1734:, was established by Napoleon in January 1800. Its function was to provide the teamsters and drivers who handled the horses that hauled the artillery's vehicles. Prior to this, the French, like all other period armies, had employed contracted, civilian teamsters who would sometimes abandon the guns under fire, rendering them immobile, rather than risk their lives or their valuable teams of horses. Its personnel, unlike their civilian predecessors, were armed, trained, and uniformed as soldiers. Apart from making them look better on parade, this made them subject to military discipline and capable of fighting back if attacked. The drivers were armed with a carbine, a short sword of the same type used by the infantry, and a pistol. They needed little encouragement to use these weapons, earning surly reputations for gambling, brawling, and various forms of mischief. Their uniforms and coats of grey helped enhance their tough appearance. But their combativeness could prove useful as they often found themselves attacked by Cossacks and Spanish and Tyrolian guerillas.
1893:. Under the Empire there were a number of notable changes in the engineer establishment. The six companies of miners were first reduced to five, then increased to nine, and in 1808 a 10th Company was formed and the whole corps divided into two battalions with each comprising file companies. The sapper battalions were increased in number once more until eventually there were eight (five French, one Dutch, one Italian, and one Spanish). But the losses in the Invasion of Russia led to the number being reduced to five battalions. An Imperial innovation was an engineer train battalion, which was badly needed, and in 1806 each sapper battalion was director to hold a park of tools. A number of pioneer companies were formed to provide unskilled labour for engineer work. Sometime by the time of 1815, the battalions were grouped so that were at least three Engineer Regiments
67:
3646:). Behind them would be two groups of artillery batteries or the "eyes" of the boar. On their flanks and behind them, in oblique order, would be other infantry in column, line, or square to form the boar's "face". Protecting their flanks and rear would be two groups of cavalry, which would serve as the boar's "tusk". This was a highly complex formation, which could not be formed as easily or quickly as the others. Once formed, except for the tusks, it had slow mobility. It was, however, faster moving than the traditional square and less vulnerable to artillery or infantry fire. The "tusks" also gave it stronger offensive capabilities. It would later be employed to great effect during the French conquests in North Africa during the 1830s and 1840s, and would be used up until the 1920s.
3497:'s opponents were still wedded to a rigid system of "Linear" (or Line) tactics and formations, in which masses of infantry would simply line up and exchange volleys of fire, in an attempt to either blow the enemy from the field or outflank them. Due to the vulnerabilities of the line formations to flanking attacks, it was considered the highest form of military manoeuvre to outflank one's adversary. Armies would often retreat or even surrender if this was accomplished. Consequently, commanders who adhered to this system would place a great emphasis on flank security, often at the expense of a strong centre or reserve. Napoleon would frequently take full advantage of this linear mentality by feigning flank attacks or offering the enemy his own flank as "bait" (best illustrated at the
1494:) cavalry had near equal speed to the hussars, shock power almost as great as the cuirassiers, and were nearly as versatile as the dragoons. They were armed with, as their name indicates, lances along with sabres and pistols. Initially, French ministers of war insisted on arming all lancers identically. Real battlefield experience, however, proved that the Polish way of arming only the first line with lances while the second rank carried carbines instead was much more practical and thus was adopted. Lancers were the best cavalry for charging against infantry squares, where their lances could outreach the infantry's bayonets, (as was the case with
2043:(who would later become Surgeon-General of the Imperial Guard). His inspiration was the use of fast horse artillery, or "flying artillery", which could manoeuver rapidly around the battlefield to provide urgent artillery support, or to escape an advancing enemy. The flying ambulance was designed to follow the advance guard and provide initial dressing of wounds (often under fire), while rapidly transporting the critically injured away from the battlefield. The personnel for a given ambulance team included a doctor, quartermaster, non-commissioned officer, a drummer boy (who carried the bandages), and 24 infantrymen as stretcher-bearers.
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85:
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better armed and trained for close-quarters combat, mounted or dismounted much as were the dragoons. Once in position, they were trained to quickly dismount, unlimber (deploy), and sight their guns, then fire rapid barrages at the enemy. They could then quickly limber (undeploy) the guns, remount, and move on to a new position. To accomplish this, they had to be the best trained and most elite of all artillerymen. The horse batteries of the
Imperial Guard could go from riding at full gallop to firing their first shot in just under a minute. After witnessing such a performance, an astounded
3597:): Classic infantry formation for defence against cavalry. Soldiers would form a hollow square at least three or four ranks deep on each side, with officers and artillery or cavalry in the middle. It offered infantry their best protection against charges, especially on good defensive terrain such as on the top or reverse slope of a hill. Squares were slow-moving, almost stationary targets, however. This, along with their density, made squares very vulnerable to artillery and to a lesser extent, infantry fire. Once broken, squares tended to completely collapse.
598:
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3561:): A wide column of infantry, almost a hybrid of line and column, with light infantry skirmishers in front to disrupt the enemy and screen the column's advance. Once the column closed, the skirmishers would move off to its flanks, then the column would fire a massed musket salvo and charge with their bayonets. An excellent formation against a standard, thin line. The Attack Column was developed from the "Mob" or "Horde" tactics of the early French Revolutionary Armies. Its disadvantages were a lack of massed firepower and vulnerability to artillery fire.
37:
3607:): Designed to take advantage of the French artillery's mobility and training. A battery would move to one area on the field, lay down a short, sharp barrage, then rapidly redeploy to another area and fire another barrage, then quickly redeploy again, etc. The combined, cumulative effect of numerous batteries doing this all along the enemy's lines could be devastating. The horse artillery were especially well suited for this tactic. Napoleon used it to great success in the early campaigns of the
3623:): An alternative artillery tactic, when circumstances prohibited the flying batteries. Artillery would mass its fire at a single, crucial point on the battlefield (usually against the enemy's centre). It could be devastating if the enemy was caught by surprise or in the open. But massing large numbers of guns in a single area without the enemy's knowledge could be tricky. Once the battery opened fire and its target became clear, measures could be taken to avoid it. It was also vulnerable to
839:
3585:): Foot and/or horse would spread out by unit and/or individually. This formation was best for light troops and skirmishers. It allowed for rapid movement, especially over broken or rough terrain such as hills or forests, and offered the best protection from enemy fire since the troops were spread out. Its disadvantages were it did not allow for massed or volley fire and was terrible for melee or close-quarters fighting and thus, especially vulnerable to cavalry.
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batteries were very expensive to raise and maintain. Consequently, they were far fewer in number than their foot counterparts, typically constituting only one-fifth of the artillery's strength. It was a boastful joke among their ranks that the emperor knew every horse gunner by name. Besides better training, horses, weapons, and equipment, they used far more ammunition. Horse batteries were given twice the ammo ration of the foot, three times that of the Guard.
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626:
3573:): Was Napoleon's preferred infantry formation. Some units (usually regiments or battalions in size) would be placed in line formation, with other units in attack columns behind and in between them. This combined the firepower of the line with the speed, melee, and skirmishing advantages of the attack column. It also had some disadvantages of both, so support from artillery and cavalry was especially vital for this tactic to succeed.
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higher levels, to most of their opponents. The French command structure and organization made it more likely that a French cavalry had reserves available, and the ability to direct them to exploit a break in the enemy line or plug a gap in their own, or counterattack a victorious enemy. Their discipline and tactics of using larger formations (cavalry divisions and cavalry corps) impressed even the most bitter enemies of France.
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company for training recruits and remounts. Following the campaigns of 1800, the train was re-organised into eight battalions of six companies each. As
Napoleon enlarged his artillery, additional battalions were created, rising to a total of fourteen in 1810. In 1809, 1812, and 1813 the first thirteen battalions were "doubled" to create 13 additional battalions. These 'double battalions' added the suffix '
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1845:. His training, along with their specialized tools and equipment, enabled them to quickly build the various parts of the bridges, which could then be rapidly assembled and reused later. All the needed materials, tools, and parts were carried on their wagon trains. If they did not have a part or item, it could be quickly made using the mobile wagon-mounted forges of the
4905:"Code général français, contenant les lois et actes du gouvernement publiés depuis l'ouverture des États Généraux au 5 mai 1789, jusqu'au 8 juillet 1815, classés par ordre des matières, et annotés des arrêts et décisions de la Cour de Cassation; suivi de deux tables générales, l'une par ordre chronologique, et l'autre par ordre alphabétique de matières; par J. Desenne"
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anchor superimposed on a crossed cannon barrel and musket, and the sword knot was red. After the shako was adopted in 1806, it was black with brass chinscales latterly with a red tufted pompom, and a plate bearing crossed cannon, anchor and branches of oak and laurel. From 1812 the plate was like that of the foot artillery please crossed cannons and an anchor.
2445:) was a field formation commanded by a senior officer, with the rank of Brigade General, Divisional General, or at largest a Marshal of France. These formations were separate and independent units which didn't report to an overall army. These corps were designed to advance, to occupy, and hold strategic barrages blocking probable enemy lines of approach.
1397:, skirmishing, and screening for the army to keep their commanders informed of enemy movements while denying the enemy the same information and pursuing fleeing enemy troops. Armed only with curved sabres and pistols, they had reputations for reckless bravery to the point of being almost suicidal. It was said by their most famous commander General
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busby worn by some French hussars), green coats, green breeches, and short boots. They were, however, the most numerous of the light cavalry, with 31 regiments in 1811, six of which comprised
Flemish, Swiss, Italians and Germans. These cavalry was composed of chasseurs but on the horse, they could load into melee or shoot as light infantry.
1309:. There were originally 25 cuirassier regiments, reduced to 12 by Napoleon initially who later added three more. At the beginning of his rule, most of the cuirassier regiments were severely understrength, so Napoleon ordered the best men and horses to be allocated to the first 12 regiments, while the rest were reorganised into dragoons.
1261:, Napoleon ordered that they be given armour. The carabinier's refusal to copy the less elite cuirassiers resulted in them being given special armor, with their helmets and cuirasses being sheathed in bronze for added visual effect. But this did not prevent them from being defeated by Russian cuirassiers at
3673:, where every soldier, no matter how humble of birth, could rise rapidly to the highest levels of command, much as he had done (provided, of course, they did not rise too high or too fast). This was equally applied to the French and foreign officers, and no less than 140 foreigners attained the rank of
1900:
Battalions of sappers and miners constituted ‘magazines’ of men from which armies and corps drew companies, and sometimes only detachments, according to their needs. Engineers took a major part in sieges, they were responsible for road works in the field, they advised the infantry in the construction
1606:
Battery personnel included not only gun crews, NCOs, and officers, but drummers, trumpeters, metal workers, woodworkers, ouvriers, fouriers, and artificers. They would be responsible for fashioning spare parts, maintaining and repairing the guns, carriages, caissons and wagons, as well as tending the
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The war/peace establishment of a grenadier or carabinier company was 3/3 officers and 83/75 men. All other companies had 3 officers and 123 men in wartime; the peace establishments of men were 75 for fusiliers, 68 for chasseurs, and 123 for voltigeurs. Including the staff, a battalion had 700 men in
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and those higher than it were positions of the same rank but with separate insignia for appointment holders. The position of
Colonel General of a branch (such as dragoons or grenadiers of the Guard) was akin to Chief Inspector-General of that branch, whose office holder used his current officer rank
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Their shake plates bore their title. An illustration of a musician of 1815 shows an ordinary uniform but pointed scarlet cuffs, gold trefoil epaulettes, and a cylindrical shako bearing a large brass plate of a trophy of arms atop an 1812-patter shield bearing a grenade over a crossed cannons, with a
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On 14 March 1812, a decree called for the recruitment of 88 cohorts (battalion strength), recruited by their respective departments in proportion to the population. These new cohorts were charged specifically with strengthening the coastal troops and border surveillance corps. These cohorts each had
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The cavalry were supported by the fast-moving, fast-firing light guns of the horse artillery. This arm was a hybrid of cavalry and artillery with their crews riding either on the horses or on the carriages into battle. Because they operated much closer to the front lines, the officers and crews were
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with the lighter calibres being phased out and replaced by 6-pounders later in the
Napoleonic Wars. French cannons had brass barrels and their carriages, wheels, and limbers were painted olive green. Superb organisation fully integrated the artillery into the infantry and cavalry units it supported,
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and carabiniers into a cavalry reserve, to be used at the decisive moment of the battle. In this manner, they proved to be an extremely potent force on the battlefield. The
British, in particular, who mistakenly believed the cuirassiers were Napoleon's bodyguards, and would later come to adapt their
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from enemy artillery and needed protection from cavalry attack. Although this has become the most well-known French artillery tactic, Napoleon preferred the flying batteries and used it only when he had to or thought it posed a better chance of success. Often at the start of a battle, he would mass
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to reinforce the coastal defences. Though the expected invasion never came, this small mobilisation proved the
National Guard were ready, willing, and able to quickly provide defence where needed. A decree of 12 November 1806 ordered all Frenchmen aged 20 to 60 would be required to perform National
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Most of the troops within the
Reserve were retired troops or those who, for many reasons, wouldn't be able to deploy with the field armies. The Reserve was organised into two 'groups', the Legions which were regional forces composed solely of infantry, and the provisional regiments which were those
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The elite among all French heavy cavalry line formations, the two regiments of mounted carabiniers had a very similar appearance with the mounted grenadiers of the
Imperial Guard; bearskins, long blue coats, etc. and were mounted exclusively on black horses prior to 1813. They were largely used in
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who manned shore defences, totalling 10,000 men. However, after
Napoleon's 1803-1805 reforms, the artillery was completely reorganised into 100 x mobile companies under artillery command and 28 x static companies of National Guard, each company with a nominal establishment of 121 (actual strength
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Throughout the Revolutionary Wars and early years of the consulate, the National Guard proved to be very good regional military police, and were able to be mobilised quickly in the event of invasion. Napoleon, therefore, saw the need in providing a constantly available force of National Guardsmen
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were conveyed as they had been for centuries, via messengers on horseback. Hussars, due to their bravery and riding skills, were often favoured for this task. Shorter-range tactical signals could be sent visually by flags or audibly by drums, bugles, trumpets, and other musical instruments. Thus,
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There were 6 administrative regiments of horse artillery plus one in the Guard. In addition to the batteries assigned to the cavalry units, Napoleon would also assign at least one battery to each infantry corps or, if available, to each division. Their abilities came at a price, however, as horse
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The French fielded inferior cavalry as compared to their Hessian, Baden, Polish, British, Prussian and Austrian counterparts. However, French cavalry won many more engagements than their enemies, with many reasons combining to achieve this. One factor was certainly their superior organization, at
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The beginnings of the Imperial Army were seeded in the reorganisation of the French Army in 1803, which helped pave the way for the well-known French-style army organisation. Under this reorganisation, the old-style military district system was reorganised so that it included the new departments.
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In April 1792, the previous Invalid Companies were replaced by the Veteran Companies, of which 12 x were artillery, raising to 13 x companies of 52 x men in September 1799. In May 1805, the artillery was enlarged to 25 x companies of 100 men each, 19 x companies in 1812, and reduced back to 10 x
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The coastal artillery's uniform was a black bicorne with a green pompom, a light blue coat with blue cuffs, white turnbacks, sea green collar, lapels, cuff flaps, waistcoat, and breeches, red epaulettes, and yellow buttons. They used infantry equipment, the cartridge box bore a brass badge of an
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These were light cavalry identical to hussars in arms and role. But, unlike the chasseurs of the Imperial Guard and their infantry counterparts, they were considered less prestigious or elite. Their uniforms were less colourful as well, consisting of infantry-style shakos (in contrast to the fur
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of all armies in the decades preceding Napoleon. The versatility of a dual-purpose soldier came at the cost of their horsemanship and swordsmanship often not being up to the same standards as those of other cavalry. Finding enough large horses proved a challenge. Some infantry officers were even
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From 1792 till 14 March 1804, a line infantry regiment consisted of three battalions: 2 x Field battalions (8 x Fusilier and 1 x Grenadier Companies), and the Depot Battalion. On 20 September 1804, the line infantry battalions were modified by the conversion of one of the 8 fusilier companies to
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battalion was originally composed of 5 companies. The first company was considered elite and assigned to a horse artillery battery; the three "centre" companies were assigned to the foot artillery batteries and "parks" (spare caissons, field forges, supply wagons, etc.); and one became a depot
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were described by historian Ronald Pawley as follows: "... he was responsible for all matters such as personnel, the ministerial budget, the Emperor's orders regarding troop movements within the Empire, the departments of artillery and engineers, and prisoners of war". When the first Minister,
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in 1811) and also in hunting down a routed enemy. Their ability to scour and finish off the wounded without ever stepping off their saddle created perfect scenes of horror for the enemy. They could be deadly against other types of cavalry as well, most famously demonstrated by the fate of Sir
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The medium-weight mainstays of the French cavalry, although considered heavy cavalry, were used for battle, skirmishing, and scouting. They were highly versatile being armed not only with distinctive straight swords, but also muskets with bayonets enabling them to fight as infantry as well as
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was the senior branch of the army, consisting of the senior troops and those who had distinguished themselves during battle, however (rather ironically) the guard consisted of some of the youngest regiments of the army. Their history is thus relatively short and simple compared to the ancient
3677:. By and large this goal was achieved. Given the right opportunities to prove themselves, capable men could rise to the top within a few years, whereas in other armies it usually required decades if at all. It was said that even the lowliest private carried a marshal's baton in his knapsack.
3545:): An arrow or spearhead-shaped cavalry formation, designed to close rapidly and break the enemy's line. Classic and effective mounted formation used throughout history, and still used by tanks today. But if the wedge was halted, or its attack lost momentum, then it was vulnerable to counter-
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and dragoon regiments, the first company of every regiment's first escadron, was always designated as 'elite', with presumably, the best men and horses. In the revolution's wake, the cavalry suffered the greatest from the loss of experienced aristocratic officers and NCOs still loyal to the
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The line and light infantry battalion organisations were standardised to the class one grenadier, one voltigeur, and four fusilier companies by an order of 18 February 1808. That same day, Napoleon decreed that each line and light infantry regiment was to consist of one depot and four field
1193:. Consequently, the quality of French cavalry drastically declined. Napoleon rebuilt the branch, turning it into arguably the finest in the world. Until 1812, it was undefeated in any large engagements above the regimental level. There were two primary types of cavalry for different roles,
414:)) went over to his side along with the majority of its staff. Though the 1815 campaign was a disaster for France, it is still seen by many military historians as a success, as France was able to form several field armies and win multiple battles, with almost no preparation whatsoever.
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plus two more in the Imperial Guard, but unlike cavalry and infantry regiments, these were administrative organisations. The main operational and tactical units were the batteries (or companies) of 120 men each, which were formed into brigades and assigned to the divisions and corps.
1542:) to soften up enemy formations before being subjected to the closer attention of the infantry or cavalry. Superb gun-crew training allowed Napoleon to move the weapons at great speed to either bolster a weakening defensive position or else hammer a potential break in enemy lines.
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voltigeurs; in the fact, the most agile, smallest men in each fusilier company were concentrated into the new company. During this period, a depot battalion consisted of a senior captain who was mounted, one depot captain, one 'Quartermaster Treasurer', and 4 x Fusilier Companies.
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s artillery park was increased, albeit organised as regiments rather than battalions. At their zenith, in 1813–14, the Old Guard artillery was supported by a 12-company regiment while the Young Guard had a 16-company regiment, one for each of their component artillery batteries.
3505:), then throw his main effort against their centre, split their lines, and roll up their flanks. He always kept a strong reserve as well, mainly in the form of his Imperial Guard, which could deliver a "knockout blow" if the battle was going well or turn the tide if it was not.
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could not protect against direct musket fire, it could deflect ricochets and shots from long range, and offered some protection from pistol shots. More importantly, the breastplates protected against the swords and lances of opposing cavalry. Napoleon often combined all of his
3642:): Another hybrid formation, somewhat like the mixed order, but combining all three arms into a wedge-like square, which could be used for assault or defence. Infantry would form a short, but thick, line many ranks deep on the front, which would be the boar's "snout" (
2400:, raised to 30 x companies by 1812 wore foot artillery uniforms, with a shako plat without a number. Most distinguished was the Garrison Artillery of Lille, a unit formed in 1483, which merged with the National Guard in 1791, and performed with distinction in the
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As the name indicates, these gunners marched alongside their guns, which were, of course, pulled by horses when limbered (undeployed). Hence, they travelled at the infantry's pace or slower. In 1805, there were eight, later ten, regiments of foot artillery in the
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As such, French cannons were the backbone of the French Imperial Army, possessing the greatest firepower of the three arms and hence the ability to inflict the most casualties in the least amount of time. The French guns were often used in massed batteries (or
1113:(literally Hunters on Horses/ Mounted Hunters). In 1788 these battalions were separated from the cavalry, and six more were raised to give 12 Chasseurs battalions in the army. They were designed to perform scouting duties and to act as advance and rear guards.
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peacetime and 1,100 in war. A regiment of two battalions would have 46 officers and 1,375 men in peacetime and 38 officers and 2,162 men in war; a regiment of three battalions would have 39 officers and 2,054 men in peacetime and 42 officers and 3,234 in war.
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method of conscription brought around 2,300,000 French men into the Army between the period of 1804 and 1813. To give an estimate of how much of the population this was, modern estimates range from 7 to 8% of the population of France proper, while the
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an artillery company attached. Under the 1813 reorganisations, the cohorts were absorbed by the regular army into 22 new line infantry regiments. The 88 companies of artillery were incorporated into the regular artillery at this same time as well.
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While Napoleon is best known as a master strategist and charismatic presence on the battlefield, he was also a tactical innovator. He combined classic formations and tactics that had been used for thousands of years with more recent ones, such as
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to oversee the recruitment of the province, control the regional militia and later militia grenadiers, and local garrisons. In 1812 they were reorganised and expanded into the following districts along with their departments and HQ location:
1834:. The skills of his pontonniers allowed Napoleon to outflank enemy positions by crossing rivers where the enemy least expected and, in the case of the great retreat from Moscow, saved the army from complete annihilation at the Berezina River.
1014:, which subsequently referred to provisional units only. At the time, only some 90 regiments existed, the majority of them consisting of three battalions. By 1804, each battalion had been obliged to convert one of its fusilier companies into
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was the staple of the gunner. Even at long range when the shot was travelling relatively slowly it could be deadly, though it might appear to be bouncing or rolling along the ground relatively gently. At short range, carnage could result.
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required to give up their mounts for the dragoons, creating resentment towards them from this branch as well. There were 25, later 30, dragoon regiments. In 1815, only 15 could be raised and mounted in time for the Waterloo campaign.
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on many instances, but was very reluctant to use them in the field, and instead kept them within the borders of France. During this period, the Reserves and National Guard were grouped into what became known as the 'Reserve Army',
3446:
3611:. Its flexibility allowed him to quickly mass well-aimed fire anywhere it was needed. But it required superbly trained and conditioned artillerymen and horses as well as close command, coordination, and control in order to work.
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A battalion headquarters comprised 4 x officers (a captain in command), 5 x NCOs, and 5 x craftsmen. Each company numbered 1 x officer (sous-lieutenant), 7 x NCOs, 4 x craftsmen, 80 x drivers, 36 x vehicles, and 161 x horses.
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combat. Unarmored heavy cavalry was the norm in Europe during most of the Napoleonic Wars, with the French being the first to reintroduce the back-and-breastplate. In 1809, appalled by their mauling at the hands of Austrian
1092:, of which very few ever actually exploded. However, by the mid-18th century, these troops became elite infantry and were placed on the right of the line, indicating they were the most experienced and held in high regard.
1036:
The line infantry was the best-known and most valuable infantry branch within the Imperial Army. The line infantry also had the most regiments throughout the war, with the following an abbreviated list of all regiments:
3451:
4904:
2281:, Napoleon's commitment to the National Guard was expanded, and by the end of the year released all regulars into the field while leaving border protection duties and coastal defences solely to the National Guard.
1646:
7th Horse Artillery Regiment disbanded on 31 December 1801, re-raised with two companies from the Dutch Horse Artillery on 18 August 1810, incorporated into the 1st and 4th Horse Artillery Regiments in February
3533:): The best formation for rapid or sustained movement of troops and a good melee attacking formation, but it offered little firepower and was also vulnerable to flank attack, ambush, artillery, and "funneling".
4203:
3521:): The basic three rank line formation, best used for delivering volley fire and was also a decent melee formation for infantry or cavalry, but it was relatively slow moving and vulnerable on the flanks.
987:) completely disbanded the Young Guard, and the units were broken up and distributed among the line. Certain units were attached to the guard in 1813, for example, the Saxon Life Grenadier Guards
3463:
2307:)), 1 or 2 line infantry battalions, and sometimes a regional artillery/coastal artillery company. The National Guard of Paris for example had 12 Legions (companies), and comprised infantry and
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Guard service. Under this decree, companies of Grenadiers and Chasseurs could, if possible, be called upon to perform domestic service in towns of more than 5,000 inhabitants alongside the
2251:
396:
where necessary, the next smallest was the 'Field Corps' which provided the actual fighting potential with the Field Armies, and finally, the Military Districts, as previously described.
1238:
However, already during the campaign in 1805, only some colonels insisted on keeping up these peacetime practices. The heavy cavalry, carabiniers and cuirassiers, rode on black horses.
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was disbanded along with any troops of the Army. The only remaining elements were the board of directors and those soldiers who had no families and were too old to leave. Part of King
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An illustrated encyclopedia of uniforms of the Napoleonic wars : an expert, in-depth reference to the officers and soldiers of the revolutionary and Napoleonic period, 1792-1815
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regiments of the line, many of which were raised in the 16th century. The life span of most of the guard regiments was also very short: a royal decree of 12 May 1814 (just after the
746:
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batteries into a large battery, then after a few salvoes, break it up into flying batteries. In the early campaigns, it was rarely used, but as the quantity of the horses of the
2173:. Later that year, contrary to their initial purpose, the legions were sent into Spain becoming the 'Provisional Battalions'. The majority of these legions were destroyed at the
1006:
The infantry during the Napoleonic era provided the majority of the fighting force while on campaign. The nucleus of the army was formed in 1803, when the old 'royalist term' of
5405:
2292:
began in 1813, a decree was signed to call for 101,640 more men to be raised from the National Guard for the protection of the country. Two divisions were present at the
1295:. Because of the weight of their armour and weapons, both the trooper and the horse had to be big and strong, and could put a lot of force behind their charge. Though the
998:, the Middle Guard, and the Young Guard. This effectively made the guard an independent fighting corps with everything from its own staff down to its own support units.
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which made them lighter, faster, and much easier to sight, as well as strengthened the carriages and introduced standard-sized calibres. In general, French guns were 4-
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392:, and its equivalent 'Field Armies', the next smallest were the Corps of Observation which were tasked with overseeing regions with strategic importance and providing
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were formed, with at least 16 of these being formed during this period comprising around 3 x Officers and 84 x Other ranks. In addition, veteran fusilier companies
1415:
9th (second) Hussar Regiment formed on 10 January 1812 from the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Squadrons of the 9th Hussars – redesignated as the 12th Hussars on 17 February 1813
1872:) that it was better to bypass and isolate fixed fortifications, if possible, than to directly assault them, the sapper companies were usually put to other tasks.
1830:, were an indispensable part of Napoleon's military machine. Their main contribution was helping the emperor to get his forces across water obstacles by erecting
734:
1853:
could construct a bridge of up to 80 pontoons (a span of some 120 to 150 metres long) in just under seven hours, an impressive feat even by today's standards.
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of field fortifications, they laid out the works for protecting gun emplacements, and they were entirely responsible for the fortification of fixed defences.
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Corps artillery reserve: Each corps would also have its own artillery reserve, of one of more brigades, armed mostly with the larger, heavier calibre pieces.
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On 14 March 1803, under that year's reform, it was ordered that each light infantry battalion was to consist of one Carabinier (Grenadier equivalent), eight
2325:
2411:
The garrison artillery were not exclusively garrison troops, for example, the Lille Corps (formed into a battalion of two companies in 1803) served in the
1459:
30th Horse Hunters formed in 1810 from the Hamburg Dragoons and the Horse Hunters of the Hanoverian Legion, on 18 June 1811 became the 9th Lancers Regiment
2074:, the gendarmerie were both horse and foot personnel; in 1800, these numbered approximately 10,500 of the former and 4,500 of the latter, respectively.
1088:
had historically been the tallest and most experienced. These soldiers would line up in straight lines and advance to 5–10 feet of the enemy and throw
3691:, but a personal title granted to distinguished divisional generals, along with higher pay and privileges. The same applied to the corps commanders (
2332:, National Guardsmen were able to hold up a large Prussian column advancing in the East of France. In retaliation, the Prussians burned the town of
4183:
1753:
Following the Restoration, the train was reduced to just four squadrons of 15 x officers and 271 x men, raised to 8 x squadrons in 1815 during the
17:
1385:
These fast, light cavalrymen were the eyes, ears, and egos of the Napoleonic armies. They regarded themselves as the best horsemen and swordsmen (
4188:
2153:
In 1807, the new 'Departmental Legions' were formed by decree on 20 March 1807 for the defence of the borders, and based in the following towns:
4418:
4733:
2056:
standard bearers and musicians, in addition to their symbolic, ceremonial, and morale functions, also played important communication roles.
1545:
Besides superior training, Napoleon's artillery was also greatly aided by the numerous technical improvements to French cannons by General
2177:, with small cadres of the first three battalions reformed on 1 January 1809, later becoming the 121st and 122nd Line Infantry Regiments.
568:
4764:
4616:
2010:
5395:
2150:
In 1803, four 'volunteer legions' were created of volunteers under the age of 40, with each legion comprising an artillery company.
4225:
1628:
719:
544:
1393:. This opinion was not entirely unjustified and their flamboyant uniforms reflected their panache. Tactically, they were used for
2263:
and subsequent invasion of Prussia, Napoléon ordered the mobilisation of 3,000 grenadiers and chasseurs of the national guard of
1504:
1182:. Cavalry regiments of 800–1,200 men were made up of three or four escadrons of two companies each, plus supporting elements. In
1100:
France began to experiment with light infantry in 1740 and several legions were raised by 1749. At the same time, a battalion of
1047:
31st, 38th, 41st, 49th, 68th, 71st, 73rd, 74th, 77th, 78th, 80th, 83rd, 87th, 89th–91st, 97th–99th, 104th, 107th, and 109th–110th
683:
Gérard became responsible for the movements of units stationed within the borders of France (Intendent General of the Army), and
446:'s plan to remove the imperial stain was to completely reconstitute the army on a new regional basis and destroy the imperialist
2142:
These regiments however only lasted for a short time and were either absorbed into other regiments, or formed as new regiments.
2104:. This 'Army' was not a field army, but only an administrative group which oversaw all reserves throughout Metropolitan France.
1450:
28th Horse Hunters formed on 7 January 1808 by decree following the redesignation of the Tuscan Dragoon Regiment, following the
1069:
127th–134th Line Infantry Regiments formed by decree on 24 January, 3 February, and 9 March 1811 mostly from auxiliary regiments
5390:
577:
5236:
5182:
1599:
Divisional artillery: Every division had a brigade of three or four batteries of 8 guns (six cannons and two howitzers) each.
994:
The guard was separated into three 'echelons', of which each consisted many different types of units, these consisted of the
738:
295:
2538:
2348:
406:, and the structure (for the most part) remained, though with regimental name changes and slight uniform changes. After the
1750:. Additionally, after 1809 some battalions raised extra companies to handle the regimental guns attached to the infantry.
1546:
1499:
3632:
and the quality of its artillerymen declined, Napoleon would be forced to employ it much more frequently in later battles.
271:
1947:
11th Company (formed following the annexation of the Kingdom of Holland and subsequent absorption of the Dutch Engineers)
1676:. Each battalion was composed of 6 companies, of which each was commanded by a captain and oversaw some 44 other ranks.
1170:. Chasseurs effectively had the same role of the fusiliers, but were shorter and were quickly and typically more agile.
1052:
114th–120th Line Infantry Regiments formed from the former provisional line regiments in Spain by decree on 7 July 1808.
5420:
5363:
5336:
5317:
5290:
5263:
5209:
5163:
5136:
5109:
2077:
In 1804 the first Inspector General of Gendarmerie was appointed and a general staff was established based out of the
331:
323:
4358:
3656:
1889:) and a reference to their seemingly magical abilities to grant wishes and make things appear much like the mythical
1919:
7th Engineer Battalion formed in 1810/11/12 comprising Italian engineers, disbanded following the Invasion of Russia
1204:
In peacetime, the regiments of dragoons, lancers, chasseurs and hussars had colour of horses according to squadron:
4688:
4508:
1398:
4793:
4650:
3490:
4977:
4947:
4860:
4823:
1922:
8th Engineer Battalion formed in 1811/12 comprising Spanish engineers, disbanded following the Invasion of Russia
1495:
1447:
27th Horse Hunters formed on 30 September 1806 by redesignation of the Prince of Aremberg's Belgian Light Cavalry
2078:
1252:
identical manner to the Cuirassiers, but being (initially) unarmored, they were less suited for close-quarters,
1072:
135th–156th Line Infantry Regiments formed by decree on 12 January 1813 from National Guard Cohorts (battalions)
991:) and a battalion of Polish grenadiers, but these were not part of the guard and did not wear the guard button.
706:
489:
2324:, new National Guard divisions were formed with many being integral parts of the Corps of Observations. At the
984:
891:
715:
4193:
2384:
varied). By 1812, some 144 x companies existed, but all were disbanded in May 1814 following the restoration.
2016:
White Pioneer Battalion – (formed in February 1806 from Austrian prisoners in five companies, later 8 by 1811)
781:
410:
in 1815, almost the entirety of the army (with the exception of some of the Royal Guard (formerly Napoleon's
2293:
1916:
6th Engineer Battalion formed in 1810 comprising Dutch engineers, disbanded following the Invasion of Russia
5410:
303:
255:
206:
2260:
2084:
1421:
14th Hussar Regiment formed on 28 January 1814 from different detachments of hussars in the Army of Spain
973:
411:
186:
2180:
In 1809 and 1810, 30 demi-brigades were formed as provisional regiments, and were organised as follows:
1841:
and had 14 companies commissioned into his armies, under the command of the brilliant engineer, General
315:
275:
3470:, showing the regiment's battle honours. Note: all regiments of the guard had the same battle honours.
481:
The French Imperial Army was commanded, as its predecessors by the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, who was
243:
202:
194:
182:
3502:
1462:
31st Horse Hunters formed on 7 September 1811 from the 1st and 2nd Provisional Light Cavalry Regiments
1401:
that a hussar who lived to be 30 was truly an old guard and very fortunate. Lasalle was killed at the
1131:
The following in the above prior regiments were disbanded or failed to form during the Empire period:
1044:
The following in the above prior regiments were disbanded or failed to form during the Empire period:
251:
5415:
3882:
2631:
2577:
2289:
2242:
1456:
29th Horse Hunters formed on 10 March 1808 by redesignation of the 3rd Provisional Chasseurs Regiment
198:
1319:
13th Cuirassiers formed on 24 December 1809 from the 1st and 2nd Provisional Heavy Cavalry Regiments
1287:(breastplate) and helmets of brass and iron and armed with straight long sabres, pistols, and later
4740:
2949:
2831:
1864:, to deal with enemy fortifications. They were used far less often in their intended role than the
846:
692:
664:
659:
247:
3508:
Some of the more famous, widely used, effective, and interesting formations and tactics included:
1617:
9th Foot Artillery Regiment raised in 1810 from the Dutch Foot Artillery, disbanded on 12 May 1814
3669:
was based on proven ability rather than social class or wealth. Napoleon wanted his army to be a
3253:
2738:
1991:
1st–38th Pioneer Battalions – all formed from Spanish, Portuguese, and Austrian Prisoners of War
1418:
13th Hussar Regiment formed on 1 January 1814 by redesignation of the Westphalian Hussar Regiment
742:
380:
2313:. During the Hundred Days, a company of artillery part of the National Guard formed part of the
1639:
Below is an abbreviated list of regiments (again, there were really only administrative units):
1610:
Below is an abbreviated list of regiments (again, there were really only administrative units):
425:, the Corps of Observation of the Alpes, and the Imperial Guard (including the Minister of War,
417:
After Napoleon's second abdication, some elements of the army refused to give up, including the
3956:
2329:
2297:
2185:
2022:
Spanish Pioneer Corps – formed in November 1813 from members of foreign corps in French service
1815:
While the glory of battle went to the cavalry, infantry, and artillery, the army also included
1226:
2811:
2333:
1508:
1434:
Below is an abbreviated list of regiments (unless stated all formerly existed prior to 1803):
1408:
Below is an abbreviated list of regiments (unless stated all formerly existed prior to 1803):
4173:
4005:
3684:
3493:. Napoleonic tactics and formations were highly fluid and flexible. In contrast, many of the
3298:
2911:
2635:
2401:
2040:
1476:
1405:
at age 34. There were 10 regiments in 1804, with an 11th added in 1810 and two more in 1813.
1055:
121st and 122nd Line Infantry Regiments formed by decree on 1 January 1809, from the 1st–4th
548:
482:
427:
267:
84:
4305:
3014:
2734:
1882:
1876:
1842:
1558:
yet also allowed it to operate independently if the need arose. There were two basic types,
1109:
538:
5425:
4332:
3624:
3498:
3321:
3272:
3249:
3149:
3141:
2815:
2658:
2270:
2052:
1875:
The different types of engineer companies were formed into battalions and regiments called
1869:
1514:
Below is an abbreviated list of regiments (unless stated all were formed on 18 June 1811):
925:
861:
431:
335:
319:
259:
166:
1664:
In the French Imperial Army, the ammunition columns were grouped into Equipment Trains or
8:
5074:
The second rank was used by mounted organizations of the Army: cavalry, horse artillery,
3476:
3172:
3145:
2972:
2877:
2861:
2846:
2673:
2591:
2218:
During the Hundred Days, several auxiliary and regional units were formed, including the
1062:
123rd–126th Line Infantry Regiments formed by decree on 18 August 1810, all from the old
931:
701:
597:
530:
386:
The Imperial Army was divided into three separate types of commands: the largest was the
359:
263:
72:
4222:
3822:
3168:
2749:
2174:
399:
In 1814, following the Abdication of Napoleon, the army was quickly redesignated as the
3896:
3806:
3525:
3310:
3203:
3184:
3018:
2938:
2669:
2643:
2639:
2604:
2412:
2278:
2121:
The provisional cavalry regiments were formed in 1809, and consisted of the following:
1451:
1262:
1213:
1063:
995:
727:
379:, which were tasked with local administration of garrisons, recruitment, and providing
327:
291:
287:
218:
178:
42:
5231:. London; Lanham, Md: Lorenz North American agent/distributor, National Book Network.
3218:
2976:
1885:
term for engineer. This name, which is still used today, was both a play on the word (
1775:
9th and 10th Artillery Train Battalions were disbanded by 1808, later reformed by 1809
1656:
Of all the types of ammunition used in the Napoleonic Wars, the cast iron, spherical,
1107:(literally Hunters on Foot) was attached to each of the six newly raised regiments of
5369:
5359:
5342:
5332:
5313:
5296:
5286:
5269:
5259:
5242:
5232:
5215:
5205:
5202:
Napoleon's Regiments: Battle Histories of the Regiments of the French Army, 1792–1815
5188:
5178:
5159:
5142:
5132:
5115:
5105:
4758:
4198:
3984:
3480:
3283:
3268:
3264:
3241:
3180:
3137:
3088:
2796:
2707:
2070:
1816:
1306:
1270:
400:
283:
5024:
3485:
2999:
1178:
By decree of the emperor, cavalry typically were between a fifth and a sixth of the
1156:
462:
4889:
4419:"French Infantry : Uniforms : Organization : Weapons : Tactics"
4178:
3970:
3513:
3325:
3053:
2953:
2930:
2869:
2765:
2571:
1402:
3329:
2303:
Most regional national guards consisted of a cavalry unit (usually light cavalry (
1189:
129:
4229:
4019:
3589:
3546:
3199:
3176:
3164:
2896:
2850:
2823:
2757:
2510:
2480:
2438:
470:
447:
351:
311:
239:
235:
5095:. Paris, Second French Republic: Librairie Militaire, Maritime et Polytechnique.
2991:
1489:
607:
By the Grace of God and the Constitutions of the Republic, Emperor of the French
388:
4249:
King's Ordnance regarding the future of his Majesty's Army, dated 16 July 1815.
4143:
4053:
4033:
3942:
3462:
3302:
3115:
3111:
3049:
2620:
2552:
1831:
1394:
488:
from 1804, and in 1815. Under him sat the effective commander of the Army, the
363:
190:
150:
36:
5373:
5146:
3153:
3022:
2873:
2711:
2339:
During the Hundred Days, the National Guard divisions were spread as follows:
5384:
5300:
5273:
5119:
4920:"Au crépuscule De l'Empire. l'exemple du 151e régiment d'infanterie de ligne"
4165:
3835:
3752:
3615:
3553:
3195:
2957:
2892:
2884:
2807:
2665:
2624:
1868:. However, since the emperor had learned in his early campaigns (such as the
1537:
1194:
1183:
558:
299:
5358:. Men-at-Arms Series. Long Acre, London, United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing.
5346:
5246:
5219:
5192:
2064:
Under Napoléon, the numbers and responsibilities of the gendarmerie—renamed
4919:
4601:
Elting, John R.:"Swords Around A Throne", pp. 186, 194, Da Capo Press, 1997
4204:
Social background of officers and other ranks in the French Army, 1750–1815
3928:
3537:
3306:
3107:
3080:
2753:
2726:
2612:
2590:
Military Divisions (really districts) were originally formed following the
2531:
2474:
2321:
2247:
1754:
1550:
1292:
838:
668:
407:
4574:
Elting, John R.:"Swords Around A Throne", pp. 254–255, Da Capo Press, 1997
3287:
3037:
2968:
2888:
2246:
Lancer, fusilier, and officer of the Strasbourg National Guard during the
2113:
of any other type. Below is a list of the units as they appeared by type:
2083:
in Paris. Subsequently, special gendarmerie units were created within the
1511:
at Waterloo. Excluding those of the Guard, there were 9 lancer regiments.
1134:
11th (formed 1811), 19th (formed 1813), 20th, 29th (formed 1811), and 30th
3670:
3565:
3026:
2995:
2857:
2772:
2565:
2358:
2354:
2231:
1220:
1209:
631:
443:
279:
5056:
Elting, John R.: "Swords Around A Throne.", p. 124. Da Capo Press, 1997.
2695:
1322:
14th Cuirassiers formed in September 1810 from the 2nd Dutch Cuirassiers
3577:
2680:
2308:
2166:
2019:
Spanish Pioneers – formed in March 1812 of four companies totalling 200
1657:
1362:
27th Dragoons formed on 23 December 1802 from the 18th Cavalry Regiment
1359:
26th Dragoons formed on 23 December 1802 from the 17th Cavalry Regiment
1356:
25th Dragoons formed on 23 December 1802 from the 16th Cavalry Regiment
1353:
24th Dragoons formed on 23 December 1802 from the 15th Cavalry Regiment
1350:
23rd Dragoons formed on 23 December 1802 from the 14th Cavalry Regiment
1347:
22nd Dragoons formed on 23 December 1802 from the 13th Cavalry Regiment
1301:
1232:
1028:
battalions, with the depot acting as the recruitment and reserve unit.
919:
625:
438:. However, following the end of the Hundred Days, the remainder of the
307:
223:
88:
4562:
Elting, John R.: "Swords Around A Throne", p. 250, Da Capo Press, 1997
3041:
2784:
2776:
1643:
1st–6th Horse Artillery Regiments (all formerly existed prior to 1803)
1371:
30th Dragoons formed on 23 December 1802 from the 12th Hussar Regiment
1368:
29th Dragoons formed on 23 December 1802 from the 11th Hussar Regiment
1332:
mounted, though fighting on foot had become increasingly uncommon for
3294:
2964:
2745:
2688:
2035:
The most significant innovation was the establishment of a system of
1614:
1st–8th Foot Artillery Regiments (all formerly existed prior to 1803)
1528:
1365:
28th Dragoons formed on 23 December 1802 from the 7th Hussar Regiment
1166:
1085:
1016:
393:
3076:
2865:
2788:
2654:
2344:
1668:
In 1809, there were more than 11 battalions, with a 12th forming in
671:, three members of the ministry replaced him as effective minister.
422:
5310:
Napoleon's Imperial Headquarters Part 1: Organization and Personnel
4116:
4073:
3260:
3237:
3133:
3057:
3045:
2900:
2838:
2803:
2761:
2718:
2684:
2519:
2424:
companies in May 1814. The uniform was that of the foot artillery.
2264:
2170:
1669:
1554:
1333:
1161:
1149:
1102:
485:
4689:"Les Uniformes pendant la campagne des Cent Jours – Belgique 1815"
4509:"Les Uniformes pendant la campagne des Cent Jours – Belgique 1815"
3245:
3233:
3222:
2730:
2722:
1746:' after their title, for instance, the doubled 1st became the 1st
1487:(The Polish Devils) by the Spanish, these medium and light horse (
3868:
3779:
3317:
3126:
3099:
3064:
2842:
2780:
2498:
2486:
2462:
2456:
2314:
1837:
They may not have had the glory, but Napoleon clearly valued his
1772:
1st–10th Artillery Train Battalions, existed prior to and in 1805
1288:
1283:
1266:
1089:
776:
Director General of Reviews of Conscription (Jean-Gérard Lacuée,
2039:(flying ambulances) in the closing years of the 18th century by
4330:
4303:
3122:
3103:
3084:
3068:
3030:
2915:
2504:
2162:
1861:
1441:
17th and 18th Horse Hunters disbanded in 1794, reformed in 1811
4617:"Napoleonic Artillery (Foot & Horse Artillery, Engineers)"
1913:
1st–5th Engineer Battalions were French and all formed by 1810
450:. This marked the effective disbandment of the Imperial Army.
5177:. London Mechanicsburg, PA: Greenhill Books Stackpole Books.
3226:
3214:
3210:
3191:
3160:
3095:
3072:
3003:
2983:
2945:
2926:
2703:
2608:
2600:
2545:
2525:
2492:
2450:
2230:
were formed, with at least 4 of the type being formed in the
2154:
1673:
1258:
1253:
697:
125:
2379:
Napoleon had inherited 100 x companies of coastal artillery
2367:
5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th National Guard Divisions part of the
885:
4890:"Projet de décret sur l'Organisation de la Garde nationale"
3279:
3010:
2987:
2934:
2919:
2907:
2827:
2819:
2792:
2650:
2616:
2558:
2468:
2158:
1890:
1020:, thus augmenting the French light infantry establishment.
496:). Below is a list of the officers who held the position.
98:
1719:
Light Mule Equipment Train formed in Spain with pack mules
2699:
2068:—were expanded significantly. In contrast to the mounted
1904:
Below is a list of battalions within the engineer corps:
1059:
which had become the 1st and 2nd Supplementary Regiments.
545:
By the Grace of God and the Constitutions of the Republic
4824:"French Forces Suppressing the Vendée Revolt: June 1815"
3831:
rank reintroduced in 1814, equivalent of major general)
1955:
Sailors and Workers Battalion formed on 13 December 1813
1760:
The Imperial Guard had its own train, which expanded as
1041:
1st–113th Line Infantry Regiments existing prior to 1803
787:
6 x Inspectors in Chief of Reviews (Divisional Generals)
780:
Cessac, 1806–10;, Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas, 1810–12; and
3447:
List of auxiliary regiments of the French Imperial Army
3437:
List of artillery regiments of the French Imperial Army
687:
Tabarié, Director General of the Personnel Department.
375:
These districts were known as 'Military Divisions', or
4794:"French Forces under Marchal Bessieres: 23 April 1808"
3432:
List of infantry regiments of the French Imperial Army
1994:
15 x for Fortresses, Castles, and other Fortifications
1553:, 8-pounders, or 12-pounders and 6-inch (150 mm)
1312:
Below is an abbreviated list of cuirassier regiments:
5256:
La Conscription au temps de Napoléon : 1798–1814
5102:
Armies of the Napoleonic Wars: An Illustrated History
4294:
Remained in office at the proclamation of the Empire.
3442:
List of foreign regiments of the French Imperial Army
3427:
List of cavalry regiments of the French Imperial Army
2415:, where they lost 3 x officers and 24 x other ranks.
5406:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1815
5131:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Books.
4978:"French Corps d'Observation des Alpes: 15 June 1815"
4155:
3748:
rank reintroduced in 1814,Napoleons chief of staff)
2408:
plume of red over white and blue, over a blue ball.
1698:
18th Ambulance Train (consisted of medical vehicles)
5093:
Historie de L'Ancienne Infanterie Français: Tome Un
2222:. Along with the artillery, companies of veterans
1768:Below is a list of the artillery train battalions:
1716:
1st & 2nd Provisional Equipment Trains in Spain
1683:Below is a list of the equipment train battalions:
1672:, including two reserve battalions being formed in
1340:Below is an abbreviated list of dragoon regiments:
1305:distinctive helmets and breastplates for their own
4926:(273): 73–82 – via journals.openedition.org.
3452:List of regional units of the French Imperial Army
1344:1st–21st previously existed (as dragoon regiments)
434:, who retired westward to join the hastily formed
5401:Military units and formations established in 1804
4331:Government of the French Empire (20 March 1815).
4304:Government of the French Empire (9 August 1807).
2190:22 x 'reserve' demi-brigades of the Army of Spain
1533:"God fights on the side with the best artillery."
1116:Below is an abbreviated list of the regiments of
5382:
5329:1815, L'Armée des Alpes et les Cent-Jours à Lyan
4184:List of French general officers (Peninsular War)
1633:"They move their cannon as if it were a pistol!"
1291:. Like medieval knights, they served as mounted
108:Total of 2,175,335 conscripted between 1805–1813
5353:
4359:"Polish Grenadiers of the Imperial Guard, 1813"
4189:Types of military forces in the Napoleonic Wars
2128:6 x Dragoon Regiments, increased to 10 in 1810
1952:3rd Bridging Battalion formed on 18 April 1813
1713:10th–12th Equipment Train raised shortly after
1444:19th–26th Horse Hunters all previously existed
803:Assistant Sub-Inspectors, 2nd Class (Captains)
4333:"Decree on the composition of the government"
4306:"Decree on the composition of the government"
3650:
2198:were formed following these reorganisations:
1967:1st–5th Miner Companies existed prior to 1805
1787:14th Artillery Train Battalion formed in 1814
1784:13th Artillery Train Battalion formed in 1808
1781:12th Artillery Train Battalion formed by 1808
1778:11th Artillery Train Battalion formed by 1805
1438:1st–16th Horse Hunters all previously existed
790:30 x Inspectors of Reviews (Brigade Generals)
3479:'s "Oblique Order" (best illustrated at the
2353:3rd and 4th National Guard Divisions in the
2343:1st and 2nd National Guard Divisions in the
2087:for combat duties in French-occupied Spain.
741:, 1806; Pierre Antoine Noël Bruno, 1806–12;
459:
2561:– later expanded into the Army of the Alpes
2548:– later expanded into the Army of the Rhine
1695:14th–22nd Equipment Train (raised in 1812)
569:Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine
5312:. Botley, Oxfordshire: Osprey Publishing.
5104:. Botley, Oxfordshire: Osprey Publishing.
4570:
4568:
1692:1st–13th Equipment Train (existed by 1810)
793:100 x Sub-Inspectors of Reviews (Colonels)
5070:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5062:
4444:
3665:and other monarchies, advancement in the
3457:
2396:The 28 x companies of garrison artillery
1801:Light Mule Train Battalion formed by 1809
696:, at the Ministry of Defence Building in
453:
5153:
4483:
3461:
2541:— later expanded to the Army of the West
2241:
1265:in 1812, and panicking before Hungarian
63:
5280:
5175:The Greenhill Napoleonic wars data book
4985:United States Army Combined Arms Center
4955:United States Army Combined Arms Center
4868:United States Army Combined Arms Center
4831:United States Army Combined Arms Center
4801:United States Army Combined Arms Center
4658:United States Army Combined Arms Center
4651:"French Army in Spain, 1 February 1809"
4565:
2432:
1471:Some of the most feared cavalry in the
14:
5383:
5126:
5090:
5059:
4948:"National Guard of Paris 22 June 1815"
4902:
4763:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4588:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4528:
3342:Garde Іmpériale Calvary (Grande Armée)
2000:8 x for Seaport and Off-shore services
1973:10th–12th Miner Companies formed later
1970:6th–9th Miner Companies formed in 1805
1225:III Squadron (3rd and 7th company) on
817:
578:Mediator of the Helvetic Confederation
509:
5307:
5253:
5226:
5199:
5172:
5099:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4719:
4717:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4467:
4465:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4387:
3699:). The highest permanent rank in the
3483:) and the "mob tactics" of the early
2585:
2391:
2095:Napoleon utilised the National Guard
1997:15 x for Repairing and Building Roads
1231:IV Squadron (4th and 8th company) on
1219:II Squadron (2nd and 6th company) on
796:Assistant Sub-Inspectors, 1st Class (
739:Jacques-Pierre Orillard de Villemanzy
499:
5326:
4975:
4945:
4918:Brun, Jean-François (May 10, 2014).
4917:
4858:
4821:
4791:
4648:
4194:Uniforms of the French Imperial Army
3345:Reserve Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée)
2418:
2374:
2274:, or mobilise for military service.
1246:
849:
679:, became effective acting minister,
5156:The Campaigns of Napoleon: Volume I
4577:
4525:
3849:Staff colonel or Brigadier General
2228:(Compagnies des Fusiliers Vétérans)
1897:with at least two battalions each.
1805:
1281:The heavy cavalry, wearing a heavy
1208:I Squadron (1st (Elite) company on
358:) was the land force branch of the
24:
4896:
4861:"French Corps du Jura: 1 May 1815"
4845:
4780:
4714:
4633:
4604:
4462:
4400:
4384:
4288:
2539:Corps of Observation of the Vendée
2349:Corps of Observation of the Vendée
2184:8 x 'active' demi-brigades of the
2030:
1725:
1621:
653:
25:
5437:
5127:Rogers, Colonel H. C. B. (2005).
3720:Modern U.S./U.K./NATO equivalent
3657:Ranks of the French Imperial Army
2237:
2046:
1584:
1128:1st–37th Light Infantry Regiments
1095:
967:
962:
764:Supplies & Rations Department
272:François Christophe de Kellermann
5396:1815 disestablishments in France
5354:Haythornthwaite, Philip (1988).
5025:"1789-1815 Divisions militaires"
4158:
3708:and its corresponding insignia.
3354:III Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée)
2509:Reserve Corps of Observation of
2369:Corps of Observation of the Alps
2363:Corps of Observation of the Jura
2259:when needed. By the time of the
1425:
1375:
1241:
1031:
1010:replaced the 'republican style'
918:
884:
837:
624:
596:
529:
476:
421:fighting an insurrection in the
83:
65:
35:
18:French Imperial Army (1803-1815)
5283:Dictionnaire de la Grande Armée
5258:. Paris: Bernard Giovanangeli.
5050:
5041:
5017:
5008:
4999:
4969:
4939:
4930:
4911:
4882:
4815:
4771:
4726:
4705:
4681:
4672:
4595:
4556:
4547:
4501:
4492:
4474:
4453:
4435:
4375:
4351:
4324:
4223:regimental flags issued in 1804
3363:VI Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée)
3357:IV Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée)
3351:II Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée)
2427:
2254:, though never saw full combat.
2250:. The unit formed part of the
2090:
1475:were the Polish lancers of the
752:Chief Organizing Commissioners
747:Jean-Pierre-Paulin-Hector Daure
733:Director General for Supplies (
714:Intendant General of the Army (
711:Ministry of War Administration
383:and local forces for invasion.
332:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier
324:Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon
5285:. Paris: Éditions Tallandier.
4297:
4279:
4270:
4261:
4252:
4243:
4240:Susane, Volume I, pp. 397–398.
4234:
4215:
4109:(cavalry, horse artillery and
4093:Company clerk/supply sergeant
3466:Banner of the 1st Regiment of
3371:Garde Іmpériale (Grande Armée)
3360:V Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée)
3348:I Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée)
2059:
1607:horses and storing munitions.
1518:1st–9th Light Lancer Regiments
1276:
13:
1:
5391:1804 establishments in France
5084:
4987:. Nafziger's Orders of Battle
4957:. Nafziger's Orders of Battle
4870:. Nafziger's Orders of Battle
4833:. Nafziger's Orders of Battle
4803:. Nafziger's Orders of Battle
4693:centjours.mont-saint-jean.com
4660:. Nafziger's Orders of Battle
4513:centjours.mont-saint-jean.com
1578:15 x Artisan Worker Companies
1575:6 x Artillery Miner Companies
1531:officer, and reportedly said
1080:
5356:Napoleon's Specialist Troops
4209:
3687:, was not a rank within the
2576:Corps of Observation of the
2570:Corps of Observation of the
2518:Corps of Observation of the
2449:Corps of Observation of the
2381:(Cononniers Gardes du Côtes)
2194:A number of reserve legions
2080:Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Honoré
1810:
1651:
1522:
1452:French annexation of Tuscany
1143:
1124:(Light Infantry Regiments):
913:6 years, 235 days
693:Ministry of War Headquarters
591:9 years, 323 days
304:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
256:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
207:War of the Seventh Coalition
7:
5204:. London: Greenhill Books.
5154:Chandler, David G. (1966).
4924:Revue historique des armées
4151:
3802:rank reintroduced in 1814)
3775:rank reintroduced in 1814)
3316:32nd Military Division, in
3293:31st Military Division, in
3278:30th Military Division, in
3259:29th Military Division, in
3232:28th Military Division, in
3209:27th Military Division, in
3190:26th Military Division, in
3159:25th Military Division, in
3132:24th Military Division, in
3121:23rd Military Division, in
3094:22nd Military Division, in
3063:21st Military Division, in
3036:20th Military Division, in
3009:19th Military Division, in
2982:18th Military Division, in
2963:17th Military Division, in
2944:16th Military Division, in
2925:15th Military Division, in
2906:14th Military Division, in
2883:13th Military Division, in
2856:12th Military Division, in
2837:11th Military Division, in
2802:10th Military Division, in
2261:War of the Fourth Coalition
2125:3 x Heavy Cavalry Regiments
1983:Engineering Train Battalion
1822:The bridge builders of the
1547:Jean Baptiste de Gribeauval
1326:
1316:1st–12th previously existed
1001:
974:Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)
879:3 years, 83 days
782:Étienne Hastrel de Rivedoux
667:was on campaign during the
187:War of the Fourth Coalition
10:
5442:
4936:Haythornthwaite, pp. 15–16
4903:France (August 14, 1819).
4592:Haythornthwaite, pp. 12–14
4423:napoleonistyka.atspace.com
3654:
3651:Ranks of the Imperial Army
2771:9th Military Division, in
2744:8th Military Division, in
2717:7th Military Division, in
2694:6th Military Division, in
2679:5th Military Division, in
2664:4th Military Division, in
2649:3rd Military Division, in
2630:2nd Military Division, in
2599:1st Military Division, in
2294:Battle of Fère-Champenoise
2107:
1860:, there were companies of
1466:
1380:
1173:
1147:
971:
369:
203:War of the Sixth Coalition
195:War of the Fifth Coalition
183:War of the Third Coalition
124:Ministry of War Building,
5421:Armies of Napoleonic Wars
4907:– via Google Books.
3992:Non-commissioned officers
3990:
3883:Senior lieutenant colonel
3853:
3724:
3661:Unlike the armies of the
3410:XIII Corps (Grande Armée)
3395:VIII Corps (Grande Armée)
2224:(Compagnies des Vétérans)
2214:5th Legion of the Reserve
2211:4th Legion of the Reserve
2208:3rd Legion of the Reserve
2205:2nd Legion of the Reserve
2202:1st Legion of the Reserve
1881:, which was originally a
1527:The emperor was a former
1412:1st–12th Hussar Regiments
843:
820:
814:
800:) – posts created in 1811
728:Pierre Antoine Noël Bruno
716:Jean François Aimé Dejean
535:
512:
506:
229:
217:
212:
174:
157:
145:
135:
120:
112:
104:
94:
79:
59:
49:
34:
29:
4221:It was inscribed on the
3937:Capitaine adjutant-major
3693:General de Corps d'armee
3417:
3413:XIV Corps (Grande Armée)
3407:XII Corps (Grande Armée)
3392:VII Corps (Grande Armée)
3380:III Corps (Grande Armée)
3336:
2564:Corps of Observation of
2557:Corps of Observation of
2551:Corps of Observation of
2544:Corps of Observation of
2524:Corps of Observation of
2503:Corps of Observation of
2497:Corps of Observation of
2491:Corps of Observation of
2485:Corps of Observation of
2479:Corps of Observation of
2473:Corps of Observation of
2467:Corps of Observation of
2461:Corps of Observation of
2455:Corps of Observation of
2437:A Corps of Observation (
2398:(Canonniers Sédentaires)
2005:Black Pioneer Battalion
989:(Saxe Leibgrenadiergarde
847:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
665:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
360:French imperial military
316:Józef Antoni Poniatowski
276:François Joseph Lefebvre
248:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
244:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
5281:Pigeard, Alain (2002).
5254:Alain, Pigeard (2003).
4363:www.napoleon-series.org
4048:Maréchal des logis Chef
3695:) and army commanders (
3404:XI Corps (Grande Armée)
3398:IX Corps (Grande Armée)
3389:VI Corps (Grande Armée)
3383:IV Corps (Grande Armée)
3377:II Corps (Grande Armée)
2009:. – transferred to the
1944:2nd Bridging Battalion
1710:1st–9th Equipment Train
985:Treaty of Fontainebleau
743:Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas
473:used around 20 to 21%.
252:Jean-Baptiste Bessières
164:(from the ballet-opera
162:La Victoire est à nous
5308:Pawly, Ronald (2004).
5158:. New York: Scribner.
5091:Susane, Louis (1849).
4777:Haythornthwaite, p. 15
4553:Haythornthwaite, p. 20
4397:Smith 1998, pp. 21–23.
4000:Adjudant sous-officier
3471:
3458:Formations and tactics
3401:X Corps (Grande Armée)
3386:V Corps (Grande Armée)
3374:I Corps (Grande Armée)
2442:
2330:Battle of Rocquencourt
2255:
2220:Chasseurs de La Vendée
1941:1st Bridging Battalion
1849:. A single company of
1498:'s British brigade at
892:Henri Guillaume Clarke
755:Gendarmerie Department
460:
454:Method of conscription
355:
5327:Zins, Ronald (2003).
5227:Smith, Digby (2006).
5200:Smith, Digby (2000).
5173:Smith, Digby (1998).
5100:McNab, Chris (2009).
4174:French Imperial Eagle
4006:Chief warrant officer
3855:Commissioned officers
3685:Marshal of the Empire
3465:
2277:Following the failed
2248:Hundred Days campaign
2245:
2066:gendarmerie impériale
2041:Dominique Jean Larrey
1931:3rd Engineer Regiment
1928:2nd Engineer Regiment
1925:1st Engineer Regiment
1562:(foot artillery) and
1164:equivalent), and one
735:Augustin Louis Petiet
632:Napoléon Bonaparte II
549:Emperor of the French
494:Ministre de la Guerre
268:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
5331:. France: Reyrieux.
4711:Rogers, pp. 146–147.
4544:Haythornwaite, p. 16
4498:Rogers, pp. 159–160.
4450:Mas, M.A. M., p. 81.
3625:counter-battery fire
3499:Battle of Austerlitz
2632:Charleville-Mézières
2433:Corps of Observation
2196:(Légions de Reserve)
2131:5 x Hussar Regiments
1895:(Régiments du Génie)
1732:(Train d'Artillerie)
1730:The Artillery Train
1666:Train des Équipages.
1273:the following year.
926:Louis Nicolas Davout
761:Transport Department
758:Hospitals Department
730:1813–14 & 1815)
720:Jean-Gérard Lacuée,
432:Louis-Nicolas Davout
377:divisions militaires
348:French Imperial Army
336:Louis-Gabriel Suchet
320:Claude-Victor Perrin
260:Louis-Nicolas Davout
167:La caravane du Caire
140:Valeur et Discipline
30:French Imperial Army
5411:First French Empire
3844:Adjudant-commandant
3788:Général de division
3705:Général de division
3477:Frederick the Great
3422:List of regiments:
2973:Bouches-de-la-Meuse
2862:Charente-Inferieure
2832:Pyrénées-Orientales
2443:Corps d'Observation
2357:near the border of
2037:ambulances volantes
1979:Engineering Support
1856:In addition to the
1566:(horse artillery).
1564:Artillerie à cheval
1485:Los Diablos Polacos
978:The Imperial Guard
862:Prince de Neuchâtel
798:Chefs de Bataillons
603:Napoléon Bonaparte
264:Emmanuel de Grouchy
5005:Zins, pp. 380–384.
4976:Nafziger, George.
4946:Nafziger, George.
4859:Nafziger, George.
4822:Nafziger, George.
4792:Nafziger, George.
4649:Nafziger, George.
4441:Smith 2015, p. 46.
4381:Smith 2015, p. 60.
4228:2019-10-30 at the
4088:Brigadier-Fourrier
4068:Maréchal des Logis
3897:Lieutenant colonel
3815:Général de brigade
3807:Lieutenant General
3795:Lieutenant général
3734:Chef d'etat major
3501:and also later at
3472:
3299:Bouches-de-l'Yssel
2670:Meurthe-et-Moselle
2586:Military Districts
2413:Walcheren Campaign
2392:Garrison Artillery
2305:Chasseurs à Cheval
2290:Invasion of France
2279:Walcheren Campaign
2256:
1909:Engineering Troops
1843:Jean Baptiste Eblé
1819:of various types.
1817:military engineers
1739:train d'artillerie
1629:Duke of Wellington
1479:Uhlans. Nicknamed
1110:Chasseurs à Cheval
1057:Légions de Résérve
767:Support Department
658:The duties of the
539:Napoléon Bonaparte
500:Commander-in-Chief
486:Napoleon Bonaparte
408:Return of Napoleon
328:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
288:Auguste de Marmont
179:Haitian Revolution
116:(see organisation)
43:Napoleon Bonaparte
5238:978-0-7548-1571-6
5184:978-1-85367-276-7
5029:www.1789-1815.com
5014:Chandler, p. 304.
4285:Pawley, pp. 79–80
4276:Pawley, pp. 49–50
4199:Weapons of Honour
4149:
4148:
3985:Second lieutenant
3917:Chef de bataillon
3877:Colonel en second
3681:Maréchal d'Empire
3559:Colonne d'Attaque
3543:Colonne de Charge
3531:Colonne de Marche
3481:Battle of Leuthen
3322:Bouches-de-l'Elbe
3142:Bouches-de-l'Elbe
2419:Veteran Artillery
2375:Coastal Artillery
2252:Army of the Rhine
2097:(Garde Nationale)
1571:Artillery Support
1560:Artillerie à pied
1539:grandes batteries
1307:Household Cavalry
1247:Horse Carabiniers
1212:, 5th company on
980:(Garde Impériale)
960:
959:
942:
935:
899:
865:
651:
650:
637:
608:
580:
571:
562:
552:
440:Armée de la Loire
436:Armée de la Loire
341:
340:
284:Jacques MacDonald
219:Supreme Commander
121:Army Headquarters
16:(Redirected from
5433:
5416:Disbanded armies
5377:
5350:
5323:
5304:
5277:
5250:
5223:
5196:
5169:
5150:
5123:
5096:
5079:
5072:
5057:
5054:
5048:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5021:
5015:
5012:
5006:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4982:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4952:
4943:
4937:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4865:
4856:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4828:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4798:
4789:
4778:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4762:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4745:
4739:. Archived from
4738:
4730:
4724:
4721:
4712:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4685:
4679:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4655:
4646:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4613:
4602:
4599:
4593:
4590:
4575:
4572:
4563:
4560:
4554:
4551:
4545:
4542:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4505:
4499:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4481:
4478:
4472:
4469:
4460:
4457:
4451:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4415:
4398:
4395:
4382:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4301:
4295:
4292:
4286:
4283:
4277:
4274:
4268:
4267:Petiteau, p. 39.
4265:
4259:
4258:Pigeard, p. 193.
4256:
4250:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4232:
4219:
4179:Legion of Honour
4168:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4082:Caporal-Fourrier
3971:First lieutenant
3823:Maréchal de camp
3726:General officers
3711:
3710:
3640:Tête du Sanglier
3605:Batterie Volante
3547:pincer movements
3468:Grenadier a Pied
3326:Bouches-du-Weser
3169:Meuse-Inférieure
2931:Seine Inferieure
2870:Loire Inferieure
2750:Bouches-du-Rhône
2592:Seven Years' War
2578:Western Pyrenees
2572:Eastern Pyrenees
2326:Battle of Vélizy
2315:Belfort garrison
2175:Battle of Bailén
2102:Armée de Reserve
2007:Pionniers Noires
1806:Support services
1505:William Ponsonby
1403:Battle of Wagram
1389:) in the entire
953:
948:
940:Prince d'Eckmühl
938:
932:Duc d'Auerstaedt
929:
922:
910:
905:
895:
888:
876:
871:
859:
856:
852:
841:
812:
811:
806:War Commissaires
635:
628:
606:
600:
576:
567:
557:
543:
533:
504:
503:
467:
419:Armée de l'Ouest
199:Russian campaign
87:
75:
71:
69:
68:
39:
27:
26:
21:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5381:
5380:
5366:
5339:
5320:
5293:
5266:
5239:
5212:
5185:
5166:
5139:
5129:Napoleon's Army
5112:
5087:
5082:
5073:
5060:
5055:
5051:
5047:Dempsey, p. 19.
5046:
5042:
5033:
5031:
5023:
5022:
5018:
5013:
5009:
5004:
5000:
4990:
4988:
4980:
4974:
4970:
4960:
4958:
4950:
4944:
4940:
4935:
4931:
4916:
4912:
4901:
4897:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4873:
4871:
4863:
4857:
4846:
4836:
4834:
4826:
4820:
4816:
4806:
4804:
4796:
4790:
4781:
4776:
4772:
4756:
4755:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4736:
4734:"Archived copy"
4732:
4731:
4727:
4723:Rogers, p. 148.
4722:
4715:
4710:
4706:
4697:
4695:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4678:Rogers, p. 145.
4677:
4673:
4663:
4661:
4653:
4647:
4634:
4625:
4623:
4621:www.napolun.com
4615:
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4380:
4376:
4367:
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4342:
4340:
4329:
4325:
4315:
4313:
4302:
4298:
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4289:
4284:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4230:Wayback Machine
4220:
4216:
4212:
4164:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4020:Warrant officer
3979:Sous-lieutenant
3923:Chef d'escadron
3905:Major en second
3697:General en chef
3659:
3653:
3621:Grande Batterie
3460:
3420:
3367:
3339:
3200:Rhin-et-Moselle
3177:Sambre-et-Meuse
3165:Bouches-du-Rhin
2977:Yssel-Supérieur
2897:Ille-et-Vilaine
2851:Basses Pyrenees
2824:Tarn-et-Garonne
2816:Hautes-Pyrénées
2758:Alpes-Maritimes
2588:
2435:
2430:
2421:
2394:
2377:
2298:Battle of Paris
2240:
2186:Army of Germany
2110:
2093:
2062:
2049:
2033:
2031:Medical Service
2011:Neapolitan Army
1937:Bridging Troops
1832:pontoon bridges
1813:
1808:
1728:
1726:Artillery train
1654:
1624:
1622:Horse artillery
1587:
1525:
1481:Hell's Picadors
1469:
1428:
1399:Antoine Lasalle
1383:
1378:
1329:
1279:
1249:
1244:
1176:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1098:
1083:
1034:
1004:
976:
970:
965:
951:
946:
908:
903:
874:
869:
854:
850:
832:Time in office
707:Minister of War
660:Minister of War
656:
654:Minister of War
524:Time in office
502:
490:Minister of War
479:
471:First World War
456:
448:esprit-de-corps
372:
356:Armée Impériale
344:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
312:Nicolas Oudinot
310:
306:
302:
298:
296:Édouard Mortier
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
240:Guillaume Brune
238:
236:Pierre Augereau
231:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
66:
64:
54:
45:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5439:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5379:
5378:
5365:978-1780969794
5364:
5351:
5338:978-2913020023
5337:
5324:
5319:978-1841767932
5318:
5305:
5292:978-2847340099
5291:
5278:
5265:978-2909034454
5264:
5251:
5237:
5224:
5211:978-1853674136
5210:
5197:
5183:
5170:
5165:978-0025236608
5164:
5151:
5138:978-1844153107
5137:
5124:
5111:978-1846034701
5110:
5097:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5058:
5049:
5040:
5016:
5007:
4998:
4968:
4938:
4929:
4910:
4895:
4881:
4844:
4814:
4779:
4770:
4725:
4713:
4704:
4680:
4671:
4632:
4603:
4594:
4576:
4564:
4555:
4546:
4524:
4500:
4491:
4489:McNab, p. 145.
4482:
4473:
4461:
4452:
4443:
4434:
4399:
4383:
4374:
4350:
4337:gallica.bnf.fr
4323:
4310:gallica.bnf.fr
4296:
4287:
4278:
4269:
4260:
4251:
4242:
4233:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4057:
4056:
4054:First sergeant
4051:
4037:
4036:
4034:Sergeant-major
4031:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3995:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3858:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3729:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3655:Main article:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3633:
3612:
3601:Flying Battery
3598:
3586:
3574:
3562:
3550:
3549:on its flanks.
3534:
3522:
3489:armies of the
3486:Levée en masse
3459:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3314:
3303:Ems-Occidental
3291:
3276:
3257:
3230:
3207:
3188:
3157:
3130:
3119:
3116:Indre-et-Loire
3112:Maine-et-Loire
3092:
3061:
3050:Lot-et-Garonne
3034:
3007:
3000:Saône-et-Loire
2980:
2961:
2942:
2923:
2904:
2881:
2854:
2835:
2800:
2769:
2742:
2715:
2692:
2677:
2662:
2647:
2634:(encompassing
2628:
2621:Seine-et-Marne
2603:(encompassing
2587:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2555:
2549:
2542:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2402:Siege of Lille
2393:
2390:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2365:
2351:
2239:
2238:National Guard
2236:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2109:
2106:
2092:
2089:
2085:Imperial Guard
2061:
2058:
2048:
2047:Communications
2045:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:formed in 1813
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1693:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1586:
1585:Foot artillery
1583:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1490:Chevaux-Légers
1468:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1395:reconnaissance
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1278:
1275:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1175:
1172:
1148:Main article:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1097:
1096:Light Infantry
1094:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1033:
1030:
1003:
1000:
972:Main article:
969:
968:Imperial Guard
966:
964:
963:Types of units
961:
958:
957:
956:111 days
954:
949:
944:
923:
915:
914:
911:
906:
901:
889:
881:
880:
877:
872:
867:
844:
842:
834:
833:
830:
827:
823:
822:
819:
816:
810:
809:
808:
807:
804:
801:
794:
791:
788:
785:
774:
773:
772:
771:
770:
769:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
750:
709:
655:
652:
649:
648:
645:
642:
639:
629:
621:
620:
617:
614:
613:20 March 1815
611:
601:
593:
592:
589:
586:
583:
536:
534:
526:
525:
522:
519:
515:
514:
511:
508:
501:
498:
478:
475:
463:Levée en masse
455:
452:
412:Imperial Guard
404:(Armée Royale)
381:National Guard
371:
368:
364:Napoleonic era
342:
339:
338:
233:
227:
226:
221:
215:
214:
210:
209:
191:Peninsular War
176:
172:
171:
159:
155:
154:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
81:
77:
76:
61:
57:
56:
51:
47:
46:
40:
32:
31:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5438:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5361:
5357:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5334:
5330:
5325:
5321:
5315:
5311:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5284:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5261:
5257:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5234:
5230:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5207:
5203:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5180:
5176:
5171:
5167:
5161:
5157:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5134:
5130:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5107:
5103:
5098:
5094:
5089:
5088:
5077:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5053:
5044:
5030:
5026:
5020:
5011:
5002:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4933:
4925:
4921:
4914:
4906:
4899:
4891:
4885:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4774:
4766:
4760:
4746:on 2019-08-02
4742:
4735:
4729:
4720:
4718:
4708:
4694:
4690:
4684:
4675:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4598:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4571:
4569:
4559:
4550:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4514:
4510:
4504:
4495:
4486:
4480:McNab, p. 71.
4477:
4471:McNab, p. 72.
4468:
4466:
4459:McNab, p. 69.
4456:
4447:
4438:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4378:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4311:
4307:
4300:
4291:
4282:
4273:
4264:
4255:
4246:
4237:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4218:
4214:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4166:France portal
4156:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4134:(cavalry) or
4133:
4132:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4043:
4042:Sergent-Major
4039:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4014:Adjudant-Chef
4011:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3943:Staff captain
3941:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3910:Senior major
3909:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3836:Major General
3834:
3832:
3830:
3829:Ancien Régime
3826:
3825:
3824:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3800:Ancien Régime
3797:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3773:Ancien Régime
3770:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3753:Field Marshal
3751:
3749:
3747:
3746:Ancien Régime
3743:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:was actually
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3663:Ancien Régime
3658:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3616:Grand Battery
3613:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3554:Attack Column
3551:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3469:
3464:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3331:
3330:Ems-Supérieur
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3196:Mont-Tonnerre
3193:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2958:Pas-de-Calais
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2893:Cotes-du-Nord
2890:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2808:Haute-Garonne
2805:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2625:Seine-et-Oise
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2425:
2416:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2266:
2262:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2057:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1870:Siege of Acre
1867:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1530:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1426:Horse Hunters
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1387:beau sabreurs
1376:Light cavalry
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1242:Heavy Cavalry
1239:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1190:Ancien Régime
1185:
1184:light cavalry
1181:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1141:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1032:Line Infantry
1029:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1009:
999:
997:
992:
990:
986:
981:
975:
955:
950:
947:20 March 1815
945:
943:
941:
936:
934:
933:
927:
924:
921:
917:
916:
912:
907:
904:9 August 1807
902:
900:
898:
897:Duc de Feltre
893:
890:
887:
883:
882:
878:
875:9 August 1807
873:
868:
866:
864:
863:
857:
848:
845:
840:
836:
835:
831:
828:
825:
824:
813:
805:
802:
799:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
779:
775:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
753:
751:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
731:
729:
726:1810–13; and
725:
723:
718:, 1802–1810;
717:
713:
712:
710:
708:
705:
704:
703:
699:
695:
694:
690:
689:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
661:
647:15 days
646:
643:
641:22 June 1815
640:
638:
633:
630:
627:
623:
622:
619:94 days
618:
616:22 June 1815
615:
612:
610:
609:
602:
599:
595:
594:
590:
588:6 April 1814
587:
584:
582:
581:
579:
573:
572:
570:
564:
563:
560:
559:King of Italy
554:
553:
550:
546:
540:
537:
532:
528:
527:
523:
520:
517:
516:
505:
497:
495:
491:
487:
484:
477:Command staff
474:
472:
466:
464:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
430:
429:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
402:
397:
395:
391:
390:
384:
382:
378:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
343:Military unit
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:Joachim Murat
297:
293:
292:André Masséna
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
234:
228:
225:
222:
220:
216:
211:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
177:
173:
169:
168:
163:
160:
156:
153:
152:
148:
144:
141:
138:
134:
131:
130:Île-de-France
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
62:
58:
52:
48:
44:
38:
33:
28:
19:
5355:
5328:
5309:
5282:
5255:
5228:
5201:
5174:
5155:
5128:
5101:
5092:
5075:
5052:
5043:
5032:. Retrieved
5028:
5019:
5010:
5001:
4989:. Retrieved
4984:
4971:
4959:. Retrieved
4954:
4941:
4932:
4923:
4913:
4898:
4884:
4872:. Retrieved
4867:
4835:. Retrieved
4830:
4817:
4805:. Retrieved
4800:
4773:
4748:. Retrieved
4741:the original
4728:
4707:
4696:. Retrieved
4692:
4683:
4674:
4662:. Retrieved
4657:
4624:. Retrieved
4620:
4597:
4558:
4549:
4516:. Retrieved
4512:
4503:
4494:
4485:
4476:
4455:
4446:
4437:
4426:. Retrieved
4422:
4377:
4366:. Retrieved
4362:
4353:
4341:. Retrieved
4336:
4326:
4314:. Retrieved
4309:
4299:
4290:
4281:
4272:
4263:
4254:
4245:
4236:
4217:
4140:(artillery)
4136:
4135:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4123:
4110:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4098:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4080:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4060:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4027:
4026:
4013:
4012:
3999:
3998:
3991:
3978:
3977:
3964:
3963:
3950:
3949:
3936:
3935:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3915:
3904:
3903:
3890:
3889:
3876:
3875:
3862:
3861:
3854:
3843:
3842:
3828:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3813:
3799:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3772:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3759:
3745:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3725:
3715:Grande Armée
3714:
3704:
3701:Grande Armée
3700:
3696:
3692:
3689:Grande Armée
3688:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3667:Grande Armée
3666:
3662:
3660:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3630:Grande Armée
3629:
3620:
3614:
3609:Grande Armée
3608:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3583:Ordre Ouvert
3582:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3526:March Column
3524:
3518:
3512:
3507:
3495:Grande Armée
3494:
3484:
3473:
3467:
3421:
3366:
3307:Ems-Oriental
3269:Méditerranée
3108:Loir-et-Cher
3081:Haute-Vienne
2754:Basses Alpes
2727:Hautes-Alpes
2613:Eure-et-Loir
2589:
2532:Hundred Days
2530:
2512:
2436:
2428:Organisation
2422:
2410:
2406:
2397:
2395:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2361:part of the
2347:part of the
2338:
2322:Hundred Days
2319:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2257:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2195:
2193:
2179:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2135:
2134:4 x Mounted
2120:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2091:Reserve Army
2079:
2076:
2071:Maréchaussée
2069:
2065:
2063:
2050:
2036:
2034:
2006:
1986:
1978:
1963:
1960:
1936:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1886:
1877:
1874:
1865:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1836:
1827:
1824:Grande Armée
1823:
1821:
1814:
1795:
1791:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1755:Hundred Days
1752:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1705:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1665:
1663:
1655:
1638:
1632:
1625:
1609:
1605:
1592:Grande Armée
1591:
1588:
1570:
1563:
1559:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1513:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:Grande Armée
1472:
1470:
1433:
1429:
1407:
1391:Grande Armée
1390:
1386:
1384:
1339:
1330:
1311:
1296:
1293:shock troops
1282:
1280:
1250:
1237:
1203:
1199:
1188:
1180:Grande Armée
1179:
1177:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1139:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1084:
1075:
1056:
1035:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1012:Demi-Brigade
1011:
1007:
1005:
993:
988:
979:
977:
939:
937:
930:
928:
909:1 April 1814
896:
894:
860:
858:
829:Left office
826:Took office
797:
777:
721:
691:
684:
680:
676:
672:
669:Ulm campaign
657:
644:7 July 1815
634:
605:
604:
585:18 May 1804
575:
574:
566:
565:
556:
555:
542:
541:
521:Left office
518:Took office
493:
480:
457:
439:
435:
426:
418:
416:
403:
398:
389:Grande Armée
387:
385:
376:
373:
347:
345:
165:
161:
151:Le Tricolore
149:
139:
113:Part of
5426:French Army
5076:gendarmerie
4339:(in French)
4312:(in French)
4111:Gendarmerie
3671:meritocracy
3636:Boar's Head
3571:Ordre Mixte
3566:Mixed Order
3154:Deux-Nèthes
3027:Haute-Loire
3023:Puy-de-Dôme
2996:Haute-Marne
2874:Deux-Sèvres
2858:La Rochelle
2773:Montpellier
2712:Haute-Saône
2481:the Gironde
2359:Switzerland
2355:Jura region
2320:During the
2310:Tirailleurs
2296:and at the
2271:Gendarmerie
2232:Jura region
2060:Gendarmerie
1866:pontonniers
1858:pontonniers
1851:pontonniers
1847:pontonniers
1839:pontonniers
1828:pontonniers
1688:Before 1812
1509:Scots Greys
1302:cuirassiers
1277:Cuirassiers
1214:dark browns
1197:and light.
952:9 July 1815
870:18 May 1804
745:, 1812–14;
737:, 1804–06;
458:The French
444:Louis XVIII
362:during the
280:Jean Lannes
175:Engagements
99:Land forces
5385:Categories
5374:1021803960
5147:1000572295
5085:References
5078:and trains
5034:2021-05-16
4750:2021-05-17
4698:2021-05-22
4626:2021-05-22
4518:2021-05-22
4428:2021-05-19
4368:2021-05-17
3965:Lieutenant
3578:Open Order
3491:Revolution
3254:Montenotte
2739:Mont-Blanc
2681:Strasbourg
2534:(specific)
2475:the Escaut
2167:Versailles
2053:dispatches
1887:jeu de mot
1706:After 1812
1658:round shot
1631:remarked,
1086:Grenadiers
1081:Grenadiers
1017:voltigeurs
784:, 1812–14)
636:(disputed)
401:Royal Army
394:rearguards
308:Michel Ney
232:commanders
224:Napoleon I
213:Commanders
89:Napoleon I
80:Allegiance
41:Emblem of
5301:918099406
5274:469440891
5120:755251279
4210:Footnotes
4137:Canonnier
4106:Brigadier
3951:Capitaine
3295:Groningen
3288:Trasimène
3038:Périgueux
2992:Côte-d'Or
2969:Zuyderzée
2965:Amsterdam
2889:Finistère
2746:Marseille
2689:Haut-Rhin
2546:the Rhine
2288:When the
2138:Regiments
1811:Engineers
1762:La Garde'
1652:Logistics
1555:howitzers
1529:artillery
1523:Artillery
1227:chestnuts
1167:Voltigeur
1144:Chasseurs
1103:Chasseurs
1066:regiments
996:Old Guard
815:Portrait
507:Portrait
53:1804–1814
5347:57966117
5247:60320422
5220:43787649
5193:37616149
4759:cite web
4343:10 March
4316:10 March
4226:Archived
4152:See also
4131:Cavalier
4117:Corporal
4074:Sergeant
4028:Adjudant
3761:Maréchal
3261:Florence
3238:Apennins
3134:Brussels
3058:Charente
3046:Dordogne
2912:Calvados
2901:Morbihan
2839:Bordeaux
2804:Toulouse
2762:Vaucluse
2719:Grenoble
2696:Besançon
2685:Bas-Rhin
2636:Ardennes
2559:the Alps
2553:the Jura
2520:Pyrenees
2469:the Elbe
2265:Bordeaux
2171:Grenoble
2146:Infantry
2136:Chasseur
1987:Pioneers
1670:Commercy
1551:pounders
1507:and his
1496:Colborne
1492:Lanciers
1334:dragoons
1327:Dragoons
1289:carbines
1263:Borodino
1162:Fusilier
1157:Chasseur
1150:Chasseur
1118:Régiment
1090:grenades
1008:Régiment
1002:Infantry
778:Comte de
722:Comte de
685:Monsieur
681:Monsieur
675:Denniée
673:Monsieur
428:Maréchal
136:Motto(s)
4144:Private
4100:Caporal
4062:Sergent
3957:Captain
3869:Colonel
3863:Colonel
3780:General
3768:General
3741:General
3675:Général
3644:boutoir
3318:Hamburg
3273:Ombrone
3250:Marengo
3150:Jemmape
3100:Mayenne
3065:Bourges
3042:Corrèze
2843:Gironde
2785:Ardèche
2781:Aveyron
2777:Hérault
2659:Moselle
2566:the Var
2499:Mayence
2487:Holland
2463:Bayonne
2457:Bavaria
2117:Cavalry
2108:Reserve
2013:in 1806
1862:sappers
1500:Albuera
1477:Vistula
1467:Lancers
1381:Hussars
1297:cuirass
1284:cuirass
1271:Leipzig
1267:hussars
1174:Cavalry
749:, 1815)
483:Emperor
370:History
230:Notable
60:Country
5372:
5362:
5345:
5335:
5316:
5299:
5289:
5272:
5262:
5245:
5235:
5218:
5208:
5191:
5181:
5162:
5145:
5135:
5118:
5108:
4991:24 May
4961:24 May
4874:24 May
4837:24 May
4807:24 May
4664:24 May
4125:Soldat
3717:ranks
3590:Square
3503:Lützen
3328:, and
3309:, and
3252:, and
3225:, and
3202:, and
3183:, and
3173:Ourthe
3152:, and
3146:Escaut
3123:Bastia
3114:, and
3104:Sarthe
3087:, and
3085:Creuse
3077:Nièvre
3069:Allier
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2878:Vienne
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2866:Vendée
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2789:Lozère
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1210:blacks
1122:Légère
1105:à Pied
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423:Vendée
352:French
146:Colors
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3929:Major
3891:Major
3683:, or
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3538:Wedge
3519:Ligne
3418:Lists
3337:Corps
3311:Frise
3246:Gênes
3234:Génis
3227:Stura
3223:Sésia
3215:Doire
3211:Turin
3204:Sarre
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2984:Dijon
2946:Lille
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2609:Aisne
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5106:ISBN
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