: 1754: 1664: 1649: 1634: 1619: 1609: 1599: 1574: 1550: 1526: 1502: 1475: 1451: 1427: 1403: 1379: 1363:transformation 1352: 1326: 1302: 1278: 1254: 1244:Modern meaning 1225: 1217: 1206: 1195: 1184: 1181:semantic fields 1169: 1155: 1127: 1107: 1099: 1092:shinobi-no-mono 1084: 1076: 1059: 1051: 1036: 1028: 1013: 1005: 968: 953: 938: 923: 908: 893: 878: 863: 848: 833: 818: 803: 788: 773: 747: 726: 718: 712: 694: 683: 660: 649: 637: 626: 618: 599: 591: 581: 563: 544: 524: 506: 491: 476: 461: 446: 431: 398: 383: 368: 353: 345: 339: 327:long consonants 274: 243:Asian languages 231: 225: 179:. For example, 47:[kaŋɡo] 42: 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 24424: 24414: 24413: 24408: 24403: 24398: 24381: 24380: 24378: 24377: 24376: 24375: 24365: 24364: 24363: 24353: 24348: 24342: 24340: 24334: 24333: 24331: 24330: 24329: 24328: 24318: 24317: 24316: 24311: 24306: 24301: 24296: 24291: 24280: 24278: 24274: 24273: 24271: 24270: 24269: 24268: 24263: 24258: 24250: 24245: 24240: 24234: 24232: 24226: 24225: 24223: 24222: 24217: 24212: 24203: 24194: 24189: 24184: 24179: 24174: 24169: 24168: 24167: 24162: 24148: 24143: 24137:Native words ( 24134: 24129: 24124: 24119: 24114: 24109: 24104: 24099: 24094: 24089: 24084: 24078: 24076: 24071: 24068: 24067: 24064: 24063: 24061: 24060: 24059: 24058: 24053: 24048: 24043: 24038: 24030: 24029: 24028: 24023: 24018: 24013: 24008: 24003: 23998: 23990: 23989: 23988: 23983: 23978: 23973: 23968: 23963: 23955: 23954: 23953: 23945: 23944: 23943: 23932: 23930: 23926: 23925: 23923: 23922: 23917: 23912: 23907: 23902: 23897: 23892: 23887: 23886: 23885: 23874: 23872: 23868: 23867: 23865: 23864: 23859: 23854: 23849: 23844: 23839: 23834: 23829: 23824: 23818: 23816: 23810: 23809: 23807: 23806: 23801: 23796: 23791: 23790: 23789: 23784: 23776: 23775: 23774: 23764: 23759: 23753: 23751: 23742: 23740:Writing system 23736: 23735: 23732: 23731: 23729: 23728: 23727: 23726: 23721: 23716: 23711: 23701: 23700: 23699: 23694: 23689: 23684: 23679: 23674: 23669: 23664: 23653: 23651: 23645: 23644: 23642: 23641: 23640: 23639: 23629: 23623: 23617: 23611: 23610: 23608: 23607: 23602: 23597: 23595:Pseudo-Chinese 23592: 23587: 23582: 23577: 23575:Bamboo English 23571: 23569: 23563: 23562: 23559: 23558: 23556: 23555: 23550: 23548:Amami Japanese 23544: 23542: 23536: 23535: 23533: 23532: 23525: 23524: 23523: 23518: 23513: 23508: 23503: 23502: 23501: 23484: 23483: 23482: 23469: 23467: 23459: 23458: 23456: 23455: 23448: 23447: 23446: 23445: 23444: 23436: 23435: 23434: 23419: 23418: 23417: 23412: 23407: 23395: 23394: 23393: 23388: 23383: 23378: 23366: 23365: 23364: 23363: 23362: 23359: 23343: 23341: 23333: 23332: 23330: 23329: 23328: 23327: 23326: 23325: 23320: 23315: 23310: 23302: 23301: 23300: 23292: 23291: 23290: 23285: 23270: 23269: 23268: 23263: 23262: 23261: 23256: 23248: 23247: 23246: 23241: 23236: 23221: 23220: 23219: 23218: 23217: 23212: 23204: 23203: 23202: 23197: 23192: 23177: 23171: 23169: 23158: 23152: 23151: 23149: 23148: 23143: 23138: 23133: 23127: 23125: 23121: 23120: 23113: 23112: 23105: 23098: 23090: 23081: 23080: 23078: 23077: 23072: 23067: 23066: 23065: 23060: 23055: 23044: 23041: 23040: 23032: 23031: 23024: 23017: 23009: 23003: 23002: 22992: 22991:External links 22989: 22988: 22987: 22974: 22959: 22953: 22936: 22933: 22930: 22929: 22922: 22890: 22878: 22876:, p. 173. 22866: 22864:, p. 170. 22849: 22847:, p. 280. 22837: 22830: 22809: 22807:, p. 162. 22797: 22795:, p. 161. 22785: 22778: 22760: 22734: 22715: 22690: 22689: 22687: 22684: 22681: 22680: 22665: 22656: 22647: 22635: 22618: 22609: 22597: 22579: 22578: 22576: 22573: 22572: 22571: 22566: 22561: 22555: 22550: 22545: 22540: 22535: 22530: 22523: 22520: 22517: 22516: 22513: 22510: 22507: 22504: 22501: 22498: 22495: 22485: 22484: 22481: 22480:jō < *zyau 22478: 22475: 22472: 22469: 22466: 22463: 22453: 22452: 22449: 22446: 22443: 22440: 22439:pwonX /pwon²/ 22437: 22434: 22424: 22423: 22420: 22417: 22414: 22411: 22408: 22405: 22402: 22392: 22391: 22390:jin < *zin 22388: 22385: 22382: 22379: 22376: 22373: 22370: 22360: 22359: 22356: 22353: 22350: 22347: 22344: 22341: 22338: 22328: 22327: 22324: 22321: 22318: 22315: 22312: 22309: 22306: 22296: 22295: 22292: 22289: 22286: 22283: 22280: 22277: 22274: 22264: 22263: 22260: 22257: 22254: 22251: 22248: 22245: 22235: 22234: 22231: 22230:jū < *zipu 22228: 22225: 22222: 22219: 22216: 22213: 22203: 22202: 22201:kyū < *kiu 22199: 22196: 22193: 22190: 22187: 22186:kjuwX /kjuw²/ 22184: 22181: 22171: 22170: 22167: 22164: 22161: 22158: 22155: 22152: 22149: 22139: 22138: 22135: 22132: 22129: 22126: 22123: 22122:tshit /tsʰit/ 22120: 22117: 22107: 22106: 22103: 22100: 22097: 22094: 22091: 22088: 22085: 22075: 22074: 22071: 22068: 22065: 22062: 22059: 22056: 22046: 22045: 22042: 22039: 22036: 22033: 22030: 22027: 22017: 22016: 22013: 22010: 22007: 22004: 22001: 21998: 21988: 21987: 21984: 21981: 21978: 21975: 21972: 21969: 21966: 21956: 21955: 21952: 21949: 21946: 21943: 21940: 21937: 21934: 21924: 21923: 21918: 21915: 21910: 21907: 21904: 21902:Middle Chinese 21899: 21896: 21890: 21889: 21888:for more info. 21878: 21871:Middle Chinese 21863: 21860: 21857: 21856: 21851: 21848: 21838: 21835: 21829: 21828: 21823: 21820: 21817: 21814: 21811: 21805: 21804: 21799: 21786: 21783: 21780: 21774: 21773: 21770: 21765: 21762: 21759: 21756: 21750: 21749: 21746: 21740: 21739: 21734: 21731: 21728: 21722: 21721: 21718: 21715: 21712: 21709: 21706: 21703: 21692: 21691: 21689: 21687: 21683: 21682: 21679: 21677: 21673: 21672: 21669: 21666: 21662: 21661: 21658: 21655: 21651: 21650: 21648: 21638: 21636: 21626: 21623: 21614: 21613: 21610: 21607: 21603: 21602: 21599: 21596: 21592: 21591: 21588: 21585: 21581: 21580: 21577: 21574: 21570: 21569: 21558: 21556: 21546: 21543: 21537: 21536: 21534: 21532: 21528: 21527: 21525: 21523: 21519: 21518: 21515: 21512: 21509: 21506: 21502: 21501: 21498: 21495: 21492: 21489: 21485: 21484: 21474: 21464: 21454: 21444: 21441: 21432: 21431: 21429: 21425: 21424: 21422: 21418: 21417: 21414: 21410: 21409: 21406: 21402: 21401: 21391: 21389: 21386: 21380: 21379: 21377: 21373: 21372: 21370: 21368: 21364: 21363: 21360: 21358: 21354: 21353: 21350: 21347: 21344: 21340: 21339: 21336: 21334: 21330: 21329: 21326: 21323: 21320: 21316: 21315: 21304: 21302: 21290: 21289: 21287: 21276: 21265: 21254: 21251: 21218: 21217: 21215: 21211: 21210: 21208: 21204: 21203: 21200: 21196: 21195: 21192: 21188: 21187: 21177: 21175: 21172: 21166: 21165: 21161: 21159: 21155: 21154: 21152: 21150: 21148: 21144: 21143: 21142:n, ny · n, ny 21140: 21137: 21134: 21131: 21127: 21126: 21123: 21120: 21117: 21114: 21110: 21109: 21098: 21087: 21076: 21065: 21062: 21043: 21042: 21038: 21035: 21031: 21030: 21028: 21026: 21023: 21019: 21018: 21015: 21012: 21009: 21006: 21000: 20999: 20996: 20993: 20990: 20987: 20983: 20982: 20971: 20960: 20949: 20938: 20935: 20919: 20918: 20913: 20908: 20903: 20897: 20896: 20891: 20885: 20884: 20879: 20868: 20867: 20840: 20818: 20788: 20787: 20786: 20779: 20766: 20758: 20755: 20754: 20753: 20699: 20646: 20639:Fuzhou dialect 20615: 20494: 20475: 20460: 20420: 20303: 20261: 20253: 20252:approximation. 20232: 20156: 20047:palatalization 20003: 20002: 19986: 19913: 19910: 19908: 19902: 19891: 19890: 19888: 19886: 19884: 19882: 19880: 19878: 19876: 19874: 19872: 19870: 19868: 19866: 19863: 19858: 19855: 19849: 19848: 19846: 19844: 19842: 19840: 19838: 19836: 19834: 19832: 19830: 19828: 19826: 19824: 19821: 19816: 19814: 19811: 19810: 19808: 19806: 19804: 19802: 19800: 19798: 19796: 19794: 19792: 19790: 19788: 19786: 19784: 19782: 19779: 19773: 19772: 19770: 19768: 19766: 19764: 19762: 19760: 19758: 19756: 19754: 19752: 19750: 19748: 19745: 19740: 19738: 19735: 19734: 19732: 19730: 19728: 19726: 19724: 19722: 19720: 19718: 19716: 19714: 19712: 19710: 19707: 19702: 19700: 19697: 19696: 19694: 19692: 19690: 19688: 19686: 19684: 19682: 19680: 19678: 19676: 19674: 19672: 19669: 19664: 19662: 19659: 19658: 19656: 19654: 19652: 19650: 19648: 19646: 19644: 19642: 19640: 19638: 19636: 19634: 19631: 19626: 19623: 19617: 19616: 19614: 19612: 19610: 19608: 19606: 19604: 19602: 19600: 19598: 19596: 19594: 19592: 19589: 19584: 19582: 19579: 19578: 19576: 19574: 19572: 19570: 19568: 19566: 19564: 19562: 19560: 19558: 19556: 19554: 19551: 19546: 19543: 19537: 19536: 19534: 19532: 19530: 19528: 19526: 19524: 19522: 19520: 19518: 19516: 19514: 19512: 19509: 19504: 19501: 19495: 19494: 19492: 19490: 19488: 19486: 19484: 19482: 19480: 19478: 19476: 19474: 19471: 19466: 19464: 19462: 19460: 19457: 19456: 19454: 19452: 19449: 19444: 19441: 19436: 19434: 19432: 19429: 19424: 19421: 19416: 19414: 19412: 19409: 19403: 19402: 19400: 19398: 19396: 19394: 19391: 19386: 19384: 19382: 19380: 19378: 19376: 19374: 19372: 19370: 19367: 19361: 19360: 19358: 19356: 19354: 19352: 19349: 19344: 19342: 19340: 19337: 19332: 19329: 19324: 19322: 19320: 19318: 19315: 19314: 19312: 19310: 19307: 19302: 19299: 19294: 19292: 19290: 19287: 19282: 19279: 19274: 19272: 19270: 19268: 19265: 19264: 19261: 19256: 19253: 19248: 19245: 19240: 19238: 19236: 19233: 19228: 19225: 19220: 19218: 19216: 19213: 19207: 19206: 19204: 19202: 19200: 19198: 19196: 19194: 19192: 19190: 19187: 19182: 19179: 19174: 19172: 19170: 19168: 19165: 19164: 19162: 19160: 19158: 19156: 19153: 19148: 19145: 19138: 19135: 19130: 19127: 19122: 19120: 19118: 19116: 19113: 19112: 19110: 19108: 19105: 19100: 19097: 19092: 19090: 19088: 19085: 19080: 19077: 19072: 19070: 19068: 19065: 19059: 19058: 19055: 19050: 19047: 19042: 19039: 19034: 19032: 19030: 19027: 19022: 19019: 19014: 19011: 19006: 19004: 19001: 19000: 18998: 18996: 18993: 18988: 18985: 18980: 18978: 18976: 18973: 18968: 18965: 18960: 18958: 18956: 18953: 18947: 18946: 18944: 18942: 18940: 18938: 18935: 18930: 18927: 18922: 18919: 18914: 18911: 18906: 18904: 18902: 18900: 18897: 18896: 18894: 18892: 18889: 18884: 18881: 18876: 18874: 18872: 18869: 18864: 18861: 18856: 18854: 18852: 18849: 18843: 18842: 18840: 18838: 18836: 18834: 18832: 18830: 18828: 18826: 18824: 18822: 18819: 18814: 18812: 18810: 18807: 18801: 18800: 18798: 18796: 18794: 18792: 18790: 18788: 18786: 18784: 18782: 18780: 18778: 18776: 18773: 18766: 18763: 18757: 18756: 18754: 18752: 18750: 18748: 18746: 18744: 18742: 18740: 18737: 18732: 18730: 18728: 18726: 18724: 18721: 18713: 18712: 18710: 18708: 18706: 18704: 18702: 18700: 18698: 18696: 18694: 18692: 18689: 18684: 18682: 18680: 18678: 18675: 18674: 18672: 18670: 18668: 18666: 18664: 18662: 18659: 18656:術無し zuti.na.si 18652: 18650: 18648: 18646: 18644: 18642: 18640: 18637: 18629: 18628: 18626: 18624: 18622: 18620: 18618: 18616: 18614: 18612: 18610: 18608: 18605: 18598: 18596: 18594: 18592: 18589: 18588: 18586: 18584: 18582: 18580: 18578: 18576: 18574: 18572: 18570: 18568: 18565: 18560: 18557: 18552: 18550: 18547: 18546: 18544: 18542: 18540: 18538: 18536: 18534: 18532: 18530: 18528: 18526: 18523: 18518: 18515: 18510: 18507: 18501: 18500: 18498: 18496: 18494: 18492: 18490: 18488: 18486: 18484: 18481: 18476: 18474: 18472: 18469: 18464: 18461: 18455: 18454: 18452: 18450: 18448: 18446: 18444: 18442: 18440: 18438: 18436: 18434: 18431: 18424: 18422: 18420: 18418: 18415: 18414: 18412: 18410: 18408: 18406: 18404: 18402: 18400: 18398: 18396: 18394: 18391: 18386: 18384: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18376: 18374: 18372: 18370: 18368: 18366: 18364: 18362: 18360: 18358: 18356: 18354: 18352: 18349: 18344: 18341: 18335: 18334: 18332: 18330: 18328: 18326: 18324: 18322: 18320: 18318: 18316: 18314: 18311: 18306: 18303: 18298: 18295: 18289: 18288: 18286: 18284: 18282: 18280: 18278: 18276: 18274: 18272: 18270: 18268: 18265: 18260: 18257: 18252: 18250: 18247: 18246: 18244: 18242: 18240: 18238: 18236: 18234: 18232: 18230: 18227: 18222: 18219: 18214: 18211: 18206: 18203: 18197: 18196: 18194: 18192: 18190: 18188: 18186: 18184: 18182: 18180: 18177: 18170: 18167: 18162: 18159: 18154: 18152: 18149: 18148: 18145: 18140: 18138: 18136: 18134: 18132: 18129: 18126:術無し zutu.na.si 18122: 18120: 18118: 18115: 18110: 18107: 18102: 18099: 18093: 18092: 18090: 18088: 18086: 18084: 18082: 18080: 18078: 18076: 18074: 18072: 18069: 18064: 18061: 18054: 18052: 18049: 18048: 18046: 18044: 18042: 18040: 18038: 18036: 18033: 18028: 18025: 18020: 18017: 18012: 18009: 18004: 18002: 17999: 17998: 17996: 17994: 17992: 17990: 17988: 17986: 17983: 17978: 17975: 17970: 17967: 17962: 17959: 17954: 17951: 17945: 17944: 17941: 17936: 17934: 17932: 17930: 17928: 17926: 17924: 17921: 17916: 17913: 17908: 17905: 17900: 17897: 17891: 17890: 17888: 17886: 17884: 17882: 17880: 17878: 17876: 17874: 17871: 17866: 17863: 17858: 17855: 17850: 17847: 17841: 17840: 17838: 17836: 17834: 17832: 17830: 17828: 17825: 17820: 17817: 17812: 17809: 17804: 17801: 17796: 17793: 17787: 17786: 17784: 17782: 17780: 17778: 17776: 17774: 17771: 17766: 17761: 17758: 17753: 17750: 17745: 17742: 17736: 17735: 17733: 17731: 17729: 17727: 17725: 17723: 17721: 17719: 17717: 17715: 17712: 17707: 17705: 17703: 17701: 17698: 17697: 17695: 17693: 17691: 17689: 17687: 17685: 17683: 17681: 17678: 17673: 17670: 17665: 17662: 17657: 17654: 17648: 17647: 17645: 17643: 17641: 17639: 17637: 17635: 17633: 17631: 17629: 17627: 17624: 17619: 17616: 17611: 17608: 17602: 17601: 17599: 17597: 17595: 17593: 17591: 17589: 17587: 17585: 17582: 17577: 17574: 17569: 17566: 17561: 17558: 17552: 17551: 17549: 17547: 17545: 17543: 17541: 17539: 17536: 17531: 17528: 17523: 17520: 17515: 17512: 17507: 17504: 17498: 17497: 17494: 17489: 17487: 17485: 17483: 17481: 17478: 17473: 17470: 17465: 17462: 17457: 17454: 17449: 17446: 17440: 17439: 17437: 17435: 17433: 17431: 17429: 17427: 17425: 17423: 17420: 17415: 17412: 17407: 17404: 17399: 17397: 17394: 17393: 17391: 17389: 17387: 17385: 17383: 17381: 17378: 17373: 17370: 17365: 17362: 17357: 17354: 17349: 17346: 17340: 17339: 17337: 17335: 17333: 17331: 17329: 17327: 17324: 17319: 17316: 17311: 17308: 17303: 17300: 17295: 17292: 17286: 17285: 17282: 17277: 17275: 17273: 17271: 17269: 17266: 17261: 17258: 17253: 17250: 17245: 17242: 17237: 17234: 17228: 17227: 17225: 17223: 17221: 17219: 17217: 17215: 17213: 17211: 17208: 17203: 17200: 17195: 17192: 17187: 17184: 17178: 17177: 17175: 17173: 17171: 17169: 17167: 17165: 17162: 17157: 17154: 17149: 17146: 17141: 17138: 17133: 17130: 17124: 17123: 17121: 17119: 17117: 17115: 17113: 17111: 17108: 17103: 17100: 17095: 17092: 17087: 17084: 17079: 17076: 17070: 17069: 17067: 17065: 17063: 17061: 17059: 17057: 17055: 17053: 17050: 17045: 17043: 17041: 17039: 17037: 17035: 17032: 17031: 17029: 17027: 17024: 17019: 17016: 17011: 17008: 17003: 17000: 16995: 16993: 16991: 16988: 16983: 16980: 16974: 16973: 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16505: 16502: 16497: 16494: 16489: 16486: 16481: 16478: 16472: 16471: 16469: 16467: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16455: 16453: 16451: 16448: 16443: 16440: 16435: 16432: 16427: 16424: 16418: 16417: 16414: 16409: 16406: 16401: 16398: 16393: 16391: 16389: 16386: 16381: 16379: 16377: 16374: 16369: 16366: 16360: 16359: 16357: 16355: 16353: 16351: 16349: 16347: 16345: 16343: 16341: 16339: 16336: 16331: 16329: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16321: 16319: 16317: 16314: 16309: 16307: 16305: 16302: 16297: 16294: 16289: 16286: 16281: 16279: 16277: 16274: 16268: 16267: 16265: 16263: 16260: 16255: 16253: 16251: 16249: 16247: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16235: 16233: 16231: 16228: 16222: 16221: 16219: 16217: 16215: 16213: 16211: 16209: 16206: 16201: 16198: 16193: 16190: 16185: 16183: 16181: 16178: 16172: 16171: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16159: 16157: 16155: 16152: 16147: 16144: 16139: 16136: 16131: 16128: 16123: 16120: 16114: 16113: 16110: 16105: 16102: 16097: 16094: 16089: 16086: 16081: 16079: 16077: 16074: 16069: 16066: 16061: 16058: 16052: 16051: 16049: 16047: 16045: 16043: 16041: 16039: 16037: 16035: 16032: 16027: 16024: 16019: 16017: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16009: 16007: 16005: 16003: 16001: 15999: 15997: 15994: 15989: 15986: 15981: 15978: 15973: 15971: 15969: 15966: 15960: 15959: 15957: 15955: 15952: 15947: 15945: 15943: 15940: 15935: 15932: 15927: 15924: 15919: 15916: 15911: 15908: 15902: 15901: 15898: 15893: 15890: 15885: 15882: 15877: 15874: 15869: 15866: 15861: 15858: 15853: 15850: 15845: 15842: 15836: 15835: 15833: 15831: 15828: 15823: 15820: 15815: 15812: 15807: 15804: 15799: 15796: 15791: 15789: 15787: 15784: 15778: 15777: 15775: 15773: 15771: 15769: 15767: 15765: 15762: 15757: 15754: 15749: 15746: 15741: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15728: 15727: 15724: 15719: 15716: 15711: 15708: 15703: 15700: 15695: 15692: 15687: 15684: 15679: 15676: 15671: 15668: 15662: 15661: 15658: 15653: 15650: 15645: 15642: 15637: 15634: 15629: 15626: 15621: 15618: 15613: 15610: 15605: 15602: 15596: 15595: 15562: 15559: 15556: 15555: 15494: 15491: 15488: 15485: 15482: 15479: 15476: 15474: 15471: 15468: 15464: 15463: 15317: 15308: 15301: 15298: 15295: 15292: 15289: 15286: 15283: 15280: 15276: 15275: 15238: 15235: 15232: 15229: 15226: 15223: 15220: 15217: 15213: 15212: 15204:ʔuwk, woku> 15123: 15118: 15115: 15112: 15109: 15106: 15103: 15100: 15097: 15093: 15092: 15087:ɣwik, wiki> 15077: 15074: 15069: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15051: 15047: 15046: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15025: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15015: 15011: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15003: 15001: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14991: 14987: 14986: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14966: 14964: 14962: 14959: 14956: 14952: 14951: 14948: 14945: 14944:wyaku>yaku 14942: 14940: 14938: 14936: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14926: 14922: 14921: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14891: 14888: 14885: 14882: 14879: 14875: 14874: 14858:pjiek, hyaku, 14853: 14850: 14848: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14838: 14835: 14831: 14830: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14750: 14746: 14745: 14723: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14704: 14701: 14698: 14694: 14693: 14579: 14576: 14569: 14566: 14563: 14560: 14557: 14554: 14551: 14548: 14544: 14543: 14533: 14528: 14525: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14507: 14503: 14502: 14432: 14427: 14422: 14419: 14416: 14413: 14410: 14407: 14404: 14401: 14397: 14396: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14342: 14338: 14337: 14327: 14324: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14306: 14302: 14301: 14275: 14270: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14252: 14248: 14247: 14217: 14212: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14194: 14190: 14189: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14109: 14106: 14103: 14100: 14097: 14093: 14092: 14031: 14028: 14025: 14022: 14019: 14016: 14013: 14010: 14007: 14003: 14002: 13985:tʂhɛk, syaku, 13968: 13965: 13962: 13959: 13956: 13953: 13950: 13947: 13943: 13942: 13884: 13881: 13878: 13875: 13872: 13869: 13866: 13863: 13860: 13857: 13853: 13852: 13771: 13768: 13765: 13762: 13759: 13756: 13753: 13750: 13747: 13743: 13742: 13739: 13736: 13733: 13730: 13727: 13724: 13721: 13718: 13715: 13712: 13708: 13707: 13704: 13701: 13698: 13675: 13672: 13669: 13668: 13627: 13624: 13619: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13603: 13600: 13596: 13595: 13585: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13562: 13558: 13557: 13526: 13523: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13507: 13503: 13502: 13499: 13496: 13493: 13489: 13488: 13462: 13455: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13429: 13425: 13424: 13343: 13340: 13337: 13334: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13320: 13317: 13313: 13312: 13309: 13306: 13303: 13299: 13298: 13284:yjit, iti, itu 13251: 13248: 13243: 13240: 13237: 13234: 13231: 13228: 13225: 13222: 13218: 13217: 13199: 13196: 13191: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13173: 13169: 13168: 13156:tshwot, soti, 13131: 13129: 13126: 13123: 13120: 13117: 13114: 13111: 13107: 13106: 13100: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13077: 13073: 13072: 13055: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13037: 13033: 13032: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12998: 12994: 12993: 12951: 12946: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12922: 12918: 12917: 12875: 12870: 12867: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12851: 12848: 12844: 12843: 12825: 12822: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12806: 12802: 12801: 12771: 12764: 12759: 12756: 12753: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12739: 12735: 12734: 12708:tshwat, sati, 12695: 12688: 12681: 12678: 12675: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12661: 12657: 12656: 12655:ʔet, eti, etu 12622: 12619: 12616: 12613: 12610: 12607: 12604: 12601: 12597: 12596: 12582: 12580: 12578: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12568: 12565: 12561: 12560: 12522: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12508: 12505: 12502: 12499: 12496: 12492: 12491: 12490:ʔɛt, eti, atu 12457: 12454: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12440: 12437: 12433: 12432: 12403: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12378: 12374: 12373: 12372:ʔat, ati, atu 12331: 12328: 12325: 12322: 12319: 12316: 12313: 12310: 12307: 12304: 12300: 12299: 12296: 12293: 12290: 12287: 12284: 12281: 12278: 12275: 12272: 12269: 12265: 12264: 12261: 12258: 12255: 12175: 12172: 12169: 12168: 12159:ɲjip, nipu> 12118: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12097: 12093: 12092: 12049: 12046: 12041: 12038: 12035: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12021: 12017: 12016: 12000:ŋjæp, gopu> 11995: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11972: 11968: 11967: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11934: 11930: 11929: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11916: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11906: 11902: 11901: 11872: 11869: 11866: 11863: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11849: 11845: 11844: 11819: 11816: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11800: 11796: 11795: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11756: 11752: 11751: 11734:pjop, popu> 11730:, papu>hō; 11726:bjop, bopu> 11721: 11719: 11717: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11707: 11704: 11700: 11699: 11670:dzop, zopu> 11637: 11634: 11631: 11628: 11625: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11611: 11607: 11606: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11567: 11563: 11562: 11559: 11556: 11553: 11550: 11547: 11544: 11541: 11538: 11535: 11532: 11528: 11527: 11524: 11521: 11518: 11448: 11441: 11438: 11435: 11434: 11433:ʔjowŋ, yo, yō 11334: 11329: 11322: 11319: 11316: 11313: 11310: 11307: 11304: 11301: 11297: 11296: 11280:ɣjuwŋ, u, yū; 11214: 11209: 11202: 11199: 11196: 11193: 11190: 11187: 11184: 11181: 11177: 11176: 11129: 11124: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11106: 11102: 11101: 11088:thuwŋ, tuũ> 11043:xuwŋ, ku, kō; 11018: 11015: 11010: 11007: 11004: 11001: 10998: 10995: 10992: 10989: 10985: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10977: 10975: 10973: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10963: 10959: 10958: 10957:ɣweŋ, gyō, kē 10948: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10930: 10926: 10925: 10924:ʔjwieŋ, yō, ē 10912:khjwieŋ, kyō, 10903: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10885: 10881: 10880: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10860: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10850: 10846: 10845: 10824: 10821: 10818: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10800: 10796: 10795: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10698: 10695: 10692: 10689: 10686: 10682: 10681: 10651: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10635: 10632: 10628: 10627: 10614:sjeŋ, syaũ> 10602:sjeŋ, syaũ> 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10546: 10542: 10541: 10501:kjæŋ, kyaũ> 10477:mjæŋ, myaũ> 10457:mjæŋ, myaũ> 10445:pjæŋ, pyaũ> 10433:bjæŋ, byaũ> 10428: 10425: 10422: 10419: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10405: 10402: 10398: 10397: 10318: 10315: 10310: 10307: 10304: 10301: 10298: 10295: 10292: 10289: 10285: 10284: 10271:ɣjwaŋ, waũ> 10250: 10247:wyaũ>yō (K) 10245: 10242: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10224: 10220: 10219: 10095:ɕjaŋ, syaũ> 10055:ɖjaŋ, dyaũ> 10043:phjaŋ, paũ> 10010: 10005: 10000: 9997: 9994: 9991: 9988: 9985: 9982: 9979: 9975: 9974: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9951: 9947: 9946: 9929:kwæŋ, kō, kō; 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9907: 9903: 9902: 9869:kwaŋ, kwaũ> 9864: 9861: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9843: 9839: 9838: 9833:kwoŋ, kō, kō; 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9811: 9807: 9806: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9734: 9731: 9728: 9725: 9722: 9718: 9717: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9649: 9646: 9643: 9640: 9637: 9633: 9632: 9574: 9571: 9568: 9565: 9562: 9559: 9556: 9553: 9549: 9548: 9490: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9476: 9473: 9470: 9467: 9464: 9460: 9459: 9442:tshaŋ, saũ> 9425: 9422: 9419: 9416: 9413: 9410: 9407: 9404: 9401: 9397: 9396: 9393: 9390: 9387: 9384: 9381: 9378: 9375: 9372: 9369: 9366: 9362: 9361: 9358: 9355: 9352: 9311: 9308: 9305: 9304: 9238: 9235: 9232: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9216: 9213: 9209: 9208: 9179: 9176: 9173: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9155: 9151: 9150: 9108: 9103: 9100: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9084: 9080: 9079: 9076: 9073: 9070: 9066: 9065: 8993: 8988:in (after /r/) 8986: 8985:win>in (Ø) 8979:in (after /r/) 8977: 8974: 8971: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8957: 8953: 8952: 8867: 8864: 8861: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8847: 8844: 8840: 8839: 8836: 8833: 8830: 8826: 8825: 8824:ŋin, gon, gin 8771: 8768: 8763: 8760: 8757: 8754: 8751: 8748: 8745: 8742: 8738: 8737: 8724:ʔjwon, won> 8699: 8696: 8695:won>on (Ø) 8691: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8673: 8669: 8668: 8575: 8574:won>on (Ø) 8570: 8567: 8564: 8561: 8558: 8555: 8552: 8549: 8545: 8544: 8511: 8508: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8490: 8486: 8485: 8476:ɣwen, gwen> 8459: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8441: 8437: 8436: 8418: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8400: 8396: 8395: 8297: 8292: 8289: 8286: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8272: 8268: 8267: 8208: 8203: 8200: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8184: 8181: 8177: 8176: 8175:, kwan>kan 8171:ɣwɛn, gwen> 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8145: 8141: 8140: 8127:ʂwæn, sen, san 8118: 8117:wan>an (K) 8113: 8112:wen>en (K) 8108: 8105: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8089: 8085: 8084: 8074:ɣwan, gwan> 8062:kwan, kwan> 8017: 8010: 8007: 8004: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7990: 7986: 7985: 7935: 7932: 7929: 7926: 7923: 7920: 7917: 7914: 7910: 7909: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7861: 7858: 7854: 7853: 7784: 7781: 7778: 7775: 7772: 7769: 7766: 7763: 7760: 7756: 7755: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7704: 7701: 7698: 7695: 7692: 7688: 7687: 7653: 7650: 7647: 7644: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7630: 7627: 7623: 7622: 7529: 7526: 7523: 7520: 7517: 7514: 7511: 7508: 7505: 7501: 7500: 7497: 7494: 7491: 7488: 7485: 7482: 7479: 7476: 7473: 7470: 7466: 7465: 7462: 7459: 7456: 7446: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7421:ɲjim, nin, jin 7417:yjim, in, in; 7396: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7375: 7371: 7370: 7317: 7314: 7309: 7306: 7303: 7300: 7297: 7294: 7291: 7288: 7284: 7283: 7249: 7246: 7243: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7227: 7224: 7220: 7219: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7171: 7167: 7166: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7149: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7139: 7135: 7134: 7080: 7077: 7074: 7071: 7068: 7065: 7062: 7059: 7056: 7052: 7051: 7050:ɣæm, gen, kan 7033: 7031: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7015: 7011: 7010: 7009:ɣem, gen, kan 6992: 6989: 6986: 6983: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6965: 6964: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6931: 6928: 6924: 6923: 6866: 6863: 6860: 6857: 6854: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6840: 6836: 6835: 6798: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6775: 6771: 6770: 6767: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6749: 6746: 6743: 6740: 6736: 6735: 6732: 6729: 6726: 6661: 6658: 6655: 6654: 6624: 6621: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6598: 6597: 6416: 6411: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6383: 6379: 6378: 6304: 6301: 6298: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6286: 6283: 6280: 6277: 6273: 6272: 6259:, reu>ryō; 6250: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6226: 6225: 6209:, beu>byō; 6205:mjiew, meu> 6200: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6184: 6181: 6177: 6176: 6140:tsjew, seu> 6128:ʈhjew, teu> 6111: 6108: 6105: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6082: 6069:kæw, kyō, kō; 6044: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6020: 6017: 6013: 6012: 5967: 5964: 5961: 5958: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5946: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5935: 5932: 5929: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5917: 5914: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5903: 5900: 5897: 5894: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5819: 5816: 5811: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5793: 5789: 5788: 5787:gjwij, gi, ki 5751:ɕjwij, swi> 5742: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5719: 5718: 5708:ʂwij, sui, sui 5691: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5626: 5622: 5621: 5571: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5546: 5542: 5541: 5533:ŋjɨj, ge, gi; 5483: 5480: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5452: 5451: 5375:ɖi/ɖij, di> 5358: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5280:mjij, mi, bi; 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5243: 5242: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5163: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5146: 5125:mjie, mi, bi; 5120: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5097: 5096: 5042: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5014: 5013: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4956: 4955: 4954:ʔjwoj, e, wai 4944: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4888: 4887: 4821: 4816: 4813:ai, e, ei>ē 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4787: 4786: 4785:ŋjoj, ge, gai 4752: 4749: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4722: 4721: 4687:dej, dai, tē; 4639:pej, hai, hē; 4634: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4604: 4603: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4489: 4486: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4456: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4401:kwɛ, ke, kai; 4396: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4374: 4373: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4312: 4311: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4218: 4217: 4163:mwoj, mai/me, 4154: 4147: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4108:mæj, me, bai; 4103: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4020: 4019: 4014:ɣɛj, ge, kai; 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3951: 3950: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3879: 3878: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3770: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3687:dʐju, zyu, su 3621: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3587: 3489: 3486: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3457: 3456: 3354: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3295: 3294: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3218: 3217:gja, gya, kya 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3188: 3187: 3156: 3149: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3121: 3120: 3072: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3041: 3040: 2947: 2944: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2913: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2768: 2765: 2722: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2710: 2709:k, g, ŋ, x, ɣ 2707: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2689: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2615:William Baxter 2582:, while 央 (MC 2565: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2482: 2479: 2419: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2300: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2184: 2181: 2148: 2142: 2001: 1995: 1811:vocabularies. 1789:Greek language 1618:and the Emonfu 1590: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1542: 1541: 1540:contradiction 1538: 1535: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1488:Gonghe Regency 1484: 1467: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1371: 1370: 1364: 1361: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1124:kaisatsu-guchi 714:Main article: 711: 708: 523: 517: 412:closed classes 338: 335: 333:for details.) 263:Middle Chinese 251:Southeast Asia 224: 221: 149:into Chinese. 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 24423: 24412: 24409: 24407: 24404: 24402: 24399: 24397: 24394: 24393: 24391: 24374: 24371: 24370: 24369: 24366: 24362: 24359: 24358: 24357: 24354: 24352: 24349: 24347: 24344: 24343: 24341: 24339: 24335: 24327: 24324: 24323: 24322: 24321:Cyrillization 24319: 24315: 24312: 24310: 24309:Wāpuro rōmaji 24307: 24305: 24302: 24300: 24297: 24295: 24292: 24290: 24287: 24286: 24285: 24282: 24281: 24279: 24275: 24267: 24264: 24262: 24259: 24257: 24254: 24253: 24251: 24249: 24246: 24244: 24241: 24239: 24236: 24235: 24233: 24231: 24227: 24221: 24218: 24216: 24213: 24211: 24209: 24204: 24202: 24200: 24195: 24193: 24190: 24188: 24185: 24183: 24180: 24178: 24175: 24173: 24170: 24166: 24163: 24161: 24158: 24157: 24156: 24154: 24149: 24147: 24144: 24142: 24140: 24139:yamato kotoba 24135: 24133: 24130: 24128: 24127:Counter words 24125: 24123: 24120: 24118: 24115: 24113: 24110: 24108: 24105: 24103: 24100: 24098: 24095: 24093: 24090: 24088: 24085: 24083: 24080: 24079: 24077: 24069: 24057: 24054: 24052: 24049: 24047: 24044: 24042: 24039: 24037: 24034: 24033: 24031: 24027: 24024: 24022: 24019: 24017: 24014: 24012: 24009: 24007: 24004: 24002: 23999: 23997: 23994: 23993: 23991: 23987: 23984: 23982: 23979: 23977: 23974: 23972: 23969: 23967: 23964: 23962: 23959: 23958: 23956: 23952: 23949: 23948: 23946: 23942: 23939: 23938: 23937: 23934: 23933: 23931: 23927: 23921: 23918: 23916: 23913: 23911: 23908: 23906: 23903: 23901: 23898: 23896: 23893: 23891: 23888: 23884: 23881: 23880: 23879: 23876: 23875: 23873: 23869: 23863: 23862:Kana ligature 23860: 23858: 23855: 23853: 23850: 23848: 23845: 23843: 23840: 23838: 23835: 23833: 23830: 23828: 23825: 23823: 23820: 23819: 23817: 23815: 23811: 23805: 23802: 23800: 23797: 23795: 23792: 23788: 23785: 23783: 23780: 23779: 23777: 23773: 23770: 23769: 23768: 23765: 23763: 23760: 23758: 23757:Script reform 23755: 23754: 23752: 23750: 23746: 23743: 23741: 23737: 23725: 23722: 23720: 23717: 23715: 23712: 23710: 23707: 23706: 23705: 23702: 23698: 23695: 23693: 23690: 23688: 23685: 23683: 23680: 23678: 23675: 23673: 23670: 23668: 23665: 23663: 23660: 23659: 23658: 23655: 23654: 23652: 23650: 23646: 23638: 23635: 23634: 23633: 23630: 23628: 23625: 23624: 23621: 23618: 23616: 23612: 23606: 23603: 23601: 23598: 23596: 23593: 23591: 23588: 23586: 23583: 23581: 23580:Bonin English 23578: 23576: 23573: 23572: 23570: 23568: 23564: 23554: 23551: 23549: 23546: 23545: 23543: 23541: 23537: 23531: 23530: 23526: 23522: 23519: 23517: 23514: 23512: 23509: 23507: 23504: 23500: 23497: 23496: 23495: 23492: 23491: 23490: 23489: 23485: 23481: 23478: 23477: 23476: 23475: 23471: 23470: 23468: 23466: 23465: 23460: 23454: 23453: 23449: 23443: 23440: 23439: 23437: 23433: 23430: 23429: 23427: 23426: 23425: 23424: 23420: 23416: 23413: 23411: 23408: 23406: 23403: 23402: 23401: 23400: 23396: 23392: 23389: 23387: 23384: 23382: 23379: 23377: 23374: 23373: 23372: 23371: 23367: 23360: 23357: 23356: 23355: 23352: 23351: 23350: 23349: 23345: 23344: 23342: 23340: 23339: 23334: 23324: 23321: 23319: 23316: 23314: 23311: 23309: 23306: 23305: 23303: 23299: 23296: 23295: 23293: 23289: 23286: 23284: 23281: 23280: 23278: 23277: 23276: 23275: 23271: 23267: 23264: 23260: 23257: 23255: 23252: 23251: 23249: 23245: 23242: 23240: 23237: 23235: 23232: 23231: 23229: 23228: 23227: 23226: 23222: 23216: 23213: 23211: 23208: 23207: 23205: 23201: 23198: 23196: 23193: 23191: 23188: 23187: 23185: 23184: 23183: 23182: 23178: 23176: 23173: 23172: 23170: 23168: 23167: 23162: 23159: 23157: 23153: 23147: 23144: 23142: 23139: 23137: 23134: 23132: 23129: 23128: 23126: 23124:Earlier forms 23122: 23118: 23111: 23106: 23104: 23099: 23097: 23092: 23091: 23088: 23076: 23073: 23071: 23068: 23064: 23061: 23059: 23056: 23054: 23051: 23050: 23049: 23046: 23045: 23042: 23037: 23030: 23025: 23023: 23018: 23016: 23011: 23010: 23007: 23001: 23000: 22995: 22994: 22977: 22971: 22967: 22966: 22960: 22956: 22950: 22946: 22945: 22939: 22938: 22925: 22919: 22915: 22914: 22909: 22901: 22894: 22888:, p. 37. 22887: 22882: 22875: 22870: 22863: 22858: 22856: 22854: 22846: 22841: 22833: 22827: 22823: 22816: 22814: 22806: 22801: 22794: 22789: 22781: 22775: 22771: 22764: 22758: 22754: 22750: 22746: 22743: 22738: 22722: 22720: 22713: 22712: 22711:0-521-36918-5 22708: 22703: 22702: 22695: 22691: 22677: 22676: 22669: 22660: 22651: 22644: 22639: 22632: 22628: 22622: 22613: 22604: 22602: 22594: 22590: 22584: 22580: 22570: 22567: 22565: 22562: 22559: 22556: 22554: 22551: 22549: 22546: 22544: 22541: 22539: 22536: 22534: 22531: 22529: 22526: 22525: 22514: 22511: 22508: 22505: 22502: 22499: 22496: 22487: 22486: 22482: 22479: 22476: 22473: 22470: 22467: 22464: 22455: 22454: 22447: 22444: 22441: 22438: 22436:base, origin 22435: 22426: 22425: 22421: 22418: 22415: 22412: 22409: 22406: 22403: 22394: 22393: 22389: 22386: 22383: 22380: 22377: 22374: 22371: 22362: 22361: 22357: 22354: 22351: 22348: 22345: 22343:kjæng /kjæŋ/ 22342: 22339: 22330: 22329: 22326:tō < *tou 22325: 22323:tsu < *tu 22322: 22319: 22316: 22313: 22311:tuwng /tuwŋ/ 22310: 22307: 22298: 22297: 22293: 22290: 22287: 22284: 22281: 22278: 22275: 22266: 22265: 22258: 22255: 22252: 22249: 22246: 22237: 22236: 22232: 22229: 22226: 22223: 22220: 22218:dzyip /dʑip/ 22217: 22214: 22205: 22204: 22200: 22197: 22194: 22191: 22188: 22185: 22182: 22173: 22172: 22168: 22165: 22162: 22159: 22156: 22153: 22150: 22141: 22140: 22136: 22133: 22130: 22127: 22124: 22121: 22118: 22109: 22108: 22104: 22101: 22098: 22095: 22092: 22089: 22086: 22077: 22076: 22069: 22066: 22063: 22060: 22057: 22048: 22047: 22044:shi < *si 22040: 22037: 22034: 22031: 22028: 22019: 22018: 22011: 22008: 22005: 22002: 21999: 21990: 21989: 21985: 21982: 21979: 21976: 21973: 21971:nyijH /ɲij³/ 21970: 21967: 21958: 21957: 21953: 21950: 21947: 21944: 21941: 21938: 21935: 21926: 21925: 21922: 21919: 21916: 21914: 21911: 21908: 21905: 21903: 21900: 21897: 21894: 21893: 21887: 21883: 21879: 21876: 21872: 21869: 21868: 21867: 21852: 21849: 21836: 21831: 21830: 21824: 21821: 21818: 21816:/ti/ , /tu/ 21815: 21812: 21807: 21806: 21800: 21781: 21776: 21775: 21771: 21766: 21760: 21757: 21752: 21751: 21747: 21742: 21741: 21729: 21724: 21723: 21719: 21716: 21713: 21710: 21707: 21704: 21701: 21700: 21697: 21690: 21688: 21685: 21684: 21680: 21678: 21675: 21674: 21670: 21667: 21664: 21663: 21659: 21656: 21653: 21652: 21639: 21627: 21624: 21622: 21619: 21615: 21611: 21608: 21605: 21604: 21600: 21597: 21594: 21593: 21589: 21586: 21583: 21582: 21578: 21575: 21572: 21571: 21559: 21547: 21544: 21542: 21538: 21535: 21530: 21529: 21521: 21520: 21516: 21513: 21510: 21507: 21504: 21503: 21499: 21496: 21493: 21490: 21487: 21486: 21475: 21465: 21455: 21445: 21442: 21440: 21437: 21433: 21430: 21427: 21426: 21423: 21420: 21419: 21415: 21412: 21411: 21407: 21404: 21403: 21392: 21387: 21385: 21384:Palatal nasal 21381: 21375: 21374: 21371: 21366: 21365: 21361: 21359: 21356: 21355: 21351: 21348: 21345: 21341: 21337: 21335: 21332: 21331: 21327: 21324: 21321: 21317: 21305: 21303: 21292: 21291: 21277: 21266: 21255: 21249: 21245: 21239: 21235: 21231: 21226: 21223: 21219: 21216: 21213: 21212: 21209: 21206: 21205: 21201: 21198: 21197: 21193: 21190: 21189: 21178: 21173: 21171: 21167: 21162: 21157: 21156: 21153: 21151: 21146: 21145: 21141: 21138: 21135: 21132: 21129: 21128: 21124: 21121: 21118: 21115: 21112: 21111: 21099: 21088: 21077: 21066: 21063: 21060: 21056: 21051: 21048: 21044: 21039: 21033: 21032: 21029: 21027: 21021: 21020: 21016: 21013: 21010: 21007: 21005: 21002: 21001: 20997: 20994: 20991: 20988: 20985: 20984: 20972: 20961: 20950: 20939: 20936: 20933: 20929: 20924: 20920: 20917: 20914: 20912: 20909: 20907: 20904: 20902: 20899: 20898: 20895: 20890: 20886: 20883: 20878: 20874: 20871: 20865: 20861: 20847: 20846: 20841: 20838: 20824: 20819: 20816: 20812: 20808: 20794: 20789: 20784: 20780: 20777: 20776: 20774: 20770: 20767: 20764: 20763: 20762: 20751: 20741: 20737: 20727: 20723: 20722: 20711: 20710: 20705: 20704:Proto-Japonic 20700: 20698:respectively. 20697: 20696: 20691: 20681: 20680: 20669: 20668: 20663: 20653: 20652: 20647: 20644: 20640: 20626: 20616: 20607: 20581: 20566: 20558:, pronounced 20551: 20541: 20537: 20533: 20529: 20526: 20522: 20519: 20515: 20511: 20510:palatal nasal 20495: 20476: 20461: 20458: 20444: 20433: 20421: 20418: 20408: 20404: 20386: 20375: 20371: 20367: 20363: 20359: 20355: 20351: 20347: 20343: 20339: 20335: 20331: 20327: 20317: 20313: 20309: 20304: 20285: 20280: 20270: 20266: 20262: 20259: 20254: 20233: 20224: 20220: 20216: 20212: 20202: 20186: 20185: 20180: 20157: 20151: 20144: 20116: 20112: 20102: 20098: 20092: 20086: 20085: 20080: 20070: 20069: 20064: 20061:) changed to 20054: 20053: 20048: 20043: 20039: 20038: 20037: 20035: 20027: 20023: 20019: 20014: 20012: 20007: 19987: 19984: 19980: 19976: 19975: 19974: 19972: 19958: 19943: 19928: 19923: 19919: 19907: 19901: 19898: 19889: 19887: 19885: 19883: 19881: 19879: 19877: 19875: 19873: 19871: 19869: 19867: 19864: 19859: 19856: 19851: 19850: 19847: 19845: 19843: 19841: 19839: 19837: 19835: 19833: 19831: 19829: 19827: 19825: 19822: 19817: 19815: 19813: 19812: 19809: 19807: 19805: 19803: 19801: 19799: 19797: 19795: 19793: 19791: 19789: 19787: 19785: 19783: 19780: 19775: 19774: 19771: 19769: 19767: 19765: 19763: 19761: 19759: 19757: 19755: 19753: 19751: 19749: 19746: 19741: 19739: 19737: 19736: 19733: 19731: 19729: 19727: 19725: 19723: 19721: 19719: 19717: 19715: 19713: 19711: 19708: 19703: 19701: 19699: 19698: 19695: 19693: 19691: 19689: 19687: 19685: 19683: 19681: 19679: 19677: 19675: 19673: 19670: 19665: 19663: 19661: 19660: 19657: 19655: 19653: 19651: 19649: 19647: 19645: 19643: 19641: 19639: 19637: 19635: 19632: 19627: 19624: 19619: 19618: 19615: 19613: 19611: 19609: 19607: 19605: 19603: 19601: 19599: 19597: 19595: 19593: 19590: 19585: 19583: 19581: 19580: 19577: 19575: 19573: 19571: 19569: 19567: 19565: 19563: 19561: 19559: 19557: 19555: 19552: 19547: 19544: 19539: 19538: 19535: 19533: 19531: 19529: 19527: 19525: 19523: 19521: 19519: 19517: 19515: 19513: 19510: 19505: 19502: 19497: 19496: 19493: 19491: 19489: 19487: 19485: 19483: 19481: 19479: 19477: 19475: 19472: 19467: 19465: 19463: 19461: 19459: 19458: 19455: 19453: 19450: 19448:力役 ryoku.eki 19445: 19442: 19437: 19435: 19433: 19430: 19425: 19422: 19417: 19415: 19413: 19410: 19405: 19404: 19401: 19399: 19397: 19395: 19392: 19390:蒟蒻 kon.nyaku 19387: 19385: 19383: 19381: 19379: 19377: 19375: 19373: 19371: 19368: 19363: 19362: 19359: 19357: 19355: 19353: 19350: 19345: 19343: 19341: 19338: 19333: 19330: 19325: 19323: 19321: 19319: 19317: 19316: 19313: 19311: 19308: 19303: 19300: 19295: 19293: 19291: 19288: 19283: 19280: 19275: 19273: 19271: 19269: 19267: 19266: 19262: 19257: 19254: 19249: 19246: 19241: 19239: 19237: 19234: 19229: 19226: 19221: 19219: 19217: 19214: 19209: 19208: 19205: 19203: 19201: 19199: 19197: 19195: 19193: 19191: 19188: 19183: 19180: 19175: 19173: 19171: 19169: 19167: 19166: 19163: 19161: 19159: 19157: 19154: 19149: 19146: 19139: 19136: 19131: 19128: 19123: 19121: 19119: 19117: 19115: 19114: 19111: 19109: 19106: 19101: 19098: 19093: 19091: 19089: 19086: 19081: 19078: 19073: 19071: 19069: 19066: 19061: 19060: 19056: 19051: 19048: 19043: 19040: 19035: 19033: 19031: 19028: 19023: 19020: 19015: 19012: 19007: 19005: 19003: 19002: 18999: 18997: 18994: 18989: 18986: 18981: 18979: 18977: 18974: 18969: 18966: 18961: 18959: 18957: 18954: 18949: 18948: 18945: 18943: 18941: 18939: 18936: 18931: 18928: 18923: 18920: 18915: 18912: 18907: 18905: 18903: 18901: 18899: 18898: 18895: 18893: 18890: 18885: 18882: 18877: 18875: 18873: 18870: 18865: 18862: 18857: 18855: 18853: 18850: 18845: 18844: 18841: 18839: 18837: 18835: 18833: 18831: 18829: 18827: 18825: 18823: 18820: 18815: 18813: 18811: 18808: 18803: 18802: 18799: 18797: 18795: 18793: 18791: 18789: 18787: 18785: 18783: 18781: 18779: 18777: 18774: 18767: 18764: 18759: 18758: 18755: 18753: 18751: 18749: 18747: 18745: 18743: 18741: 18738: 18733: 18731: 18729: 18727: 18725: 18722: 18715: 18714: 18711: 18709: 18707: 18705: 18703: 18701: 18699: 18697: 18695: 18693: 18690: 18685: 18683: 18681: 18679: 18677: 18676: 18673: 18671: 18669: 18667: 18665: 18663: 18660: 18653: 18651: 18649: 18647: 18645: 18643: 18641: 18638: 18631: 18630: 18627: 18625: 18623: 18621: 18619: 18617: 18615: 18613: 18611: 18609: 18606: 18599: 18597: 18595: 18593: 18591: 18590: 18587: 18585: 18583: 18581: 18579: 18577: 18575: 18573: 18571: 18569: 18566: 18561: 18558: 18553: 18551: 18549: 18548: 18545: 18543: 18541: 18539: 18537: 18535: 18533: 18531: 18529: 18527: 18524: 18519: 18516: 18511: 18508: 18503: 18502: 18499: 18497: 18495: 18493: 18491: 18489: 18487: 18485: 18482: 18477: 18475: 18473: 18470: 18465: 18462: 18457: 18456: 18453: 18451: 18449: 18447: 18445: 18443: 18441: 18439: 18437: 18435: 18432: 18425: 18423: 18421: 18419: 18417: 18416: 18413: 18411: 18409: 18407: 18405: 18403: 18401: 18399: 18397: 18395: 18392: 18387: 18385: 18383: 18381: 18379: 18378: 18375: 18373: 18371: 18369: 18367: 18365: 18363: 18361: 18359: 18357: 18355: 18353: 18350: 18345: 18342: 18337: 18336: 18333: 18331: 18329: 18327: 18325: 18323: 18321: 18319: 18317: 18315: 18312: 18307: 18304: 18299: 18296: 18291: 18290: 18287: 18285: 18283: 18281: 18279: 18277: 18275: 18273: 18271: 18269: 18266: 18261: 18258: 18253: 18251: 18249: 18248: 18245: 18243: 18241: 18239: 18237: 18235: 18233: 18231: 18228: 18226:没薬 motu.yaku 18223: 18220: 18215: 18212: 18207: 18204: 18199: 18198: 18195: 18193: 18191: 18189: 18187: 18185: 18183: 18181: 18178: 18171: 18168: 18163: 18160: 18155: 18153: 18151: 18150: 18146: 18141: 18139: 18137: 18135: 18133: 18130: 18123: 18121: 18119: 18116: 18111: 18108: 18103: 18100: 18095: 18094: 18091: 18089: 18087: 18085: 18083: 18081: 18079: 18077: 18075: 18073: 18070: 18065: 18062: 18055: 18053: 18051: 18050: 18047: 18045: 18043: 18041: 18039: 18037: 18034: 18029: 18026: 18021: 18018: 18013: 18010: 18005: 18003: 18001: 18000: 17997: 17995: 17993: 17991: 17989: 17987: 17984: 17979: 17976: 17971: 17968: 17963: 17960: 17955: 17952: 17947: 17946: 17942: 17937: 17935: 17933: 17931: 17929: 17927: 17925: 17922: 17917: 17914: 17909: 17906: 17901: 17898: 17893: 17892: 17889: 17887: 17885: 17883: 17881: 17879: 17877: 17875: 17872: 17867: 17864: 17859: 17856: 17851: 17848: 17843: 17842: 17839: 17837: 17835: 17833: 17831: 17829: 17826: 17821: 17818: 17813: 17810: 17805: 17802: 17800:丿乀 hetu.hotu 17797: 17794: 17789: 17788: 17785: 17783: 17781: 17779: 17777: 17775: 17772: 17767: 17762: 17759: 17757:圧力 atu.ryoku 17754: 17751: 17746: 17743: 17738: 17737: 17734: 17732: 17730: 17728: 17726: 17724: 17722: 17720: 17718: 17716: 17713: 17708: 17706: 17704: 17702: 17700: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17692: 17690: 17688: 17686: 17684: 17682: 17679: 17674: 17671: 17666: 17663: 17658: 17655: 17650: 17649: 17646: 17644: 17642: 17640: 17638: 17636: 17634: 17632: 17630: 17628: 17625: 17620: 17617: 17612: 17609: 17604: 17603: 17600: 17598: 17596: 17594: 17592: 17590: 17588: 17586: 17583: 17578: 17575: 17570: 17567: 17562: 17559: 17554: 17553: 17550: 17548: 17546: 17544: 17542: 17540: 17537: 17532: 17529: 17524: 17521: 17516: 17513: 17508: 17505: 17500: 17499: 17495: 17490: 17488: 17486: 17484: 17482: 17479: 17474: 17471: 17466: 17463: 17458: 17455: 17450: 17447: 17442: 17441: 17438: 17436: 17434: 17432: 17430: 17428: 17426: 17424: 17421: 17416: 17413: 17408: 17405: 17400: 17398: 17396: 17395: 17392: 17390: 17388: 17386: 17384: 17382: 17379: 17374: 17371: 17366: 17363: 17358: 17355: 17350: 17347: 17342: 17341: 17338: 17336: 17334: 17332: 17330: 17328: 17325: 17320: 17317: 17312: 17309: 17304: 17301: 17296: 17293: 17288: 17287: 17283: 17278: 17276: 17274: 17272: 17270: 17267: 17262: 17259: 17254: 17251: 17246: 17243: 17238: 17235: 17230: 17229: 17226: 17224: 17222: 17220: 17218: 17216: 17214: 17212: 17209: 17204: 17201: 17196: 17193: 17188: 17185: 17180: 17179: 17176: 17174: 17172: 17170: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17158: 17155: 17150: 17147: 17142: 17139: 17134: 17131: 17126: 17125: 17122: 17120: 17118: 17116: 17114: 17112: 17109: 17104: 17101: 17096: 17093: 17088: 17085: 17080: 17077: 17072: 17071: 17068: 17066: 17064: 17062: 17060: 17058: 17056: 17054: 17051: 17046: 17044: 17042: 17040: 17038: 17036: 17034: 17033: 17030: 17028: 17025: 17020: 17017: 17012: 17009: 17004: 17001: 16996: 16994: 16992: 16989: 16984: 16981: 16976: 16975: 16972: 16970: 16967: 16965:入力 nyū.ryoku 16962: 16959: 16954: 16952: 16950: 16947: 16942: 16940: 16938: 16935: 16930: 16927: 16922: 16921: 16918: 16916: 16914: 16912: 16909: 16904: 16902: 16900: 16897: 16892: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16880: 16877: 16872: 16871: 16868: 16866: 16863: 16858: 16855: 16850: 16848: 16846: 16843: 16838: 16835: 16830: 16827: 16822: 16819: 16814: 16813: 16810: 16808: 16805: 16800: 16797: 16792: 16789: 16784: 16781: 16776: 16774: 16772: 16769: 16764: 16761: 16756: 16755: 16752: 16750: 16748: 16746: 16744: 16742: 16740: 16738: 16735: 16730: 16728: 16726: 16723: 16718: 16715: 16710: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16701: 16696: 16693: 16688: 16686: 16684: 16681: 16676: 16674: 16672: 16669: 16664: 16661: 16656: 16655: 16652: 16650: 16647: 16642: 16639: 16634: 16632: 16630: 16627: 16622: 16619: 16614: 16611: 16606: 16603: 16598: 16597: 16594: 16592: 16589: 16584: 16581: 16576: 16573: 16568: 16565: 16560: 16557: 16552: 16549: 16544: 16541: 16536: 16535: 16532: 16530: 16527: 16522: 16519: 16514: 16511: 16506: 16503: 16498: 16495: 16490: 16487: 16482: 16479: 16474: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16456: 16454: 16452: 16449: 16444: 16441: 16436: 16433: 16428: 16425: 16420: 16419: 16415: 16410: 16407: 16402: 16399: 16394: 16392: 16390: 16387: 16382: 16380: 16378: 16375: 16370: 16367: 16362: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16354: 16352: 16350: 16348: 16346: 16344: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16332: 16330: 16328: 16326: 16324: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16310: 16308: 16306: 16303: 16298: 16295: 16290: 16287: 16282: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16270: 16269: 16266: 16264: 16261: 16256: 16254: 16252: 16250: 16248: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16236: 16234: 16232: 16229: 16224: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16216: 16214: 16212: 16210: 16207: 16202: 16199: 16194: 16191: 16186: 16184: 16182: 16179: 16174: 16173: 16170: 16168: 16165: 16160: 16158: 16156: 16153: 16148: 16145: 16140: 16137: 16132: 16129: 16124: 16121: 16116: 16115: 16111: 16106: 16103: 16098: 16095: 16090: 16087: 16082: 16080: 16078: 16075: 16070: 16067: 16062: 16059: 16054: 16053: 16050: 16048: 16046: 16044: 16042: 16040: 16038: 16036: 16033: 16028: 16025: 16020: 16018: 16016: 16014: 16012: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16004: 16002: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15990: 15987: 15982: 15979: 15974: 15972: 15970: 15967: 15962: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15948: 15946: 15944: 15941: 15936: 15933: 15928: 15925: 15920: 15917: 15912: 15909: 15904: 15903: 15899: 15894: 15891: 15886: 15883: 15878: 15875: 15870: 15867: 15862: 15859: 15854: 15851: 15846: 15843: 15838: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15829: 15824: 15821: 15816: 15813: 15808: 15805: 15800: 15797: 15792: 15790: 15788: 15785: 15780: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15772: 15770: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15758: 15755: 15750: 15747: 15742: 15740: 15738: 15735: 15730: 15729: 15725: 15720: 15717: 15712: 15709: 15704: 15701: 15696: 15693: 15688: 15685: 15680: 15677: 15672: 15669: 15664: 15663: 15659: 15657:example word 15654: 15651: 15649:example word 15646: 15643: 15641:example word 15638: 15635: 15633:example word 15630: 15627: 15625:example word 15622: 15619: 15617:example word 15614: 15611: 15609:example word 15606: 15603: 15601:example word 15598: 15597: 15593: 15589: 15584: 15581: 15579: 15575: 15572: 15568: 15546: 15542: 15538: 15526: 15522: 15518: 15514: 15502: 15498: 15495: 15492: 15489: 15486: 15483: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15469: 15466: 15465: 15454: 15450: 15446: 15434: 15429: 15422:ʂjuwk, suku, 15421: 15417: 15413: 15409: 15402:sjuwk, suku, 15401: 15397: 15385: 15381: 15373: 15369: 15357: 15350:bjuwk, buku, 15349: 15337: 15325: 15321: 15318: 15309: 15302: 15299: 15296: 15293: 15290: 15287: 15284: 15281: 15278: 15277: 15270: 15258: 15250: 15242: 15239: 15236: 15233: 15230: 15227: 15224: 15221: 15218: 15215: 15214: 15203: 15191: 15179: 15175: 15171: 15159: 15155: 15151: 15147: 15143: 15131: 15127: 15124: 15116: 15113: 15110: 15107: 15104: 15101: 15098: 15095: 15094: 15086: 15081: 15078: 15075: 15070: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15052: 15049: 15048: 15044: 15040: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15016: 15013: 15012: 15008: 15006: 15004: 15002: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14992: 14989: 14988: 14977: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14967: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14957: 14954: 14953: 14949: 14941: 14939: 14937: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14927: 14924: 14923: 14919: 14915: 14907: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14892: 14889: 14886: 14883: 14880: 14877: 14876: 14865: 14857: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14839: 14836: 14833: 14832: 14821: 14817: 14813: 14809: 14797: 14785: 14778:zjek, zyaku, 14777: 14773: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14751: 14748: 14747: 14743: 14735: 14731: 14727: 14724: 14716: 14713: 14711: 14708: 14705: 14702: 14699: 14696: 14695: 14688: 14684: 14680: 14668: 14663: 14655: 14647: 14635: 14623: 14615: 14611: 14599: 14588:ɖik, diki> 14587: 14583: 14580: 14577: 14570: 14567: 14564: 14561: 14558: 14555: 14552: 14549: 14546: 14545: 14541: 14537: 14534: 14530:wyaku>yaku 14529: 14526: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14508: 14505: 14504: 14493: 14489: 14477: 14470:khjak, kaku, 14469: 14465: 14461: 14449: 14445: 14436: 14433: 14428: 14423: 14420: 14417: 14414: 14411: 14408: 14405: 14402: 14399: 14398: 14391: 14387: 14383: 14378: 14374: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14343: 14340: 14339: 14335: 14331: 14328: 14326:waku>aku? 14322: 14319: 14317: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14307: 14304: 14303: 14299: 14291: 14279: 14276: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14253: 14250: 14249: 14241: 14237: 14225: 14221: 14218: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14203: 14201: 14198: 14195: 14192: 14191: 14180: 14168: 14156: 14144: 14136: 14124: 14121: 14116: 14113: 14110: 14107: 14104: 14101: 14098: 14095: 14094: 14083: 14075: 14071: 14059: 14055: 14043: 14039: 14035: 14032: 14026: 14023: 14020: 14017: 14014: 14011: 14008: 14005: 14004: 14000: 13996: 13984: 13980: 13972: 13969: 13966: 13963: 13960: 13957: 13954: 13951: 13948: 13945: 13944: 13940: 13936: 13924: 13920: 13916: 13912: 13908: 13896: 13888: 13885: 13876: 13873: 13870: 13867: 13864: 13861: 13858: 13855: 13854: 13843: 13839: 13827: 13815: 13803: 13799: 13787: 13775: 13772: 13766: 13763: 13760: 13757: 13754: 13751: 13748: 13745: 13744: 13740: 13737: 13734: 13731: 13728: 13725: 13722: 13719: 13716: 13713: 13710: 13709: 13705: 13700:Occurs after 13695: 13692: 13663: 13656:khjut, kuti, 13655: 13643: 13639: 13635: 13631: 13628: 13625: 13620: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13604: 13601: 13598: 13597: 13593: 13589: 13586: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13571: 13569: 13566: 13563: 13560: 13559: 13555: 13551: 13547: 13539:ʑjwit, zyuti/ 13538: 13530: 13527: 13524: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13508: 13505: 13504: 13500: 13497: 13494: 13491: 13490: 13486: 13482: 13470: 13466: 13463: 13433: 13430: 13427: 13426: 13419: 13407: 13395: 13383: 13371: 13363: 13355: 13347: 13344: 13341: 13338: 13335: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13321: 13318: 13315: 13314: 13310: 13307: 13304: 13301: 13300: 13292: 13288: 13283: 13275: 13267: 13259: 13255: 13252: 13226: 13223: 13220: 13219: 13215: 13203: 13200: 13197: 13192: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13182: 13180: 13177: 13174: 13171: 13170: 13163: 13155: 13151: 13143: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13124: 13121: 13118: 13115: 13112: 13109: 13108: 13104: 13101: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13078: 13075: 13074: 13067: 13059: 13056: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13038: 13035: 13034: 13027: 13023: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13007: 13005: 13002: 12999: 12996: 12995: 12988: 12984: 12980: 12976: 12972: 12964:dzjwet, zeti/ 12963: 12959: 12955: 12952: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12923: 12920: 12919: 12912: 12908: 12903: 12895: 12883: 12879: 12876: 12871: 12868: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12852: 12849: 12846: 12845: 12841: 12837: 12829: 12826: 12823: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12807: 12804: 12803: 12799: 12791: 12787: 12779: 12775: 12772: 12757: 12754: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12740: 12737: 12736: 12732: 12727: 12719: 12715: 12707: 12699: 12696: 12689: 12682: 12679: 12676: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12662: 12659: 12658: 12654: 12650: 12642: 12638: 12634: 12626: 12623: 12620: 12617: 12614: 12611: 12608: 12605: 12602: 12599: 12598: 12594: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12579: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12569: 12566: 12563: 12562: 12558: 12554: 12550: 12542: 12535:ʈhjet, teti, 12534: 12526: 12523: 12515: 12512: 12509: 12506: 12503: 12500: 12497: 12494: 12493: 12489: 12485: 12478:tʂhɛt, seti, 12477: 12469: 12461: 12458: 12455: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12441: 12438: 12435: 12434: 12427: 12416:tʂhæt, seti, 12415: 12411: 12407: 12404: 12396: 12393: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12379: 12376: 12375: 12371: 12363: 12359: 12355: 12351: 12347: 12335: 12332: 12329: 12326: 12323: 12320: 12317: 12314: 12311: 12308: 12305: 12302: 12301: 12297: 12294: 12291: 12288: 12285: 12282: 12279: 12276: 12273: 12270: 12267: 12266: 12262: 12257:Occurs after 12252: 12249: 12218:/iti/ 'one', 12211: 12207: 12196: 12187: 12166: 12158: 12142: 12126: 12122: 12119: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12098: 12095: 12094: 12090: 12082: 12066:lip, ripu> 12065: 12057: 12053: 12050: 12042: 12039: 12036: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12022: 12019: 12018: 12011: 11999: 11996: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11973: 11970: 11969: 11965: 11961: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11935: 11932: 11931: 11927: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11917: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11907: 11904: 11903: 11893:yjep, epu> 11892: 11888: 11884: 11880: 11876: 11873: 11867: 11864: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11850: 11847: 11846: 11839: 11827: 11823: 11820: 11817: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11801: 11798: 11797: 11793: 11785: 11781: 11778: 11773: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11757: 11754: 11753: 11733: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11718: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11708: 11705: 11702: 11701: 11686:ɣop, gopu> 11685: 11669: 11665: 11661: 11653: 11642:top, topu> 11641: 11638: 11629: 11626: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11612: 11609: 11608: 11605:khap, kō, kō 11604: 11600: 11597:dap, dō, tō; 11596: 11592: 11589: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11568: 11565: 11564: 11560: 11557: 11554: 11551: 11548: 11545: 11542: 11539: 11536: 11533: 11530: 11529: 11525: 11520:Occurs after 11515: 11512: 11510: 11494: 11470: 11468: 11464: 11460: 11456: 11452: 11432: 11424: 11412: 11408: 11404: 11400: 11392: 11384: 11380: 11376:, ryoũ>ryō 11371: 11367: 11355: 11350: 11338: 11335: 11330: 11326:yuũ>yū (T) 11323: 11320: 11317: 11314: 11311: 11308: 11305: 11302: 11299: 11298: 11291: 11284:ɣjuwŋ, u/yu, 11283: 11279: 11267: 11259: 11255: 11247: 11235: 11230: 11218: 11215: 11210: 11206:yuũ>yū (T) 11203: 11200: 11197: 11194: 11191: 11188: 11185: 11182: 11179: 11178: 11175:sowŋ, so, sō 11174: 11166: 11157: 11145: 11134:towŋ, toũ> 11133: 11130: 11125: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11107: 11104: 11103: 11095: 11092:, toũ>tō; 11087: 11079: 11074: 11070: 11062: 11050: 11046: 11042: 11034: 11026: 11022: 11019: 11011: 11008: 11005: 11002: 10999: 10996: 10993: 10990: 10987: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10976: 10974: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10964: 10961: 10960: 10956: 10952: 10949: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10931: 10928: 10927: 10923: 10919: 10911: 10907: 10904: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10886: 10883: 10882: 10875: 10871: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10861: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10851: 10848: 10847: 10840: 10828: 10825: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10801: 10798: 10797: 10787:ɣeŋ, gyaũ> 10786: 10775:keŋ, kyaũ> 10774: 10770: 10762: 10751:leŋ, ryaũ> 10750: 10746: 10735:deŋ, dyaũ> 10734: 10723:teŋ, tyaũ> 10722: 10711:meŋ, myaũ> 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10699: 10696: 10693: 10690: 10687: 10684: 10683: 10680:ʔjieŋ, yō, ē 10679: 10675: 10671: 10659: 10655: 10652: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10636: 10633: 10630: 10629: 10625: 10613: 10601: 10597: 10585: 10577: 10569: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10547: 10544: 10543: 10536: 10532: 10524: 10512: 10500: 10488: 10476: 10468: 10456: 10444: 10432: 10429: 10420: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10406: 10403: 10400: 10399: 10395: 10391: 10379: 10374: 10370: 10359:ɕiŋ, syoũ> 10358: 10347:liŋ, ryoũ> 10346: 10338: 10327:piŋ, pyoũ> 10326: 10322: 10319: 10316: 10311: 10308: 10305: 10302: 10299: 10296: 10293: 10290: 10287: 10286: 10282: 10270: 10262: 10254: 10251: 10249:waũ>ō (Ø) 10246: 10243: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10225: 10222: 10221: 10211:yjaŋ, yaũ> 10210: 10206: 10202: 10198: 10194: 10186: 10175:gjaŋ, gaũ> 10174: 10162: 10151:sjaŋ, saũ> 10150: 10139:zjaŋ, zaũ> 10138: 10130: 10122: 10110: 10106: 10094: 10086: 10074: 10062: 10054: 10042: 10031:mjaŋ, maũ> 10030: 10026: 10015:mjaŋ, maũ> 10014: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9998: 9995: 9992: 9989: 9986: 9983: 9980: 9977: 9976: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9952: 9949: 9948: 9945:, kwaũ>kō 9941:ɣwæŋ, waũ> 9940: 9936: 9932: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9908: 9905: 9904: 9900: 9889:ɣwaŋ, waũ> 9888: 9884: 9880: 9868: 9865: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9844: 9841: 9840: 9837:ɣwoŋ, gu, kō 9836: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9812: 9809: 9808: 9798:khoŋ, koũ> 9797: 9785: 9777: 9765: 9753: 9749: 9746: 9741: 9738: 9735: 9732: 9729: 9726: 9723: 9720: 9719: 9709:kæwŋ, koũ> 9708: 9697:kæwŋ, koũ> 9696: 9685:ʂæwŋ, soũ> 9684: 9680: 9676: 9665:pæwŋ, poũ> 9664: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9650: 9647: 9644: 9641: 9638: 9635: 9634: 9630: 9626: 9622: 9614: 9610: 9602: 9598: 9595:, taũ>tō; 9591:ʈɛŋ, tyaũ> 9590: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9575: 9572: 9569: 9566: 9563: 9560: 9557: 9554: 9551: 9550: 9543: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9516:ɣæŋ, gyaũ> 9515: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9494: 9491: 9483: 9480: 9477: 9474: 9471: 9468: 9465: 9462: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9441: 9433: 9430:paŋ, hō, hō; 9429: 9426: 9420: 9417: 9414: 9411: 9408: 9405: 9402: 9399: 9398: 9394: 9391: 9388: 9385: 9382: 9379: 9376: 9373: 9370: 9367: 9364: 9363: 9359: 9354:Occurs after 9349: 9346: 9344: 9340: 9336: 9332: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9319: 9302: 9290: 9282: 9270: 9266: 9258: 9254: 9242: 9239: 9236: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9217: 9214: 9211: 9210: 9203: 9199: 9191: 9183: 9180: 9177: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9156: 9153: 9152: 9148: 9136: 9128: 9120: 9112: 9109: 9101: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9077: 9074: 9071: 9068: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9041: 9029: 9025: 9013: 9009: 9005: 9001: 8997: 8994: 8961: 8958: 8955: 8954: 8943: 8931: 8919: 8907: 8895: 8883: 8871: 8868: 8862: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8848: 8845: 8842: 8841: 8837: 8834: 8831: 8828: 8827: 8823: 8815: 8803: 8799: 8787: 8775: 8772: 8746: 8743: 8740: 8739: 8735: 8723: 8719: 8711: 8703: 8700: 8697: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8674: 8671: 8670: 8660:ʔwon, won> 8659: 8655: 8643: 8631: 8619: 8607: 8599: 8591: 8579: 8576: 8568: 8565: 8562: 8559: 8556: 8553: 8550: 8547: 8546: 8535: 8527: 8515: 8512: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8483: 8475: 8463: 8460: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8442: 8439: 8438: 8434: 8422: 8419: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8401: 8398: 8397: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8370: 8362: 8350: 8346: 8337: 8329: 8317: 8305: 8301: 8298: 8290: 8287: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8273: 8270: 8269: 8266:ʔjon, on, en 8265: 8253: 8245: 8233: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8209: 8204: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8185: 8182: 8179: 8178: 8170: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8146: 8143: 8142: 8135: 8131: 8126: 8122: 8119: 8106: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8082: 8078:, kwan>kan 8073: 8061: 8049: 8037: 8033: 8021: 8018: 8014:wan>an (K) 8008: 8005: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7983: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7951: 7939: 7936: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7924: 7921: 7918: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7900: 7892: 7888: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7862: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7845:yjen, yen> 7844: 7840: 7828: 7816: 7804: 7792: 7788: 7785: 7779: 7776: 7773: 7770: 7767: 7764: 7761: 7758: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7737: 7729: 7721: 7717: 7714: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7669: 7661: 7657: 7654: 7645: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7631: 7628: 7625: 7624: 7613: 7601: 7589: 7573: 7561: 7557: 7545: 7533: 7530: 7524: 7521: 7518: 7515: 7512: 7509: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7498: 7495: 7489: 7486: 7483: 7480: 7477: 7474: 7471: 7468: 7467: 7463: 7458:Occurs after 7453: 7450: 7437: 7425: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7400: 7397: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7361: 7357: 7345: 7341: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7318: 7310: 7307: 7304: 7301: 7298: 7295: 7292: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7281: 7273: 7269: 7257: 7253: 7250: 7247: 7244: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7228: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7210: 7198: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7172: 7169: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7133:ʔjem, en, en 7132: 7128: 7117:yjem, yen> 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7081: 7075: 7072: 7069: 7066: 7063: 7060: 7057: 7054: 7053: 7049: 7041: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7008: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6987: 6984: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6962: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6932: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6918: 6910: 6906: 6898: 6894: 6882: 6878: 6870: 6867: 6858: 6855: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6806: 6802: 6799: 6793: 6790: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6768: 6765: 6762: 6759: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6747: 6744: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6733: 6728:Occurs after 6723: 6720: 6707: 6689: 6688: 6678: 6669: 6668: 6648: 6637:kjiw, kiu> 6636: 6632: 6628: 6625: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6606: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6588: 6580: 6576: 6560: 6552: 6548: 6536: 6532: 6520: 6516: 6504: 6496: 6488: 6477:ɲjuw, niu> 6476: 6465:ʈjuw, tiu> 6464: 6460: 6452: 6448: 6436: 6428: 6420: 6417: 6412: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6396: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6364: 6361:kuw, ku, kō; 6360: 6348: 6340: 6328: 6316: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6254: 6251: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6216: 6212: 6204: 6201: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6167: 6155: 6151: 6139: 6127: 6116:pjew, peu> 6115: 6112: 6106: 6103: 6100: 6097: 6094: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6084: 6080: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6030: 6027: 6024: 6021: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5979: 5972:paw, hō, hō ( 5971: 5968: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5927: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5912: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5901: 5896:Occurs after 5891: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5852:ɣjwɨj, wi> 5851: 5847: 5843: 5835: 5831: 5823: 5820: 5817: 5812: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5786: 5774: 5762: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5707: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5652: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5612: 5608: 5600: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5572: 5564: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5536: 5532: 5520: 5516: 5509:gjɨj, gi/ge, 5508: 5499: 5487: 5484: 5481: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5442: 5438: 5426: 5422: 5410: 5398: 5386: 5374: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5315: 5303: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5240: 5228: 5225:sij, si, si; 5224: 5212: 5200: 5188: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5144: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5094: 5082: 5070: 5058: 5050: 5047:mje, mi, bi; 5046: 5043: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4945: 4941:wai>ai (K) 4940: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4882: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4857: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4772: 4768: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4711: 4708:kej, ke, kē; 4707: 4702: 4690: 4686: 4674: 4670: 4658: 4654: 4642: 4638: 4635: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4593: 4589: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4533: 4529: 4521: 4509: 4505: 4497: 4493: 4490: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4451: 4447: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4346: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4283:ŋwai, gwe> 4282: 4270: 4266: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4190: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4155: 4151:wai>ai (K) 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4111: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4064: 4061:ʂɛ, se, sai; 4060: 4052: 4049:bɛ, be, hai; 4048: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3989: 3985: 3982: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3928: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3869: 3857: 3845: 3833: 3821: 3817: 3805: 3801: 3798: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3727:Occurs after 3722: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3670: 3665: 3662:ŋju, gu, gu; 3661: 3658:lju, ru, ru; 3657: 3653: 3650:pju, hu, hu; 3649: 3637: 3625: 3622: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3577: 3569: 3557: 3545: 3533: 3525: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3442: 3434: 3422: 3410: 3406: 3394: 3386: 3374: 3362: 3358: 3355: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3213: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3177: 3165: 3160: 3157: 3150: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3094:khwa, kwa> 3093: 3088: 3085:twa, ta, ta; 3084: 3076: 3073: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3035: 3023: 3019: 3016:ʈæ, tya, ta; 3015: 3007: 3003: 2991: 2987: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2891: 2879: 2867: 2855: 2852: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2780:Occurs after 2775: 2772: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2754: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2673:p>h, b, m 2672: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2552:ゐや, くゐや, ぐゐや 2551: 2550: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2487: 2478: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2444:, but Kan'yō 2443: 2439: 2429: 2425: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2362: 2355: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2336: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2180: 2178: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2147: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2104: 2103: 2098: 2096: 2086: 2076: 2066: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2046: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2010: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1978: 1966: 1954: 1950: 1937: 1922: 1921: 1914: 1911: 1899: 1888: 1868: 1855: 1835: 1824: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1767: 1763: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1662: 1647: 1632: 1597: 1587: 1584: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1524: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1512: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1461: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1401: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1389: 1377: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1367:metamorphosis 1365: 1362: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1343: 1339: 1336: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1312: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1276: 1272: 1271: 1267: 1264: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1215: 1204: 1194:('science'), 1193: 1182: 1178: 1167: 1153: 1148: 1144: 1142: 1135: 1125: 1121: 1119: 1097: 1093: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1049: 1045: 1044:hara ga tatsu 1026: 1022: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 982: 981: 967: 966: 952: 951: 937: 936: 922: 921: 907: 906: 892: 891: 877: 876: 862: 861: 847: 846: 832: 831: 817: 816: 802: 801: 787: 786: 772: 771: 766: 764: 757: 745: 744: 739:; compare to 736: 724: 717: 707: 705: 704: 692: 679: 677: 675: 669: 658: 647: 635: 616: 612: 608: 580: 579: 573: 561: 560: 559: 542: 541: 540: 533: 531: 522: 516: 504: 489: 474: 459: 444: 429: 424: 419: 417: 413: 408: 396: 381: 366: 351: 344: 334: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 307: 304: 300: 299: 294: 289: 285: 280: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 230: 220: 218: 216: 210: 206: 202: 198: 196: 190: 186: 182: 178: 176: 170: 169: 164: 160: 155: 150: 148: 144: 140: 135: 131: 126: 121: 117: 116: 111: 109: 103: 100: 95: 93: 87: 85: 79: 78: 73: 72: 71:yamato kotoba 66: 61: 59: 53: 48: 39: 34: 28: 27: 21: 24314:In Esperanto 24284:Romanization 24238:Pitch accent 24220:Dictionaries 24207: 24199:nyōbō kotoba 24198: 24152: 24151:Loan words ( 24145: 24138: 24122:Topic marker 24036:ARIB STD B24 23782:by frequency 23662:Amami Ōshima 23539: 23528: 23487: 23473: 23463: 23451: 23438:East San'in 23422: 23398: 23369: 23347: 23337: 23273: 23224: 23180: 23165: 23146:Early Modern 23136:Early Middle 23052: 22998: 22979:. Retrieved 22964: 22943: 22912: 22899: 22893: 22881: 22869: 22840: 22821: 22805:Chung (2001) 22800: 22793:Chung (2001) 22788: 22769: 22763: 22737: 22704: 22700: 22694: 22673: 22668: 22659: 22650: 22638: 22621: 22612: 22583: 22032:sijH /sij³/ 21986:ji < *zi 21865: 21764:> /u, i/ 21695: 21122:d,t · zh,ch 20869: 20864:Song dynasty 20837:Tang dynasty 20760: 20749: 20739: 20735: 20725: 20719: 20707: 20693: 20689: 20677: 20665: 20661: 20649: 20642: 20549: 20539: 20536:Shanghainese 20527: 20520: 20431: 20416: 20406: 20402: 20401:(Vietnamese 20373: 20369: 20365: 20361: 20357: 20353: 20349: 20345: 20341: 20337: 20333: 20329: 20325: 20279:Shanghainese 20218: 20214: 20200: 20182: 20178: 20149: 20142: 20111:Southern Min 20096: 20082: 20078: 20066: 20062: 20050: 20022:Hanyu pinyin 20015: 20010: 20008: 20004: 19983:Old Japanese 19917: 19915: 19905: 19896: 19894: 19668:砉然 keki.zen 19178:濁点 daku.ten 19152:白毫 byaku.gō 19010:齷齪 aku.seku 18952:竹簡 tiku.kan 18736:勿論 moti.ron 18310:辣腕 ratu.wan 18166:歹偏 gatu.hen 17862:達人 tatu.zin 17824:仏人 hutu.zin 17816:発願 hotu.gan 16699:謬説 byū.setu 15592:jōyō on'yomi 15591: 15587: 15577: 15573: 15570: 15566: 15564: 15310:uku, oku (P) 14947:weki>eki 14527:waku>aku 14426:yaku (T, Ø) 14367:waku>aku, 14292:ɣwak, waku, 13677: 13364:ɕjit, siti, 13348:pjit, hiti, 13198:wetu>etu 13164:kwot, koti, 13144:dwot, doti, 13136:mwot, motu, 12989:yjwet, eti, 12830:ɣwɛt, geti, 12792:ɣwæt, geti, 12780:ʂwæt, seti, 12587:mjiet, meti/ 12543:ljet, reti, 12470:tʂɛt, setu, 12209: 12205: 12194: 12185: 12177: 11508: 11492: 11471: 11466: 11462: 11458: 11454: 11446: 11443: 11328:yo (some Ø) 11208:yu (some Ø) 11128:oũ>ō (T) 11014:uũ>ū (T) 10626:yjeŋ, yō, ē 10375:yjiŋ, yō, yō 10283:ʔjwaŋ, ō, ō 9786:soŋ, soũ> 9766:toŋ, toũ> 9754:toŋ, toũ> 9511:ʂæŋ, syō, sō 9342: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9326: 9322: 9316: 9313: 9204:, ʔjɨn, on, 9129:ɲjwin, nin, 7984:ʔen, en, en 7754:ʔɛn, en, an 7686:ʔæn, en, an 7448: 6899:tshom, son, 6705: 6685: 6676: 6665: 6663: 6589:yjuw, iu> 6585:, iu>yū; 6408:iu>yū (T) 6255:lew, reu> 6156:ʔjew, eu> 5980:taw, tau> 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5869: 5665:ʔjwie, i, i 5613:ɣjwe, wi> 5423:xi, ki, ki; 5328:yjij, i, i; 5083:gje/kje, gi/ 5005:ɣwej, we> 4703:sej, sai, sē 4546:yjej, ē, ē; 4534:khjej, kai, 4303:ɣwaj, we> 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3697: 3353:wo>o (Ø) 3161:tʂwæ, se, sa 3119:, kwa>ka 3089:dzwa, za, sa 2968:mæ, me, ba; 2770: 2758: 2752: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2725: 2651: 2647: 2645: 2636: 2635:). Japanese 2630: 2622: 2602: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2568: 2490: 2484: 2462: 2458: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2427: 2422: 2192: 2186: 2176: 2165: 2160: 2150: 2145: 2129: 2125: 2123: 2119:Song dynasty 2101: 2099: 2094: 2084: 2074: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2055:Tang dynasty 2042: 2041: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2008: 2004: 2003: 1998: 1964: 1952: 1948: 1947:, using the 1915: 1897: 1886: 1833: 1822: 1813: 1792: 1780: 1776: 1765: 1761: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1608:, the Hyōefu 1593: 1213: 1202: 1191: 1176: 1138: 1136: 1123: 1115: 1095: 1091: 1070: 1066: 1047: 1043: 1024: 1020: 1001: 997: 993: 991: 978: 963: 948: 933: 918: 903: 888: 873: 858: 843: 828: 813: 798: 783: 768: 760: 758: 734: 719: 701: 693:"horse" and 690: 680: 671: 667: 656: 645: 633: 610: 606: 577: 574: 556: 537: 527: 525: 520: 422: 420: 409: 346: 308: 302: 296: 287: 283: 232: 212: 204: 192: 184: 172: 166: 158: 151: 129: 113: 105: 104: 89: 81: 75: 69: 62: 25: 19: 18: 24294:Nihon-shiki 24177:Wasei-kango 24112:Possessives 24072:Grammar and 23905:Modern kana 23890:Punctuation 23871:Orthography 23692:Tokunoshima 23304:Gifu-Aichi 23274:Tōkai–Tōsan 23141:Late Middle 22904:, cited in 22755:; see also 22538:Wasei-kango 22407:nyit /ɲit/ 22375:nyin /ɲin/ 22061:nguX /ŋu²/ 21576:(null),y,w 20932:labiodental 20901:Unaspirated 20835:, from the 20805:, from the 20783:front vowel 20748:'last') to 20625:velar nasal 20360:, although 20219:Gyeongseong 20213:, which is 20171:) Capital ( 20165:; Eastern ( 20141:, changing 19744:溺愛 deki.ai 19224:石榴 zaku.ro 18918:北西 hoku.sē 18514:血縁 keti.en 18468:刹那 seti.na 18264:捺印 natu.in 18210:滅亡 metu.bō 18174:兀然 gotu.zen 18106:舌炎 zetu.en 17982:窟院 kutu.in 16925:寧日 nē.zitu 16659:米国 bē.koku 16259:女人 nyo.nin 15691:汚職 o.syoku 15271:ʔowk, oku, 15243:bowk/buwk, 14656:yjik, iki, 14284:, kwaku> 14137:mok, moku, 13664:ʔjut, uti, 13644:mjut, moti/ 13621:oti/otu (P) 13459:yutu (T, S) 13420:yjit, iti, 13356:mjit, miti/ 13268:lit, riti, 13208:, gwetu> 12913:ʔjot, oti, 12884:pjot, hoti/ 12874:etu (K, Ø) 12643:ket, keti, 12627:met, meti, 12428:ɣæt, geti, 12364:kat, kati, 11425:yjowŋ, yū, 11331:oũ>ō (P) 11292:yjuwŋ, yu, 10876:yjweŋ, yō, 10820:wyaũ>yō 10570:ʈjeŋ, tyō, 10525:ŋjæŋ, gyō, 10517:, (kyaũ> 10396:ʔiŋ, ō, yō 10263:gjwaŋ, gō, 9901:ʔwaŋ, ō, ō 9259:bjun, bun, 9192:gjɨn, gon, 9184:kjɨn, kon, 8592:dwon, don, 8246:xjon, kon, 8221:mjon, mon, 7274:kjæm, kon, 6489:sjuw, syu, 6329:duw, du> 6317:duw, du> 6004:ʔaw, au> 5824:xjwɨj, ke, 5332:ʔjij, i, i 5189:dij, di> 5145:ʔjie, i, i 4773:phjoj, ho, 4720:ʔej, ai, ē 4594:bjiej, be, 4582:pjiej, he, 4550:yjej, e, ē 4018:ʔɛj, e, ai 3586:ʔjo, o, yo 3186:ʔwæ, e, wa 3153:wa>a (K) 3069:wa>a (K) 2687:t, d, ʈ, ɖ 2590:Go reading 2523:わ, ゑ, ゐ, を 2510:ya, yo, yu 2283:dz, dʐ, dʑ 2251:ts, tʂ, tɕ 2102:Tō-on/Sō-on 1805:Sino-Korean 1793:telegrafíma 1785:reborrowing 1751:wasei kango 1714:wasei kango 1462:governance 1441:transition 1417:revolution 723:wasei-kango 716:wasei-kango 392:instead of 365:benkyō suru 323:long vowels 139:wasei-kango 24390:Categories 24338:Literature 24208:yakuwarigo 24192:Honorifics 24172:Wasei-eigo 24160:from Dutch 24107:Adjectives 24074:vocabulary 23852:Hentaigana 23847:Man'yōgana 23687:Okinoerabu 23391:Okuyoshino 23063:Vietnamese 23048:Sinosphere 22975:0804725357 22779:0700713778 22753:Wiktionary 22686:References 22643:/kwe, gwe/ 22631:man'yōgana 22543:Wasei-eigo 21895:Character 20870:Initials: 20271:dialects ( 20115:Pe̍h-ōe-jī 20013:readings. 19144:(archaic) 18848:育児 iku.zi 18348:越後 eti.go 18058:捏造 detu.zō 17527:勤求 gon.gu 17477:寸胴 zun.dō 17207:遁辞 ton.zi 17049:歪度 wai.do 16509:追加 tui.ka 16239:那辺 na.hen 16197:茂林 mo.rin 16023:打開 da.kai 15849:世界 se.kai 15819:茶屋 tya.ya 15715:預金 yo.kin 15586:Number of 15208:, woku> 14689:ʔik, oku, 14216:waku (Ø)? 12147:, sipu> 12131:, sipu> 12117:ipu>yū 12070:, ripu> 12048:ipu>yū 12012:xjæp, kō, 12004:, gepu> 11994:epu>yō 11871:epu>yō 11776:epu>yō 11738:, papu> 11646:, tapu> 11453:> ModJ 11360:, tyoũ> 11333:yoũ>yō 11324:u, uũ>ū 11272:, kyuũ> 11240:, tyuũ> 11213:yuũ>yū 11204:u, uũ>ū 11080:tuwŋ, tū, 11075:ʔuwŋ, u, ō 11063:ɣuwŋ, gu, 11035:suwŋ, su, 11027:luwŋ, ru, 10537:ʔjæŋ, yō, 10424:yaũ>yō 10363:, syoũ> 10351:, ryoũ> 10331:, pyoũ> 10317:yoũ>yō 10179:, kyaũ> 10155:, syaũ> 10143:, syaũ> 10099:, syaũ> 10079:, syaũ> 10009:yaũ>yō 9893:, kwaũ> 9873:, kwaũ> 9486:yaũ>yō 9458:ʔaŋ, ō, ō 8990:yun (T, S) 8981:yun (T, S) 8816:kin, kon, 8698:wen>en 8528:ɣon, gon, 8468:, kwen> 8207:en (K, Ø) 8066:, kwan> 7730:ʂɛn, sen, 7722:ɖɛn, den, 7670:pæn, hen, 7662:mæn, men, 7313:on (K, Ø) 7042:kæm, ken, 6706:man'yōgana 6677:manyō'gana 6667:man'yōgana 6377:ʔuw, u, ō 6341:tsuw, su, 5241:ʔij, i, i 5095:ʔje, i, i 5009:, kwei> 4761:pjoj, ho, 4712:khej, ke, 4498:ljej, re, 4307:, kwai> 4287:, gwai> 4077:ʔɛ, e, ai 3526:zjo, zyo, 3411:du, du> 3036:tʂæ, sya, 2943:ya (T, S) 2586:) has the 2424:Aspiration 2134:Edo period 1910:sofutobōru 1801:Vietnamese 1340:pessimism 1067:hi ga deru 1023:'reply'), 743:wasei-eigo 418:as above. 241:and other 239:Vietnamese 227:See also: 223:Background 199:, whereas 171:just like 147:reborrowed 134:Sino-xenic 43:pronounced 24230:Phonology 24117:Particles 24056:Half/Full 23986:Shift JIS 23915:Yotsugana 23895:Kanazukai 23837:Okurigana 23749:Logograms 23361:Shiramine 23206:Southern 23186:Northern 22553:Singdarin 21621:fricative 21352:dz · dzh 21349:tsh · ch 21338:s,x · sh 21333:s,x · sh 21325:c,q · ch 21322:z,j · zh 21248:fricative 21244:affricate 21238:retroflex 21059:retroflex 20911:Obstruent 20906:Aspirated 20889:Voiceless 20882:Phonation 20809:China or 20771:: Modern 20356:if from - 20348:if from - 20336:if from - 20079:Chóngqìng 20068:Chungking 20032:or , are 17469:存意 zon.i 16713:泥土 dē.do 16285:裸裎 ra.tē 16189:魔法 ma.hō 15977:罵声 ba.sē 15811:都合 tu.gō 14652:, syoku; 14620:, syoku; 14532:waku (Ø) 14364:waku (Ø) 14274:waku (Ø) 13706:Examples 13293:ʔit, oti/ 12770:watu (Ø) 12694:watu (Ø) 12687:wati (Ø) 12263:Examples 12043:ipu>yū 11991:opu>ō 11897:, epu> 11636:apu>ō 11633:opu>ō 11587:apu>ō 11526:Examples 11417:, yoũ> 11158:nowŋ, no/ 11138:, toũ> 11055:, koũ> 10823:weĩ>ē 10791:, keĩ> 10779:, keĩ> 10755:, reĩ> 10739:, teĩ> 10727:, teĩ> 10715:, meĩ> 10664:, meĩ> 10618:, seĩ> 10606:, seĩ> 10590:, seĩ> 10505:, keĩ> 10493:, seĩ> 10481:, meĩ> 10461:, meĩ> 10449:, peĩ> 10437:, peĩ> 10312:yoũ>yō 10275:, waũ> 10244:waũ>ō 10215:, yaũ> 10191:/yō, yō; 10115:, saũ> 10047:, paũ> 10035:, baũ> 10019:, baũ> 9863:waũ>ō 9802:, koũ> 9790:, soũ> 9770:, toũ> 9758:, toũ> 9713:, kaũ> 9701:, kaũ> 9689:, saũ> 9669:, paũ> 9520:, kaũ> 9446:, saũ> 9360:Examples 9234:un, (on) 8728:, wen> 8664:, won> 8046:, (ron); 7952:den/ten, 7849:, yen> 7464:Examples 7121:, yen> 6919:ʔom, on, 6734:Examples 6641:, kiu> 6623:iu>yū 6525:, kiu> 6509:, siu> 6481:, ziu> 6469:, tiu> 6415:iu>yū 6365:ɣuw, gu, 6144:, seu> 6132:, teu> 6120:, peu> 6110:eu>yō 6040:eu>yō 5984:, tau> 5902:Examples 5755:, swi> 5537:ʔjɨj, e, 5479:e (K, Ø) 4979:wei>ē 4006:kɛj, ke, 3990:pɛj, he, 3733:Examples 3666:ɣju, u, u 3570:kjo, ko, 3498:, dyo> 3485:o (K, Ø) 3435:tsu, su, 3170:, kwa> 3098:, kwa> 2912:ʔa, a, a 2786:Examples 2065:Kan'yō-on 1997:Types of 1747:tetsugaku 1214:tetsugaku 1021:kaerigoto 526:The term 483:, forbid) 24153:gairaigo 24132:Numerals 24102:Pronouns 24041:Enclosed 24021:Katakana 23996:Hiragana 23992:Unicode 23947:ISO/IEC 23929:Encoding 23832:Furigana 23827:Katakana 23822:Hiragana 23724:Yonaguni 23704:Southern 23682:Okinawan 23677:Kunigami 23657:Northern 23649:Ryukyuan 23590:Kyowa-go 23521:Tsushima 23511:Nagasaki 23506:Kumamoto 23494:Chikuzen 23358:Kanazawa 23348:Hokuriku 23283:Shizuoka 23250:Eastern 23239:Kanagawa 23230:Western 23175:Hokkaidō 23156:Dialects 23053:Japanese 22981:24 April 22745:Archived 22627:hiragana 22522:See also 22340:capital 21898:Meaning 21875:Mandarin 21862:Examples 21696:Finals: 21500:w, y, ∅ 21497:g,j,k,q 21230:alveolar 21225:sibilant 21136:th · ch 21055:alveolar 20995:b,p · f 20928:bilabial 20916:Sonorant 20399:/tʰiːt˧/ 20179:Dōngjīng 20153:/tʃento/ 20146:/kentum/ 20113:is khì ( 20042:Mandarin 19542:疋 -hiki 19440:略 ryaku 19348:脈 myaku 19306:玉 gyoku 19298:逆 gyaku 19260:塾 zyuku 19252:辱 zyoku 19244:弱 zyaku 19104:局 kyoku 19096:客 kyaku 19054:宿 syuku 19046:食 syoku 19038:勺 syaku 18992:直 tyoku 18984:着 tyaku 18934:百 hyaku 18144:述 zyutu 18068:脱 datu- 17940:出 syutu 17846:帙 -titu 15378:, ziku; 15314:yuku (S) 15303:uku, oku 15255:, toku; 15247:, hoku; 14912:, teki; 14740:, geki; 14080:, kaku; 13977:, baku; 13893:, haku; 13711:Karlgr. 13360:, bitu; 13339:iti/itu 13280:, situ; 13096:oti/otu 12869:oti/otu 12704:, tatu; 12591:, betu; 12518:eti/etu 12466:, hatu; 12327:ati/atu 12268:Karlgr. 11531:Karlgr. 11017:oũ>ō 10427:eĩ>ē 9774: ; 9744:oũ>ō 9659:oũ>ō 9489:aũ>ō 9424:aũ>ō 9365:Karlgr. 9117:, syun; 8600:tshwon, 8423:kjwien, 8330:dzjwen, 8016:wan (Ø) 7901:khjien, 7469:Karlgr. 6739:Karlgr. 6687:hiragana 6593:, iu> 6565:, iu> 6541:, iu> 6303:ou>ō 6160:, eu> 6043:au>ō 6008:, au> 5966:au>ō 5907:Karlgr. 5856:, wi> 5818:wi>i 5767:, wi> 5617:, wi> 5570:wi>i 4943:wai (Ø) 4938:we>e 4576:e, (ai) 4488:ei>ē 4153:wai (Ø) 4053:mɛ, me, 3738:Karlgr. 3443:ku, ku, 2960:pæ, he, 2952:mæ, me, 2904:ɣa, ga, 2791:Karlgr. 2676:p, b, m 2507:や, よ, ゆ 2350:s, ʂ, ɕ 2189:initials 1953:sewashii 1834:bēsubōru 1596:Ritsuryō 1564:society 1513:monarch 1465:economy 1292:physics 1268:culture 994:kun'yomi 668:hentōsen 607:hataraku 558:kun'yomi 498:, reach) 470:, as in 159:gairaigo 77:gairaigo 33:Japanese 24356:Writers 24289:Hepburn 24243:Rendaku 24182:Engrish 23878:Braille 23799:Ryakuji 23719:Yaeyama 23637:grammar 23632:Hachijō 23529:Satsugū 23488:Hichiku 23474:Hōnichi 23428:San'yō 23423:Chūgoku 23399:Shikoku 23338:Western 23298:Nagaoka 23294:Echigo 23259:Tochigi 23254:Ibaraki 23215:Nairiku 23195:Tsugaru 23166:Eastern 23075:Spanish 23070:English 22999:on'yomi 22471:dzhaon 22372:person 21866:Notes: 21837:(null) 21813:(null) 21782:(null) 21705:Pinyin 21654:Pinyin 21573:Pinyin 21568:(null) 21541:Glottal 21488:Pinyin 21405:Pinyin 21362:z · zh 21357:s · sh 21346:ts · c 21319:Pinyin 21234:palatal 21222:Coronal 21191:Pinyin 21170:Lateral 21119:t · ch 21116:d · zh 21113:Pinyin 21047:Coronal 21011:ph · f 20986:Pinyin 20651:Huángbò 20525:Spanish 20518:Italian 20491:/mou˩˧/ 20364:became 20352:, and - 20277:, e.g. 20063:Běijīng 20011:on'yomi 19918:on'yomi 19906:on'yomi 19897:on'yomi 19862:鬲 reki 19854:力 riki 19820:劇 geki 19778:直 ziki 19706:冪 beki 19630:席 seki 19622:式 siki 19588:敵 teki 19550:癖 heki 19470:惑 waku 19428:六 roku 19420:陸 raku 19408:陸 riku 19366:肉 niku 19336:木 moku 19286:極 goku 19278:学 gaku 19232:族 zoku 19212:軸 ziku 19186:毒 doku 19134:僕 boku 19126:獏 baku 19084:国 koku 19076:角 kaku 19064:菊 kiku 19026:束 soku 19018:作 saku 18972:徳 toku 18964:宅 taku 18926:服 huku 18910:白 haku 18888:欲 yoku 18880:益 yaku 18818:埒 rati 18806:律 riti 18762:日 niti 18688:月 gati 18602:達 -dati 18564:罰 bati 18556:別 beti 18522:褐 kati 18506:吉 kiti 18480:帥 soti 18460:七 siti 18428:達 -tati 18390:八 hati 18302:列 retu 18294:律 ritu 18256:熱 netu 18218:末 matu 18202:密 mitu 18176:(rare) 18158:月 getu 18114:雑 zatu 18098:実 zitu 18032:仏 butu 18024:没 botu 18016:罰 batu 18008:別 betu 17974:骨 kotu 17966:活 katu 17958:決 ketu 17950:橘 kitu 17920:卒 sotu 17912:札 satu 17904:節 setu 17896:室 situ 17870:凸 totu 17854:鉄 tetu 17808:発 hatu 17792:筆 hitu 17653:林 -rin 17493:順 zyun 17281:旬 syun 16895:枚 -mai 15655:on'yomi 15647:on'yomi 15639:on'yomi 15631:on'yomi 15623:on'yomi 15615:on'yomi 15607:on'yomi 15599:on'yomi 15574:on'yomi 15567:on'yomi 15547:yjowk, 15527:ŋjowk, 15503:ljowk, 15455:yjuwk, 15435:kjuwk, 15386:ljuwk, 15374:ɲjuwk, 15358:ʈjuwk, 15338:pjuwk, 15326:mjuwk, 15305:iku (T) 15091:, yoku 14978:yjwek, 14866:ʔjiek, 14429:aku (P) 14246:, koku 13717:Baxter 13543:, syutu 13372:tɕjit, 13276:tshit, 12943:eti/etu 12683:ati/atu 12274:Baxter 11537:Baxter 11339:pjowŋ, 11268:kjuwŋ, 11219:pjuwŋ, 11146:thowŋ, 9371:Baxter 9343:on'yomi 9318:dakuten 9137:kjwin, 9113:ʑjwin, 9105:yun (S) 8908:dʑjin, 8767:on (K) 8644:khwon, 8620:tswon, 8608:dzwon, 8604:, son; 8480:, ken; 8387:yjwen, 8351:gjwen, 8334:, sen; 8318:sjwen, 8306:ʈjwen, 7897:, ben; 7893:mjien, 7885:, hen; 7881:bjien, 7475:Baxter 7093:tɕjem, 6745:Baxter 6410:yu (S) 5913:Baxter 5813:we>e 5775:kjwij, 5763:yjwij, 5696:lwjij, 5653:kjwie, 5521:khjɨj, 5488:phjɨj, 5316:khjij, 5201:tshij, 5133:khjie, 4871:yjwej, 4818:ei>ē 4746:o, (ai) 4522:tsjej, 4483:ai, (e) 4255:tswaj, 3744:Baxter 3675:, syu; 3620:yu (S) 3582:, gyo; 3262:, sya; 3250:, sya; 3155:wa (Ø) 3071:wa (Ø) 3008:ʔæ, e, 2797:Baxter 2753:on'yomi 2746:on'yomi 2742:on'yomi 2738:on'yomi 2734:on'yomi 2729:on'yomi 2652:on'yomi 2648:on'yomi 2637:on'yomi 2611:Li Rong 2603:on'yomi 2594:, with 2572:on'yomi 2491:on'yomi 2463:on'yomi 2459:on'yomi 2451:on'yomi 2428:on'yomi 2271:p>h 2242:p>h 2193:on'yomi 2166:on'yomi 2161:on'yomi 2146:on'yomi 2126:on'yomi 2075:on'yomi 2059:on'yomi 2019:on'yomi 2005:On'yomi 1999:on'yomi 1949:on'yomi 1777:kakumei 1719:diànhuà 1571:soshiki 1400:kakumei 1316:doctor 1299:hakushi 1275:butsuri 1166:calques 1069:), and 1025:rippuku 998:on'yomi 980:Bushidō 965:seppuku 598:(as in 539:on'yomi 521:on'yomi 500:, from 488:tassuru 473:kinjiru 360:, "do") 337:Grammar 329:. (See 267:Chinese 189:Beijing 58:Chinese 54:words") 24351:Poetry 24299:Kunrei 24261:Kan-on 24032:Other 23941:EUC-JP 23857:Sōgana 23842:Gojūon 23794:Kokuji 23762:Kanbun 23714:Tarama 23709:Miyako 23499:Hakata 23464:Kyūshū 23452:Umpaku 23415:Sanuki 23381:Banshū 23370:Kansai 23313:Mikawa 23308:Nagoya 23288:Narada 23181:Tōhoku 23058:Korean 22972: 22951: 22920: 22828: 22776: 22709: 22477:soeng 22474:shàng 22247:north 22221:dzheh 22151:eight 22125:tshih 22119:seven 22090:ljuwk 22000:three 21921:Kan-on 21917:Go-on 21819:/tu/ 21717:Tō-on 21590:∅, gh 21517:ng, n 21139:d · j 21133:t · c 21125:n · n 21037:→ → 21025:→ → 21017:m · v 21014:b · v 21008:p · f 20998:m · w 20992:p · f 20989:b · f 20923:Labial 20894:Voiced 20823:Kan-on 20811:Baekje 20769:Pinyin 20761:Note: 20740:zuìhòu 20738:, and 20736:kanbun 20726:hànwén 20690:Nyorai 20679:lamian 20676:) and 20664:, and 20629:/ŋ̩˩˧/ 20580:gaijin 20565:ningen 20550:Nippon 20514:French 20472:/zjuː/ 20464:/dʑip/ 20223:Korean 20177:)) is 20143:centum 20065:, and 20052:Peking 19954:, and 19942:Kan-on 19508:役 eki 19500:域 iki 19142:服 buku 18868:屋 oku 18860:悪 aku 18770:熱 neti 18718:蜜 miti 18634:実 ziti 18600:(dati) 18426:(tati) 18340:一 iti 17770:鬱 utu 17765:乙 otu 17749:悦 etu 17741:逸 itu 17711:湾 wan 17677:論 ron 17669:乱 ran 17661:連 ren 17623:南 nan 17615:年 nen 17607:人 nin 17581:門 mon 17573:万 man 17565:面 men 17557:眠 min 17535:軍 gun 17519:丸 gan 17511:言 gen 17503:銀 gin 17461:残 zan 17453:全 zen 17445:仁 zin 17419:鈍 don 17411:男 dan 17403:伝 den 17377:文 bun 17369:盆 bon 17361:晩 ban 17353:弁 ben 17345:敏 bin 17323:訓 kun 17315:魂 kon 17307:漢 kan 17299:剣 ken 17291:金 kin 17265:寸 sun 17257:損 son 17249:三 san 17241:戦 sen 17233:新 sin 17199:短 tan 17191:天 ten 17183:珍 tin 17161:分 hun 17153:本 hon 17145:半 han 17137:変 hen 17129:品 hin 17023:竜 ryū 17015:両 ryō 17007:類 rui 16999:雷 rai 16957:尿 nyō 16945:内 nai 16907:妙 myō 16861:牛 gyū 16853:行 gyō 16841:害 gai 16803:十 zyū 16795:城 zyō 16787:髄 zui 16779:材 zai 16733:代 dai 16691:秒 byō 16679:貝 bai 16645:九 kyū 16637:京 kyō 16625:回 kai 16587:週 syū 16579:小 syō 16571:水 sui 16563:犀 sai 16525:中 tyū 16517:丁 tyō 16501:態 tai 16459:票 hyō 16447:肺 hai 16413:遺 yui 16335:話 -wa 16313:旅 ryo 16163:御 gyo 16109:綬 zyu 16101:女 zyo 16093:蛇 zya 16073:座 -za 15951:居 kyo 15897:主 syu 15889:書 syo 15881:舎 sya 15827:著 tyo 15753:歩 -ho 15745:派 -ha 15467:i̯wok 15259:kowk, 15251:dowk, 15192:kuwk, 15180:suwk, 15160:duwk, 15132:muwk, 15050:i̯wǝk 14996:jwiek 14990:i̯wɛk 14955:i̯wɛk 14925:i̯wæk 14822:yjek, 14786:sjek, 14736:ŋjæk, 14636:tɕik, 14616:tsik, 14506:i̯wak 14494:yjak, 14478:ʔjak, 14450:ɲjak, 14441:, haku 14437:bjak, 14242:ɣwok, 14226:kwok, 14181:khok, 14169:tsok, 14084:ʔæwk, 14076:ɣæwk, 14060:kæwk, 14044:ʈæwk, 13925:khæk, 13816:tsak, 13599:i̯uǝt 13506:i̯uēt 13492:i̯uēt 13471:lwit, 13428:i̯wēt 13408:ʔjit, 13396:kjit, 13384:ɲjit, 13297:, itu 13172:i̯wæt 13003:jwiet 12997:i̯wɛt 12968:, setu 12921:i̯wɛt 12700:dwat, 11703:i̯wæp 11300:i̯woŋ 11227:, hō; 11051:kuwŋ, 10962:i̯wǝŋ 10890:jwieŋ 10884:i̯wɛŋ 10849:i̯wɛŋ 10799:i̯wæŋ 10223:i̯waŋ 10187:ʔjaŋ, 10063:ʈjaŋ, 9291:kjun, 9271:mjun, 9243:bjun, 9212:i̯uǝn 9083:i̯uēn 9069:i̯uēn 9030:zwin, 9014:lwin, 8983:on (K) 8956:i̯wēn 8944:ʔjin, 8932:kjin, 8920:yjin, 8896:ʑjin, 8884:ɲjin, 8872:pjin, 8804:tsin, 8672:i̯wæn 8632:kwon, 8580:pwon, 8405:jwien 8399:i̯wɛn 8271:i̯wɛn 8254:kjon, 8234:ŋjon, 8050:swan, 8038:lwan, 8022:twan, 7940:phen, 7829:sjen, 7817:ɲjen, 7805:ʈjen, 7793:pjen, 7426:yjim, 7401:ɕjim, 7258:ŋjæm, 6951:bjom, 6927:i̯wæm 6581:yjuw, 6561:yjuw, 6537:ɣjuw, 6521:kjuw, 6505:sjuw, 6437:mjuw, 6433:, hū; 6429:pjuw, 6349:khuw, 5592:zjwe, 5500:mjɨj, 5304:ʑjij, 5292:ɕjij, 5288:, zi; 5284:ɲjij, 5276:, hi; 5272:bjij, 5213:dzij, 5059:tsje, 4917:i̯wæi 4897:jwiej 4891:i̯wɛi 4790:i̯wɛi 4748:e (K) 4659:thej, 4633:e (K) 4526:, sē; 4510:ɕjej, 4179:twoj, 3949:, kai 3929:thai, 3834:tsoj, 3534:khjo, 3391:, ho; 3081:, ta; 2613:, and 2130:ondoku 2044:Kan-on 2009:ondoku 1904:ソフトボール 1898:ruikyū 1889:, but 1867:tenisu 1854:teikyū 1829:ベースボール 1797:Korean 1781:gémìng 1768:) and 1766:wénhuà 1745:(from 1743:zhéxué 1741:) and 1739:shakai 1737:(from 1735:shèhuì 1731:kagaku 1729:(from 1721:(from 1547:shakai 1499:minshu 1448:keizai 1348:hentai 1203:shakai 1192:kagaku 1152:yakugo 1048:shukka 977:, and 920:Shintō 860:sencha 845:matcha 830:chōnin 815:geisha 770:daimyō 578:kokuji 362:(e.g. 319:length 303:kanbun 298:kanbun 288:kayaku 284:hwayak 269:: 235:Korean 205:Hokkyō 130:kanbun 115:kanbun 24373:texts 24346:Books 24266:Tō-on 24256:Go-on 23883:Kanji 23804:Ateji 23767:Kanji 23697:Yoron 23672:Kikai 23540:Other 23442:Inshū 23432:Bingo 23386:Kishū 23376:Awaji 23244:Tokyo 23234:Gunma 23225:Kantō 23210:Kesen 23200:Akita 23190:Nanbu 22575:Notes 22497:down 22410:nyih 22378:nyin 22352:ging 22349:jīng 22320:dung 22317:dōng 22308:east 22276:west 22189:kieu 22183:nine 22163:baat 22105:riku 22102:roku 22058:five 22029:four 22012:saam 21939:ʔjit 21795:> 21791:> 21733:n, ∅ 21618:Velar 21436:Velar 20877:Place 20845:Tō-on 20820:Kan: 20793:Go-on 20750:saigo 20721:kanji 20709:hànzì 20695:ramen 20688:) to 20667:Rúlái 20662:Ōbaku 20560:/ɲin/ 20540:Rìběn 20532:Hakka 20468:/sɐp/ 20443:butsu 20403:thiết 20385:tetsu 20312:Hakka 20284:go-on 20215:Keijō 20211:Seoul 20184:Tōkyō 20150:cento 20148:into 20077:) to 19981:into 19957:Tō-on 19927:Go-on 19446:ryoku 19438:ryaku 19388:nyaku 19346:myaku 19304:gyoku 19296:gyaku 19258:zyuku 19250:zyoku 19242:zyaku 19150:byaku 19102:kyoku 19094:kyaku 19052:syuku 19044:syoku 19036:syaku 18990:tyoku 18982:tyaku 18932:hyaku 18142:zyutu 17938:syutu 17107:運 un 17099:音 on 17091:暗 an 17083:円 en 17075:引 in 16987:蝋 rō 16979:令 rē 16933:農 nō 16883:毛 mō 16875:名 mē 16833:偶 gū 16825:業 gō 16817:芸 gē 16767:象 zō 16759:税 zē 16721:堂 dō 16667:坊 bō 16617:空 kū 16609:幸 kō 16601:計 kē 16555:数 sū 16547:草 sō 16539:聖 sē 16493:通 tū 16485:灯 tō 16477:体 tē 16439:風 hū 16431:方 hō 16423:平 hē 16405:勇 yū 16397:用 yō 16385:愛 ai 16301:流 ru 16293:炉 ro 16273:理 ri 16227:二 ni 16205:無 mu 16177:味 mi 16151:具 gu 16143:語 go 16135:画 ga 16127:下 ge 16119:義 gi 16085:図 zu 16065:是 ze 16057:字 zi 16031:土 do 15993:武 bu 15985:墓 bo 15965:美 bi 15939:口 ku 15931:戸 ko 15923:火 ka 15915:卦 ke 15907:気 ki 15873:素 su 15865:祖 so 15857:差 sa 15841:詩 si 15803:都 to 15795:他 ta 15783:地 ti 15761:麩 hu 15733:比 hi 15723:柚 yu 15707:冶 ya 15533:gyoku 15509:ryoku 15493:yoku 15473:jowk 15424:syuku 15404:syuku 15285:juwk 15053:iuǝk 15014:iwek 14993:juɛk 14961:jwek 14958:iuɛk 14931:jwæk 14928:iuɐk 14910:tyaku 14908:tek, 14840:jiek 14834:i̯ɛk 14800:syaku 14788:syaku 14749:i̯ɛk 14738:gyaku 14719:yaku 14697:i̯æk 14675:kyoku 14669:gik, 14648:ɕik, 14642:syoku 14630:syoku 14624:ʂik, 14606:ryoku 14600:lik, 14594:tyoku 14578:yoku 14547:i̯ǝk 14512:jwak 14509:iuak 14472:kyaku 14456:zyaku 14452:nyaku 14431:yaku 14400:i̯ak 14157:sok, 14145:tok, 14125:pok, 13975:myaku 13973:mɛk, 13927:kyaku 13899:byaku 13897:bæk, 13891:hyaku 13889:pæk, 13880:yaku 13844:ʔak, 13828:kak, 13804:sak, 13788:mak, 13776:pak, 13602:iuǝt 13561:i̯ǝt 13541:zyutu 13533:syutu 13512:jwit 13509:juēt 13495:iuēt 13431:iuēt 13316:i̯ēt 13302:i̯ēt 13221:i̯ɛt 13178:jwot 13175:iuɐt 13036:iwet 13000:juɛt 12927:jwet 12924:iuɛt 12847:i̯æt 12805:wə̆t 12570:jiet 12564:i̯ɛt 12495:i̯ɛt 12462:pɛt, 12336:mat, 12096:i̯ǝp 12020:i̯ǝp 11971:i̯æp 11911:jiep 11905:i̯ɛp 11848:i̯ɛp 11706:iuɐp 11306:jowŋ 11186:juwŋ 10965:iuǝŋ 10929:iweŋ 10887:juɛŋ 10855:jweŋ 10852:iuɛŋ 10805:jwæŋ 10802:iuɐŋ 10637:jieŋ 10631:i̯ɛŋ 10545:i̯ɛŋ 10401:i̯æŋ 10380:xiŋ, 10288:i̯ǝŋ 10229:jwaŋ 10226:iuaŋ 9978:i̯aŋ 9337:, or 9215:iuǝn 9154:i̯ǝn 9089:jwin 9086:juēn 9072:iuēn 8959:iuēn 8843:i̯ēn 8829:i̯ēn 8788:ʈin, 8776:bin, 8741:i̯ɛn 8678:jwon 8675:iuɐn 8536:ʔon, 8516:kon, 8440:iwen 8402:juɛn 8277:jwen 8274:iuɛn 8180:i̯æn 8144:wə̆n 7972:ken, 7863:jien 7857:i̯ɛn 7759:i̯ɛn 7738:kɛn, 7614:ʔan, 7602:kan, 7590:san, 7574:tan, 7562:tan, 7546:ban, 7534:pan, 7374:i̯ǝm 7362:ʔim, 7346:kim, 7330:lim, 7287:i̯ǝm 7223:i̯æm 7211:kem, 7199:tem, 7144:jiem 7138:i̯ɛm 7055:i̯ɛm 6930:iuɐm 6883:nom, 6827:kam, 6807:sam, 6601:i̯ĕu 6413:ū (P) 6382:iə̆u 6186:jiew 6180:i̯ɛu 6086:i̯ɛu 5883:, or 5798:jwɨj 5795:iuǝi 5728:jwij 5631:jwie 5596:, sui 5387:tsi, 5229:kij, 5177:pij, 5071:ɕje, 4959:iwei 4923:jwoj 4920:iuɐi 4894:juɛi 4796:jwej 4793:iuɛi 4725:i̯æi 4691:sej, 4675:lej, 4643:mej, 4561:jiej 4555:i̯ɛi 4460:i̯ɛi 4315:wə̆i 4120:uɑ̌i 3945:ɣaj, 3917:daj, 3870:ʔoj, 3858:koj, 3846:soj, 3822:doj, 3806:doj, 3714:, or 3671:sju, 3638:mju, 3626:mju, 3578:ŋjo, 3558:ŋjo, 3546:kjo, 3514:ɲjo, 3494:ɳjo, 3460:i̯wo 3298:i̯wɑ 3286:yjæ, 3258:zjæ, 3246:ʑjæ, 3166:xwæ, 3115:ɣwa, 3077:dwa, 2880:tsa, 2761:kanji 2706:k, g 2695:s, z 2684:t, d 2629:(see 2617:(see 2411:y, Ø 2391:k, Ø 2388:g, Ø 2376:z, ʑ 2318:d, n 2312:n, ɳ 2309:b, m 2274:d, ɖ 2245:t, ʈ 2177:xjwæŋ 2153:onset 2026:Go-on 1977:mendō 1965:ateji 1920:ateji 1823:yakyū 1762:bunka 1727:kēxué 1723:denwa 1523:mujun 1472:kyōwa 1323:hikan 1251:bunka 1238:Word 1177:denwa 1147:Meiji 1141:kango 1118:kango 1096:gohan 1083:from 1072:ninja 1002:henji 935:shōgi 905:kendō 875:washi 800:haiku 763:kango 735:kango 674:kango 530:kango 503:tatsu 458:-jiru 443:-zuru 428:-suru 259:Latin 255:Greek 215:kango 209:Kyoto 195:kango 185:Pekin 175:kango 168:kanji 154:Kango 132:have 125:kango 108:Kango 99:kango 92:kango 84:kango 65:Kango 26:kango 23981:0213 23976:0212 23971:0211 23966:0208 23961:0201 23957:JIS 23951:2022 23814:Kana 23516:Saga 23480:Ōita 23410:Tosa 23354:Kaga 23323:Hida 23318:Mino 22983:2014 22970:ISBN 22949:ISBN 22918:ISBN 22826:ISBN 22774:ISBN 22707:ISBN 22672:The 22625:The 22509:haa 22506:xià 22503:gho 22448:bun 22445:běn 22442:pen 22416:jat 22404:sun 22387:nin 22384:jan 22381:rén 22358:kei 22346:kin 22314:ton 22294:sei 22291:sai 22288:sai 22279:sej 22259:bak 22256:běi 22253:poh 22250:pok 22227:sap 22224:shí 22215:ten 22195:gau 22192:jiǔ 22157:pah 22154:pɛt 22131:cat 22099:luk 22096:liù 22093:loh 22087:six 22041:sei 22015:san 22009:sān 22006:sae 22003:sam 21974:nyi 21968:two 21948:jat 21936:one 21846:/ku/ 21842:/ki/ 21793:/ɸu/ 21789:/pu/ 21714:Kan 21686:Kan 21681:or 21660:h,x 21657:h,x 21612:or 21606:Kan 21601:or 21579:y,w 21531:Kan 21494:k,q 21491:g,j 21439:stop 21428:Kan 21376:Kan 21214:Kan 21158:Kan 21050:stop 21034:Kan 20790:Go: 20692:and 20534:and 20523:and 20516:and 20428:/bɥ/ 20424:/pɥ/ 20417:koku 20346:-ki 20332:or - 20258:rime 20201:kiaⁿ 19860:reki 19852:riki 19818:geki 19776:ziki 19742:deki 19704:beki 19666:keki 19628:seki 19620:siki 19586:teki 19548:heki 19540:hiki 19468:waku 19426:roku 19418:raku 19406:riku 19364:niku 19334:moku 19326:maku 19284:goku 19276:gaku 19230:zoku 19222:zaku 19210:ziku 19184:doku 19176:daku 19140:buku 19132:boku 19124:baku 19082:koku 19074:kaku 19062:kiku 19024:soku 19016:saku 19008:seku 18970:toku 18962:taku 18950:tiku 18924:huku 18916:hoku 18908:haku 18886:yoku 18878:yaku 18816:rati 18804:riti 18768:neti 18760:niti 18734:moti 18716:miti 18686:gati 18654:zuti 18632:ziti 18562:bati 18554:beti 18520:kati 18512:keti 18504:kiti 18478:soti 18466:seti 18458:siti 18388:hati 18308:ratu 18300:retu 18292:ritu 18262:natu 18254:netu 18224:motu 18216:matu 18208:metu 18200:mitu 18172:gotu 18164:gatu 18156:getu 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3061:• 3058:• 3055:• 3038:sa 3032:; 3030:sa 3028:, 3020:, 3000:; 2998:ka 2996:, 2994:ge 2988:, 2984:; 2982:ka 2980:, 2978:ke 2972:, 2964:; 2962:ha 2956:; 2954:ba 2946:a 2938:• 2935:• 2932:• 2929:• 2926:• 2923:æ 2920:a 2917:a 2908:; 2906:ka 2900:; 2898:ka 2896:, 2894:ka 2888:; 2886:sa 2884:, 2882:sa 2876:; 2874:ta 2872:, 2870:ta 2864:; 2862:ha 2860:, 2858:ha 2850:a 2847:• 2844:• 2841:• 2838:• 2835:• 2832:a 2829:ɑ 2826:ɑ 2812:Ø 2809:K 2806:S 2803:T 2800:P 2714:Ø 2703:K 2692:S 2681:T 2670:P 2609:, 2596:yō 2474:鉛筆 2417:Ø 2414:ʔ 2408:y 2405:r 2402:l 2385:ɣ 2382:s 2379:z 2359:k 2356:x 2353:s 2333:g 2330:ŋ 2327:z 2324:n 2321:ɲ 2315:n 2306:m 2303:m 2298:k 2295:g 2292:g 2289:s 2286:z 2280:t 2277:d 2268:b 2265:b 2260:k 2257:k 2254:s 2248:t 2239:p 2195:. 2114:宋音 2108:唐音 2061:. 2050:漢音 2032:呉音 2014:音読 1984:野暮 1971:面倒 1959:世話 1943:世話 1893:塁球 1848:庭球 1840:野球 1818:野球 1772:革命 1757:文化 1705:, 1701:, 1697:, 1693:, 1689:, 1685:, 1646:sa 1643:, 1578:組織 1554:社会 1530:矛盾 1506:民主 1479:共和 1455:経済 1431:過渡 1407:革命 1383:自由 1356:変態 1330:悲観 1306:博士 1282:物理 1258:文化 1228:哲学 1220:科学 1209:哲学 1198:社会 1187:科学 1172:電話 1159:訳語 1110:御飯 1102:ご飯 1079:忍者 1054:出火 1031:立腹 1008:返事 989:) 972:切腹 962:, 957:道場 947:, 942:将棋 932:, 927:神道 917:, 912:剣道 902:, 897:柔道 887:, 882:和紙 872:, 867:煎茶 857:, 852:抹茶 842:, 837:町人 827:, 822:芸者 812:, 807:俳句 797:, 792:和歌 782:, 777:大名 756:. 629:労働 617:, 611:dō 602:働く 585:国字 515:. 455:→ 440:→ 402:〜の 387:〜な 357:する 271:火藥 237:, 219:. 201:北京 181:北京 41:, 38:漢語 35:: 24210:) 24201:) 24155:) 24141:) 23109:e 23102:t 23095:v 23028:e 23021:t 23014:v 22985:. 22957:. 22926:. 22834:. 22782:. 22633:. 22491:下 22459:上 22430:本 22398:日 22366:人 22334:京 22302:東 22270:西 22241:北 22209:十 22177:九 22145:八 22113:七 22081:六 22052:五 22023:四 21994:三 21962:二 21930:一 21643:匣 21631:暁 21563:喩 21551:影 21479:疑 21469:群 21459:渓 21449:見 21396:日 21242:( 21240:) 21228:( 21182:来 21053:( 20926:( 20856:) 20850:( 20833:) 20827:( 20817:. 20803:) 20797:( 20752:. 20742:( 20728:( 20712:( 20682:( 20670:( 20654:( 20645:. 20643:g 20634:五 20620:五 20611:人 20601:二 20595:人 20590:) 20584:( 20575:) 20569:( 20555:人 20542:( 20528:ñ 20505:日 20499:人 20486:武 20480:武 20453:) 20450:仏 20447:( 20437:佛 20434:( 20419:. 20412:國 20409:( 20395:) 20392:鉄 20389:( 20379:铁 20376:( 20358:p 20350:k 20338:t 20321:三 20294:) 20288:( 20243:京 20237:京 20228:京 20196:京 20190:京 20174:京 20168:東 20159:( 20155:. 20106:氣 20091:氣 20087:( 20071:( 20055:( 19967:) 19961:( 19952:) 19946:( 19937:) 19931:( 16371:ō 16363:ē 15697:u 15689:o 15681:a 15673:e 15665:i 15545:慾 15541:浴 15537:欲 15525:獄 15521:玉 15517:旭 15513:趣 15501:緑 15499:/ 15497:綠 15453:育 15449:郁 15445:囿 15433:菊 15428:蹴 15420:粛 15418:/ 15416:肅 15412:謖 15408:縮 15400:鱐 15396:宿 15384:陸 15380:六 15372:肉 15368:忸 15356:竹 15348:服 15336:福 15324:牧 15320:目 15269:沃 15257:告 15249:毒 15241:僕 15202:屋 15190:谷 15178:速 15174:鹿 15170:禿 15158:涜 15156:/ 15154:瀆 15150:読 15148:/ 15146:讀 15142:卜 15130:鶩 15126:木 15085:域 15080:洫 15043:闃 15039:鵙 15037:/ 15035:鶪 14976:役 14918:鷁 14914:錫 14906:嫡 14902:冪 14864:益 14856:璧 14820:訳 14818:/ 14816:譯 14812:駅 14810:/ 14808:驛 14796:赤 14784:昔 14776:夕 14772:擿 14742:郤 14734:逆 14730:辵 14726:碧 14687:抑 14683:棘 14679:亟 14667:極 14662:匿 14654:翼 14646:式 14634:織 14622:色 14614:即 14612:/ 14610:卽 14598:力 14586:直 14582:楅 14540:彠 14536:矍 14492:龠 14488:躍 14476:約 14468:却 14464:鵲 14460:掠 14448:若 14444:著 14435:縛 14390:画 14388:/ 14386:畫 14382:獲 14377:馘 14373:膕 14334:虢 14330:砉 14298:雘 14290:穫 14278:郭 14240:或 14236:惑 14224:国 14222:/ 14220:國 14179:克 14167:則 14155:塞 14143:得 14135:墨 14123:北 14082:握 14074:学 14072:/ 14070:學 14058:角 14054:朔 14042:卓 14038:擢 14034:藐 13999:扼 13995:鬲 13983:冊 13981:/ 13979:册 13971:脈 13939:唖 13937:/ 13935:啞 13923:客 13919:笮 13915:乇 13911:覇 13909:/ 13907:霸 13895:白 13887:百 13842:悪 13840:/ 13838:惡 13826:各 13814:作 13802:索 13798:洛 13786:幕 13774:博 13682:学 13662:鬱 13654:屈 13642:物 13638:巿 13634:弗 13630:綍 13592:汔 13588:乞 13554:鷸 13550:遹 13546:橘 13537:述 13529:出 13485:黜 13481:恤 13469:率 13465:律 13418:逸 13406:一 13394:吉 13382:日 13370:質 13362:失 13354:蜜 13346:必 13291:乙 13287:佶 13282:佾 13274:七 13266:慄 13258:秩 13254:弼 13214:曰 13202:月 13162:骨 13154:卒 13150:訥 13142:突 13134:没 13103:齕 13066:穴 13058:決 13026:欠 13024:/ 13022:缺 13018:烕 12987:閲 12985:/ 12983:閱 12979:悦 12977:/ 12975:悅 12971:噦 12962:絶 12958:埒 12954:綴 12911:謁 12907:歇 12902:韈 12894:伐 12882:発 12880:/ 12878:發 12840:茁 12836:猾 12828:滑 12798:婠 12790:滑 12786:刮 12778:刷 12774:錣 12731:斡 12726:越 12718:檜 12714:括 12706:撮 12698:奪 12653:噎 12649:臬 12641:潔 12637:楔 12633:姪 12625:蔑 12593:鱉 12585:滅 12557:孑 12553:讞 12549:泄 12541:列 12533:撤 12525:別 12488:軋 12484:劼 12476:察 12468:札 12460:八 12426:轄 12414:刹 12412:/ 12410:剎 12406:哳 12370:閼 12362:割 12358:怛 12354:犮 12350:跋 12346:沫 12334:末 12239:日 12233:日 12227:八 12221:七 12215:一 12201:滅 12191:犮 12182:跋 12165:揖 12157:入 12141:執 12125:十 12121:拾 12089:邑 12081:給 12078:) 12064:立 12056:習 12052:蟄 12010:脅 11998:業 11964:莢 11960:浹 11956:帖 11926:厭 11891:葉 11887:妾 11883:聶 11879:鼡 11877:/ 11875:巤 11842:ō 11838:押 11826:甲 11822:翣 11792:夾 11784:挿 11782:/ 11780:插 11746:/ 11732:法 11724:乏 11694:/ 11684:合 11668:雑 11666:/ 11664:雜 11660:内 11652:拉 11640:答 11603:榼 11599:盍 11595:蹋 11591:臘 11504:立 11488:拉 11476:十 11459:ō 11449:1 11431:雍 11423:用 11411:蛹 11407:踊 11403:勇 11399:凶 11391:廾 11383:恐 11379:誦 11370:竜 11368:/ 11366:龍 11354:重 11349:烽 11337:封 11290:融 11282:雄 11278:熊 11266:宮 11258:弓 11254:嵩 11246:虫 11234:中 11229:馮 11223:/ 11217:風 11173:宋 11165:宗 11156:農 11144:統 11132:冬 11126:o 11094:同 11086:通 11078:東 11073:瓮 11071:/ 11069:甕 11061:洪 11049:公 11045:工 11041:戇 11033:送 11025:弄 11021:蒙 11012:u 10955:泂 10951:冋 10922:縈 10918:煢 10910:傾 10906:頃 10878:ē 10874:営 10872:/ 10870:營 10843:ē 10839:永 10827:兄 10785:形 10773:経 10771:/ 10769:經 10761:寧 10749:霊 10747:/ 10745:靈 10733:定 10721:丁 10709:冥 10678:嬰 10672:/ 10670:勁 10658:名 10654:并 10624:盈 10612:省 10600:性 10596:姓 10584:正 10576:令 10568:貞 10539:ē 10535:英 10531:卿 10511:競 10499:京 10487:生 10475:明 10467:丙 10455:命 10443:兵 10431:平 10394:鷹 10390:矜 10378:興 10373:蝿 10371:/ 10369:蠅 10357:升 10345:陵 10337:懲 10325:氷 10323:/ 10321:冰 10281:枉 10277:ō 10273:ō 10269:王 10261:狂 10253:況 10209:楊 10205:瘍 10201:揚 10197:陽 10193:怏 10189:ō 10185:央 10173:強 10161:仰 10149:相 10137:象 10129:良 10121:霜 10109:装 10107:/ 10105:裝 10093:商 10085:尚 10073:上 10061:張 10053:丈 10041:訪 10029:望 10025:妄 10013:亡 9971:宏 9943:ō 9939:蝗 9935:横 9933:/ 9931:橫 9927:侊 9899:汪 9891:ō 9887:黄 9885:/ 9883:黃 9879:皇 9867:光 9835:弘 9831:肱 9796:肯 9784:僧 9776:憎 9764:登 9752:等 9748:朋 9707:江 9695:降 9683:双 9681:/ 9679:雙 9675:憧 9663:邦 9629:鸚 9625:鴬 9623:/ 9621:鶯 9613:茎 9611:/ 9609:莖 9601:争 9599:/ 9597:爭 9589:丁 9585:伻 9581:氓 9577:萌 9542:享 9534:庚 9530:更 9526:坑 9514:行 9509:笙 9505:瞠 9501:烹 9493:盲 9456:鴦 9452:岡 9440:倉 9432:唐 9428:謗 9335:ū 9331:ē 9323:ō 9301:慍 9289:君 9281:軍 9269:聞 9265:文 9257:憤 9253:墳 9241:分 9202:隠 9200:/ 9198:隱 9190:近 9182:斤 9147:尹 9135:均 9127:潤 9119:準 9111:順 9062:頵 9058:殞 9053:麕 9049:囷 9045:窘 9040:隼 9028:旬 9024:椿 9012:侖 9008:綸 9004:淪 9000:輪 8996:倫 8942:因 8930:緊 8918:引 8906:臣 8894:神 8882:人 8870:賓 8822:誾 8814:巾 8802:進 8798:粦 8786:鎮 8774:貧 8734:宛 8722:怨 8718:垣 8710:元 8702:券 8658:温 8656:/ 8654:溫 8642:困 8630:昆 8618:尊 8606:存 8598:寸 8590:屯 8578:奔 8534:恩 8526:痕 8514:根 8482:淵 8474:玄 8462:犬 8433:悁 8421:絹 8385:鳶 8383:, 8381:沿 8377:鉛 8369:巻 8361:拳 8349:権 8347:/ 8345:權 8342:) 8336:軟 8328:全 8316:宣 8304:転 8302:/ 8300:轉 8264:鰋 8252:建 8244:軒 8232:言 8229:) 8225:( 8219:万 8217:/ 8215:萬 8211:袢 8169:幻 8165:鰥 8134:患 8130:丱 8125:孿 8121:篡 8081:碗 8072:丸 8060:官 8048:算 8036:乱 8034:/ 8032:亂 8020:短 7982:燕 7970:見 7966:霰 7962:欄 7950:殿 7938:片 7899:遣 7891:面 7887:鞭 7879:便 7843:延 7839:虔 7827:線 7815:然 7803:展 7791:変 7789:/ 7787:變 7752:殷 7748:柬 7736:間 7728:山 7720:綻 7716:辦 7684:妟 7680:姦 7668:板 7660:蛮 7658:/ 7656:蠻 7612:安 7600:干 7588:散 7578:/ 7572:旦 7560:単 7558:/ 7556:單 7544:伴 7532:半 7436:愔 7424:淫 7419:壬 7415:淫 7411:鱏 7399:審 7360:音 7356:芩 7344:金 7340:今 7328:林 7324:鱏 7320:稟 7280:欠 7272:剣 7270:/ 7268:劍 7256:厳 7254:/ 7252:嚴 7209:兼 7197:点 7195:/ 7193:點 7163:厭 7159:猒 7131:奄 7127:拑 7115:塩 7113:/ 7111:鹽 7107:㑒 7105:/ 7103:僉 7091:占 7087:霑 7083:貶 7048:銜 7040:監 7036:芟 7007:咸 6999:斬 6995:湛 6961:泛 6949:凡 6917:暗 6909:含 6905:坎 6897:惨 6895:/ 6893:慘 6881:南 6877:男 6869:貪 6825:甘 6821:慚 6819:/ 6817:慙 6805:三 6801:籃 6716:武 6710:牟 6704:( 6700:无 6693:无 6681:无 6672:无 6647:幼 6635:糾 6631:彪 6627:繆 6587:悠 6579:油 6575:攸 6559:由 6551:憂 6547:又 6539:u 6535:有 6531:右 6519:久 6515:九 6503:修 6495:囚 6487:秀 6475:柔 6463:昼 6461:/ 6459:晝 6451:宙 6447:肘 6435:謀 6427:不 6419:負 6406:u 6375:区 6373:/ 6371:區 6363:侯 6359:狗 6347:口 6339:走 6327:頭 6315:豆 6307:剖 6269:杳 6265:梟 6261:嘯 6253:料 6215:要 6211:翹 6203:妙 6166:曜 6154:妖 6150:僑 6138:焦 6126:超 6114:表 6079:坳 6071:巧 6067:窖 6063:爪 6059:櫂 6051:包 6047:茅 6010:ō 6006:ō 6002:奥 6000:/ 5998:奧 5994:尻 5990:灶 5978:島 5970:保 5881:ū 5873:ō 5858:i 5854:i 5850:胃 5846:蝟 5842:謂 5838:i 5834:畏 5830:魏 5822:揮 5785:悸 5773:季 5769:i 5761:遺 5749:水 5745:緌 5715:鮪 5711:愧 5706:榱 5694:類 5663:恚 5651:規 5647:頍 5619:i 5615:i 5611:為 5607:詭 5599:危 5590:随 5588:/ 5586:隨 5582:羸 5578:諈 5574:錘 5539:i 5535:衣 5531:毅 5519:気 5517:/ 5515:氣 5507:祈 5498:未 5486:費 5477:i 5449:i 5445:i 5441:医 5439:/ 5437:醫 5425:疑 5421:熙 5409:己 5397:史 5385:子 5373:治 5361:置 5330:伊 5326:夷 5314:棄 5302:示 5290:矢 5282:二 5278:寐 5270:鼻 5239:懿 5227:机 5223:肆 5211:自 5199:次 5187:地 5175:泌 5143:縊 5131:企 5127:吡 5123:弭 5093:倚 5081:奇 5069:施 5057:紫 5049:池 5045:靡 5007:e 5003:慧 4999:恵 4997:/ 4995:惠 4991:畦 4987:圭 4983:睽 4952:穢 4947:喙 4885:ē 4881:衛 4877:ē 4873:ē 4869:鋭 4867:/ 4865:銳 4861:蹶 4856:贅 4848:説 4846:/ 4844:說 4840:彗 4836:毳 4832:脆 4828:蚋 4824:錣 4783:刈 4779:乂 4771:肺 4767:吠 4759:廃 4757:/ 4755:廢 4718:翳 4710:契 4706:枅 4701:壻 4689:西 4685:髢 4673:礼 4671:/ 4669:禮 4657:体 4655:/ 4653:體 4641:米 4637:嬖 4600:袂 4592:幣 4588:敝 4580:蔽 4548:洩 4544:裔 4540:曳 4532:憩 4528:晢 4520:際 4508:世 4504:傺 4496:例 4492:厲 4450:快 4446:夬 4438:話 4408:蛙 4403:掛 4399:卦 4370:淮 4362:壊 4360:/ 4358:壞 4354:崴 4349:乖 4345:蒯 4337:怪 4305:e 4301:絵 4299:/ 4297:繪 4293:薈 4281:外 4273:e 4269:会 4267:/ 4265:會 4253:最 4249:脱 4247:/ 4245:脫 4214:隈 4206:塊 4202:傀 4198:憒 4193:倅 4189:敦 4177:対 4175:/ 4173:對 4169:餒 4161:梅 4157:孛 4110:敗 4106:勱 4075:隘 4063:解 4059:灑 4051:買 4047:罷 4016:噫 4012:薤 4004:芥 4000:界 3996:豺 3988:拝 3986:/ 3984:拜 3943:害 3939:蔡 3927:太 3915:大 3911:賴 3907:貝 3868:愛 3856:改 3844:塞 3832:災 3820:台 3818:/ 3816:臺 3804:逮 3800:代 3712:i 3708:ē 3704:e 3685:雛 3681:聚 3677:娵 3669:須 3664:芋 3660:俁 3656:屡 3654:/ 3652:屢 3648:膚 3636:無 3624:武 3618:u 3584:於 3576:語 3568:居 3556:御 3544:拠 3532:去 3524:緒 3512:如 3508:猪 3506:/ 3504:豬 3492:女 3453:污 3449:烏 3441:孤 3433:租 3421:素 3409:図 3407:/ 3405:圖 3393:都 3385:布 3373:模 3361:歩 3359:/ 3357:步 3351:o 3284:埜 3280:耶 3276:野 3272:也 3268:嗟 3264:卸 3256:邪 3252:且 3244:蛇 3215:伽 3184:窪 3176:瓦 3164:化 3159:髽 3151:a 3146:e 3113:和 3108:臥 3104:戈 3092:科 3087:坐 3083:朵 3075:惰 3067:a 3034:詐 3022:沙 3018:砂 3014:咤 3010:a 3006:亜 3004:/ 3002:亞 2990:夏 2986:下 2974:加 2970:家 2966:麻 2958:把 2950:馬 2941:e 2910:阿 2902:荷 2890:歌 2878:左 2866:多 2854:波 2592:ō 2468:筆 2433:軍 2172:兄 2105:( 2090:斬 2080:拉 2067:( 2047:( 2029:( 2011:( 1931:) 1925:( 1882:塁 1671:) 1668:尉 1665:( 1661:i 1656:) 1653:佐 1650:( 1641:) 1638:将 1635:( 1626:) 1620:( 1616:) 1610:( 1606:) 1600:( 1581:) 1575:( 1557:) 1551:( 1533:) 1527:( 1509:) 1503:( 1482:) 1476:( 1458:) 1452:( 1434:) 1428:( 1410:) 1404:( 1386:) 1380:( 1359:) 1353:( 1333:) 1327:( 1309:) 1303:( 1285:) 1279:( 1261:) 1255:( 1156:( 1126:( 1098:( 1075:( 1050:( 1027:( 1004:( 983:( 975:) 969:( 960:) 954:( 945:) 939:( 930:) 924:( 915:) 909:( 900:) 894:( 885:) 879:( 870:) 864:( 855:) 849:( 840:) 834:( 825:) 819:( 810:) 804:( 795:) 789:( 780:) 774:( 748:( 737:) 727:( 697:梅 686:馬 652:泉 640:腺 621:動 594:働 588:) 582:( 564:( 545:( 513:) 510:達 507:( 492:( 477:( 468:) 462:( 453:) 447:( 438:) 432:( 405:) 399:( 390:) 384:( 369:( 354:( 273:( 203:( 183:( 31:(

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