323:
64:
337:
642:
80:
881:
Some were willing to agree to remain in servitude if they received control over their family life and some land to pass to their children. In addition, the French administration actively worked to end slave raiding and the most clear manifestations of the slave trade, greatly reducing those means of acquiring slaves. However, for many decades after the 1905 abolition of slavery, the practice continued in much of French Sudan.
974:
460:
890:
510:. This was followed with the establishment of a number of French forts and political alliances with specific leaders in the region in the early 1880s. The administrative structure of the area was still largely under control of the French Governor of Senegal, and the most significant colonization were simply the military forts and outposts, including the important one established at
518:. Though the civilian administration of the French governor of Senegal formally ruled the area, military officers in the region largely bypassed these leaders and answered directly to commanding officers in Paris. Desbordes gradually took over more territory, often using inter-ethnic rivalries and political tension among leaders in the area to appoint French-supportive leaders.
425:. The colony was formally called French Sudan from 1890 until 1899 and then again from 1921 until 1958, and had a variety of different names over the course of its existence. The colony was initially established largely as a military project led by French troops, but in the mid-1890s it came under civilian administration.
852:
The French slavery policy for much of the 19th century was inconsistent and context-dependent. Slavery had been formally outlawed in 1848, but enforcement was often non-existent. Slaves were freed in directly administered colonies in 1883, and active interdiction of slave caravans began in the 1890s.
880:
Though slavery persisted, some aspects of the relationship changed with the French administration. Escaped slaves could find official protection by French authorities in the cities for a limited time. Slaves could sometimes renegotiate the terms of their servitude in the changed political situation.
868:
that preceded by six months a formal French decree ending slavery throughout French West Africa. With legal protection, almost a million slaves followed this example by moving away from their masters and settling elsewhere. The French supported these efforts by creating settlements around the Niger
823:
Though they maintained a formal neutrality policy in regard to religion, the French colonial administration began to regulate
Islamic education in the early 1900s. In addition, fear of a pan-Islamism political rise throughout North Africa and the Sahel led the French to adopt policies that aimed to
700:
Borders and administration of the colony similarly changed a number of times. Originally, and for the initial period, the colony vacillated between military administration and civilian administration from
Senegal. In 1893, French Sudan formally came under civilian administration, which lasted until
872:
This process affected the southern and western parts of present-day Mali most significantly, but in the northern and eastern parts of the colony large numbers of slaves remained in servitude to their masters. According to rough estimates, throughout the area of present-day Mali, about one-third of
788:
Unlike other agricultural projects in French West Africa, the French Sudan irrigation project initially relied on families voluntarily resettling along lines established by the colonial authority. Unable to attract enough volunteers, the colonial authorities began to try forced resettlement to the
843:
based upon the visions of a single person. Local administrators allowed the Allah Koura movement to spread and practice, seeing it as a potential limiting influence on the spread of Islam farther south. In the late 1950s, Muslim protests and riots throughout the colony further contributed to a
533:, and other resistant leaders in the region, with varying success. Archinard's campaigns were often executed through direct military control, without civilian oversight. As costs increased, the French administration decided to replace Archinard's control over the area with a civilian governor,
716:
The area that was not reorganized was governed in two administrations linked to other French colonies. Following this, the territory of the colony was reestablished in 1902. Though the borders shifted slightly, there was little territorial change until 1933. At that point, the colony of the
945:
In early
January 1959, there were plans for a federation linking the Sudanese Republic with Senegal, Dahomey, and the Upper Volta in a federation of autonomous states. By April, however, neither Dahomey's nor Upper Volta's legislatures had ratified the federation, and so the
958:. The federation achieved independence on 20 June 1960 within the French Community; however, divisions between Senghor and Keïta on the governance of the federation resulted in its dissolution on 20 August 1960. The area of French Sudan formally proclaimed itself the
795:
was founded in 1926 as the main organization facilitating planned, irrigated agricultural projects. Farmers resisted forced resettlement and petitioned for permanent land rights to the irrigated land (which was usually held as property of the
745:
The colony supported mostly rain-fed agriculture, with limited irrigation for its first 30 years. The only cash crops were nuts gathered close to the railroad between Kayes and Bamako. However, following successful tests of growing
732:
In 1947, Upper Volta was reestablished, and the French Sudan borders became those that eventually became the borders of Mali. Kayes was the original capital city from the 1890s until 1908 when the capital moved to
2055:
487:. Though the area offered France little economic or strategic gain, the military effectively advocated greater conquest in the region. This was partly due to a fascination with the great empires, such as the
1331:
Roberts, Richard, and Martin A. Klein. “The
Banamba Slave Exodus of 1905 and the Decline of Slavery in the Western Sudan.” The Journal of African History, vol. 21, no. 3, 1980, pp. 375–94. JSTOR,
2500:
2048:
428:
A number of administrative reorganizations in the early 1900s brought increasing French administration over issues like agriculture, religion, and slavery. Following World War II, the
2954:
2297:
853:
This was dependent on the military situation, however; slavery was not interfered with in allied areas, but anti-French chiefs saw their runaway slaves welcomed and settled in
2041:
917:, commonly known as the RDA) won the elections in French Sudan, as well as winning majorities in neighboring Ivory Coast, French Guinea, and the Upper Volta. Following the
298:
284:
270:
256:
923:
2493:
3637:
1969:Église et pouvoir colonial au Soudan français: les relations entre les administrateurs et les missionnaires catholiques dans la Boucle du Niger, de 1885 à 1945
521:
French civilian administrators struggled with the military leaders, and the two forces went through a number of leadership changes over the territory, until
2290:
820:
were preferred in the colony by the French in the establishment of colonial government, largely because both were codified, and thus easy to standardize.
3647:
2486:
751:
1908:
934:
declared itself a republic with internal autonomy on 24 November 1958. The
Sudanese Republic, as the area was now called, was the second colony after
1947:
Teltsch, Kathleen (5 April 1959). "Africans Speed Pace of Drive for
Freedom: Unrest and Violence are Growing as Movement Gains Momentum". p. E4.
954:'s RDA party won all 70 seats in the legislative elections in the Sudanese Republic and joined forces with the dominant party in Senegal, headed by
2010:
495:
that rose to prominence in the area, and partly due to the promotional opportunities that military conquest offered for French military personnel.
1938:
Cutler, B.J. (18 January 1959). "4 French West Africa States Form a Nation: will Keep Ties with Paris, but can Secede Freely Under
Constitution".
2283:
1606:
Bigon, Liora (2015) "Military
Settlement Forms in Colonial Dakar and Western Sudan: Hesitative Moments" Journal of Asian and African Studies,
1920:
Durdin, Tillman (11 April 1957). "French
Yielding in West Africa: Elections under New System Provide Greater Control by Negro Inhabitants".
1570:
Becker, Laurence C. (1994). "An Early
Experiment in the Reorganisation of Agricultural Production in the French Soudan (Mali), 1920–40".
3043:
2776:
3687:
2744:
1006:
824:
prevent the spread of Islam beyond where it already existed and to prevent Muslim leaders from governing non-Muslim communities.
3098:
2978:
2419:
1976:
1883:
1771:
1731:
Mann, Gregory (2003). "Fetishizing Religion: Allah Koura and French 'Islamic Policy' in Late Colonial French Soudan (Mali)".
1714:
1693:
1638:
1560:
918:
905:
by the French National Assembly in 1956, many of the colonies in French West African began to hold elections to increase the
2003:
2922:
2460:
2309:
873:
former slaves moved away from the slavery relationship, while two-thirds remained with their masters. In the 1920s, most
864:
as an administrative category anymore and to not help masters recapture runaways. In March 1905, a slave exodus began in
63:
3677:
3652:
832:
existed under less formal policies, and French efforts often used these to balance the spread of Islam in the region.
3359:
2614:
2604:
3672:
3667:
3369:
3276:
2574:
1996:
3570:
3451:
3364:
3111:
2949:
2624:
2091:
2086:
701:
1899. At that point, a reorganization of the colony split 11 southern provinces to other French colonies like
3662:
3657:
3598:
2737:
17:
3222:
3217:
3197:
1607:
3266:
2836:
2597:
2350:
825:
942:, which provided it internal autonomy while linking its currency, foreign policy and defense with France.
3682:
3207:
2917:
2592:
2579:
928:
3405:
3271:
3142:
2262:
955:
857:
These functioned as labor reserves for the French, however, and many former slaves left them quickly.
777:
began to bring water. The French believed this project could rival the major cotton growing centers of
484:
3466:
3327:
3091:
2841:
2702:
2697:
2465:
869:
River and digging wells for communities elsewhere so they could farm away from their former masters.
515:
447:
in 1959, but ties to both countries quickly weakened. In 1960, the French Sudan formally became the
3429:
3354:
3244:
2730:
2684:
2183:
1613:
de Bruijn, Mirjam; Pelckmans, Lotte (2005). "Facing Dilemmas: Former Fulbe Slaves in Modern Mali".
910:
662:
429:
3544:
3344:
3192:
3157:
682:
601:
289:
3441:
3374:
3286:
3256:
2656:
2509:
2409:
2399:
2330:
2306:
2064:
2019:
1001:
800:). Despite these efforts, a significant cash crop economy did not develop in the French Sudan.
410:
1873:
1814:
O'Brien, Donal Cruise (1967). "Towards an 'Islamic Policy' in French West Africa, 1854–1914".
1761:
1704:
1683:
649:
The region was governed under a number of different names between 1880 and 1960. The area was
3642:
2816:
2546:
2340:
1550:
3514:
3476:
3446:
3332:
3317:
3212:
3084:
962:
and, with increasing radicalization of Keita, left the French Community in September 1960.
808:
Like much of the rest of French West Africa, the colony had a number of policies regarding
756:
747:
674:
591:
70:
8:
3400:
3337:
3012:
2335:
2168:
2129:
2073:
1658:
534:
2831:
1909:"France in Cotton Project: Plan Immense African Irrigation Scheme to Produce Own Supply"
2677:
2587:
2536:
2442:
2429:
2360:
2158:
2109:
2101:
1860:
1831:
1802:
1748:
1595:
1587:
906:
718:
502:
was dispatched to the area to establish a fort and survey the land for a railroad from
414:
316:
48:
3524:
3471:
3456:
3415:
3322:
3232:
3172:
3132:
2959:
2907:
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2651:
2634:
2257:
2252:
1972:
1879:
1864:
1835:
1806:
1767:
1752:
1710:
1689:
1634:
1599:
1556:
935:
275:
2964:
1785:
Spatial Strategies Towards Socioeconomic Emancipation in Northern Mali, 1898–1960".
770:
3539:
3481:
3349:
3305:
3291:
3261:
3177:
2998:
2826:
2566:
2531:
2211:
1852:
1823:
1794:
1740:
1670:
1579:
959:
939:
778:
632:
448:
261:
2968:
1674:
665:
joining coastal colonies, and the rest split into two administrative areas called
525:
was appointed military governor in 1892. Archinard led military campaigns against
3563:
3501:
3486:
3410:
3388:
3281:
3250:
3187:
3119:
3017:
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2753:
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2629:
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2141:
1628:
947:
813:
791:
628:
522:
499:
440:
418:
395:
387:
330:
211:
185:
117:
110:
951:
894:
774:
433:
3509:
3461:
3167:
3147:
3004:
2944:
2392:
2383:
2345:
2221:
2146:
2114:
2081:
987:
909:
of their territories. In the first elections held in French Sudan in 1957, the
710:
492:
444:
303:
2938:
2541:
1856:
1827:
1798:
1744:
761:
began to campaign for the construction of a large irrigation system along the
3631:
3613:
3600:
3579:
3534:
3529:
3491:
3152:
2993:
2899:
2866:
2786:
2641:
2234:
2151:
2124:
874:
782:
702:
673:. In 1902, the region again was organized as a unified colony under the name
581:
483:
French Sudan was formed as a set of military outposts as an extension of the
476:
1685:
The End of Empire in French West Africa: France's Successful Decolonization?
1026:
1024:
1022:
439:
French Sudan initially retained close connections with France and joined in
3519:
3127:
2672:
2526:
2518:
2206:
2201:
2196:
829:
726:
577:
1659:"Concept of Honour and the Persistence of Servility in the Western Soudan"
3584:
3137:
2856:
2404:
2191:
2063:
1988:
1019:
998:
in French) climate region, of which French Sudan formed the western part.
979:
817:
762:
706:
530:
526:
507:
488:
472:
464:
1843:
Seddon, David (2000). "Unfinished business: Slavery in Saharan Africa".
3055:
2796:
2791:
2378:
2317:
1591:
840:
468:
2806:
1763:
Native Sons: West African Veterans and France in the Twentieth Century
436:
became the most significant political force pushing for independence.
3061:
1332:
902:
766:
641:
2239:
1583:
860:
In 1903, the government instructed French administrators not to use
27:
French colonial territory in West Africa from 1880 to 1960; now Mali
3202:
2551:
2368:
897:, the first President of Mali, who led French Sudan to independence
729:) dissolved, and the northern territory was added to French Sudan.
79:
2388:
661:. On 10 October 1899, French Sudan was divided, with the southern
3049:
2801:
2437:
2373:
2229:
2173:
1952:
Howe, Russell (26 April 1959). "2-Party System Fails in Africa".
950:
was formed with only the Sudanese Republic and Senegal. In 1959,
877:
households still had slaves who tended to the house and animals.
865:
3076:
1451:
1449:
1410:
3162:
2414:
2325:
2134:
734:
127:
103:
2508:
1233:
451:
and began to distance itself further from Senegal and France.
2556:
2447:
1446:
809:
658:
511:
503:
459:
370:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1055:
889:
421:, and then in 1960, when it became the independent state of
3107:
1185:
765:. Starting in 1921, significant irrigation projects around
544:
422:
355:
2305:
1269:
1257:
1245:
921:, which received an overwhelming majority in support, the
479:, which led the French to pursue colonization of the area.
1358:
1356:
1221:
1091:
1400:
1398:
1385:
1383:
1343:
1341:
1422:
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1115:
1113:
1111:
1509:
1395:
1209:
1197:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1473:
1380:
1338:
969:
653:
from 1880 until 18 August 1890, when it was renamed
403:
1872:Thompson, Virginia Mclean; Adloff, Richard (1958).
1627:Imperato, Pascal James; Imperato, Gavin H. (2008).
1521:
1461:
1434:
1308:
1296:
1281:
1125:
1108:
1612:
1497:
1485:
1416:
1079:
1067:
1036:
540:
3629:
1985:, Éditions maritimes et coloniales, 1955, 111 p.
1626:
1030:
417:from around 1880 until 1959, when it joined the
1928:
1650:Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa
1455:
1907:
1871:
1552:International Relations in Contemporary Africa
1191:
1061:
689:). Finally, in 1921, the name changed back to
3638:States and territories disestablished in 1959
3092:
2738:
2494:
2291:
2049:
2004:
645:Map of French colonies in West Africa in 1889
37:
2888:
1813:
1781:Mauxion, Aurelien (2012). "Moving to Stay:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1239:
576:Divided into two administrative districts:
147:1,241,238 km (479,245 sq mi)
3648:States and territories established in 1890
3099:
3085:
2745:
2731:
2501:
2487:
2298:
2284:
2056:
2042:
2018:
2011:
1997:
1327:
1325:
1323:
835:In the 1940s, a religious movement called
78:
2765:
454:
919:French constitutional referendum of 1958
888:
640:
458:
1946:
1780:
1709:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 277–.
1702:
1479:
1428:
1374:
1362:
1320:
1143:
1102:
1007:List of French possessions and colonies
14:
3630:
1937:
1919:
1842:
1681:
1633:. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
1569:
1515:
1467:
1440:
1404:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1179:
1167:
1155:
3080:
2887:
2764:
2726:
2482:
2279:
2037:
1992:
1656:
1652:. London: Cambridge University Press.
1647:
1389:
1347:
1131:
1119:
1085:
1073:
1049:
681:). The name changed again in 1904 to
1951:
1759:
1730:
1703:Lea, David; Rowe, Annamarie (2001).
1548:
1527:
1503:
1491:
1314:
1302:
1290:
498:French conquest began in 1879, when
2752:
2461:French colonization of the Americas
1929:"Links Kept in French Sudan Vote".
1615:Canadian Journal of African Studies
915:Rassemblement Démocratique Africain
803:
750:in West Africa during World War I,
399:
24:
1961:
1333:http://www.jstor.org/stable/181190
25:
3699:
3106:
847:
3688:1960 disestablishments in Africa
1706:A Political Chronology of Africa
972:
812:and the Muslim communities. The
335:
321:
296:
282:
268:
254:
62:
2955:French domains of the Holy Land
1933:. 25 November 1958. p. A5.
1555:. University Press of America.
1537:
893:Printed textiles commemorating
884:
844:growing independence movement.
541:Administration and jurisdiction
2950:French domains of Saint Helena
2067:in Africa and the Indian Ocean
1816:The Journal of African History
1787:The Journal of African History
1733:The Journal of African History
1417:de Bruijn & Pelckmans 2005
740:
364:
13:
1:
1878:. Stanford University Press.
1675:10.4000/etudesafricaines.5665
1630:Historical Dictionary of Mali
1608:doi: 10.1177/0021909614548240
1012:
901:Following the passage of the
201:
2685:Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa)
1903:(organized chronologically)
1031:Imperato & Imperato 2008
7:
2925: and Antarctic Lands
1663:Cahiers d'Études Africaines
965:
404:
10:
3704:
3143:History of the Mali Empire
1543:Books and Journal articles
1062:Thompson & Adloff 1958
1033:, pp. lxxxii–lxxxiii.
97:: Other French possessions
3678:Former colonies in Africa
3653:Political history of Mali
3557:
3500:
3437:
3428:
3396:
3387:
3313:
3304:
3240:
3231:
3118:
3038:
2977:
2933:
2916:
2898:
2894:
2883:
2855:
2842:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2815:
2775:
2771:
2760:
2719:
2703:French East India Company
2693:
2665:
2613:
2565:
2517:
2478:
2466:French West India Company
2456:
2428:
2359:
2316:
2275:
2248:
2220:
2182:
2100:
2072:
2033:
2026:
1967:Joseph Roger de Benoist,
1915:. 22 May 1921. p. 4.
1857:10.1080/01440390008575313
1828:10.1017/s0021853700007076
1799:10.1017/s0021853712000394
1766:. Duke University Press.
1745:10.1017/s0021853703008442
1657:Klein, Martin A. (2005).
1648:Klein, Martin A. (1998).
1549:Anda, Michael O. (2000).
547:
516:Gustave Borgnis-Desbordes
411:French colonial territory
361:
351:
233:
229:
225:
221:
208:
195:
191:
181:
177:
173:
163:
159:
151:
141:
133:
123:
116:
109:
77:
59:
54:
46:
34:
2981: the Indian Ocean
1971:. 539 p. Karthala, 1987
1335:. Accessed 23 Dec. 2023.
911:African Democratic Rally
485:French colony in Senegal
441:a short-lived federation
430:African Democratic Rally
2889:Uninhabited territories
2400:Saint Kitts & Nevis
1940:New York Herald Tribune
1845:Slavery & Abolition
683:Upper Senegal and Niger
602:Upper Senegal and Niger
3673:Former French colonies
3668:French colonial empire
2819: collectivities
2657:Sanjak of Alexandretta
2510:Former French colonies
2307:Former French colonies
2065:Former French colonies
2020:French overseas empire
1760:Mann, Gregory (2006).
1002:French colonial empire
898:
657:, with its capital at
646:
480:
471:is depicted holding a
455:Colonial establishment
391:
212:Federated with Senegal
38:
3193:2012 Tuareg rebellion
2766:Inhabited territories
2698:France–Asia relations
2253:Somaliland (Djibouti)
1682:Chafer, Tony (2002).
956:Léopold Sédar Senghor
924:République soudanaise
892:
687:Haut Sénégal et Niger
644:
635:(after 22 September)
462:
413:in the Federation of
3663:20th century in Mali
3658:19th century in Mali
3267:Environmental issues
3044:overseas departments
2979:Scattered Islands in
2860: collectivity
2318:French North America
1669:(179/180): 831–851.
1456:Washington Post 1958
855:villages de liberte.
826:Indigenous religions
789:cotton project. The
737:, where it remains.
675:Senegambia and Niger
592:Senegambia and Niger
92:: French West Africa
3610: /
3208:Ebola disease event
3013:Juan de Nova Island
2900:North Pacific Ocean
2512:in Asia and Oceania
1954:The Washington Post
1931:The Washington Post
1242:, pp. 311–314.
1192:New York Times 1921
1144:Lea & Rowe 2001
1105:, pp. 276–277.
1103:Lea & Rowe 2001
679:Sénégambie et Niger
535:Louis Albert Grodet
405:as-Sūdān al-Faransī
197:• Established
3683:French West Africa
3406:Telecommunications
3158:Kénédougou Kingdom
2918:Overseas territory
2443:France Antarctique
2430:Equinoctial France
2393:Dominican Republic
1983:Le Soudan français
1922:The New York Times
1913:The New York Times
1875:French West Africa
1230:, p. 383-385.
907:self-determination
899:
719:French Upper Volta
647:
631:(June–September),
619:Sudanese Republic
506:in Senegal to the
481:
463:The wealth of the
415:French West Africa
317:French West Africa
290:Kénédougou Kingdom
49:French West Africa
3593:
3592:
3553:
3552:
3467:Human trafficking
3424:
3423:
3383:
3382:
3360:Political parties
3355:National Assembly
3328:Foreign relations
3300:
3299:
3173:Toucouleur Empire
3133:Pre-Imperial Mali
3074:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3025:
2969:Amsterdam Islands
2960:Kerguelen Islands
2908:Clipperton Island
2879:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2847:Wallis and Futuna
2715:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2615:Mandate for Syria
2605:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
2567:Indochinese Union
2474:
2473:
2271:
2270:
2184:Equatorial Africa
1977:978-2-86537-169-3
1885:978-0-8047-4256-6
1773:978-0-8223-3768-3
1716:978-1-85743-116-2
1695:978-1-85973-557-2
1640:978-0-8108-5603-5
1562:978-0-7618-1585-3
639:
638:
381:
380:
347:
346:
343:
342:
309:
308:
276:Toucouleur Empire
16:(Redirected from
3695:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3614:12.650°N 8.000°W
3611:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3573:
3566:
3435:
3434:
3394:
3393:
3311:
3310:
3238:
3237:
3178:Wassoulou Empire
3101:
3094:
3087:
3078:
3077:
2999:Glorioso Islands
2980:
2931:
2930:
2924:
2920:
2896:
2895:
2885:
2884:
2859:
2832:Saint Barthélemy
2827:French Polynesia
2818:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2762:
2761:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2532:Coromandel Coast
2503:
2496:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2361:French Caribbean
2341:Terre Neuve
2300:
2293:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1957:
1948:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1868:
1839:
1810:
1777:
1756:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1699:
1678:
1653:
1644:
1622:
1603:
1566:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1393:
1387:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1351:
1345:
1336:
1329:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1106:
1100:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1034:
1028:
982:
977:
976:
975:
960:Republic of Mali
940:French Community
932:
804:Religious policy
760:
633:Republic of Mali
545:
449:Republic of Mali
407:
401:
374:
368:
339:
338:
325:
324:
313:
312:
300:
299:
286:
285:
272:
271:
262:Wassoulou Empire
258:
257:
251:
250:
235:
234:
203:
82:
71:Flag (1958–1959)
66:
41:
32:
31:
21:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3628:
3627:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3589:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3549:
3545:Public holidays
3496:
3420:
3379:
3345:Law enforcement
3296:
3227:
3188:Mali Federation
3114:
3105:
3075:
3066:
3048:Claimed by the
3022:
3018:Tromelin Island
2989:Bassas da India
2973:
2923:French Southern
2912:
2890:
2871:
2851:
2811:
2779: regions
2767:
2756:
2754:Overseas France
2751:
2707:
2689:
2661:
2647:Greater Lebanon
2617:and the Lebanon
2616:
2609:
2561:
2513:
2507:
2470:
2452:
2424:
2355:
2312:
2310:in the Americas
2304:
2267:
2244:
2216:
2178:
2096:
2068:
2062:
2022:
2017:
1981:Georges Spitz,
1964:
1962:Further reading
1890:
1888:
1886:
1774:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1696:
1641:
1584:10.2307/1160787
1563:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1396:
1388:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1354:
1346:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1109:
1101:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1037:
1029:
1020:
1015:
978:
973:
971:
968:
948:Mali Federation
926:
887:
850:
814:Arabic language
806:
798:Office du Niger
792:Office du Niger
754:
748:Egyptian cotton
743:
695:Soudan Français
629:Mali Federation
627:Independent as
552:
551:
550:Names of colony
543:
523:Louis Archinard
500:Joseph Gallieni
457:
419:Mali Federation
400:السودان الفرنسي
392:Soudan français
377:
369:
365:
336:
331:Mali Federation
322:
297:
283:
269:
255:
214:
198:
186:New Imperialism
166:
144:
118:La Marseillaise
104:French Republic
98:
93:
88:
83:
73:
68:
67:
42:
39:Soudan français
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3701:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3619:12.650; -8.000
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3575:
3574:
3567:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3442:Child marriage
3438:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3375:Vice President
3372:
3370:Prime Minister
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3277:National parks
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3168:Massina Empire
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3148:Songhai Empire
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3104:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3081:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3042:Also known as
3039:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3005:Banc du Geyser
2996:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2945:Crozet Islands
2942:
2934:
2928:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2892:
2891:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2769:
2768:
2758:
2757:
2750:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2727:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2652:Jabal al-Druze
2649:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2625:State of Syria
2621:
2619:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2483:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2420:Virgin Islands
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2384:Saint-Domingue
2381:
2379:The Grenadines
2376:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2346:French Florida
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2303:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2280:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2263:Isle de France
2260:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2038:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1949:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1898:
1897:
1884:
1869:
1851:(2): 208–236.
1840:
1822:(2): 303–316.
1811:
1793:(2): 195–213.
1778:
1772:
1757:
1739:(2): 263–282.
1728:
1715:
1700:
1694:
1679:
1654:
1645:
1639:
1624:
1610:
1604:
1578:(3): 373–390.
1567:
1561:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1530:, p. 141.
1520:
1518:, p. 185.
1508:
1496:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1445:
1433:
1431:, p. 203.
1421:
1409:
1407:, p. 220.
1394:
1392:, p. 833.
1379:
1377:, p. 200.
1367:
1365:, p. 197.
1352:
1350:, p. 831.
1337:
1319:
1317:, p. 279.
1307:
1305:, p. 266.
1295:
1293:, p. 278.
1280:
1278:, p. 314.
1268:
1266:, p. 311.
1256:
1254:, p. 309.
1244:
1232:
1220:
1218:, p. 387.
1208:
1206:, p. 380.
1196:
1184:
1182:, p. 376.
1172:
1170:, p. 374.
1160:
1158:, p. 375.
1148:
1146:, p. 276.
1136:
1134:, p. 122.
1124:
1122:, p. 124.
1107:
1090:
1078:
1066:
1064:, p. 146.
1054:
1035:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
988:Sudan (region)
984:
983:
967:
964:
886:
883:
849:
848:Slavery policy
846:
805:
802:
771:Baguinéda-Camp
742:
739:
637:
636:
625:
621:
620:
617:
613:
612:
609:
605:
604:
599:
595:
594:
589:
585:
584:
574:
570:
569:
566:
562:
561:
558:
554:
553:
549:
548:
542:
539:
493:Songhay Empire
475:from the 1375
456:
453:
379:
378:
376:
375:
362:
359:
358:
353:
349:
348:
345:
344:
341:
340:
333:
327:
326:
319:
310:
307:
306:
304:Mossi Kingdoms
301:
293:
292:
287:
279:
278:
273:
265:
264:
259:
247:
246:
241:
231:
230:
227:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
215:
209:
206:
205:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
183:
182:Historical era
179:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
114:
113:
107:
106:
87:: French Sudan
75:
74:
69:
61:
60:
57:
56:
52:
51:
44:
43:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3700:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3626:
3623:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3452:Ethnic groups
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3213:2020 protests
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3153:Bamana Empire
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3097:
3095:
3090:
3088:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2994:Europa Island
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2882:
2868:
2867:New Caledonia
2865:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:French Guiana
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2736:
2734:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2642:Alawite State
2640:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2410:Saint Vincent
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2235:Grande Comore
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2152:Four Communes
2150:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2135:Arguin Island
2133:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2110:Côte d'Ivoire
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1956:. p. E5.
1955:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1718:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1529:
1524:
1517:
1512:
1506:, p. E5.
1505:
1500:
1494:, p. 79.
1493:
1488:
1481:
1476:
1469:
1464:
1458:, p. A5.
1457:
1452:
1450:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1425:
1419:, p. 76.
1418:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1376:
1371:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1304:
1299:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1260:
1253:
1248:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1193:
1188:
1181:
1176:
1169:
1164:
1157:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1133:
1128:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1088:, p. 92.
1087:
1082:
1076:, p. 91.
1075:
1070:
1063:
1058:
1052:, p. 78.
1051:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
997:
993:
989:
986:
985:
981:
970:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
943:
941:
937:
933:
930:
925:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
896:
891:
882:
878:
876:
870:
867:
863:
858:
856:
845:
842:
839:began in the
838:
833:
831:
827:
821:
819:
815:
811:
801:
799:
794:
793:
786:
784:
783:United States
780:
776:
772:
769:and later at
768:
764:
758:
753:
749:
738:
736:
730:
728:
724:
720:
714:
712:
708:
704:
703:French Guinea
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
671:Upper Senegal
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
643:
634:
630:
626:
623:
622:
618:
615:
614:
611:French Sudan
610:
607:
606:
603:
600:
597:
596:
593:
590:
587:
586:
583:
582:Upper Senegal
579:
575:
572:
571:
568:French Sudan
567:
564:
563:
559:
556:
555:
546:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
478:
477:Catalan Atlas
474:
470:
466:
461:
452:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
406:
397:
393:
389:
385:
372:
367:
363:
360:
357:
354:
352:Today part of
350:
334:
332:
329:
328:
320:
318:
315:
314:
311:
305:
302:
295:
294:
291:
288:
281:
280:
277:
274:
267:
266:
263:
260:
253:
252:
249:
248:
245:
242:
240:
237:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
213:
207:
200:
194:
190:
187:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
140:
136:
132:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
105:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
72:
65:
58:
53:
50:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
18:French Soudan
3643:French Sudan
3595:
3477:Prostitution
3447:Demographics
3333:Human rights
3318:Constitution
3249:
3183:French Sudan
3182:
3128:Ghana Empire
3003:
2937:
2837:Saint Martin
2673:New Hebrides
2527:Chandernagor
2519:French India
2351:French Texas
2207:Ubangi-Shari
2202:Middle Congo
2169:James Island
2119:
2074:North Africa
1982:
1968:
1953:
1942:. p. 1.
1939:
1930:
1924:. p. 3.
1921:
1912:
1900:
1899:
1889:. Retrieved
1874:
1848:
1844:
1819:
1815:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1762:
1736:
1732:
1720:. Retrieved
1705:
1684:
1666:
1662:
1649:
1629:
1618:
1614:
1575:
1571:
1551:
1542:
1541:
1538:Bibliography
1523:
1511:
1499:
1487:
1482:, p. 1.
1480:Teltsch 1959
1475:
1470:, p. 1.
1463:
1443:, p. 3.
1436:
1429:Mauxion 2012
1424:
1412:
1375:Mauxion 2012
1370:
1363:Mauxion 2012
1310:
1298:
1276:O'Brien 1967
1271:
1264:O'Brien 1967
1259:
1252:O'Brien 1967
1247:
1240:O'Brien 1967
1235:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1194:, p. 4.
1187:
1175:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1081:
1069:
1057:
995:
991:
952:Modibo Keïta
944:
938:to join the
922:
914:
900:
895:Modibo Keïta
885:Independence
879:
871:
861:
859:
854:
851:
836:
834:
830:Christianity
822:
807:
797:
790:
787:
775:Ségou Cercle
752:Émile Bélime
744:
731:
727:Burkina Faso
722:
715:
699:
694:
691:French Sudan
690:
686:
678:
670:
667:Middle Niger
666:
655:French Sudan
654:
650:
648:
578:Middle Niger
560:Upper River
520:
497:
482:
438:
434:Modibo Keïta
432:(RDA) under
427:
402:
384:French Sudan
383:
382:
366:
244:Succeeded by
243:
238:
165:• 1959
99:
94:
89:
84:
35:French Sudan
29:
3617: /
3401:Foreign aid
3338:LGBT rights
3138:Mali Empire
3060:Claimed by
3054:Claimed by
2939:Adélie Land
2857:Sui generis
2588:Cochinchina
2405:Saint Lucia
2159:Upper Volta
2102:West Africa
1621:(1): 69–95.
1516:Chafer 2002
1468:Cutler 1959
1441:Durdin 1957
1405:Seddon 2000
1228:Becker 1994
1216:Becker 1994
1204:Becker 1994
1180:Becker 1994
1168:Becker 1994
1156:Becker 1994
980:Mali portal
927: [
837:Allah Koura
818:Islamic law
763:Niger River
755: [
741:Agriculture
723:Haute-Volta
707:Ivory Coast
651:Upper River
531:Ahmadu Tall
527:Samori Ture
514:in 1881 by
508:Niger River
489:Mali Empire
473:gold nugget
465:Mali Empire
373:(1892–1899)
239:Preceded by
143:• 1959
3632:Categories
3525:Literature
3056:Madagascar
2965:Saint Paul
2797:Martinique
2792:Guadeloupe
2547:Pondichéry
2258:Madagascar
2130:Mauritania
1901:Newspapers
1390:Klein 2005
1348:Klein 2005
1132:Klein 1998
1120:Klein 1998
1086:Klein 1998
1074:Klein 1998
1050:Klein 1998
1013:References
936:Madagascar
841:San Cercle
616:1958–1960
608:1921–1958
598:1904–1921
588:1902–1904
573:1899–1902
565:1890–1899
557:1880–1890
469:Mansa Musa
152:Population
47:Colony of
3472:Languages
3457:Education
3416:Transport
3365:President
3323:Elections
3272:Mountains
3233:Geography
3223:2021 coup
3218:2020 coup
3198:2012 coup
3062:Mauritius
2921: (
2331:Louisiana
2212:Cameroons
1865:144946807
1836:162336004
1807:161662370
1753:145420133
1600:145744615
1528:Mann 2006
1504:Howe 1959
1492:Anda 2000
1315:Mann 2003
1303:Mann 2003
1291:Mann 2003
903:Loi Cadre
767:Koulikoro
725:, modern
169:4,407,000
55:1880–1960
3580:Category
3540:Polygamy
3482:Religion
3350:Military
3306:Politics
3292:Wildlife
3262:Communes
3203:Mali War
3112:articles
2817:Overseas
2777:Overseas
2635:Damascus
2584:Vietnam
2575:Cambodia
2552:Karaikal
2369:Dominica
2164:Togoland
1688:. Berg.
966:See also
781:and the
773:and the
491:and the
409:) was a
3602:12°39′N
3564:Outline
3510:Cuisine
3502:Culture
3487:Slavery
3430:Society
3411:Tourism
3389:Economy
3282:Regions
3251:Cercles
3245:Borders
3120:History
3050:Comoros
2807:Réunion
2802:Mayotte
2720:Present
2678:Vanuatu
2666:Oceania
2438:Berbice
2374:Grenada
2230:Anjouan
2222:Comoros
2174:Albreda
2147:Senegal
2115:Dahomey
2092:Tunisia
2087:Morocco
2082:Algeria
1891:24 June
1722:26 June
1592:1160787
866:Banamba
711:Dahomey
663:cercles
467:; here
445:Senegal
210:•
124:Capital
3585:Portal
3462:Health
3287:Rivers
3257:Cities
3163:Kaarta
3110:
2630:Aleppo
2598:Tonkin
2557:Yanaon
2537:Madras
2415:Tobago
2336:Canada
2326:Acadia
2240:Mohéli
2125:Guinea
2027:Former
1975:
1882:
1863:
1834:
1805:
1770:
1751:
1713:
1692:
1637:
1598:
1590:
1572:Africa
1559:
996:Soudan
990:: the
875:Tuareg
735:Bamako
705:, the
396:Arabic
388:French
155:
137:
128:Bamako
111:Anthem
3605:8°0′W
3571:Index
3535:Music
3530:Media
3515:Films
3492:Women
2593:Annam
2448:Inini
2389:Haïti
2197:Gabon
2142:Niger
2120:Sudan
1861:S2CID
1832:S2CID
1803:S2CID
1783:Iklan
1749:S2CID
1596:S2CID
1588:JSTOR
992:Sudan
931:]
862:slave
810:Islam
779:Egypt
759:]
659:Kayes
624:1960
512:Kayes
504:Dakar
443:with
371:Kayes
100:Black
85:Green
3520:Flag
3108:Mali
2967:and
2580:Laos
2542:Mahé
2192:Chad
1973:ISBN
1893:2013
1880:ISBN
1768:ISBN
1724:2013
1711:ISBN
1690:ISBN
1635:ISBN
1557:ISBN
994:(or
828:and
816:and
709:and
669:and
580:and
423:Mali
356:Mali
217:1959
204:1880
134:Area
95:Gray
90:Lime
1853:doi
1824:doi
1795:doi
1741:doi
1671:doi
1580:doi
697:).
3634::
2391:,
1911:.
1859:.
1849:20
1847:.
1830:.
1818:.
1801:.
1791:53
1789:.
1747:.
1737:44
1735:.
1667:45
1665:.
1661:.
1619:39
1617:.
1594:.
1586:.
1576:64
1574:.
1448:^
1397:^
1382:^
1355:^
1340:^
1322:^
1283:^
1110:^
1093:^
1038:^
1021:^
929:fr
785:.
757:fr
713:.
537:.
529:,
398::
394:;
390::
202:c.
102::
3100:e
3093:t
3086:v
2927:)
2746:e
2739:t
2732:v
2502:e
2495:t
2488:v
2299:e
2292:t
2285:v
2057:e
2050:t
2043:v
2012:e
2005:t
1998:v
1895:.
1867:.
1855::
1838:.
1826::
1820:8
1809:.
1797::
1776:.
1755:.
1743::
1726:.
1698:.
1677:.
1673::
1643:.
1623:-
1602:.
1582::
1565:.
913:(
721:(
693:(
685:(
677:(
386:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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