704:) rootstocks, which required much space and time before cropping began, thus the growing of cherries was not a realistic option on a garden scale. The introduction of the rootstock "Colt" enabled trees reaching a maximum height of 12 to 15 ft (3.7 to 4.6 m) to be grown, and if trained as a pyramid it is possible to restrict growth to about 10 ft (3.0 m). The popular sweet variety "Stella" can even be successfully grown in a pot on the patio when grafted onto a "Colt" rootstock. A newer rootstock, "Gisela 5", is slowly becoming available to gardeners and produces a tree 20% smaller than "Colt" and 45% smaller than "Mahaleb" and "Mazzard", making netting for bird protection much easier. Furthermore, German Nurseries Consortium (Consortium Deutscher Baumschulen — CDB®) is introducing across the EU their newest most dwarfing "Gisela 3" cherry rootstock that has 50% dwarfing qualities in comparison with "Mahaleb" and "Mazzard" and is 10% smaller still than "Gisela 5" rootstock.
559:: Semi-dwarfing — Sometimes referred to as semi-vigorous, this is the most widely used of rootstocks. It is probably the best choice for the average garden under average conditions, being tolerant of a wide range of soils, and producing a tree with an eventual size of 12 to 18 ft (3.7 to 5.5 m). Trees on this stock begin producing fruit within three to four years, and yield 90 to 110 pounds (41 to 50 kg) after some seven or eight years. MM106 is very suitable for use with weaker varieties that would produce undersized bushes with more dwarfing rootstocks. Can be trained as a half standard tree, but is rather too vigorous for cordons unless the soil is poor. Requires staking for the first four or five years or so of its life. Trees on MM.106 are highly susceptible to
569:: Vigorous — Not generally suitable for garden scale growing, being both too large and spreading (18–25 ft), and too slow to come into cropping. They are, however, suitable for growing as specimen standards in the large garden, or for producing medium-sized bushes on poorer soils. Begins to fruit after six or seven years, reaching full capacity of 160 to 360 lb (73 to 163 kg) after seven to eight years. It is not winter hardy in United States zone 3 unless it receives abundant snow cover. Bud 118 was developed in the Soviet Union to replace MM.111, Bud 118 is winter hardy in zone 3 and very precocious. (Early bearing). Planting depth of this rootstock is critical. The union should be no higher than 1 to 2 inches above the final soil line.
85:
513:: Very dwarfing — Reaches a height of 8 to 10 ft (2.4 to 3.0 m), coming into fruit after 3 to 4 years, reaching full capacity of 50 to 65 pounds (23 to 29 kg) after 5 to 6 years. It will grow under average soil conditions, but needs a good rich soil to thrive. A good choice where space is limited and fertility is high. Permanent staking is required, as is routine feeding and watering. Trees on this rootstock always require leader support. The rootstock is very susceptible to
671:: Moderately vigorous — Makes a bush pear tree about 8 to 18 ft (2.4 to 5.5 m) tall, bearing fruit within four to seven years. Suitable for highly fertile soils and vigorous varieties, but not where conditions are poor. Used for bush, cordon and espalier growing. Old stocks of Quince C may be infected with a virus, so care should be taken to obtain certified virus free stock. If in doubt, use Quince A as there is not a great amount of difference in vigor between the two.
908:
25:
894:
384:
Cornell-Geneva series, which has resistance to the major problems preventing quality production of apples utilizing organic control systems. One of the newest rootstocks of the "CG" series, only released commercially in 2004, is CG5202(G.202) which adds resistance to the woolly apple aphid, and when combined with highly resistant cultivars such as "Liberty" it is showing great potential. Rootstocks based on
Siberian
523:: Very vigorous — Suitable for a grassed orchard, and to grow on as a full standard. Plant 20 ft (6.1 m) apart, makes a tree of 15 to 20 ft (4.6 to 6.1 m) or more height and spread, eventually yielding 200 to 400 lb (91 to 181 kg) per tree. This rootstock is primarily used in UK and is rarely seen in the United States where MM.111(size Class 8) is used for this size tree.
812:. Disadvantages of using own-root trees can include excessive size and excessive production of wood (thus very long times until the start of fruit production), although training branches horizontally and limiting pruning to summer only may help encourage fruit production at an earlier age. There is a lack of research on the use of the own root method in large-scale systems. British horticulturalist
664:, and these require double working. This means that a piece of pear graft-work compatible with both the quince rootstock and the pear variety is used as an intermediate between the two. If this is not done the pear and the rootstock could eventually separate at the graft. Varieties that require double working include "Bristol Cross", "Dr Jules Guyot", "Doyenné d' été" and "Williams Bon Chrétien".
321:
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540:: A very dwarfing rootstock. Unless the central leader is supported, the tree will be very small. Often only used as an intermediate stem piece on MM.106 or MM.111. If handled and spaced properly, it can be a very productive stock for a vertical axe system. Trees can be grown three to four feet tall and produce about 45 fruit, roughly 2 pecks, depending on fruit cultivar.
800:, are commonly grown on their own roots, as there may be no great advantages to using a special rootstock, or suitable rootstocks may not be readily available. However, even for fruit trees that usually are grown grafted on a rootstock, there can be advantages in growing them on their own roots instead, particularly in the traditional
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five years. The Mark rootstock was such a stock and has now fallen mostly into disfavor. Another, the G.30, has proved to be an excellent stock for production but it was only after a number of years of trials that it was found to be somewhat incompatible with the cultivar "Gala", so that it is now recommended to be staked and wired.
587:
designates
Cornell-Geneva stocks which are those developed via the Cornell and USDA collaboration at the New York Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva, NY. The "G" is the old designation. All newer stocks are "CG" followed by numbers that actually provide some information about the stock. As one
391:
The ability of new rootstocks to modify or augment characteristics of fruit trees is limited and may disappoint in the long term. It takes ten years to get a full picture of the effects of any one rootstock, so a rootstock that appears promising in the first five years of a trial may fail in the last
383:
The
Malling series and clones have been standard rootstocks for apples for many years and remain the "workhorses" for the commercial industry in the United States and the UK. However, since most of them are susceptible to disease some Malling rootstocks are being replaced by new breeds, including the
379:
Apple tree size classes number from one to ten in increasing height and breadth. A "1" is a dwarf which can be productive and as short as 3 feet (0.91 m) with proper pruning. A "10" is the standard sized tree with no dwarfing and will grow to 20 feet (6.1 m) tall and wide or more, dependent
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designates East
Malling / Long Ashton research stations who took the "M" stocks and developed virus free versions. For example., EMLA 7 is M 7 with a guaranteed virus-free stock. EMLA characteristics are often different from the parent "M" rootstock. Note that nearly all the apple rootstocks in the
677:: Medium vigor — Slightly more vigorous than Quince C, this is the most common variety upon which pears are grafted. Bears fruit between four and eight years, making a tree of some 10 to 20 ft (3.0 to 6.1 m) in height and spread. Suitable for all forms of pear trees except standards.
481:
in Kent, England collected clones of the
Paradise stocks from France in 1912 from which 24 "M" were designated with no particular order to the rootstock characteristics other than where they were located in the garden at the time the numbers were assigned. In other words, M.2 is a larger tree than
395:
An industry consortium undertakes trials of different rootstocks, called the "NC-140" trials. These test many pome rootstocks in many different sites across the United States and thereby provide growers a clearer picture of what to expect when growing fruit trees on specific stock, in specific
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is average and compact growth is required. Comes into fruit after 3 to 4 years, reaching full cropping capacity after 5 to 6 years. Staking is needed for the first four or five years of its life. It is susceptible to collar rot and fire blight and should not be planted in a wet site. Certain
156:
pool of the two parent plants (such sexual recombination is the source of new cultivars), only rarely will the resulting new fruit tree be directly useful or attractive to the tastes of humankind. Most new plants will have characteristics that lie somewhere between those of the two parents.
816:
was a prominent advocate of own root fruit trees, particularly apple trees, following his work at the
Brogdale research centre in Kent. The research undertaken at Brogdale did not continue but there has been renewed academic interest in own root fruit trees since the turn of the century.
241:. This in essence involves physically joining part of a shoot of a hybrid cultivar onto the roots of a different but closely related species or cultivar, so that the two parts grow together as one plant. The process of joining the two varieties must ensure maximum contact between the
284:
226:. This is rooting a piece of a wood that is still attached to its parent and continues to receive nourishment from it. The new plant is severed only after it has successfully grown roots. Layering is the technique most used for propagation of clonal apple rootstocks.
275:, a soil-dwelling insect that attacks and kills European grapes when grown on their own roots. Two of the most common grafting techniques are "whip and tongue", carried out in spring as the sap rises, and "budding", which is performed around the end of summer.
547:
designates
Malling-Merton stocks developed from joint breeding program by John Innes Institute, in Merton, England, & East Malling Research Station in the early 1950s. The "MM" series was developed primarily to provide resistance to Woolly Apple Aphid
249:) of each, so that they grow together successfully. Grafting is a preferred method because it not only propagates a new plant of the desired hybrid cultivar, it usually also confers extra advantages as a result of the characteristics of the rootstocks (or
151:
to the variety of either parent from which it came. That is, it will be a fresh individual with an unpredictable combination of characteristics of its own. Although this is desirable in terms of producing novel combinations from the richness of the
396:
planting methods in their specific area of the country. This information has the potential to create economic benefits to both growers and consumers, as well as helping to reduce the need to spray pesticides as frequently as is currently required.
350:
or wind around with a 5mm wide strip of elastic band (this is particularly successful because it keeps pressure on the cambium layers to be joined and eventually falls away without cutting into the bark as the tree grows) and seal with grafting
529:: Dwarfing — Similar to M9 in effect, although somewhat more vigorous and generally stronger, with a higher expected eventual yield of 65–75 pounds (29–34 kg) and height of 8 to 10 ft (2.4 to 3.0 m). A good choice where
466:
A winter hardy, early bearing replacement for M9 bred in the Soviet Union. Dwarf tree resistant to crown rot and less susceptible to drought than most other dwarfing stocks. Produces large fruit, is precocious and hardy to USDA zone 3.
595:
Geneva 11 is the second release of the
Cornell breeding program similar in size to M.26 (Class 4), but more productive. Has the advantage of being resistant to fire blight and crown rot as well as only rarely producing suckers or burr
1370:
212:
this method has much too low a success rate to be commercially viable. Root cuttings (pieces of root cut off and induced to grow a new trunk) are also not used to propagate fruit trees, although this method is successful with some
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Geneva 202(CG 4202) is a semidwarfing rootstock that produces a tree in class 5 slightly larger than M.26(Size Class 4) and is more productive than M.26. It was developed from a cross of M.27 (Size Class 1) and
Robusta 5 to be
827:
In addition to propagating trees on rootstocks designed to control size/vigour and confer disease resistance, grafting above the rootstock can be used to provide multiple cultivars of a single species, known as a
645:: Very vigorous trees produced on a rootstock grown from seed. There is greater variability than with the vegetatively propagated rootstocks. Apples used for production of seedling rootstocks include "Dolgo" and "
503:: Produces a semidwarf tree of Class 6 that is freestanding in deep well drained soils but in rocky, steep, or shallow soils, it tends to lean. The rootstock may sucker profusely and is susceptible to collar rot (
196:(usually a piece of stem of the parent plant) is cut off and stuck into soil. Artificial rooting hormones are sometimes used to improve chances of success. If the cutting does not die from rot-inducing fungi or
253:), which are selected for characteristics such as their vigour of growth, hardiness and soil tolerance, as well as compatibility with the desired variety that will form the aerial part of the plant (called the
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resistant as well as having resistance to woolly apple aphids. In a 9-year study with the scion cultivar of the "Liberty" apple, G.202 was about 50 percent smaller than M.7, but had much greater production
176:
tree, for example, was a successful variety grown from a pip, but that every
Bramley since then has been propagated by taking cuttings of living matter from that tree, or one of its descendants.
371:
Another desirable characteristic of rootstocks is environmental adaptability. This may be tolerance to wet/dry soil conditions, acidity/alkalinity of soil or even hot/cold air temperature.
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Geneva 41, released in 2005, produces trees the size of M.9. The rootstock was developed from a cross between M.27 and Robusta 5 made in 1975. Resistant to Crown|Collar|Root rot (
756: — A semi-vigorous rootstock suitable for bush and half standards planted 12 to 15 ft (3.7 to 4.6 m) apart. Also suitable for peaches, nectarines and apricots.
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A winter hardy early bearing replacement for MM111 bred in the Soviet Union. Full sized tree unless allowed to bear young which will stunt its growth. Hardy to USDA zone 3.
164:
grower or gardener's point of view, it is preferable to propagate fruit cultivars vegetatively in order to ensure reliability. This involves taking a cutting (or scion) of
147:. Each seed, when germinated, can grow to become a new specimen tree. However, the new tree inherits characteristics of both its parents, and it will not grow
1003:
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upon the variety chosen. In general the class range is (1) 10-20% of full size, (2) 20-30%, (3) 30-40% and so forth to size 10 which is 100% of full size.
1346:
878:), although from the same genus, are known to be difficult, although successes have sometimes been reported. Other grafts of this kind can produce the
497:: Produces a semidwarf to semistandard freestanding tree, depending on scion variety. Trees are strong, crop well, and do not have collar rot problems.
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The following are a selection of apple tree rootstocks. They are referred to by numbers prefixed by letters indicating the developer of the rootstock.
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first, roots grow from the buried portion of the cutting to become a new complete plant. However, although this works well for some plants (such as
246:
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35:
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763:) — Suitable for half standards planted 18 to 22 ft (5.5 to 6.7 m) apart. Also suitable for peaches, nectarines and apricots.
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are usually grafted onto quince rootstocks, which produce small to medium-sized trees. Some varieties, however, are not compatible with
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on a single rootstock, while fruit salad trees typically carry two or more different species from within a given genus, such as plum,
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842:. Family trees typically combine several cultivars (two or three being most common) of apple, pear or a given species of
1552:
Thorpe, David, 13 November 2014, The One Planet Life: A Blueprint For Low Impact Development, Taylor and Francis, p376,
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might surmise, this is a huge improvement in the classical naming scheme which has no identification method at all.
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varieties when grafted onto this rootstock may exhibit signs of graft union incompatibility, i.e., the union breaks.
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1596:
Performance of Cornell-Geneva Rootstocks Across North America in Multi-Location NC-140 Rootstock Trials (abstract)
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683:: Very vigorous — Pears grafted onto pear rootstocks make very large trees, not suitable for most gardens.
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478:
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47:
1239:"MidFEx presents Gene's Backyard Orchard (Introduction) — 97 dwarf apple trees in 2500 square feet"
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1317:
977:"Horticulture 432 Deciduous Tree Fruit Production - Fall 2000 - Lecture Notes - Tree Fruit Rootstocks"
1427:
Scientific Works of the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture and Lithuanian University of Agriculture
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779: — Semi-dwarf rootstock. Shallow, vigorous, good choice for hard soils. Prefers a wetter soil.
51:
16:
Usually carried out vegetatively by grafting or budding a desired variety onto a suitable rootstock
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805:
773:) Semi-dwarf rootstock. Shallow, vigorous, good choice for hard soils. Somewhat drought tolerant.
169:
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835:, or, within certain limits, cultivars of different fruit species on one tree, often known as a
633:
designates Poland. The Polish apple rootstocks were designed specifically for winter hardiness.
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developed stocks. East Malling Research is a pioneer in the development of dwarfing rootstocks.
43:
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Cut a similar sliver off the rootstock, making a little lip at the base to slot the scion into.
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In time, the scion bud will grow into a shoot, which will develop into the desired tree.
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229:
The most common method of propagating fruit trees, suitable for nearly all species, is
1536:
Whitefield, Patrick, 01/10/2011, The Earth Care Manual, Permanent Publications, p254,
1592: — Cornell University / USDA-ARS Apple Rootstock Breeding and Evaluation Program
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489:
Diagram illustrating comparative sizes of apple trees depending on rootstock grafting
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from a desirable parent tree which is then grown on to produce a new plant or "
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750:) suitable for bush trees planted 8 to 10 ft (2.4 to 3.0 m) apart.
1602:
Pyrodwarf, A New Clonal Rootstock For High Density Pear Orchards (abstract)
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http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/NAFEX/message-archives/old/msg01477.html
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Make a matching cut in the scion wood with a "tongue" pointing downwards.
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is that this enables the grower to determine the tree's eventual size.
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139:, incipient seed) of the same species, initiating the development of a
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Wild Crop Relatives - Genomic and Breeding Resources: Temperate Fruits
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Make a sloping cut in the rootstock with a "tongue" pointing upwards.
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especially when planted in soils that remain wet (poor percolation).
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1625:"Horticulture 432 Deciduous Tree Fruit Production - Fall 2000"
1604: — International Society for Horticultural Science(ISHS)
1598: — International Society for Horticultural Science(ISHS)
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Vercammen, Jef; Van Daele, Guy & Vanrykel, Toon (2006).
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Tutorial: T-Bud and Chip Bud Fruit Tree Grafting Techniques
712:
657:
324:
Diagram illustrating the whip and tongue grafting technique
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The simplest method of propagating a tree vegetatively is
172:" of the original. In effect this means that the original
352:
299:
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are being used in colder areas for more cold tolerance.
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can be propagated either by sexual or vegetative means.
1113:"New Apple Rootstocks promising for commercial growers"
696:
were grown on the vigorous "Malling F12/1", "Mazzard" (
1123:(5). NC-140 Regional Rootstock Research Project: 6–8.
109:
is usually carried out vegetatively (non-sexually) by
822:
994:
992:
990:
889:
1111:Ron Perry; Peter Hurst; Win Cowgill; Jon Clements.
639:: Developed in Sweden for hardiness and strength.
1584:New Apple Rootstocks On the Horizon (2003 report)
1488:. Orangepippin.com. 16 April 1981. Archived from
1145:
987:
428:M26, G935, G202, G30, MM102, Interstems, M7, M116
1697:
649:", which are both extremely hardy and vigorous.
866:. Certain combinations, including sour cherry (
287:Diagram illustrating the bud grafting technique
1289:
1180:. NC-140 Regional Rootstock Research Project.
335:Join the two, ensuring maximum contact of the
113:or budding a desired variety onto a suitable
32:The examples and perspective in this article
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1586: — Michigan State University Extension
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1342:Dr. Jim Cummins, now with Cummins' Nursery
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1209:
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1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
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1486:"Orange Pippin apple and orchard resource"
1000:"Apple Rootstocks' Fact Sheet Access Page"
269:grapes to be grown in areas infested with
1677:Gene Yale's backyard with 176 Apple trees
964:
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
1686: — (ABC) Interview, video and story
1638:"Planning an Orchard – Apple Rootstocks"
1613:Pennsylvania Tree Fruit Production Guide
1385:
1196:
484:
319:
282:
83:
1401:, Transworld Publishers Ltd, 1997, p37
1318:"William C. Johnson Updates-April 1999"
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783:
1698:
1635:
1298:from the original on 14 September 2007
1166:from the original on 12 November 2012.
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1104:
482:M.9, while M.27 is smaller than M.26.
1514:. Cooltemperate.co.uk. Archived from
1373:from the original on 20 February 2020
1324:from the original on 13 December 2000
1006:from the original on 1 September 2010
1420:"Use of Gisela 5 for sweet cherries"
1184:from the original on 29 October 2007
1127:from the original on 2 February 2008
687:
18:
1425:. Gardening and Vegetable Growing.
1355:
1320:. Nysaes.cornell.edu. 11 May 2010.
1241:. 25 September 2010. Archived from
1101:
1089:from the original on 7 October 2008
1002:. Nysaes.cornell.edu. 11 May 2010.
374:
13:
1267:. Tfpg.cas.psu.edu. Archived from
1053:. Tfpg.cas.psu.edu. Archived from
823:Family trees and fruit salad trees
715:rootstocks are often suitable for
707:
652:
14:
1722:
1566:
1290:a. Seaman, A.; Riedl, H. (1988).
1077:"(PDF) NC-140 2006 Annual Report"
906:
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1636:Schupp, James (8 August 2017).
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1466:from the original on 2 May 2016
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308:Join the two together and bind.
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135:fertilises a female germ cell (
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734: — A dwarfing rootstock (
425:G11, G41, M9, G16, Bud 9, Mark
302:and bark from the parent tree.
127:begins when a male germ cell (
1:
1657: — University of Georgia
1651: — University of Georgia
1580: — University of Georgia
957:
788:Many species of fruit, e.g.,
577:industry are now virus free.
479:East Malling Research Station
364:One reason for grafting onto
359:
1433:(3): 218–223. Archived from
7:
1590:Apple Rootstock Fact Sheets
885:
517:and can develop burr knots.
220:A refinement on rooting is
46:, discuss the issue on the
10:
1727:
1146:Chittaranjan Kole (2010).
804:systems advocated in both
759:Brompton or Myrobalan B- (
290:
261:rootstocks descended from
245:(the layer just below the
179:
1214:Harry Baker, ed. (1992),
1711:Horticultural techniques
1682:22 December 2007 at the
1666:13 November 2007 at the
1152:. Springer. p. 59.
316:Whip and tongue grafting
1349:15 January 2005 at the
952:Vegetative reproduction
806:sustainable agriculture
208:), for most fruit tree
1512:"Phil Corbett website"
1294:. Nysipm.cornell.edu.
1117:The Fruit Growers News
927:Fruit tree pollination
490:
325:
288:
100:
1627:. PSU. Archived from
1609:"Specific rootstocks"
1573:Apples from seeds FAQ
1051:"Specific rootstocks"
979:. PSU. Archived from
488:
323:
286:
87:
1631:on 10 December 2005.
1460:"Phil Corbett video"
1292:"Woolly Apple Aphid"
1245:on 25 September 2010
784:Own-root fruit trees
434:MM111, Bud 118, M25
160:Therefore, from the
52:create a new article
44:improve this article
34:may not represent a
1672:Dave Wilson Nursery
1642:PennState Extension
1395:Hessayon, Dr. D. G.
983:on 2 February 2008.
942:Pruning fruit trees
125:Sexual reproduction
1706:Plant reproduction
1265:"Apple Rootstocks"
914:Agriculture portal
491:
339:layers. Bind with
326:
289:
101:
1159:978-3-642-16056-1
937:Plant propagation
771:Prunus cerasifera
761:Prunus cerasifera
700:), or "Maheleb" (
692:Until the 1970s,
688:Cherry rootstocks
455:
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80:
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54:, as appropriate.
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1440:on 25 March 2012
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1399:The Fruit Expert
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922:Fruit tree forms
916:
911:
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872:)/sweet cherry (
747:Prunus insititia
737:Prunus domestica
727:. They include:
402:
401:
375:Apple rootstocks
337:vascular cambium
257:). For example,
121:Perennial plants
95:— an example of
75:
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856:mandarin orange
825:
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744:, or sometimes
710:
708:Plum rootstocks
690:
655:
653:Pear rootstocks
552:) infestation.
377:
362:
318:
298:Cut a slice of
295:
281:
190:taking cuttings
182:
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1692: — MidFEx
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36:worldwide view
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1178:"NC-140 Home"
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448:14 ft/4m
447:
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20:
1670: — DWN
1641:
1629:the original
1617:the original
1612:
1548:
1532:
1522:26 September
1520:. Retrieved
1516:the original
1506:
1496:26 September
1494:. Retrieved
1490:the original
1480:
1470:26 September
1468:. Retrieved
1454:
1444:26 September
1442:. Retrieved
1435:the original
1430:
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1413:
1398:
1375:. Retrieved
1366:
1357:
1338:
1328:26 September
1326:. Retrieved
1312:
1302:26 September
1300:. Retrieved
1285:
1275:26 September
1273:. Retrieved
1269:the original
1259:
1249:26 September
1247:. Retrieved
1243:the original
1233:
1215:
1188:26 September
1186:. Retrieved
1172:
1148:
1141:
1131:26 September
1129:. Retrieved
1120:
1116:
1093:26 September
1091:. Retrieved
1071:
1061:26 September
1059:. Retrieved
1055:the original
1010:26 September
1008:. Retrieved
981:the original
900:Trees portal
875:prunus avium
873:
867:
836:
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810:permaculture
787:
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754:St. Julien A
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698:Prunus avium
697:
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623:Phytophthora
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599:
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531:soil quality
526:
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505:Phytophthora
500:
494:
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439:6 ft/2m
398:
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382:
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279:Bud grafting
270:
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236:
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88:
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1377:20 February
838:fruit salad
798:pomegranate
626:efficiency.
619:fire blight
608:fire blight
515:fire blight
473:designates
417:Very Large
198:desiccation
143:containing
131:) from one
107:propagation
91:, 1870, by
1700:Categories
1661:Rootstocks
1542:185623021X
958:References
947:Rootstocks
844:stonefruit
814:Hugh Ermen
721:nectarines
702:P. maheleb
681:Pear stock
561:collar rot
405:Very Small
386:Crab apple
366:rootstocks
360:Rootstocks
291:See also:
272:Phylloxera
238:rootstocks
215:herbaceous
105:Fruit tree
1216:RHS Fruit
802:coppicing
769: — (
742:insititia
647:Antonovka
458:"Bud 118"
431:MM106, A2
345:polythene
210:cultivars
115:rootstock
60:July 2009
48:talk page
1680:Archived
1664:Archived
1464:Archived
1371:Archived
1347:Archived
1322:Archived
1296:Archived
1182:Archived
1164:Archived
1125:Archived
1084:Archived
1004:Archived
932:Orchards
886:See also
777:Citation
767:Myro-29C
725:apricots
694:cherries
675:Quince A
669:Quince C
643:Seedling
267:European
232:grafting
223:layering
217:plants.
111:grafting
97:grafting
89:Grafting
42:You may
848:apricot
740:subsp.
717:peaches
464:"Bud 9"
243:cambium
194:cutting
186:rooting
180:Methods
162:orchard
1556:
1540:
1405:
1367:slu.se
1222:
1156:
880:Pomato
862:, and
850:, and
831:family
796:, and
662:quince
606:) and
596:knots.
574:"EMLA"
567:MM.111
557:MM.106
411:Medium
341:raffia
251:stocks
206:olives
133:flower
129:pollen
1655:Plums
1649:Pears
1578:Apple
1438:(PDF)
1423:(PDF)
1363:"SLU"
1087:(PDF)
1080:(PDF)
860:lemon
852:peach
794:olive
658:Pears
614:G.202
414:Large
408:Small
259:grape
255:scion
235:onto
170:clone
145:seeds
141:fruit
137:ovule
50:, or
1554:ISBN
1538:ISBN
1524:2012
1498:2012
1472:2012
1446:2012
1403:ISBN
1379:2020
1330:2012
1304:2012
1277:2012
1251:2012
1220:ISBN
1190:2012
1154:ISBN
1133:2012
1095:2012
1063:2012
1012:2012
864:lime
840:tree
833:tree
808:and
732:Pixy
723:and
713:Plum
637:"A2"
621:and
600:G.41
593:G.11
581:"CG"
545:"MM"
538:M.27
527:M.26
521:M.25
348:tape
247:bark
204:and
202:figs
192:. A
166:wood
154:gene
149:true
854:or
790:fig
631:"P"
585:"G"
583:or
511:M.9
501:M.7
495:M.2
471:"M"
353:wax
343:or
300:bud
188:or
1702::
1640:.
1611:.
1431:25
1429:.
1397:,
1387:^
1369:.
1365:.
1198:^
1162:.
1121:41
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1103:^
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1020:^
989:^
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117:.
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1500:.
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1192:.
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1014:.
610:.
548:(
355:.
99:.
73:)
67:(
62:)
58:(
40:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
